text:
SURFACTANT PROTEIN B is an essential lipid-associated protein found in pulmonary surfactant. Without it, the lung would not be able to inflate after a deep breath out.[1] It rearranges lipid molecules in the fluid lining the lung so that tiny air sacs in the lung, called alveoli, can more easily inflate.[2]

Gene

SP-B is encoded by _SFTPB_, a single, 11425 nucleotide long gene on chromosome 2.[3] Mutations in this gene are the basis for several of the lung conditions mentioned above. Both frameshift mutations and several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found correlated to a variety of lung conditions. A frame shift mutation responsible for congenital alveolar proteinosis (CAP) was identified by Kattan et al.[4] Many SNP's have been identified in relation to lung conditions. They have been correlated to severe influenza, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation necessity, and more.[5]

Protein

Surfactant protein B (SP-B) is a small protein, weighing about 8 kDa.[6] Proteins are composed of building blocks called amino acids, and SP-B is composed of 79 of them (Valine, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, and tryptophan being found in the highest levels). Nine of these carry with them a positive charge, and two carry a negative charge, leaving a protein with a net (total) charge of +7.[7] In the body, two molecules of SP-B stick together and form what is called a homodimer.[8] These are found embedded into membranes and other lipid structures, SP-B is a highly hydrophobic, avoiding contact with water.

SP-B is the mature form of a large precursor protein called proSP-B. Synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum of type II pneumocytes, proSP-B weighs approximately 40 kDa and is cut down to the size of mature SP-B in the golgi apparatus through a process called post-translational modification.[9] ProSP-B is also created in another type of lung cell called a Club cell, but these cells are unable to edit proSP-B into SP-B.[10]

SP-B is a saposin-like protein, which is a group of related proteins known particularly for binding to membranes with negative charges and facilitating either the fusion or lysis (breaking) of the membrane. More well known proteins in this family include saposin-C, NK-lysin, and amoebopore.[11]

Function

SP-B plays a critical role in the functioning of healthy lungs, and its absence inevitably leads to lung conditions, most common of which being acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because of this, SP-B's function has been well researched, and has been found to exist in three parts. Beyond these three functions, it is worth noting that SP-B is also thought to have some anti-inflammatory function, though it is not well defined.[12]

Indirect surface tension reduction

The surface tension at the border between the fluid lining and the inhaled gas (gas/fluid interface) in alveoli determines the motion of the alveoli as a whole. According to Lapace's Law, high surface tension in the gas/fluid interface of alveoli prevents the alveoli from inflating, which causes lung collapse.[13] lipid arrangement in the fluid lining of alveoli is the primary determining factor of this surface tension since the lipids form a thin film (monolayer) on the surface of the fluid lining at the gas/fluid interface. Different lipids allow for different ranges of motion and can be compacted different.

SP-B plays a role in this by selected certain lipids and inserting them into the gas/fluid interface. The lipid shown to be most needed on this surface (Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine) does not easily move to the gas/fluid interface, but SP-B helps ease and speed up this process.[14]

SP-B also indirectly reduces surface tension by organizing the lipids underneath the surface of the gas/fluid interface in structures called tubular myelin.[15] Effectively, SP-B cuts and pastes pieces of the lipid bilayers to form the three dimensional structure of the tubular myelin. This structure is the support and lipid source for the gas/fluid interface, where surface tension is a critical factor in lung function.

Direct surface tension reduction

Beyond arranging lipids in a way that reduces surface tension, SP-B actually directly interferes with attractive forces between water molecules.[16] This disruption in the cohesion of water minimizes further the surface tension at the gas/fluid interface.

Formation of lamellar bodies

Lamellar bodies are groups of lipids and protein that are structurally similar to tubular myelin, but are found inside instead of outside the type II pneumocytes. Similarly to its function in organizing tubular myelin, SP-B arranges lipids into the lamellar body structure.[17] Basically, SP-B plays a role in the organogenesis (formation of structure) of lamellar bodies. The lamellar bodies are then secreted into the fluid lining the interior of alveoli, and become tubular myelin. This role is critical for making pulmonary surfactant (see below)

SP-B Deficiencies and Issues

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory syncytial virus infection, familial lung disease, and pneumocystis infection are examples of deficiencies in and issues with SP-B that are correlated with lung issues.[18]

Because so many lung conditions are associated with issues around SP-B, synthetic replacements have been researched, created, and manufactured. It has been shown that 21 amino acid long peptides with positive charge and intermittent hydrophobic regions mimicking SP-B can minimize surface tension at the gas/fluid interface, and surfactant replacements for surfactant deficient patients has been used to save lives.[19][20]

Once lung distress has occurred, SP-B has been shown to be effective as a biomarker in the blood stream.[21] Higher levels of SP-B indicate some kind of lung distress, and can even indicate if the patient is currently a smoker.[22] This may be useful in the future to predict atherosclerosis, a solidifying of vascular tissue that has negative effects on the heart.

Context in surfactant

SP-B is a critical protein for lung function, and is found in the context of pulmonary surfactant. Understanding surfactant is important to gaining a full understanding of SP-B. Surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins that coats the inside of alveoli and is essential for life due to its key role in preventing alveolar collapse at low lung volumes.[23][24] In the absence of surfactant, the surface tension at the gas/fluid interface prevents inhalation at standard pressure, but surfactant minimizes surface tension to values near zero and allows for normal breathing.[25] It is also known to have a role in both the immune response and inflammation control.

Surfactant deficiency is a common cause of respiratory disease. Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a particularly well-known instance of surfactant deficiency because it has a high mortality rate among preterm babies, a variety of other conditions are related to surfactant levels and composition.[26]

Surfactant is composed of primarily lipids (90% by weight), and proteins make up only the remaining 10%. The following two sections will address the lipid and protein components respectively.

Surfactant lipids

Lipids are a broad category of mid-sized molecules that are hydrophobic or amphipathic. In surfactant, two subcategories of lipids are relevant: phospholipids and sterols. Sterols are represented by cholesterol, which has an important role in the overall structure and motion of the lipids as a whole, but is vastly outnumbered by the phospholipids in surfactant.

DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), as mentioned above, is a lipid with very useful stabilizing and compacting attributes. SP-B works primarily with this lipid, and moves it to the gas/fluid interface where it minimized surface tension.[27] Essentially, DPPC is so important for lung function because it can shrink or expand to fit the space necessary, and a continually shrinking and expanding lung requires components like this.

Other lipids found commonly in surfactant include phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylserine (PS).

Surfactant proteins

SP-B is one of four proteins commonly found in surfactant, the other three being surfactant protein A (SP-A), surfactant protein C (SP-C), and surfactant protein D (SP-D).[28] These four are highly interconnected in their functions in surfactant. For example, though the mechanism is not yet understood, SP-B functions in the post-translational modification of SP-C, and mature SP-C is not formed without SP-B.[29]

SP-C assists in the functions of SP-B, and is most similar to SP-B of the three other surfactant proteins. It is smaller, only 35 amino acids long, and is found embedded in lipid structures much like SP-B.[30]

SP-A and SP-D, known together as collectins, are more distinct from SP-B than SP-C. They are hydrophilic, so they are found in the solution, and function in immune response instead of lipid arrangement and surface tension reduction.[31][32] SP-A is actually a name for two very similar proteins, SP-A1 and SP-A2.

Along with SP-A, B, C, and D, blood plasma proteins are found in very small quantities in surfactant as well.

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title: Surfactant protein B

question: What is the function of the Surfactant Protein B?

text: SP-B does not lead to inflammatory issues. SP-B has anti-inflammatory functions.

answer: Surfactant Protein B in the lungs is critical in their function. Without SP-B, lungs will lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Beside its functions, SP-B can lead to inflammatory issues as well.

text: The response did not address the question as it did not detail the functions of Surfactant Protein B.

answer: Surfactant Protein B in the lungs is critical in their function. Without SP-B, lungs will lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Beside its functions, SP-B has anti-inflammatory functions as well.

text: The answer should mention the three functions of SP-B.

text: The answer should mention SP-B's role in reducing surface tension.

text: The answer omits the three functions of SP-B.

text: The answer failed to mention specifically how the SP-B functions.

text: It's omitted that it allows the lung to inflate after a deep breath out.

text: The answer should mention the three functions of SP-B, which are direct and indirect surface tension reduction and formation of lamellar bodies.

answer: Surfactant Protein B in the lungs is critical in their function. Without SP-B, lungs will lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Beside its functions, SP-B can lead to inflammatory issues as well.

text: The answer is missing the three functions of SP-B.

text: The answer is a bit vague. It should mention the three functions of SP-B.

text: The answer should mention what SP-B actually does.

text: The response is missing the functions of SP-B.

text: The answer omits the role of SP-B in reducing surface tension.

text: I added the detail on how SP-B functions.

text: The answer should mention that it is crucial in allowing the lungs to inflate after a deep breath out.

text: The answer should mention that SP-B rearranges lipid molecules in the fluid lining the lung so that tiny air sacs in the lung can more easily inflate.

text: Rather than lead to inflammatory issues, SP-B can have anti-inflammatory functions.

text: The answer should mention the formation of lamellar bodies.

answer: Surfactant Protein B in the lungs is critical in their function. Without SP-B, lungs will lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Beside its functions, SP-B has anti-inflammatory functions as well.

text: It is omitted that it rearranges lipid molecules in the fluid lining the lung so that tiny air sacs in the lung, called alveoli, can more easily inflate.

text: It is omitted that SP-B directly interferes with attractive forces between water molecules and minimizes the surface tension at the gas/fluid interface.

text: It is omitted that SP-B plays a role in the organogenesis (formation of structure) of lamellar bodies. The lamellar bodies are then secreted into the fluid lining the interior of alveoli, and become tubular myelin. This role is critical for making pulmonary surfactants.

answer: It plays a critical role in the functioning of healthy lungs, and its absence inevitably leads to lung conditions, most common of which being acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

answer: It plays a critical role in the functioning of healthy lungs, and its absence inevitably leads to lung conditions, most common of which being acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

text: The answer should mention the role of SP-B in the lungs.

text: The answer should include the function of SP-B.

text: The answer doesn't explain what SP-B actually does in lungs.


text:
November 2nd, 2014

Sam Harris on GPS “Islam has been spread by the sword”

CNN’s FAREED ZAKARIA GPS features an interview with SAM HARRIS, cofounder and CEO of Project Reason. Harris speaks to Fareed Zakaria about his comments on _Real Time with Bill Maher_ that “Islam at this moment is the mother lode of bad ideas.”

