text:
JASSEM GHAZBANPOUR (Persian: جاسم غضبانپور) (born May 31, 1963) is an Iranian Photographer.[1]

Biography

Ghazbanpour began photographing in the field of social documentary in 1976. In his youth, his photography was attempting to record the circumstances and the daily life of the people of his birthplace.

In 1980, With the start of the Iran–Iraq War, he started photographing battlefields and the cities which had been affected by the war, to show the impact of it.

He has taken photographs from Afghanistan, (just after the fall of the Taliban), Iraq (Gulf War and Iraq War) and Iraqi Kurdistan (independence period).

Ghazbanpour earned his BA in the field of photography from Tehran University of Art (1983–1986).[2]

After the war ended, Ghazbanpour started to take pictures of the culture, art, and the architecture of Iran, in all possible aspects, and he represented a new look of Iran in his works. In addition to publishing several books in the war field (e.g. _Chemical Massacre in Halabja_, _Sky and Earth: Tehran under missile attack_), he has published many books about Iran (e.g. _New Life-Old Structure_, _Iranian House_, _Iran from the Sky_, _The Splendor of Iran_).[3] In his background, he has numerous individual and group exhibitions in Iran and in other countries such as Indonesia, Japan,[4] France,[5] Italy.[6] Additionally, many local and international magazines and newspapers have used his photos.

Bibliography

-   _New life- old structure_, a selection of valuable structures with plans (3 vol.), Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 1st edition1992, 2nd edition1993
-   _Sky and Earth: Tehran under missile attack_, Research and planning center of Tehran, selected as “The war year book”, Tehran, 1997
-   _Aqa Lotf’ Ali Souratgar-e-Shirazi_: Biography and his works, Iran Cultural Heritage organization, 1997
-   _Iranian House_: introducing 50 Iranian valuable old houses with plans, National Organization of Housing 1996, Tiss publication, 2001[7]
-   _Iran from the Sky_: aerial photos from different cities of Iran, Tiss Publication, fall 2000
-   _The Splendor of Iran_ (3 volumes), Booth Clibborn, England, 2001[8]
-   _Life and works of Sani–ol–Molk_, Iran University Press (IUP), Tehran, 2003
-   _Bam_: photo Report on Bam before and after the earthquake, Tiss publication, 1st 2003, 2nd 2004[9]
-   _A Review on the Iran music background based on pre-Islamic remain objects_, Iran Cultural Heritage organization, spring 2004
-   _Splendors of Quran Calligraphy & Illumination_, Contributor: Martin Lings, Photographs by Jassem Ghazbanpour, Thesaurus Islamicus Foundation, Thames & Hudson, , London, Dec. 2005[10]
-   _Splendor of Khuzestan_, Tiss Publication, 2009
-   _Contemporary Architecture of Iran_: 75 years of public building experience- from 1921 to 1996 Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, 2009
-   _City eyewitnesses_: selection of wall paintings and sculptures of Tehran, Tiss Publication, 2010

Photo reports

-   The Independent, pictorial report of Kurds of Iraq, No. 1384, Saturday Mar.23, London, 1991
-   Time International, pictorial report of the Kurds of Iraq, vol. 137, No. 13, April 1, 1991
-   ABC, victims of Chemical attack in Iran- Iraq War, Sep.28, Madrid, 1996
-   El Pais, Victimas olvidadas de Saddam (Victims of Chemical attack in Sardasht, Kurdistan), P. 20, Madrid, Feb.18, 2007
-   El Pais, Religious Minorities in Iran, Jews, p. 4, Madrid, April 9, 2007
-   El Pais, Marriage Dating Agency, P. 46, Madrid, Oct.7, 2007
-   El Pais, woman's Futsal team exercises with Spanish trainer, P. 35, Madrid, Nov.12, 2007
-   El Pais, interview with Masoumeh Ebtekar (Tehran City Council Member), P. 8, Madrid, Dec.14, 2006
-   El Pais, interview with Mohammad Ali Abtahi (Center for Interreligious Dialogue & Civilization), Madrid, Dec.18, 2007
-   AD: Architectural Design, Iran: past, present, future, No. 217, P. 18 Khajo Bridge, 20 Shazde Garden, 21 Fin garden,42 Chelsoton palace, 43 Ibn sina mausoleum (above)& Tehran museum of contemporary arts below,76–77 Azadi square, London, May / June 2012

Exhibitions

-   36 million people City (To celebrate the 2nd anniversary of the Khorramshahr liberation), Solo Exhibition, Tehran University of Art, May 1984
-   The 2nd Annual photo exhibition, Group Exhibition, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Nov.1988
-   The 3rd Annual photo exhibition, Group Exhibition, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Feb. 1989
-   The 1st Journalistic photos exhibition, Group Exhibition, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Dec 1990
-   The 4th Annual photo exhibition, Group Exhibition, Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, Jan. 1991
-   Tehran under missile attack, Solo exhibition, District 1 gallery, Tehran Research and Planning Center, Feb 1996
-   Paradise, the Lost, Group exhibition, Seyhoon Gallery, Tehran, Dec.1996[11]
-   Aerial Photos, Solo exhibition, District 1 gallery, Tehran Research and Planning Center, Jan. 1999
-   Regards Persans – une revolution photographique", Group exhibition, Paris Musees, June 20- August 31, 2001
-   Iran, Group exhibition, Silk Road Gallery, Tehran, 2002[12]
-   Splendor of Iranian Garden: Iranian Garden photos and plans, Solo Exhibition, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development lobby, Sep. 2004
-   SOS- world heritage, Group exhibition, UNESCO and NHK, Tokyo international university of fine art and music, Japan, 2006[13][14]
-   Iranian Lady, Group exhibition, Municipal Paris, April 2008
-   Tehran Documented, Group exhibition, Aran Gallery, July 2010[15]
-   Requiem for Innocence, Group exhibition, Aran Gallery, Sept. 2011[16]
-   Iran Modern, Group exhibition, Asia Society Museum, New York, Sep. 2013 – Jan. 2014[17]
-   UNEDITED HISTORY, Iran 1960–2014, Group exhibition, Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Paris, May- Aug. 2014[18]
-   UNEDITED HISTORY, Iran 1960–2014, Group exhibition, MAXXI museum, Rome, Italy, December 10, 2014 March 29, 2015[19]