TEXT HIGHLIGHTS

_HARRIS ON OSAMA BIN LADEN’S INTERPRETATION OF ISLAM:_ “His interpretation of Islam is very straightforward and honest and you really have to split hairs and do some interpretative acrobatics in order to get it look – get it to look non-canonical.”

_HARRIS ON WHETHER HIS CANDID VIEWS ABOUT ISLAM ARE HELPFUL TO NOMINAL MUSLIMS:_ “I hear from people living in Pakistan, for instance, who say if a liberal like you can’t even speak honestly about the link between ideology and violence, what hope is there for me? I can’t even tell my mother what I believe about God because I would be afraid of my own family or village killing me.”

_HARRIS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF JIHAD IN THE QUR’AN:  _“The reality is, an honest reading of the text and an honest reading of Muslim history makes jihad look very much like holy war.”

A full transcript of the interview is available after the jump.

FULL INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT

FAREED ZAKARIA, HOST: One month ago, the celebrated atheist, author and neuroscientist Sam Harris appeared on “Real Time,” Bill Maher’s HBO show. The conversation about Islam that ensued created quite a bit of controversy. Harris said, among other things, that, quote, “Islam at this moment is the mother lode of bad ideas,” unquote. He went on to say that more than 20 percent of Muslims are either jihadists or Islamists who want to foist their religion on the rest of humanity.

That comes out to about 300 million people. I beg to differ, and said as much when I responded with my own thoughts on this show.

But I wanted to talk to Mr. Harris in person, so here he is. He’s the author of a new book, “Waking Up.” And we might get to it.

SAM HARRIS, NEUROSCIENTIST: Yes.

ZAKARIA: But first I want to ask you about that — that number…

HARRIS: Sure.

ZAKARIA: — which, it strike — struck me as sort of pulled out of a hat. If you do have, you know, something in the range of 20 percent of all Muslims who are either jihadists or Islamists and, you know, which implies condoning violence and such, I’m just doing the math, that comes to about 300 million.

HARRIS: Right.

ZAKARIA: So there’s been — there were 10,000 terrorist events last year. Let’s assume that 100 people — let’s assume all of those were Muslim. Let’s assume each event was planned by 100 people. Neither of those assumptions is right, but I’m being generous.

HARRIS: Right.

ZAKARIA: That comes to about a million people who are jihadists. So that still leaves us with 299 million missing…

HARRIS: Yes.

ZAKARIA: — Muslim terrorists.

HARRIS: Yes, right. Well, there are a few distinctions I think we have to make here. One is there’s a difference between a jihadist and an Islamist. And there I was talking about talking about Islamists and jihadists together. And so Islamists are people who want to foist their interpretation of Islam on the rest of society. And sometimes they have a revolutionary bent, sometimes they have a more of a normal political bent. But they do want to…

ZAKARIA: But the fact that somebody may believe that, for example, sharia should obtain and women’s testimony should be worth half a man’s in court…

HARRIS: Right.

ZAKARIA: — doesn’t mean that they want to kill people…

HARRIS: Well, no…

ZAKARIA: Right, those are two — being conservative…

HARRIS: Yes…

ZAKARIA: — and religious, which, by the way, is not my orientation at all, but it — but it’s different from wanting to kill people.

HARRIS: Yes. Yes. Well, we should… again, this — you have to parse this on specific points, like do you favor killing apostates, do you think adulterers should be killed? Even among Islamists, you’d find more subscribing to one versus the other, depending on the poll you trust.

But I didn’t just pull the number out of a hat. There’s a group at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill that looked at 40 years of parliamentary elections in the Muslim world — literally every election that has occurred — and found that Islamists got 15 percent of the votes.

So I would say that — that when you… if you take this number 15 percent who vote for Islamist parties and then you look at the poll results on specific implementation of Sharia law — so do you want adulterers and thieves given the traditional punishment or should apostates be killed — you find — you never find the number, with very few exceptions, you never find the number as low as 15 percent voting in favor of those — those punishments. It’s often 60 percent…

ZAKARIA: Right.

HARRIS: — depending on the society.

ZAKARIA: And…

HARRIS: So I was — I believe nudging that up to something around 20 percent is still a conservative estimate of the percentage of Muslims worldwide who have values relating to human rights and free speech that are really in zero sum contests with our own. And I just think we have to speak honestly about that.

ZAKARIA: Clearly, Islam has a problem today. But there have been periods when Islam was at the vanguard of modernity. You know, it was the place that preserved Aristotle and preserved science.

So if it was Islam that was the problem, how come it was OK then? In other words, that would suggest that it is the social and political conditions within Muslim societies or, you know, the people now. In other words, clearly, Islam has been compatible with peace and progress…

HARRIS: Well…

ZAKARIA: — and it is compatible with violence, I would argue…

HARRIS: Well…

ZAKARIA: — just like all religions.

HARRIS: Yes, well, up to a point. I would say that specific ideas have specific consequences. And the idea of jihad is not a new one. It’s not an invention of the 20th century. And many people are now spreading a very PC and sanitized history of religious conflict. Islam has been spread by the sword for over 1,000 years.

And yes, there are — there’s been an intensification and, for obvious political reasons, of intolerance in the 20th century. But the idea that life for Christians and Jews as dhimmi under Muslims rulers for 1,000 years was good doesn’t make any sense. And certainly life for Jews…

ZAKARIA: Well, wait a second…

HARRIS: When you compare — compare it to Medieval Christendom, then, OK, it might…

ZAKARIA: But that was the main alternative. I mean that’s why…

HARRIS: Yes.

ZAKARIA: — when the Jews left Spain and were expelled, they went to the place that they thought was most hospitable to them…

HARRIS: Yes.

ZAKARIA: — which was the Ottoman Empire…

HARRIS: OK, but so…

ZAKARIA: — which was the caliphate, right?

HARRIS: If you…

ZAKARIA: So…

HARRIS: — you know, I criticize Christianity as much as anyone. I wrote a book, “Letter To A Christian Nation.”

ZAKARIA: Right.

HARRIS: — which is just a vilification of the history of Christianity, the influence of the beliefs in the modern world…

ZAKARIA: And I would have thought having written that book, you would recognize that there are elements of Christianity that, as you point out in that book…

HARRIS: There are…

ZAKARIA: — are…

HARRIS: There are.

ZAKARIA: — compatible with and celebrate slavery and…

HARRIS: Yes, absolutely.

ZAKARIA: — violence.

HARRIS: Absolutely.

ZAKARIA: — and, you know, all these very, very backward attitudes. And yet there are times when Christianity represented that and there are times when it has represented peace and modernity.

HARRIS: OK, but there’s a few things we have to distinguish here.

One is specific ideas have specific consequences. So when you ask why Jews aren’t living out of Leviticus and Deuteronomy anymore and not – they’re not sanctioning genocide, they’re not sanctioning killing people for working on the Sabbath, there are several answers to that question. One is that there’s no Sanhedrin. But the fact that they don’t have a Sanhedrin makes…

ZAKARIA: Explain what a Sanhedrin is.

HARRIS: It’s a consecrated body of elders in the community that can judge whether or not somebody should be killed for working on the Sabbath.

So the details matter. And one of the details here is that a belief that — in Islam, that the one true faith has to conquer the world through jihad, essentially, and that — and that free speech…

ZAKARIA: But jihad is — means different things…

HARRIS: But…

ZAKARIA: — in different, different people…

HARRIS: Again, you can — we — I agree with you that we have to convince the Muslim world or get the Muslim world to convince itself that jihad really just means this inner spiritual struggle.

ZAKARIA: Yes.

HARRIS: That is the end game for civilization.

ZAKARIA: Right.

HARRIS: But the reality is, an honest reading of the text and an honest reading of Muslim history makes jihad look very much like holy war.

ZAKARIA: So in that sense, the problem is you and Osama bin Laden agree, because…

HARRIS: Well…

ZAKARIA: — after all, you’re saying this is, his interpretation of Islam is correct.

HARRIS: Well, his interpretation — this is the — this is the problem. His interpretation of Islam is very straightforward and honest and you really have to split hairs and do some interpretative acrobatics in order to get it look — get it to look non-canonical.

ZAKARIA: But do you really think that the path to reforming Islam is to tell Muslims that their religion is the mother lode of bad ideas, that they should become atheists or symbolic followers or nominal, I think was the word you used…

HARRIS: Right.

ZAKARIA: — nominal followers?

HARRIS: Well, I…

ZAKARIA: I mean do you really think that 1.6 billion devout Muslims are going to go oh, damn, of course, Sam Harris is right, my religion is crap and I should just abandon it?

HARRIS: No. No. Well — and I slightly misspoke there. I didn’t mean nominal followers in the sense that only Muslim atheists could reform the faith. What I meant is followers who don’t take these specific dangerous beliefs very seriously and want to interpret jihad as an inter-spiritual struggle as opposed to holy war.

ZAKARIA: But do you think you’re helping them or you’re making it harder for them by, as I said…

HARRIS: No…

ZAKARIA: — adopting the Osama bin Laden interpretation of Islam?

HARRIS: I’ll tell you who’s making it harder for them, liberals who deny the problem. I get e-mails every day from atheists and secularists living in the Muslim world who say I can’t…

ZAKARIA: But forget about others. Are you helping?

HARRIS: I’m telling you…

ZAKARIA: Are you helping?

HARRIS: I’m telling you the only metric I have for that is I hear from people living in Pakistan, for instance, who say if a liberal like you can’t even speak honestly about the link between ideology and violence, what hope is there for me?

I can’t even tell my mother what I believe about God because I would be afraid of my own family or village killing me.

ZAKARIA: Sam Harris, thank you very much. Stimulating conversation.

### END ###

question: Summarize why Sam Harris was interviewed.

text: While Harris certainly has good credentials, that is only a secondary requirement for his selection in the interview. The interview as a whole is not a fact-finding interview where the host asks for objective facts. Fareed provides questions about subjective opinions and constantly challenges Harris on the answers provided. So the purpose of the interview is not to gather facts, but to provide viewers with a wider perspective on the given topic. The selection of Harris will be in relation to this aspect of the interview and not just his credentials alone. Formulate an answer based on how Fareed treated the interview with Harris.

category: accuracy

answer: Sam Harris, CEO and co-founder of project reason, was selected for the CNN due to his strong opinions on how a significant number of Muslims are either Jihadists or Islamists. As a celebrated atheist, author, and neuroscientist, his value and opinions weigh heavier than those who do not have the same qualifications. This is further given a degree of validity thanks to his ability to cite statistics or studies. The interview also attempts to emphasize on the contrasting elements of the contents of Harris' books, which means another reason he was interviewed was an attempt by the interview to provide viewers with a more open view of the issue by showing that even a published and educated person can have their opinions questioned.

answer_source: Human

text: The last sentence is unnecessary.

text: The last sentence is not relevant

text: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

text: The article does not mention anything about Harris' book.

text: The last sentence is not clear and should be omitted.

text: The article provides little information about Harris' career outside of the Project Reason mention, so the answer should not instead focus on the zealousness of the interviewers and highlight his comments on a televised interview about Islam.

text: The last sentence is unnecessary.

category: coherence

answer: Sam Harris was interviewed since he is a celebrated atheist, author, and neuroscientist whose books on religion have been published and CNN wants to interview someone with good credentials.

answer_source: Human misleading

answer: Sam Harris, CEO and co-founder of project reason, was selected for the CNN due to his strong opinions on how a significant number of Muslims are either Jihadists or Islamists. As a celebrated atheist, author, and neuroscientist, his value and opinions weigh heavier than those who do not have the same qualifications. This is further given a degree of validity thanks to his ability to cite statistics or studies. The interview also attempts to emphasize on the contrasting elements of the contents of Harris' books, which means another reason he was interviewed was an attempt by the interview to provide viewers with a more open view of the issue by showing that even a published and educated person can have their opinions questioned.

text: Everything beyond the first sentence is irrelevant and should be omitted.

category: coverage

text: This omits that he was interviewed for comments he made on Bill Maher's show "Real Time".

text: This should mention how he's being asked about his claim that "Islam at the moment is the motherlode of bad ideas" and the controversy it caused.

text: This should say "selected by CNN", not "for the CNN".

answer: Sam Harris was interviewed on the program to share his perspective on Islam. Harris had commented on Bill Maher's show that Islam is the mother load of bad ideas which was met with controversy.

answer_source: Model

answer: Sam Harris was interviewed since he is a celebrated atheist, author, and neuroscientist whose books on religion have been published and CNN wants to interview someone with good credentials.

text: The answer is not related.

text: The response does not mention the controversy Harris caused on Real Time with Bill Maher.

text: The response misses to mention that Harris was interviewed because of his comments on Real Time with Bill Maher that “Islam at this moment is the mother lode of bad ideas.”

text: The article does not mention anything about books on religion.

text: The article doesn't mention his books.

text: The response misses to mention that Sam Harris is the cofounder and CEO of Project Reason and was recently in a controversy for his commentary about Islam during his appearance on Bill Maher's Real Time talk show.


text:
I am hoping to become an author one day, so any advice would be greatly appreciated please and thank you(:

       Against the blood red sky, a lone helicopter hovers around the city looking for any trace of survivors that might be below. Down on what used to be the peaceful city, (now referred to as ground zero) the horrific cries of death and fear bellow throughout the city. Never stopping.. Like a record stuck in a loop. The dead have poured out from the deepest depths of hell and returned to the living. Devouring every living soul that they come across. The city is in ruins. Overturned and abandoned cars littler the street, buildings turned to ash from the riots and looting, death and gore fill the streets turning the once pure black asphalt now to a deep murky red. Over the pain filled screams of the living and the mindless groans of the undead, Kenton and Elizabeth hear a desperate shriek from the helicopter, “Any survivors that can hear me, get to the roof tops NOW!!” Elizabeth’s eyes and face light up with a hopeful glee. “We can get out!” she exclaimed. “They’re here to save us.” Kenton’s face however, had that horrified look that had been there since the infection ravished the city. “Yeah, if we can even make it that far” he silently said to himself. Kenton gazed around the corner of the hunting supplies shop they had been trying to gain access to. “There is an old grocery store about a block from here that they should be able to see us from.” Kenton said. “I don’t care what it is, as long as we get the hell out of here.” Elizabeth murmured. “We’re going to need guns if we are even going to stand a chance at getting over there.” Kenton exclaimed. So, Kenton pulled the last bobby pin out of his pocket and slowly slipped it into the lock on the door  Saying a prayer under his breath he ever so carefully and slowly maneuvered it until he heard the slight clicking sound. “Thank you” he whispered. He placed his sweaty palm around the knob and slowly turned it being careful not to make a sound. With it opened, he and Elizabeth let out a sigh of relief as there was no one in the store. Luckily this one hadn't been looted in the chaos in the beginning. They slowly moved in, Elizabeth so close behind Kenton, he could feel the warmth of her moist breath. They found where the weapons had been displayed. Kenton picked off a twelve gauge from the wall along with four boxes of shells, from the display case he picked a .454 magnum up surprised by the weight and the how the cool steel and plywood felt in his grip than walked behind the counter, and picked up three boxes of ammunition. When he noticed the M-16 automatic rifle propped up against the back of the counter. The owner of the store was obviously planning to use but never got the opportunity to. “Good, better for us.” He thought. When he did he hated himself a little for being so heartless. But quickly dismissed the feeling and found where the ammunition had been stored and picked it up along with the sling that had been placed next to it and attached the sling and placed it around his back. After loading the weapons and putting the rest in a place where he could easily access, he put the .357 in the gun holster he had looted off a corpse that had been thoroughly executed with a bullet to the back of the head. Kenton could still vividly see the pool of blood and skull fragments that had quietly settled around the poor man in the back of his subconscious. He snapped out of the gruesome thought and placed the excess ammunition in his bag and decided there wasn’t anywhere else to hold another gun and began to gather up his newly stocked bag. As he and Elizabeth were exiting the shop, he noticed a door that he somehow missed upon first arrival. On the other side of the door, he heard a wet slurping noise that almost sounded like a dehydrated dog attempting to drink from its bowl. He didn’t know why, but he had to know what was on the other side of that door… He felt the cool metal against his sweaty anxious palm. He slowly turned the knob and the door opened. He immediately regretted the decision. What he seen would forever burned into his memory. In the dark crowded room, a man with a noose around his thick neck hung a foot off the ground. And around the poor souls feet was a thick pool of blood with bits and pieces of torn flesh and a… a half-eaten hand with three missing fingers… It was then that Kenton noticed one of the undead on the man. Its hands digging into the stomach of the man ripping it open with ease. Kenton stared in shock as the man’s small intestine slowly slip out and dangled inches off the ground slowly swaying back and forth and the undead man took giant bites into the poor man’s flesh. And in a hypnotic gaze Kenton watched as the blood poured out of the man like a waterfall hitting the ground making the pool bigger. He had failed to notice Elizabeth screaming at him and the undead man now absent from the scene and who was now shambling towards him. And when he did, it was too late. The undead man fell onto Kenton with his full weight, taking all the breath out of him. In a panicked set of motions he desperately reached for the .454 that was in its holster. But as he did, time seemed to freeze. He stared into its lifeless eyes that were now pure glossy white, no pupil or lens left, which terrified Kenton. But when he looked upon the mouth of the creature he felt a fear that he had never experienced before, a mind numbing fear that sent a cold shiver to his very core. The undead man was grinning at him. An evil, soulless, demonic grin that took the color out of his face… He then seemed to float out of his body and watch the events unfold. Like a dream. He watched as he pulled out the .454, centered the gun against its temple, cocked the hammer back, and pulled the trigger spraying the opposing wall with thick murky blood, brain matter, and bits of skull fragment. He snapped back into reality. He quickly jumped to his feet knowing the gunshot that still buzzed in his almost deafened ears would certainly alert more to their presence. He quickly grabbed Elizabeth and turned to run out the door. It was then he noticed the man who hung himself had reanimated, and was desperately trying to break free of the noose but to no success. He felt pity on the man. He pointed his magnum at his head and shot. There was now a gaping hole where the man’s left eyes once was. With that, they quickly evacuated the shop and made a desperate run towards the old grocery store. By the time Kenton and Elizabeth got halfway to the store dozens of the undead were running after them. “FASTER!” Kenton shouted as he was firing rounds off into the crowd. They reached the store, and put a little distance between themselves and the horde. But once they stepped inside they looked upon the store with horror. The undead were here. Hordes of them. They looked up from the piles of dead they were feasting on eyes fixed upon Kenton and Elizabeth. “Run!” screamed Kenton. They broke into a sprint with the undead not far behind running after them. Kenton managed to blow the heads off a couple with the .454 while firing into the horde behind them. They had finally reached the stairs and only one appeared on them. Kenton ran up next to it, took the 12 gauge that Elizabeth had been holding and shoved the barrel into its mouth as it let out a high pitched moan and fired. Completely blowing of the lower portion of the undead’s head sending it spiraling over the railing doing acrobatics as it flew down. They ran up the emergency stair well all the way to the roof and quickly slammed the door shut. Kenton took the opportunity to reload his various weapons. The nearby hovering chopper saw them and quickly flew over to the roof the couple was on. It flew close enough for the couple to get on board. Kenton picked up Elizabeth’s small figure with ease and quickly handed her to the soldier who was completely decked out in full protective body gear and a gas mask making him appear bulky and overweight. As she safely got aboard, Kenton slowly stepped back and gazed at her. She looked at him with confused gaze. “Kenton what in the hell are you doing?! Get up here NOW!!” She screamed almost crying now. He didn’t say anything. He just stood and looked at her perfect features. Her soft red hair flowing in the wind, her flawless complexion, her gorgeous face… Everything about her perfection he took in one last time. “I’m sorry my love I can’t go…” He said with tears rolling down his cheeks. Elizabeth only than noticed the deep bite mark that protruded his neck already making the skin around the wound decay. “NO!!!!” She screamed at the top of her lungs she was now bawling. She attempted to jump out to hug him but was stopped by the solider. “Please don’t cry my love. You are safe, that’s all that matters… I promised I’d keep you safe and I did. Be happy my love. I love you so much and I always will Elizabeth.” He took the wedding ring off his finger, and placed it in the palm of her hands and kissed her goodbye. That’s when the door broke down and dozens of the undead poured out. “I love you” he cried as the helicopter lifted into the air and took off.
       He then turned and faced the now approaching undead horde. The 12 gauge in his hands and the M-16 dangling carelessly around his back. He opened fire into the horde blowing off limbs and sending groups of them spiraling backwards. Through the thick red mist created by their blood, he could see that demonic grin they all seemed to have. “Damn out of ammo he said.” He then dropped the weapon to his feet and pulled the M-16 from around his back and opened fire into the oncoming horde. He was unsure of how many he had actually killed. The blood spurting out of the undead bodies like water erupting from a geyser.  Spraying bullet after bullet into the undead mass that was now sprinting towards him, Kenton heard the distinct ping sound indicating that the gun was now out of ammo. Not wasting any time Kenton dropped the M-16 and pulled his .454 magnum out. Glancing down upon it the looking at the undead horde sprinting at him, he slowly lifted the gun to his temple, cocked the hammer back, whispered the words “I love you Elizabeth” one last time and gently pulled the trigger. The last thing that Elizabeth saw as the helicopter escaped the building that’s rooftop was now painted red was the faint red mist coming from Kenton’s skull and his body slowly falling into oblivion, than hitting the ground with a horrid thumping noise that would haunt her forever..