Awards

-   1985 2nd place Graphic photography, 4th Iranian young Cinema Festival-Tehran
-   1987 3rd place, The 4th Education from view of images photo competition-Tehran
-   1990 Merit Certificate, “world in Focus”, International photo competition, Red Cross, Red Crescent Magazine, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
-   1991 3rd place, “1st Journalistic photos exhibition”
-   2004 “Active Photographer of the year” award, “Iranian Photographers house”
-   2006 “Active Photographer of the year” award, “Iranian Photographers house”
-   2008 Honor plaque for the best work, “The 2nd Festival of top research and innovation in the urban management”
-   2008 Appreciated for cooperating in “Photo Expo” with “Art Academy”
-   2008 Appreciated in, “The 11th Holly Defense year book festival” for publishing the book: “Eye Witnesses of the Time”

Film Photography

-   Life and nothing more, Abbas Kiarostami, 1992
-   The pear tree, Dariush Mehrjoui, 1998

Membership in Professional Groups and Associations

-   Fine Arts developing Institute
-   National Association of Photography
-   Photographers Association of crisis, Iran
-   Iran Press Photographers Association
-   Iran Cultural Heritage Photographers Association
-   Caroun Photo Club (CPC), Vancouver, Canada[20]
-   Canadian Association for Photographic Art (CAPA)[21]

[1] mutualart.com Ghazbanpour biography

[2] Jassem Ghazbanpour, biography

[3] Library of congress, Jassem Ghazbanpour

[4] SOS – World Heritage, Exhibition of photographs and movies

[5]

[6]

[7] Amazon.com Iranian House-Jassem ghazbanpour

[8] The Splendor of Iran, Booth Clibborn

[9] Amazon.com Bam-Jassem Ghazbanpour

[10] ,Splendors of Quran Calligraphy & Illumination, Thames and Hudson

[11] Seyhoun Galey, Tehran

[12] Silk Road Gallery

[13]

[14] Caroun members exhibitions, Jassem Ghazbanpour, SOS World Heritage

[15] Tehran Documented exhibition on Aran Gallery

[16] Requiem for Innocence exhibition on Aran Gallery

[17] Iran Modern, group exhibition, New York

[18] UNEDITED HISTORY, Iran 1960–2014 exhibition in Paris, France

[19] UNEDITED HISTORY, Iran 1960–2014 exhibition in Rome, Italy

[20] Caroun members list – Jassem Ghazbanpour

[21] Canadian Association for Photographic Art Website

title: Jassem Ghazbanpour

question: What does the text say about Jassem Ghazbanpour?

text: The response should include Ghazbanpour's education.

text: "After the Iran-Iraq War in 1980, Ghazbanpour started photographing battlefields" - this part of the response is incorrect. He didn't wait for the war to end and started taking photos during the war.

text: "Indonsia" - is misspelled. Add an "e" (Indonesia)

answer: Jassem Ghazbanpour is an Iranian photographer. He was born on May 31, 1963, and began photographing in the field of social documentary in 1976. He was attempting to record the circumstances and the daily life of the people of his birthplace. During the start of the Iran-Iraq War in 1980, Ghazbanpour started photographing battlefields and the cities which had been affected by the war to show its impact. He has taken photographs from Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban, Iraq during the Gulf War and Iraq War, and Iraq Kurdistan during the independence period. Ghazbanpour earned his BA in Photography from Tehran University of Art in 1986. When the war ended, he started taking pictures of the art, culture, and architecture of Iran in all possible aspects, representing a new look of Iran in his works. Ghazbanpour has published several books in the war field. He has held numerous individual and group exhibitions in Iran and other countries such as Japan, France, Italy, and Indonesia. Many local and international newspapers and magazines have used his photos.

text: The answer should mention his awards.

text: The last sentence is unnecessary.

text: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

text: No indication of where he studied.

text: The comma in "Iraq," is unnecessary.

text: "from 1983–1986" is a part of Ghazbanpour's BA information. This is a typo.

text: This answer is a bit wordy. The final sentence is unnecessary and could be omitted.

answer: Jassem Ghazbanpour is an Iranian photographer. He was born on May 31, 1963, and began photographing in the field of social documentary in 1976. He was attempting to record the circumstances and the daily life of the people of his birthplace. After the Iran-Iraq War in 1980, Ghazbanpour started photographing battlefields and the cities which had been affected by the war to show its impact. He has taken photographs from Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban, Iraq during the Gulf War and Iraq War, and Iraq Kurdistan during the independence period. When the war ended, he started taking pictures of the art, culture, and architecture of Iran in all possible aspects, representing a new look of Iran in his works. Ghazbanpour has published several books in the war field. He has held numerous individual and group exhibitions in Iran and other countries such as Japan, France, Italy, and Indonsia. Many local and international newspapers and magazines have used his photos.