title: Against The Blood Red Sky

question: Summarize the events leading to Kenton's death.

human_answer: As helicopters hovered around the city looking for survivors amidst the wreckage and decay cursed by the living dead, Kenton and Elizabeth plotted how they will escape the zombies and climb up to one of the helicopters. They both scurried into one of the abandoned grocery stores nearby. They tiptoed around and found M-16 automatic rifles and a few weapons and ammunition. As they forage around, Kenton heard a strange sound coming from the other side of the door. Against his best judgment, he opened it to find a few undead in the room. He shot at them but the sound attracted more of them. The couple left the grocery store and ran to the nearest aircraft. Elizabeth got on but Kenyon stayed behind, pointing to the bite mark on his neck. Elizabeth tried to hug him but one of the soldiers held her back. As the helicopters departed, Kenton professes his love for Elizabeth and shot himself in the head.

text: Kenton was not bitten on his arm.

answer: As helicopters hovered around the city looking for survivors amidst the wreckage and decay cursed by the living dead, Kenton and Elizabeth plotted how they will escape the zombies and climb up to one of the helicopters. They both scurried into one of the abandoned grocery stores nearby. They tiptoed around and found M-16 automatic rifles and a few weapons and ammunition. As they forage around, Kenton heard a strange sound coming from the other side of the door. Against his best judgment, he opened it to find a few undead in the room. He shot at them but the sound attracted more of them. The couple left the grocery store and ran to the nearest aircraft. Elizabeth got on but Kenyon stayed behind, pointing to the bite mark on his arm. Elizabeth tried to hug him but one of the soldiers held her back. As the helicopters departed, Kenton professes his love for Elizabeth and shot himself in the head.

text: Some of the word choices such as "plotted", "scurried", etc. feel a little too artistic. Use simple terms in order to sound more natural. Also, there are some grammatical errors, such as inconsistent usage of tense.


text:
'''Thiruvallur Veeraraghava Swamy Temple ''' (or VEERARGHAVASWAMY TEMPLE) is a temple dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu, located in Thiruvallur, Chennai Metropolitan City, an area and headquarters in Tiruvallur district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Constructed in Dravidian style of architecture, the temple is glorified in the _Divya Prabandha_, the early medieval Tamil canon of the Azhwar saints from the 6th–9th centuries AD. It is counted as one among the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu. Vishnu is worshipped as Veeraraghava Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Kanakavalli Thayar.

The temple is believed to be of significant antiquity and is believed to be initiated by the Pallavas of the late 8th century AD, with later contributions at different times from Thanjavur Nayaks. The temple has three inscriptions dating from the Chola period. The temple has a seven-tiered _rajagopuram_ (gateway tower) and enshrined within a granite wall. The complex contains all the shrines and Hritayathabhanasini, the temple tank, is located to the west of the temple.

The famous Goshala is maintained by the temple administration. People from various parts of the world come forward to donate to the Cowshed / Gosala .

Veerraghava Perumal is believed to have appeared to marry his consort Lakshmi in the place. The temple observes six daily rituals and three yearly festivals. The chariot festival and float festival, celebrated during the Tamil month of _Chittirai_ (March–April), is the most prominent festival of the temple. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the Government of Tamil Nadu.

Legend

_Markandeya Purana_ details the history of the temple. A sage named Salihotra had his hermitage in this place. He used to grind rice for a living and offered half of the flour to the seekers and used to consume the rest himself. He was an ardent devotee of Vishnu. To test his devotion, Vishnu appeared as a guest to him one day. He requested Salihotra to offer him food, which the sage did. The guest felt hungry and requested the sage to offer more food. The sage offered the other half portion of the flour which he used to consume himself. The guest asked a place to rest and the sage readily offered his hermitage. On arriving at the hermitage, the guest revealed his true form and blessed the sage.[1]

As per another legend, Vishnu appeared in the place to marry Lakshmi, who was born as the daughter of Dilipa, the king of Dharmasenapura. He appeared in the place and married her.[2] The place is also called Thiruevvul and Veshranniem.[3]

As per yet another legend, Shiva was not invited by Daksha, the father of Dakshyani and wife of Siva for a big yagna (sacrifice). Siva, in his anger, opened his third eye out of which Virabhadra was created. He was directed by Siva to kill Daksha and he followed his orders. Siva incurred _Brahmahatti Dosham_ on account of the execution. He was directed to the sacred tank of the temple to propitiate himself off the sins. The shrine of Siva in the form of Theertheswarar on the northern banks of the temple is believed to be place where Siva cleansed himself.[4]

History

[The Vellikizhamai Mandapam, made of blackstone] The temple is originally believed to have been built by the Pallavas during the 8th century. There are inscriptions dating back to the later half of the 9th century Pallava dynasty reign here. Local folklore claims that the temple is around 5000 years old. According to historian K.V. Soundararajan, the Rangantha temples in South India built during the 9th and 10th centuries have a systematic arrangement of subsidiary deities as seen in this temple along with the Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple at Koviladi, Sowmya Narayana Perumal temple at Thirukoshtiyur, Rajagopalaswamy temple at Mannargudi and Rangantha temple at Srirangapatna.[5] There are inscriptions in the temple from the period of Kulothunga Chola I (1070-1122 AD) indicating gift of 1000 _kulis_ of land by Tiruvenkatadeva to the temple. The inscriptions from the eastern wall of the Vahanamandap indicates gift of 130 pons of gold by Veera Raghava Sadagoppa Jiyar, the thirteenth seer of Ahobila Mutt to the temple during 1630-75. There are inscriptions indicating gift of lands to the temple during the reign of Ramadeva Maharaya (1620–30), Narasimha Deva, Vira Venkatapathi Rayadeva Maharayar and Sri Venkatarayadeva Mahakavi, Kulothunga Deva and Rajendra I. There are also inscriptions referring to the gift of lands for conducting various festivals by other kings in the region like Maduranthaka Deva, Sadasiva Maharaya (1542–1570), Rama Deva Raya (1617–1632) and Venkata III (1632-42).[6]

Most scholars believe that the major structures of the temple were built during 1409. There is an inscription on the Eastern wall in 1542 AD indicating grants to the temple by a private party.[7]

Architecture

[Festival deity] The temple is under administration of Ahobila Mutt. It has five tiered Rajagopuram (main gate). There are separate shrines for Kanakavalli, Ganesha, Alwars, Gajalakshmi Thayaar. Here, the Lord married Vasumathi the daughter of a king Dharmasena. There are also shrines to Ganesha, Gopalan, Nammazhwar, Chakrattazhwar, Andal, Vedanta Desika, Ramanujacharyar, and Lakshmi Narasimhar.

The presiding deity Veeraraghava swamy is in a recumbent position (called _Bhujanga sayanm_) facing east. His right hand blesses the sage Salihotra and left hand in gnana mudra preaches to Brahma. The Vimanam (pyramidal roof over the sanctum) is called Vijayakoti Vimanam as it is a symbol of victory against Madhukaidapas asuras who were killed by Vishnu. The Thayar is called Kanakavalli (also known by the name Vasumati) and her shrine is located parallel to the sanctum. There are shrines of Azhwars, Ranganatha and Hanuman located around the sanctum in the first precinct. The sacred tank is called Hrutatapanasini.