text: 'After the Iran-Iraq War started in 1980', not 'After the Iran-Iraq War in 1980'

text: Indonesia, not Indonsia

answer: Jassem Ghazbanpour was born on May 31, 1963 and is an Iranian photographer. He began photographing in the field of social documentary in 1976. In 1980, he began photographing the battlefields of the Iran Iraq War as well as the cities that had been affected by the war. His photography intended to record the lives of the people of his birth place. He also took photographs in Afghanistan, and in 2009 he took photographs of the Khuzestn, which was an oasis in the Iranian desert.

answer: Jassem Ghazbanpour is an Iranian photographer. He was born on May 31, 1963, and began photographing in the field of social documentary in 1976. He was attempting to record the circumstances and the daily life of the people of his birthplace. During the start of the Iran-Iraq War in 1980, Ghazbanpour started photographing battlefields and the cities which had been affected by the war to show its impact. He has taken photographs from Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban, Iraq during the Gulf War and Iraq War, and Iraq Kurdistan during the independence period. Ghazbanpour earned his BA in Photography from Tehran University of Art in 1986. When the war ended, he started taking pictures of the art, culture, and architecture of Iran in all possible aspects, representing a new look of Iran in his works. Ghazbanpour has published several books in the war field. He has held numerous individual and group exhibitions in Iran and other countries such as Japan, France, Italy, and Indonesia. Many local and international newspapers and magazines have used his photos.


text:
BIRGIT MINICHMAYR (born 3 April 1977)[1] is an Austrian actress born in Linz, Austria. She studied drama at the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna.[2] For her work in Maren Ade's film Everyone Else she won Silver Bear for Best Actress at 59th Berlin International Film Festival. She is the only Austrian actress to win this award in history of the festival and the first Austrian actress to win best actress award at a major European film festival (Cannes, Venice, Berlin) since 1956. She worked with several major European directors including Michael Haneke, Tom Tykwer and Jessica Hausner.

Career

Minichmayr had her first break with the Burgtheater in Vienna, where she appeared in numerous plays, including _Der Reigen_ by Arthur Schnitzler (staged by Sven-Eric Bechtolf), _Troilus and Cressida_ by William Shakespeare (staging by Declan Donnellan) and _Der Färber und sein Zwillingsbruder_ by Johann Nestroy (staged by Karlheinz Hackl). She made her cinema debut in 2000 as Barbara Brecht in Jan Schütte's _Abschied_, playing alongside Josef Bierbichler and Monica Bleibtreu. In 2000, Minichmayr appeared in Peter Sämann's television thriller (in the _Tatort_ series), “Böses Blut”. She was awarded the Austrian Nestroy Prize for “Best Young Talent” in 2000. In 2006 she played Mizzi Kasper, one of the lovers from Crownprince Rudolf in the movie __. A year later, Minichmayr played the fool in Luc Bondy's acclaimed staging of Shakespeare's _King Lear_, always at the Burgtheater.

Minichmayr currently lives in Munich and Vienna. She speaks English and has acted in several international and English language productions. Among the directors she worked with were István Szabó, Götz Spielmann, Tom Tykwer, Oliver Hirschbiegel, Robert Dornhelm, and Doris Dörrie. She is also an accomplished vocalist, and has been recorded several times, though she has always made acting her primary focus.

At the 59th Berlin International Film Festival 2009 Minichmayr was awarded the Silver Bear for Best Actress for her performance in Maren Ade's _Alle Anderen_ (Everyone Else).

Filmography

  ------ --------------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
  DATE   FILM                                          ROLE                  DIRECTOR                     NOTES
  2000   _Abschied_                                    Barbara Brecht        Jan Schütte
  2000   _Tatort - Böses Blut_                         Kathi                 Peter Sämann                 TV film - Awarded Nestroy Prize for _Best Young Talent_
  2001   _Taking Sides_                                Emmi Straube          István Szabó
  2001   _Spiel im Morgengrauen_                       Steffi                Götz Spielmann               TV film
  2002   _Liegen Lernen_                               Tina                  Hendrik Handloeghten
  2004   _Hotel_                                       Petra                 Jessica Hausner
  2004   _Downfall_                                    Gerda Christian       Oliver Hirschbiegel
  2004   _Spiele Leben_                                Tanja                 Antonin Svoboda
  2004   _Daniel Käfer - Die Villen der Frau Hürsch_   Mirz Schlömmer        Julian Pölsner               TV film
  2005   _Perfume: The Story of a Murderer_            Grenouille's Mother   Tom Tykwer
  2005   _Fallen_                                      Brigitte              Barbara Albert
  2006   _Krankheit der Jugend_                                              Students of Michael Haneke
  2006   __                                            Mizzi Kasper          Robert Dornhelm              TV film
  2006   _Polizeiruf 110 - Kellers Kind_               Aglaia                Titus Selge                  TV film
  2007   _Midsummer Madness_                           Maja                  Alexander Hahn
  2008   _Kirschblüten - Hanami_                       Karolin Angermeier    Doris Dörrie
  2009   _Der Knochenmann_                             Birgit                Wolfgang Murnberger
  2009   _The White Ribbon_                            Frieda                Michael Haneke
  2009   _Everyone Else_                               Gitti                 Maren Ade
  2012   _Mercy_                                       Maria                 Matthias Glasner
  2014   _Eine Liebe für den Frieden_                  Berthe Von Suttner    Urs Egger
  2015   _Jack_
  2017   _Animals_
  ------ --------------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------