The presiding deity Veeraraghava Perumal is believed to cure diseases of his devotees and hence he is called “Vaithiya Veeraraghavan”. There is another legend that Lord Shiva got rid of his Brahmahathi Dosha after worshipping Vishnu in the place. There is a small shrine for Shiva in this temple premises.[8] The temple tank, Hritayathabhanasini, is located to the West of the temple and is believed to have medicinal effects.[9] There is an ornate four pillared black stone hall called _Vellikizhamai mandapam_ where the festival image of the presiding deities are displayed every Friday.[10]

Religious importance

Vishnu as Veera Raghavar is the presiding deity of the Veera Raghavar temple. He is also called Vaidya Veera Raghavar, in view of his ailment curing abilities. In this temple people submit small metal sheets with a specific human organ engraved on them as a request to god to cure the illness or problems with those organs. It is believed that those suffering from incurable diseases are cured if they worship the presiding deity. Devotees come here for marriage, progeny, and for relief from hardships. The water in the tank is considered more sacred than that of river Ganga. A dip in the tank is believed to relieve the devotee from sins he committed in thought as well as action. Abishekam, the sacred ablution to the presiding deity is done only with sandalwood oil. The temple is considered the Vaishnavite temple equivalent of healing abilities of the presiding deity to that of the Vaitheeswaran, the presiding deity of the Saivite Vaitheeswaran Kovil.[11] Thousands of devotees take a holy dip during new moon days and also pour molasses into the temple tank.[12]

The temple is revered in _Nalayira Divya Prabandham_, the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by Thirumangai alvar and Thirumalisai Alvar.[13] The Azhwar has sung praise, imagining himself as a lady and Veeraraghava as his lover. The temple is classified as a _Divyadesam_, one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.[14] Many Acharyas have also written songs on the various forms of Bhaktavatsala in this Temple.[15] Ramalinga Swamigal is believed to have been cured off his stomach pain after worshiping in the temple. He glorified the presiding temple in his works in _Potri Panchangam_.[16]

Worship practises and festivals

[Festival deity] New Moon Day is auspicious for this Kshetram. During Fridays Thayaar will be taken to a separate mandapam for puja. Two annual festival are celebrated. Chitra Festival is also important here. Puliyodharai (Tamarind Rice), Dhadhyannam (Curd Rice), Pongal, Chakkarai Pongal, Vada, Adhirasam, Murukku are offered to Lord as Prasadam.

The temple follows the traditions of the Vadakalai sect of Vaishnavite tradition and follows _paancharatram aagama_. The temple priests perform the _pooja_ (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the Vaishnavaite community, a Brahmin sub-caste. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: _Kalasanthi_ at 8:00 a.m., _Uchikalam_ at 12:00 p.m., _Sayarakshai_ at 6:00 p.m., and _Ardha Jamam_ at 8:30 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: _alangaram_ (decoration), _neivethanam_ (food offering) and _deepa aradanai_ (waving of lamps) for Veeraraghava Perumal and Kanakavalli Thayar. During the last step of worship, _nagaswaram_ (pipe instrument) and _tavil_ (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the _Vedas_ (sacred text) and _Nalayira Divya Prabandam_ are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the temple mast. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.[17]

During the Tamil month of _Chittirai_, Brahmotsavam, a 10-day festival is celebrated, the festival deity is taken in procession around the streets of the temple in different mounts each day and the float festival is celebrated on the last day. The other festivals associated with Vishnu temples like Krishna Jayanthi, Saturdays of Tamil month Puratassi, Navratri, Vaikunta Ekadasi and Vijayadasami are celebrated during the respective days.[18]

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title: Thiruevvul

question: What does the text say about the total number of temples dedicated to Vishnu?

text: This response doesn't answer the question of quantity, it only offers information about Vishnu and some temples dedicated to Vishnu.

answer: No answer

text: The article says that there are 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu.

text: The response is incorrect. The text mentions that there are 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu.

text: The article says there are 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu.

text: The text says there are 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu.

text: The article does not say but it does give one piece of information that can be used to calculate this number

text: "It is counted as one among the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu." is evidence that there are 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu.

answer: No answer

text: The response is incorrect. There are 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu.

answer: No answer

text: The response misses to mention that there are 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu.

text: 108 is the number of temples dedicated to Vishnu.

text: The text does mention the number of temples dedicated to Vishnu.

text: The response misses to mention that the text mentions 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu.

text: To be more helpful, it would be good to mention that the text references 108 Divya Desams.

text: There is an answer. The text says that there are 108 Divya Desams dedicated to Vishnu.

answer: Thiruvallur Veeraraghava Swamy Temple is a temple dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu, located in Thiruvallur, Chennai Metropolitan City, an area and headquarters in Tiruvallur district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Vishnu is worshipped as Veeraraghava Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Kanakavalli Thayar. Vishnu as Veera Raghavar is the presiding deity of the Veera Raghavar temple. He is also called Vaidya Veera Raghavar, in view of his ailment curing abilities. In this temple people submit small metal sheets with a specific human organ engraved on them as a request to god to cure the illness or problems with those organs.

text: The article does not mention the number of temples dedicated to Vishnu

answer: Thiruvallur Veeraraghava Swamy Temple is a temple dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu, located in Thiruvallur, Chennai Metropolitan City, an area and headquarters in Tiruvallur district in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Vishnu is worshipped as Veeraraghava Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Kanakavalli Thayar. Vishnu as Veera Raghavar is the presiding deity of the Veera Raghavar temple. He is also called Vaidya Veera Raghavar, in view of his ailment curing abilities. In this temple people submit small metal sheets with a specific human organ engraved on them as a request to god to cure the illness or problems with those organs.

text: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

text: The response is not related.

text: The response includes details of the Vishnu temple in Thiruvallur, not the number of Vishnu temples.

text: Incomplete and contradictory. Needs a new response.

text: The text and the response include details of the Vishnu temple in Thiruvallur, not the number of Vishnu temples. There is no answer.


text:
_KIDS ON Q_ is a Philippine television children's show broadcast by Q. Hosted by Tonipet Gaba, it premiered on April 28, 2007. The show concluded on January 30, 2010 with a total of 135 episodes.

Overview

The show features 3-5 minute AVs (Audio and Video) on the latest news, issues, and concerns of children and their parents. The program aims to be an entertaining yet informative aid to answering the many questions a child has about his world. It is anchored by Tonipet Gaba, who also hosts Art Angel on GMA Network and Tara Lets Eat segment of The Beat (formerly Sapulso).

Reporters

Originally includes ten (10) talented and witty on-cam talents called Q reporters. For each episode, five (5) Q reporters rotate on reporting various segments and bumpers. Each Q reporter has his own 'specialty' story (food, fashion, culture, sports, behind the scenes of events and shows, adventure, etc.), but are not limited on tackling other topics.

-   Renford Alano
-   Aria Cariño
-   Isabella Dayto
-   Mikee de Vega
-   Caleb Gotico
-   Ella Guevara
-   Eugene Herrera
-   Nikki Liu
-   Sam Turingan

Graduated Q Reporter

-   David Hubalde
-   Romina de Jesus

Kids on Q Super Squad

On March 28, 2009, _KIDS ON Q_ reintroduced their _Q REPORTERS_ as the _SUPER SQUAD_. KUYA TONIPET acts as the _SQUAD LEADER_, and gives out their “missions” at the beginning of the show. The kids are given their own characters, moniker and costume which are related to their missions.

-   Renford Alano _“Taste Buddy Renford”_
-   Aria Cariño _“Resident Foodie Aria”_
-   Ish Dayto _“Eco-Ish”_
-   Mikee de Vega _“Smarty Mikee”_
-   Caleb Gotico _“Cool Caleb”_
-   Ella Guevara _“Cheer-fella Ella”_
-   Eugene Herrera _“Eugene the Dream”_
-   Nikki Liu _“Nifty Nikki”_
-   Sam Turingan _“Jammin' Sam”_

History

With the growing demand of new and quality station-produced programs on Q, its public affairs department launched _KIDS ON Q_. Its format is similar with its predecessors 5 and Up and Chikiting Patrol, but aims to feature a more complex and wider range of topics.

In early 2007, auditions were held at some selected schools in the metro and at the GMA Network Center for its line-up of kid correspondents. Those who passed the preliminary auditions were then exposed on-cam and trained through Q Channel 11's reality job search program “May Trabaho Ka!” (now called “Hired”). Nine hopefuls were chosen (_Renford, Aria, Ish, Romina, Mikee, Caleb, David, Nikki and Sam_) from the said reality show. StarStruck Kids finalist Ella Guevara who also auditioned as _KIDS ON Q_ reporter was also chosen. Together they compose the original line-up of _Q REPORTERS_. TONIPET GABA, more popularly known as KUYA TONIPET was assigned as the show's anchor, whose task is to give the introduction to the kid's reports.

On April 28, 2007, _KIDS ON Q_'s pilot episode aired. Originally, the show consists of six to seven main segments and three bumper segments. Six _Q REPORTERS_ rotate each week to deliver various stories ranging from food, fashion, sports, culture, animals, behind the scenes of events and concerts, and anything about kids. Three out of the six reporters will then have additional bumper reports or mini segments usually featuring additional information _(WORD FOR THE DAY, KIDSTORY, SPECIAL Q REPORT, KIDSPEAK, FUN SCIENCE, MATH MADE EASY, INSIDE OUT, ETC.)_. During the show's continuous evolution, it trimmed down its segments from six to five, and bumpers from the original three to only one or two (mostly Special Q Reports, Paid Advertisements, and additional Brain Teasers trivia) depending on the occasion.

Also _Q REPORTERS_ are now assigned to a specific 'specialty' story, and usually has an attached moniker or gimmick that matches his/her personality. For example, RENFORD is now known as _“THE TASTE BUDDY”_ and is assigned mostly on food segments, while ROMINA is the _“RESIDENT FASHIONISTA”_, and usually reports about kiddie fashion. Although they have 'specialty' stories, they are not limited to it and can still report on different topics depending on the situation. Also, tandems are added on the show. NIKKI and CALEB are the only regular tandems on the show (but occasionally both can still report alone), but depending on situations, they could be paired with other reporters, or other reporters can become tandems. Another modification on the show includes two or more _Q REPORTER_ appearing on one segment. This is common during their out-of-town shoots and specials like in Subic, Bataan, Baguio, Ilocos Sur, Pulilan and Zambales.