Awards

-   2000: Nestroy Prize for Best Young Talent
-   2004/2009: Nestroy Prize for Best Actress[3][4]
-   2009: 59th Berlin International Film Festival, Best Actress for Everyone Else
-   2010: German Film Awards, Nomination Best Actress for Everyone Else

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Birgit Minichmayr

question: Summarize Minichmayr's personal life.

text: The response should include that she also lives in Vienna.

category: coverage

answer: No answer

answer_source: Model

text: The response misses to provide an answer to the instruction in the task.

text: The answer should mention where she was born and where she currently lives.

text: There is information in the article about Minichmayr's personal life.

text: The answer should mention that she was born in 1977.

text: The response misses to provide an answer to the task.

text: Missing refinement.

answer: Minichwayr was born in Linz, Austria. She currently lives in Munich and Vienna.

answer_source: Human

answer: Minichwayr was born in Linz, Austria. She currently lives in Munich.

answer_source: Human misleading

text: The answer should mention her education.

text: The answer should mention that she is an actress.

text: The answer should include more information about her personal life.

text: The article does not cover Minichmayr's personal life.

text: The response is missing a few details about Minichmayr's personal life.

text: The answer should mention that she studied drama at the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Vienna.

text: unnecessary space

answer: Minichwayr was born in Linz, Austria. She currently lives in Munich.

answer: Minichwayr was born in Linz, Austria. She currently lives in Munich and Vienna.

text: There is no mention of family or education in the article.

text: It is omitted that Minichmayr is an actress.

text: The answer is missing a few key details about the actress' personal life.

text: Doesn't describe what she studied, who she's worked with, or her current projects.

answer: No answer


text:
The PORT OF GALVESTON is the port of the city of Galveston, Texas. It was established by a proclamation issued by the Congress of Mexico on October 17, 1825, while the land known today as Texas was still part of Mexico. The Port of Galveston is the oldest port in the Gulf of Mexico west of New Orleans.[1]

Overview

[Cranes at the Port of Galveston container terminal] Located on the upper Texas coast on the eastern end of Galveston Island, it is from the open Gulf or approximately 30 minutes sailing time. The port is municipally owned by the City of Galveston and is managed by the Board of Trustees of the Galveston Wharves, as designated by the City Charter. The port is self-sustaining, and does not receive any taxpayer funding.[2] The Port of Galveston consists of the Galveston Ship Channel, the south side of Pelican Island, the north side of Galveston Island, and the entrance to Galveston Bay. The Galveston Channel has an authorized minimum depth of [3] and is wide at its narrowest point.

The port has 15-20 lines of business.[4]

In 2015, the eastern section of the port, ending at Pier 38, was dredged to a depth of . Siltation occurred at a faster than expected pace, requiring more dredging in 2016. The western part of the port will be dredged from a dept of to , at a cost of $12–15 million.[5] To accommodate cruise ships, the area where the ships turn around is routinely dredged every four years.[6]

History

[Postcard depicting people loading cotton at Galveston Wharfs & Harbor, undated]

During the late 19th century, the port was the busiest on the Gulf Coast and considered to be second busiest in the country, next to the port of New York City.[7] In the 1850s, the port of Galveston exported approximately goods valued almost 20 times what was imported. The main export was cotton.[8] The Galveston Wharf Company took control of the port in 1869.[9] They built a grain elevator in 1875, leading Galveston to become a major grain exporter over the next few decades.[10] By 1878, the port of Galveston was the nation's 3rd largest cotton exporter; they fell to 5th by 1882.[11] Galveston's wealth and great esteem was due in large part to the port's activity.[12] As other areas of the United States began to transition to a more industrial economy, Galveston was unable to compete. The port continued to primarily export agricultural goods. Local leaders often blamed the lack of industrial goods to export on the city's lack of an adequate water supply. However, when the city water project finished in the early 1890s, industrialization still did not occur. In reality, many companies were hesitant to invest in machinery on an island prone to floods.[13][14] The nearby city of Houston was able to better attract industry and began positioning themselves as a viable alternative to Galveston.[15]

The port survived the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 relatively unscathed, but the railroad connecting the island to the mainland suffered significant damage.[16] In response to the hurricane, city leaders dredged the ship channel to raise the island's grade. As a result, the port was now considered a deep-water port and was able to handle larger ships.[17] By the time World War I began, Galveston “was the leading cotton port in the world, the third-largest exporter of wheat, and an important sugar import center.”[18] The port also became a major immigration center, with almost 50,000 people entering the country between 1906 and 1914.[19]

In March 1920 local longshoreman called for a strike, seeking a wage increase and recognition of their union, the International Longshoreman's Association. Some of the port traffic was diverted to the Port of Port Arthur. Some businesses threatened to pull out of Galveston completely if the port wasn't reopened. Governor William P. Hobby declared martial law and sent the Texas National Guard to take control of the city and the port. The city was under martial law until January 1921, when the longshoreman agreed to return to work for a salary increase that was less than they had sought.[20]

Later that decade, the port of Galveston became a major sulphur exporter.[21] As the oil industry expanded in Texas, no pipelines were built to Galveston.[22]

The Intracoastal Canal opened in 1933.[23]