Another notable change in the show is its medium. In the early months of the show, it was delivered mostly in Filipino with a little English. But because Q-11's target audience is the Class A and B viewers, it moderately incorporated more English with the kid's reports. In early 2008, during the station's reformat to a more “Class A-B” look, _KIDS ON Q_'s medium officially shifted. Tonipet's headlines and introductions and the whole Q reporter's segments are now delivered almost completely in English, with a little Filipino only on some of the kid's soundbytes and unavoidable local terms.

In summer of 2008, DAVID bid farewell to the show, and another set of auditions were held at the GMA Network Center. This coincided with the show's first anniversary and as preparation for its relaunch. Unlike the first set of auditions, it was only exclusive for boys 7 – 12 years old to fill David's slot. In the second leg of the _KIDS ON Q SUNDAY FUNDAY YEAR 2_ in SM Sucat, the newest Q Reporter was introduced to the staff, crew and those who were luckily present during the said event. It was none other than EUGENE HERRERA who passed the auditions. Despite EUGENE'S prior public appearance on the second (SM Sucat) and fourth (Eastwood)_SUNDAY FUNDAY_, his debut appearance on the show was set on the relaunch episode of _KOQ!_.

With a new reporter and a lot of changes during its first year, _KIDS ON Q_ needed a new look and Opening Billboard (OBB) for its scheduled relaunch and upcoming second year. The OBB shoot was set on June 4, 2008 in the theme park Enchanted Kingdom . All ten _Q REPORTERS_ were present during the shoot. _KOQ!_ team leader KUYA TONIPET also directed the new OBB. It first aired on _KIDS ON Q'S_ Relaunch on June 21, 2008.

In January 2009, the show trimmed its segments from six (6) to only four (4), with additional shorties or bumpers to complete an episode.

On the February 28, 2009 episode of _KIDS ON Q_, the show’s _Resident Fashionista_, ROMINA graduated as a _Q REPORTER_. This left the show with only nine (9) _Q REPORTERS_.

Meanwhile, on March 28 the same year, the show had its 2nd relaunch, reintroducing the remaining _Q REPORTERS_ as the _KIDS ON Q SUPER SQUAD_. The _SQUAD MEMBERS_ are now assigned with different characters, moniker and costume which are related to the missions assigned to them (although this is not always the case, they can still do other stories not related to their characters). No less than KUYA TONIPET serves as the _SQUAD LEADER_ and gives out the missions to the _SQUAD MEMBERS_. As part of the reformat, they also introduced a new character, WEBBIE, the resident cyber guide. The character is voiced by _SQUAD MEMBER_ EUGENE and has his own bumper segment called _WEBBIE’S WORLD_.

_KIDS ON Q_ bid farewell last January 30, 2010 with a special feature on Quezon province and a farewell segment at the end of the episode, which featured the _KIDS ON Q SUPER SQUAD_'s experiences and memories on the show. The show ran for 2 years and 9 months.

Accolades

Anak TV Seal Award

-   2008 Awardee
-   2009 Awarde

PMPC Star Awards for Television

-   2007-2009 Nominated, Best Children's Show & Hosts

Taiwan International Children's Film Festival

-   2008 Nominated, Best TV Program

US International Film and Video Festival

-   2008 Winner, Certificate

Catholic Mass Media Awards

-   2008 Winner, Best Children's Program
-   2009 Winner, Best Children's Program

MTRCB TV Awards

-   2009 Nominated, Best Children's Show

Category:2007 Philippine television series debuts Category:2010 Philippine television series endings Category:Filipino-language television shows Category:GMA News and Public Affairs shows Category:Philippine children's television series Category:Q (TV network) original programming

title: Kids on Q

question: What does the article say about departures?

text: Romina should be mentioned. "Graduated" implies she departed from the program.

answer: In summer of 2008, David bid farewell to the show.

text: The answer omits the departure of Romina de Jesus.

text: The answer should mention Romina's departure.

text: The answer omits Romina's departure.

text: The answer omits the departure of Romina.

text: The answer should mention that Romina de Jesus also graduated as a Q reporter.

text: Include Romina

text: It is omitted that Romina graduated as a Q Reporter on February 28, 2009, leaving the show with nine reporters.

text: The response should mention the show ending and going off air.

answer: In summer of 2008, David bid farewell to the show. Romina, the show's resident Fashionista, graduated in 2009.

text: The answer should mention the show's final departure.

text: It is omitted that Eugene Herrera joined the show after David left.

text: It is omitted that the show concluded on January 30, 2010.

text: It's omitted that Eugene Herrera was brought on to replace David.

text: It's omitted that the show bid farewell in 2010.

text: The answer should mention that Eugene Herrera was added after David left.

text: It's omitted that the show concluded on January 30, 2010.

text: Add information about Eugene Herman, who joined the show after David's exit.

answer: In summer of 2008, David bid farewell to the show. Romina, the show's resident Fashionista, graduated in 2009.

answer: David Hubalde and Romina de Jesus graduated as Q reporters. David bid farewell to the show in the summer of 2008. Romina graduated as a Q reporter on February 28, 2009. The show bid farewell on January 30, 2010.

text: The answer should add that the show's finale ended with a special feature on Quezon province and a farewell segment at the end of the episode, which featured the KIDS ON Q Super Squad's experiences and memories on the show.

answer: David Hubalde and Romina de Jesus graduated as Q reporters. David bid farewell to the show in the summer of 2008. Romina graduated as a Q reporter on February 28, 2009. The show bid farewell on January 30, 2010.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant.

text: The last sentence is not relevant.

text: The answer should mention the addition of Eugene Herrera.

text: It is not correct that Hubalde bid farewell during the first year of the show.

answer: David Hubalde and Romina de Jesus graduated as Q reporters. David bid farewell to the show in the summer of 2008. Romina graduated as a Q reporter on February 28, 2009. The show bid farewell on January 30, 2010.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant.

text: The last sentence is not relevant.

answer: In summer of 2008, David bid farewell to the show.


text:
A NETWORK-CENTRIC ORGANIZATION is a network governance pattern emerging in many progressive 21st century enterprises. This implies new ways of working, with consequences for the enterprise’s infrastructure, processes, people and culture.

Overview

With a network-centric configuration, knowledge workers are able to create and leverage information to increase competitive advantage through the collaboration of small and agile self-directed teams. For this, the organizational culture needs to change from one solely determined by a single form of organizing (e.g., hierarchy) to an adaptive hybrid enabling multiple forms of organizing within the same organization. The nature of the work, in an area, determines best the way its conduct is organized and the networked mediation of work activities affords interoperability among differentially-organized areas of work.[1]

A network-centric organization is both a sensible response to a complex environment and an enactor of sensibility on that environment. The business climate of the new millennium is characterized by profound and continuous changes due to globalization, exponential leaps in technological capabilities, and other market forces. Rapid developments of ICT are driving and supporting the change from the industrial to the information age.

In this world of rapid change and uncertainty, organizations need to continually renew, reinvent and reinvigorate themselves in order to respond creatively. The network-centric approach aims to tap into the hidden resources of knowledge workers supported and enabled by ICT, in particular the social technologies associated with Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0. Essentially though, a network-centric organization is more about people and culture than technology.[2] A useful survey of network organization theory appears in Van Alstyne (1997)[3]

Network-centric Organization Topics

Knowledge Work

There is a synthesis of thinking, learning and doing at the core of creative human activity that underpins the concept of knowledge work. Knowledge workers collaborate on tasks that are cognitively demanding, involving complex technical judgements, a high degree of professional and individual expertise and experience. The knowledge worker is astutely aware, not only of the means and purpose of their work, but also its political and social dimensions. Much of this knowledge is tacit and shared among the work group becoming embedded in its culture.

There is a broad expanse of uncharted territory between the real knowledge work that occurs in an organization and the formal organizational structure and espoused practices. The concentration on formal organizational programs aimed at the individual workers ignored the real nature of work practices that reside in a space between the organization and individual perspectives. This space often remains hidden from the organizational landscape, unappreciated and undervalued. Revealing the nature of this hidden space holds the key to understanding knowledge work and is critical to successful organizational outcomes and learning.

Hybrid Enterprises

Many enterprises are hybrids of hierarchical bureaucracies, heterarchic work groups distributed across organizational and spatial boundaries, and responsibly autonomous individuals where competition and cooperation coexist due to a strict division of work activities. Network-centric organizations locate the partitioning of work activities in the self-direction of individuals and work groups, rather than in the hierarchy.

Enterprises which have complex hybrid structures consisting of hierarchies and networks are more like organic eco-systems than machines.[4] The latter are likely to be exploitative and bureaucratic while the former can be networked and innovative. This reflects the tension between the natural tendency for disorder to increase while humans strive to impose order by developing ever more complex rigid structures and systems. It is quite a natural state of affairs that organizations can be part mechanistic and part organic with continual transformations among these forms. Network-centric organizations enact governance systems that manage these ongoing transformations.[5]

Sensible Organization

A complex environment presents an enterprise with too large a range and diversity of inputs to comprehend logically, so the sensible response is not to try. Attempts to deal with complexity are unsuccessful if they aim to either simplify or assert control over complex situations. It makes more sense to maintain and support the natural creative energies of complex environments, encouraging the emergence of innovative new forms of working.