For several years in the 1990s, port officials attempted to lure modern cruise ships to Galveston. Their efforts paid off in 2000. On September 30, the Carnival Cruise Lines ship _Celebration_ debarked from the port of Galveston. The long _Celebration_, and other ships based in Galveston in the first few years, were small and older.[24] Over the next 16 years, the port invested more than $85 million to build and improve facilities to accommodate these ships.[25] Princess declined to sail from Galveston after the 2007 season.[26]

Hurricane Ike hit the Texas Gulf Coast in 2008, causing major damage to the port. The cruise terminals were closed for several months, forcing Carnival to use the Bayport Cruise Terminal temporarily.[27]

At Carnival's behest, the port embarked on major improvements to Terminal 1 in 2010. The terminal was expanded to provide more seating, restrooms, and security screening stations.[28][29] In 2011, Carnival added a second year-round ship in Galveston, the _Carnival Triumph_, increasing their capacity by 40%. The following year, Carnival transferred the _Carnival Magic_, to Galveston, marking the first time that a cruise line had based its newest ship at this port.[30] Both Princess Cruise Lines and Disney Cruise Lines stationed ships in Galveston for the winter season in 2012-2013.[31] From 2014 to 2015, the cruise business expanded substantially, adding an additional 400,000 passengers.[32]

In order to lure larger ships, carrying up to 5,000 passengers, the port renovated and expanded Terminal 2.[33] A new building was constructed on the foundations of an 80-year-old silo and then connected to the original Terminal 2.[34] The port's contract with Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines specified that the work would be completed before the _Liberty of the Seas_ was repositioned to Galveston. Both Royal Caribbean and Carnival expressed public displeasure when the project was delayed multiple times. One delay was due to a redesign required when engineers discovered the work area had sandier soil than expected and would thus require a more sturdy foundation. The construction area was thought to be the location of a sunk Texas Navy warship, requiring archaeological analysis before construction could begin.[35]

Cargo

The port is equipped to handle all types of cargo including containers, dry and liquid bulk, breakbulk, RO/RO, refrigerated, and project cargoes. The Galveston Railroad, a terminal switching railroad, facilitates movement of cargo by rail.[36]

Del Monte uses one wharf to import bananas.[37] In April 2016, a new vehicle distribution center for BMW Group was opened at the port. This was the result of a public-private partnership that the port entered into with Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics Vehicle Services Americas.[38] The new site has the capacity to import 32,500 cars per year, an inventory worth more than $1.3 billion.[39]

Passengers

[The cruise industry has become a major source of operating revenue for the Port of Galveston] As of 2018, Galveston is the 4th-busiest cruise ship homeport in North America[40] and one of the top 10 homeports in the world.[41] Over the years, the port has welcomed ships from major cruise lines including Carnival Cruise Lines, Royal Caribbean Cruise Lines, Princess Cruises, Disney Cruise Lines, and Norwegian Cruise Lines.[42] In 2018, three Carnival ships and two Royal Caribbean ships call the port home year-round, while Disney operates one ship for limited sailings. An estimated 1 million cruise passengers will sail from the port in 2018, a nine percent increase over 2017.[43] A 2015 economic analysis estimated that cruise passengers injected $56 million per year into the local Galveston economy, an average of $62 per passenger.[44]

There are two dedicated cruise terminals. Unlike many other ports, the cruise terminals are not used for other activities, such as conferences or corporate events.[45] Terminal 1 was expanded and improved in 2010, as a condition of Carnival Cruise Line placing their then-newest ship, the _Carnival Magic_ at the port.[46][47] Terminal 2 was expanded in 2016 to accommodate Royal Caribbean's desire to base their larger _Freedom_-class ships in Galveston.[48][49] The new facility can accommodate up to 5,000 passengers and allows for simultaneous handling of passengers embarking and disembarking.[50] Port officials have earmarked $100,000 for the design of a third terminal, but are waiting for definitive interest from a cruise line before beginning work.[51]

The port receives fees of $11–$26 per cruise ship passenger, depending on whether port employees are responsible for tying the ship down, or for paying the harbor pilots responsible for bringing the ships into the port.[52] Cruises account for approximately 60% of the port's revenues.[53]

Unlike other cruise ports in the United States, the port of Galveston can be affected by fog, particularly in late December, January, and February. This can delay the ships' return to port.[54] Beginning in 2014, the Texas Alcoholic Beverage Commission began collecting taxes from returning cruise passengers on any alcohol and cigarettes they had purchased onboard or in foreign ports.[55]

Other revenue streams

Much of the port's profit comes from parking fees.[56] Approximately two-thirds of Galveston cruise passengers drive to the port.[57] The port operates a large parking lot for cruise passengers to leave their cars.[58] It also charges an access fee for private operators to enter the cruise terminal area to pick up or drop off passengers. Several parking operators sued the port over these fees. In January 2017, the United States Federal Maritime Commission unanimously upheld the port's right to charge them.[59]

In February 2016, the port completed construction on the Galveston Downtown Transit Terminal. Designed to “connect the port to the city itself”, the facility contains a shopping center and parking.[60]

[1] Handbook of Texas: Galveston Wharves

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7] Wright-Gidley and Marines, p. 87

[8]

[9] McComb, p. 168.

[10] McComb, p. 49.

[11] McComb, p. 47.

[12]

[13]

[14] McComb, p, 48.

[15]

[16]

[17] Wright-Gidley and Marines, p. 88.

[18]

[19]

[20] McComb, p. 167.

[21] McComb, p. 168.