Sensible enterprises will become agile, flexible and adaptable by incorporating more creativity and diversity into their structures, processes and human resources. The informality, interactivity and adaptability of small teams of people retains a space for what we traditionally call ‘common sense’ for both understanding and action amid the accountability and constraints of the formal enterprise. Sensible managers will relinquish some of their traditional control to knowledge workers in small self-directed teams. A network-centric organization will also have an increased need and reliance on data sensing, analysis, and closed-loop action driven by repeated application of “sense-and-respond” cycle.

Social Technologies

At the current time, a new civil digital culture has taken hold, in which so-called ‘social’ and/or ‘conversational’ technologies or social software are providing unprecedented opportunities for everyday user activities. The term Web 2.0 has entered the vocabulary to reflect the ongoing transition of the World Wide Web from a collection of websites to a full-fledged computing platform serving social web applications such as email, discussion forums, chatrooms, Weblogs and Wikis to end users. Constructivist learning theorists (Vygotsky, 1978;[6] Leidner & Jarvenpaa, 1995 [7] explained that the process of expressing knowledge aids its creation and conversations benefits the refinement of knowledge. Cheung et al. (2005) [8] maintains that conversational knowledge management fulfils this purpose because conversations, e.g. questions and answers, become the source of relevant knowledge.

Social technologies facilitate processes where knowledge creation and storage is carried out through a discussion forum where participants contribute to the discussion with questions and answers, or through a Weblog which is typified by a process of storytelling or through a Wiki using collaborative writing (Hasan and Pfaff 2006).[9] In the corporate setting, the term Enterprise 2.0 is emerging to reflect the use of freeform social software within companies to support work units and the individual knowledge worker. Gordon and Ganesan (2005) [10] advocate a different vision for knowledge management systems to one that is specifically targeted to the capture and use of the stories told in communities and organizations in the context of normal, spoken conversations.

Conversation and other types of human-human communication must be exploited in today’s knowledge management systems to harness the value of conversation in packaging and transmitting tacit knowledge. The attraction of these social technologies is their low cost, intuitive functionality and connectivity. Social technologies support new forms of network-centric interaction and activity between people, allowing and enhancing informal access to create and distribute information. These technologies empower ordinary people to have a global presence for business, political and social purposes. The new social technologies at the focus of this project are tools of a rising digital democracy.

One of the newest approaches on the horizon is worknetting. A worknet is a form of organization where stakeholders, individuals or institutions or both, can come together around a shared purpose. Whereas a network centres on the relationships between partners, a worknet centres on each partner's relationship with the shared purpose. In this way, the unique strengths and contributions of each partner can be optimized and enhanced, as they are situated in the context of the worknets common interest.

Power Shift in Traditional Organizations

Traditional organizations that favor a rigid hierarchical structure and ego-centric methods still employ the outmoded concept where the decision-making authority lies solely in the domain of its corporate headquarters. Changes resulting from developments in ICT and the growth of the Internet, have made it increasingly difficult to provide a platform for effective and efficient management and operations. As observed by De Vulpian (2005),[11] “we are in the process of moving from a pyramidal, hierarchical society to a single-story society where heterarchical relationships dominate”.

There is a tension between ego-centric thinking and network-centric thinking – the tension between the institutional power that emanates from an organization and the transactional power that inheres in its members' daily interactions. Progressive organizations are tending to refocus on supporting teams in community-style networks. There is a growing realization that if "decisions are allowed to move out of the corporate headquarters to individual business units, business units will in turn distribute power and decision-making to self-managed teams and profit centers (Allee 2003).” [12] This is the basis of the concept of knowledge work where workers have control over their own activities through knowledge acquired in the course of both training and experience.

Links to Network Centric Warfare

Network-centric warfare is a simple concept that involves the linkage of engagement systems to sensors through networks and the sharing of information between force elements. The early development of the concept evolved by connecting information systems and creating software applications that allow people to use the available data. McKenna, Moon, Davis and Warne (2006) [13] emphasise on the human dimension of NCW which is based on the idea that information is only useful if it allows people to act more effectively.

[1] Abrams, Robert S. 2009. “Uncovering the Network-Centric Organization.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2009.

[2] Hasan, H. & Pousti, H. 2006. “SNA as an Attractor in Emergent Networks of Research Groups”.

[3] Van Alstyne, M. (1997) “The State of Network Organization: A Survey in Three Frameworks” Journal of Organizational Computing 7(3) pp 88-151.

[4] Burns, T. and Stalker, G.M. 1961. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SFev_VZDlIUC&dq=burns+and+stalker&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s The Management of Innovation].

[5]

[6] Vygotsky, L.1978. “Mind in Society”, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

[7] Leidner, D. & Jarvenpaa, S.1995. “The use of information technology to enhance management school education: A theoretical view”, MIS Quarterly, Vol.19, No.3, pp.265-291.

[8] Cheung, K. S. K., Lee, F. S. L., Ip, R. K. F., & Wagner, C. “The Development of Successful On-line Communities”, International Journal of the Computer, the Internet and Management, vol.13, no.1, 2005, 71-89.

[9] Hasan, H. and Pfaff, C.C. 2006. “Emergent Conversational Technologies that are Democratising Information Systems in Organisations: the case of the corporate Wiki”, Proceedings of the Information Systems Foundations (ISF): Theory, Representation and Reality Conference, Australian National University, Canberra, 27-28 September 2006.

[10] Gordon,A.E. and Ganesan,K. 2005. “Automated Story Capture From Conversational Speech”, K-CAP’05, October 2–5, 2005, Banff, Canada.

[11] De Vulpian, A. 2005. “Listening to Ordinary People”, keynote address at the Society of Organizational Learning Conference, Vienna, September.

[12] Allee, V. 2003 [https://books.google.com/books?id=qw4NhpbogfAC&dq=&pg=PP1&ots=V0o5Ya7zs-&sig=bmvxnNGSydGjQh91T9xg3zX0d9I&prev=http://www.google.com.au/search%3Fhl%3Den%26q%3DAllee%252C%2BV.%2B(2003)%2BThe%2BFuture%2Bof%2BKnowledge%253A%2BIncreasing%2BProsperity%2Bthrough%2BValue%2BNetworks%26btnG%3DGoogle%2BSearch%26meta%3D&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title “The Future of Knowledge: Increasing Prosperity through Value Networks”, Butterworth-Heinemann, USA.]

[13] McKenna, T., Moon, T., Davis, R. and Warne, L. 2006. “Science and Technology for Australian Network-Centric Warfare: Function, Form and Fit”, Australian Defence Force Journal.

title: Network-centric organization

question: What does the article say about the power shift in traditional organizations?

text: This might be true but it is not stated not implied.

answer: Network-centric thinking will replace the traditional organizations that favor a rigid hierarchical structure and ego-centric methods.

text: This should mention how progressive organizations are tending to refocus on supporting teams in community-style networks.

text: It's omitted that there is a growing realization that if "decisions are allowed to move out of the corporate headquarters to individual business units, business units will in turn distribute power and decision-making to self-managed teams and profit centers ".

answer: Traditional organizations that favor a rigid hierarchical structure and ego-centric methods still employ the outdated concept where the decision-making authority lies solely in the domain of its corporate headquarters. There is a tension between ego-centric thinking and network-centric thinking – the tension between the institutional power that emanates from an organization and the transactional power that inheres in its members' daily interactions. Progressive organizations are tending to refocus and support teams in community-style networks.

text: The answer should mention the shift in power.

text: The answer should mention that the power is shifting from the corporate headquarters to individual business units.

text: The answer omits that there is a growing realization that if "decisions are allowed to move out of the corporate headquarters to individual business units, business units will in turn distribute power and decision-making to self-managed teams and profit centers."

text: "ego-centric" - add a hyphen

text: The answer omits the part about decisions being moved out of the corporate headquarters to individual business units.

text: Add a missing quotation mark here: "community-style networks."

answer: Traditional organizations favor a rigid hierarchical structure and ego-centric methods. Changes resulting from developments in ICT and the growth of the Internet have made it demand a platform for efficient management and operations. Progressive organizations start to support teams in community-style networks.

text: The answer should mention the power shift.

text: The last sentence is a bit confusing.

text: The article doesn't say anything about the Internet making it demand a platform for efficient management and operations.

text: It's omitted that there is a growing realization that if "decisions are allowed to move out of the corporate headquarters to individual business units, business units will in turn distribute power and decision-making to self-managed teams and profit centers".

text: More than just information and control is being added to the response. Useful knowledge is being lost because the question asks only about the power shift and the last two sentences are specifically about hybrid networks.

answer: Traditional organizations that favor a rigid hierarchical structure and ego-centric methods still employ the outdated concept where the decision-making authority lies solely in the domain of its corporate headquarters. There is a tension between ego-centric thinking and network-centric thinking – the tension between the institutional power that emanates from an organization and the transactional power that inheres in its members' daily interactions. Progressive organizations are tending to refocus and support teams in community-style networks.

answer: Traditional organizations favor a rigid hierarchical structure and ego-centric methods. Changes resulting from developments in ICT and the growth of the Internet have made it demand a platform for efficient management and operations. Progressive organizations start to support teams in community-style networks.


text:
[] [ORT students at a digital skills academy in Bulgaria, summer 2019] ORT (, _Obchestvo Remeslenogo (pronounced: Remeslenava) Truda_, “Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades”) is a global education network driven by Jewish values. It promotes education and training in communities worldwide.[1] Its activities throughout its history have spanned more than 100 countries and five continents.[2] It was founded in 1880 in Saint Petersburg to provide professional and vocational training for young Jews.[3]

Overview

[ORT in Strasbourg, France] World ORT is a federation of autonomous ORT national organisations. In 2005 ORT's global budget exceeded US$250 million annually.[4] As of 2016, its annual budget was US$62.7 million.[5] ORT's current operations are in Israel, the former Soviet Union (including the Baltic States), Europe, Latin America, and South Africa.[6] ORT also runs International Cooperation programs and supports non-sectarian economic and social development in underdeveloped parts of the world, with vocational training and the provision of technical assistance.