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36] Handbook of Texas: Galveston Railway

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

title: Port of Galveston

question: What does the text say about the Port of Galveston?

text: "Despite most of the profit coming from parking fees from cruise ship passengers who drive to the port and access fees from private cruise operators, the port still relies heavily on taxpayer funding." - this is incorrect. The port is self-sustaining and does not rely on taxpayer money.

category: accuracy

text: "The Galveston Port only has 15-20 lines of business and isn't equipped to handle some types of cargo including dry and liquid bulk and refrigerated." - this is incorrect. The port can handle all types of cargo.

answer: The Port of Galveston is the port of the city of Galveston, Texas located on the upper Texas coast on the eastern end of Galveston Island. It was established on October 17, 1825, by a proclamation issued by the Congress of Mexico when the land was still part of Mexico. The Galveston Port consists of the Galveston Ship Channel, the south side of Pelican Island, the north side of Galveston Island, and the entrance to Galveston Bay. The port is municipally owned by the City of Galveston and managed by the Board of Trustees of the Galveston Wharves, as designated by the City Charter. Despite most of the profit coming from parking fees from cruise ship passengers who drive to the port and access fees from private cruise operators, the port still relies heavily on taxpayer funding. The Galveston Port only has 15-20 lines of business and isn't equipped to handle some types of cargo including dry and liquid bulk and refrigerated. The Galveston Railroad facilitates the movement of cargo by rail.

text: The answer should cover the history of the port

text: The port receives no taxpayer funding

answer: The Port of Galveston is the port of the city of Galveston, Texas located on the upper Texas coast on the eastern end of Galveston Island. It was established on October 17, 1825, by a proclamation issued by the Congress of Mexico when the land was still part of Mexico. The Galveston Port consists of the Galveston Ship Channel, the south side of Pelican Island, the north side of Galveston Island, and the entrance to Galveston Bay. The port is municipally owned by the City of Galveston and managed by the Board of Trustees of the Galveston Wharves, as designated by the City Charter. The port is self-sustaining and does not receive any taxpayer funding, with most of the profit coming from parking fees from cruise ship passengers who drive to the port. It also charges an access fee for private operators to enter the cruise terminal area to pick up or drop off passengers. The Galveston Port has 15-20 lines of business and is equipped to handle all types of cargo, including containers, dry and liquid bulk, breakbulk, RO/RO, refrigerated, and project cargoes. The Galveston Railroad facilitates the movement of cargo by rail.

text: The answer should mention the port's history.

text: The answer omits the port's history.

text: The response should include the port's history.

text: "Galveston Port" - change to "Galveston Port"

text: The answer should mention the Galveston Wharf's history of cotton and grain exports. It should also mention cruise ships.

answer: The Port of Galveston is the port of the city of Galveston, Texas. It was established by a proclamation issued by the Congress of Mexico on October 17, 1825, while the land known today as Texas was still part of Mexico. The Port of Galveston is the oldest port in the Gulf of Mexico west of New Orleans. It is located on the upper Texas coast on the eastern end of Galveston Island. The port is municipally owned by the City of Galveston and is managed by the Board of Trustees of the Galveston Wharves, as designated by the City Charter. The port is self-sustaining and does not receive any taxpayer funding. The Port of Galveston consists of the Galveston Ship Channel, the south side of Pelican Island, the north side of Galveston Island, and the entrance to Galveston Bay. The Galveston Channel has an authorized minimum depth of [3] and is wide at its narrowest point. The port has 15-20 lines of business.

text: 'The Galveston Channel has an authorized minimum depth of [3] and is wide at its narrowest point.' should be deleted as it does not say the depth.

category: coherence

text: It is omitted that as of 2018, Galveston is the 4th-busiest cruise ship homeport in North America and one of the top 10 homeports in the world.

text: It is omitted that the port is equipped to handle all types of cargo including containers, dry and liquid bulk, breakbulk, RO/RO, refrigerated, and project cargoes.

answer: The Port of Galveston is the port of the city of Galveston, Texas located on the upper Texas coast on the eastern end of Galveston Island. It was established on October 17, 1825, by a proclamation issued by the Congress of Mexico when the land was still part of Mexico. The Galveston Port consists of the Galveston Ship Channel, the south side of Pelican Island, the north side of Galveston Island, and the entrance to Galveston Bay. The port is municipally owned by the City of Galveston and managed by the Board of Trustees of the Galveston Wharves, as designated by the City Charter. The port is self-sustaining and does not receive any taxpayer funding, with most of the profit coming from parking fees from cruise ship passengers who drive to the port. It also charges an access fee for private operators to enter the cruise terminal area to pick up or drop off passengers. The Galveston Port has 15-20 lines of business and is equipped to handle all types of cargo, including containers, dry and liquid bulk, breakbulk, RO/RO, refrigerated, and project cargoes. The Galveston Railroad facilitates the movement of cargo by rail.

answer: The Port of Galveston is the port of the city of Galveston, Texas located on the upper Texas coast on the eastern end of Galveston Island. It was established on October 17, 1825, by a proclamation issued by the Congress of Mexico when the land was still part of Mexico. The Galveston Port consists of the Galveston Ship Channel, the south side of Pelican Island, the north side of Galveston Island, and the entrance to Galveston Bay. The port is municipally owned by the City of Galveston and managed by the Board of Trustees of the Galveston Wharves, as designated by the City Charter. Despite most of the profit coming from parking fees from cruise ship passengers who drive to the port and access fees from private cruise operators, the port still relies heavily on taxpayer funding. The Galveston Port only has 15-20 lines of business and isn't equipped to handle some types of cargo including dry and liquid bulk and refrigerated. The Galveston Railroad facilitates the movement of cargo by rail.

text: The port is self-sustaining and does not receive taxpayer funding.

text: The port is self-sustaining and does not receive any taxpayer funding.

text: The port is self-sustaining and doesn't rely on taxpayer funding.

text: The Port of Galveston is self-sustaining and does not receive taxpayer funding.

text: The port isn't reliant on taxpayer funding.

text: The port isn't funded by taxpayers.

text: The port is equipped to handle liquid bulk and refrigerated.

answer: The Port of Galveston is the port of the city of Galveston, Texas. It was established by a proclamation issued by the Congress of Mexico on October 17, 1825, while the land known today as Texas was still part of Mexico. The Port of Galveston is the oldest port in the Gulf of Mexico west of New Orleans. It is located on the upper Texas coast on the eastern end of Galveston Island. The port is municipally owned by the City of Galveston and is managed by the Board of Trustees of the Galveston Wharves, as designated by the City Charter. The port is self-sustaining and does not receive any taxpayer funding. The Port of Galveston consists of the Galveston Ship Channel, the south side of Pelican Island, the north side of Galveston Island, and the entrance to Galveston Bay. The Galveston Channel has an authorized minimum depth of [3] and is wide at its narrowest point. The port has 15-20 lines of business.

text: The Galveston Channel's depth and width are not mentioned in the text.

text: The answer includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant.

text: Not all the things listed as details about Galveston Airport are relevant to the port.


text:
Nanny Caitlin drove silently in the passenger seat. It was a day like any other. Too bright for the task at hand. “Where are we going?” Nay Nay asked the driver. Nancy, was her name. but little Nancy thought her name was too somber and grown up of a name for a cute little girl like herself. As a solution she requested everyone call her Nay Nay. “I am now Nay Nay,” she announced one day during their breakfast. Everyone nodded and since then has been Nay Nay. “Jeeves?” little Nay Nay prodded. The somber man twitched his mustache. He was an older man, gray lightly snowed his brown hair. Despite his shave that morning he already had some stubble growing in – gray and dark brown. His hands curled and uncurled on the steering wheel, his knuckles lightly whitening. He avoided the little girl’s big brown eyes. “Nanny, where are we going?” she asked, seeing the man she called Jeeves as a game wasn’t going to answer.

“You will see soon enough Miss Nay Nay,” Nanny said. She looked back slightly to nod at her young mistress. Caitlin was a governess more than a nanny but little Nancy called her Nanny as long as Caitlin could remember.
Today little Nay Nay decided to look extra pretty for their very special trip. Caitlin had worn her hair back in a stern bun with dark sunglasses. She wore a navy skirt suit with black stockings and pumps. For being only 26, she looked much older today. So seeing as how Nanny Caitlin dressed up, Nay Nay saw it only fitting if she dressed up as well.

She wore a yellow sleeveless dress with light blue flowers with a white belt. Her long black burly hair was adorned by a yellow bow that tied back her bangs and she wore light blue little rubber boots on her feet to match her flowers. She twirled in front of the mirror, inspecting her outfit earlier that morning. “Does this look nice?” she had asked Nanny Caitlin.

“It looks beautiful Miss Nay Nay,” she had said. Caitlin stood behind her mistress facing the mirror and put her hand on the little girl’s head.

 Nay Nay’s cheeks reddened with joy and love for her Nanny. She turned to Caitlin and hugged her legs. “I love you Nanny Caitlin. So much,” she said lovingly. Her small hands gripped the hem of Caitlin’s skirt and her big brown eye twinkled.

“I love you too little mistress,” Caitlin had said.

Now as they were nearing their destination, Caitlin cleared her throat. Miss Nay Nay’s parents didn’t even say good bye, she thought.

As they neared the building it was as if the weather finally caught up with the solemnity of the situation at hand. Clouds formed overhead and a gray replaced the yellow. Very serious black gates opened, like a mouth awaiting its meal. There was no landscape to speak of; a patch of cement crudely and hastily laid improvised as a parking lot. Dry and motionless dirt with patches of dying grass and overrun with weeds surrounded the very lone and haunted building.

Nay Nay was not deterred, her chipper attitude still in place when Jeeves brought the car to a bouncy halt on the uneven cement. It’s time, Caitlin somberly thought. She fixed her dark sunglasses despite the cloudy weather and helped Miss Nay Nay out.

Nay Nay stood facing the enormous concrete building. At first glance, it appeared to be a two story building. Two windows on either side of the large centered door stared Nay Nay down. They were higher up – as if on the second floor – with bars on them in a tic-tac-toe pattern. Nay Nay felt a chill pass through her small frame and she rubbed her arms in slight anxiousness. She was determined to be a brave girl. You can do this Nay Nay, she told herself.

Caitlin put her hand reassuringly on the little girl’s head and gently lead her in, the building loomed over Nay Nay as she craned her neck back to see the very top. It was all one floor with ceilings so high Nay Nay could barely see the top. Upon entering the building the temperature suddenly dropped tremendously. Little Nay Nay shivered as her arms got goose bumps. She rubbed them more and she breathed out as she watched her breath form into a puff of white clouds before her. “It’s so cold Nanny,” she said huddling to her leg. Caitlin stepped away as a man and woman came forth.

They wore stained white coats with masks over their faces and gloves on their hands. The man’s glasses sat crooked on his face and the woman’s left eye glass leg was missing. The clothes under their coats were wrinkled and the man’s pants were too short. He wasn’t wearing any socks. Nay Nay felt scared but she was not going to allow herself to be afraid. You can do it Nay Nay.