In 2003 Israel was the area of ORT's largest operation, with 90,000 students educated or trained at ORT’s 159 schools, colleges and institutions, educating 25% of Israel’s hi-tech workforce.[7] However in 2006 ORT Israel withdrew from World ORT.[8] World ORT continues to work in Israel under the name of _Kadima Mada-Educating for Life_, working with the Israeli Ministry of Education, other Israeli ministries, regional councils and hospitals providing increased resources and improved facilities and schools equipment. World ORT raises funds through its membership organisations in different countries and through the Jewish Federations of North America'' (JFNA).

World ORT is legally constituted in Switzerland, but operates from offices in London, England. It has consultative status for information and education purposes with UNESCO, and observer status at the International Labour Organization[9]

ORT is a founding member of ICVA (International Council of Voluntary Agencies).

History

[ORT in Argentina] The second partition of Poland in 1793 had resulted in a sharp increase in the number of Jews in Russia, so that in 1794 Empress Catherine the Great decreed that the majority of them would henceforth be restricted to living and working in the Pale of Settlement. The Jews were not allowed to leave the Pale or own land outside it. They were removed from their homes and villages and once resettled, barred from all but a handful of professions. The crowded conditions and legal barriers to self-sufficiency led to deepening poverty for the Pale's four million inhabitants. After the reforms of Tsar Alexander II in the 1860s, the situation improved for some Jews but those in the Pale remained trapped by economic hardship and dismal conditions. In 1880, Samuel Polyakov, Horace de Gunzburg and Nikolai Bakst petitioned Tsar Alexander II for permission to start an assistance fund which would improve the lives of the millions of Russian Jews then living in poverty. The fund would provide education and training in practical occupations like handicrafts and agricultural skills and would help people to help themselves.

Permission was granted and the appeal was sent out, signed by Poliakov and de Gunzburg as well as Abram Zak, Leon Rosenthal and Meer Fridland, leading to the establishment of the Society for Trades and Agricultural Labor among the Jews in Russia. In its first 25 years, ORT raised educational standards and provided training to 25,000 Jews across the Russian Empire. People trained as artisans in glass-blowing, learned sewing and gardening, trained as mechanics, cabinetmakers, and furniture designers [10]

The first programs created by ORT were dictated by the demands of the market. In 1909, the industrialization in Russia created a need for artisans, so ORT developed courses for electricians in Vilna where electric streetcars were being introduced. They offered automotive courses in St. Petersburg when the automobile began taking root there in 1910. ORT’s training programs varied to meet the needs of Jews depending on where they lived and what the gaps in the workforce were. That flexibility and diversity meant that ORT became an established educational leader in many fields within only its first few decades of existence.

After World War I, ORT opened agricultural schools to provide tools and training for agricultural enterprises. ORT headquarters moved to Berlin in 1921, after the Bolshevik Revolution. Initially, the Berlin office dealt mainly with fundraising and support for Jewish education in other countries where the Jews were less well-off. When the Nazis rose to power in 1933, Jewish children were expelled from German schools. ORT sought to open a school in Berlin but encountered difficulties due to the ban on selling property to Jews. Using its international ties, the British branch of ORT purchased a school building and dormitory in the Moabit quarter of Berlin. It received authorization to open in April 1937 after promising that all graduates would leave the country upon graduation.[11]

Later ORT headquarters moved to France and finally to Geneva. Local groups such as American ORT and Women's American ORT, ORT Canada and British ORT were formed to support the growing network of programs. In 1938, Stalinist purges forced the closure of ORT programs in the Soviet Union.

During World War II, ORT continued to serve Jewish communities, including those under Nazi occupation. In the Warsaw Ghetto, the German authorities gave ORT permission to open vocational training courses. Those courses continued throughout the war and until the liquidation of the Ghetto. They served as a template for similar ORT programs in other Jewish centers like Łódź and Kaunas.

After the end of World War II, ORT established rehabilitation programs for the survivors. The first one in Germany was started in August 1945 in the Landsberg DP camp.[12] Vocational training centers were set up in 78 DP (Displaced Persons) Camps in Germany, and nearly 85,000 people acquired professions and the tools they would need to rebuild their lives. Jacob Olejski, a Dachau survivor who had previously organized ORT in Lithuania, was the driving force behind ORT's revival in Germany.[13][14] After 1948 he organized ORT in the newly founded state of Israel. [ORT in Jaffa, 1947] ORT operations in Israel started in Jaffa and Jerusalem, and although the Iron Curtain forced the closure of ORT’s activities in Eastern Europe, in the 1950s Ort activity increased in Western Europe, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Iran and India.

During the second half of the 20th century, ORT continued to provide education and relief services to Jewish communities in Israel, Africa and Asia while opening new programs to serve the Latin American Jewish communities in Argentina (ORT Argentina), Brazil and Uruguay (ORT Uruguay). In the early 1990s ORT returned to the former Soviet Union and the Baltic States, where it now serves 27,000 students in 58 schools and educational institutions every year.

In 2000, World ORT celebrated its 120th anniversary. The educational services provided through their network continues and has now been supplemented by programs intended to deliver basic nutrition, clothing, books and school supplies, counseling and other services designed to meet the growing emotional needs of students as well [15]

Current and ongoing programs

In addition to technical and financial support for its network of schools and programs in more than 30 countries around the world, ORT has in the past run campaigns including:

-   THE LATIN AMERICA CAMPAIGN: In 2006-7, ORT began a major program of new projects intended to create a sense of unity and connection throughout the region, meeting the highly individual and specific needs of each community. This campaign was active in small Jewish communities as well as larger ones. For example, the two ORT Argentina high schools in Buenos Aires are overcrowded and a new high school is planned to accommodate the students there. At the same time, the Jewish community in Montevideo (where ORT operates a university), is getting much needed scholarship funds.
-   WORLD ORT KADIMA MADA IN ISRAEL: Kadima Mada is World ORT's arm in Israel and has run since 2007, delivering electronic, science and computer labs as well as technology education to students in schools throughout Israel, most of which are in northern Israel, and in the south of the country close to the border with Gaza. New computer labs and whiteboard technology provide a new opportunity for students. The program works with local authorities, in cooperation with the Ministry of Education, and marks a new phase in ORT’s commitment to bring the best practical education available to the Jewish State.
-   REGENERATION CIS: This program aimed to bring quality Judaic and general high school education to Jewish communities throughout the independent sovereign states of the region that was formerly the Soviet Union. In order to complete its mission for the renewed program, ORT ensures that equipment and services in existing centers are maintained and fully operational, to upgrade systems to enable them to deliver enhanced options, to provide school-wide training to ensure that all staff is able to deliver the new materials, and to provide ongoing staffing and resources. In the new centers, ORT carries out necessary refurbishments, plans and installs new systems and services, trains staff, and provides ongoing staffing and support.

Locations

-   NORTH AMERICA: ORT America and ORT Canada fundraise for World ORT programs around the globe.
-   LATIN AMERICA: Locations of ORT programs in Latin America include: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Uruguay.[16]
-   ASIA: ORT ran programs in India and has an affiliate school in Singapore [17].
-   AFRICA: A global aid program previously ran in a number of African countries. The center of operations is currently South Africa [18] with occasional courses in countries including Burkina Faso.
-   EUROPE: Schools, courses and fundraising run and take place in countries including: France, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Belarus.
-   ISRAEL: The Kadima Mada school network runs in Israel along with extra-curricular and vocational training.[19]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] "World ORT Consolidated Report and Financial Statements, Year Ended 31 December 2016. World ORT. ort.org. p. 10. Retrieved 2019-04-24.

[6] “ORT Annual Review 2018”. World ORT. ort.org. Retrieved 2019-04-24. PDF page 3.

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10] About ORT

[11]

[12] YIVO, DPG folder 1925, “Baricht fun der ORT-Tetikajt in der US-Zone fun Dajtsland farn Jor 1947.”

[13] Avinoam J. Patt, _Finding Home and Homeland: Jewish Youth and Zionism in the Aftermath of the Holocaust_ (Wayne State University Press, 2009), p. 46.

[14] Adam Margalith, Jacob Olejski and Louis Walinsky, _ORT in US-Zone Germany_ (World ORT Union, Central Office Munich, US-Zone, Germany, 1948), 41 pages.

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

title: World ORT

question: How old and widespread is the ORT.

text: It does not have a presence in Australia.

answer: The ORT is 240 years old. It was founded in 1780. It has operations in more than 100 countries and five continents.

text: The ORT is 140 years old. It was founded in 1880.

text: The ORT is not 240 years old. It was founded in 1880.

text: It was founded in 1880

text: The information about the year of its foundation is wrong,

answer: The ORT is more than 140 years old as it was founded in 1880. It is present on every continent and spans 100 countries

text: The answer should mention the continents where ORT is present.

text: The answer should mention that the ORT is a global education network.

text: The answer should mention the number of continents.

text: The answer should mention the continents and countries it operates in.

text: This is also a run-on.

text: The response inaccurately mentions that ORT is present in every continent, however the text mentions 5 continents.

text: The response is an unfinished sentence.

answer: The ORT is more than 140 years old as it was founded in 1880. it is present on five continents. The exception is Australia. It spans more than 100 countries

text: The answer should mention that the second part of the question is asking about the organization's reach.

text: I would add a comma after "1880"

text: The article does not mention Australia as a continent on which ORT is not working.

text: The second part of the sentence following "it is" doesn't add any value

text: "it" should be capitalized, as it is the start of a sentence.

answer: The ORT is more than 140 years old as it was founded in 1880. It is present on every continent and spans 100 countries

answer: The ORT is more than 140 years old as it was founded in 1880. it is present on five continents. The exception is Australia. It spans more than 100 countries

answer: The ORT is 240 years old. It was founded in 1780. It has operations in more than 100 countries and five continents.

text: The ORT was founded in 1880, not 1780.

text: Historically the ORT has had activities in over 100 countries - it doesn't have operations in 100 countries now.