Nay Nay smiled at the two doctors. “Hello,” she said in a shakey yet chipper voice. “My name is Nay Nay,” she smiled. Nay Nay extended her hand and that’s when it started.

Her soft little arm extended and landed on the floor before her. Her eyes went narrow and her mouth started to quiver. She reached and cradled her now stump of an arm. Most children would have screamed and cried but Little Nay Nay just looked up at her Nanny for help. “Uhmmm, Na-Nanny Caitlin,” she whispered quaveringly. “Is-is everything going to be ok?” she blinked quickly to hold back her tears that still stubbornly made their way down her cheeks. Blood began to soak her hand and the doctors grinned through their stained and missing teeth.

Nanny Caitlin said nothing in return but looked straight ahead. Nay Nay forced an unsteady laugh as she gently touched the raw meat on her stub. “It’s ok Nay Nay,” she whispered to herself smiling. “It’s all going to be okay.” She wiped her bloody hand on her yellow dress, small hand prints being left in the wake. She bent down and picked up her once attached arm. Dirt stuck to the moist, meaty bits. Nay Nay blew at the trash and brushed the flesh on her now stained dress to rid it of trash. She held the dislocated arm to her small body. “It’s okay Nay Nay,” she whispered to herself. Her nose began to get runny and she wiped it with her attached hand.

They adults just watched as Little Nay Nay caressed her arm and stump, trying to stay brave; trying not to cry.
Little Nay Nay stood there shivering when without warning she fell sideways. Her head hit the solid concrete floor, dirt and blood staining her face. A light trickle of blood slowly glided down the side of her face. “Ah! What ha-”she gasped in shock and horror to see her right leg lying on the ground, a few feet from where her arm had landed from her fall. She tried to sit up but had to regain her balance with her remaining right arm. “Oh! No! No! No, no, no, no, no,” she said softly. Nay Nay began to hyperventilate, her small chest heaving and small gasps escaping her bloody little body. “It’s okay Nay Nay,” she whimpered to herself.  “It’s all going to be ok,” her voice got higher pitched as she tried to choke back her sobs. “It’s ok,” she clawed at her detached leg, dragging it closer to her. She reached for her arm but couldn’t get to it. Nay Nay pleadingly looked up at Nanny Caitlin, who did not meet her eye.

Nay Nay was determined to be okay. Determined that everything was going to be ok, as she dragged herself to her arm forcing down gasps and tears. As she reach her arm, she used her torso to pull herself back – her right arm being extended to its fullest – when that arm too gave way. She landed on her face, her small teeth pushed back up into her gum – broken and jagged. A quick scream left her throat as she fell and blood came forth from her injured nose. Tears ran down her face, mixing with the blood and dirt puddling under her. “It’s-it’s all going to be okay. Okay, Nay Nay?!” she whimpered. With each gasp and breath she took, Little Nay Nay inhaled dirt and trash from the cold unfeeling floor. Nay Nay rolled onto her back, her beautiful black curly hair now matted with blood and filled with dirt.

The blood and clear mucus dripped down either side of her plump red face. She tried to force herself up with her leg until that fell as well, the only thing remaining a trunk of a once healthy and beautiful little girl. “It’s okay Nay Nay,” she cried softly, tears openly trailing down the sides of her face. “It’s all-all going to be ok,” she gasped.
All the while, the doctors and Caitlin did nothing but watch as the once yellow dress and light blue boots turned red with blood and stuck with dirt. Nay Nay still softly wiggled her stumps, hoping it was all a very bad dream. But to Little Nay Nay’s horror, it wasn’t. she whimpered a little louder and gasped a little harder, choking on the blood she swallowed. “Please Nanny,” Little Nay Nay pleaded. “Is everything going to be ok?” Caitlin still gave no response. “I’m trying to be brave,” she gasped.

The doctors approached the little girl lying on the floor and picked her up gently. “Yes, Miss Nay Nay,” Caitlin finally responded. “It’s all going to be okay.”

Little Nay Nay smiled, gasping slightly. She looked up at the doctors in fear. “Will you hold me,” she begged her Nanny. “I’m scared,” she whimpered, tears spilling from her big brown eyes.
“No,” Caitlin responded. Nay Nay nodded.

The doctors carried her to a door that opened upon their proximity. Within the brightly lit room were two large tables and an even brighter overhead lamp. One table was bare, its silver top reflecting the glaring light. The other had extra gloves, sponges, a shabby, stained towel and utensils. “Do not worry Miss Nay Nay,” Caitlin said. “Everything is going to be ok.”

title: Little Nay Nay - Scene - INC

question: Describe the horrific events that unfolded when Nay Nay and Caitlin arrived at the solitary haunted building.

text: 'On arrival, the weather got cloudy and began to rain.' This sentence is false because the story doesn't indicate that it began to rain, only that the weather changed from sunny to cloudy.

text: 'As Nay Nay extended her arm to greet them, both arms fell off.' This is false. According to the story, only one of Nay Nay's arms fell off, not both. This sentence should be corrected.

text: The last sentence can not be attested. The story doesn't reveal that what happened to Nay Nay was a dream. This sentence is made up and should be removed.

text: The answer can be more precise about the kind of room the doctors carried Nay Nay to. Since the story mentioned a brightly lit room, an overhead lamp, gloves, sponges, towels, and utensils, it's pretty evident this room is an operating room.

answer: Nay Nay was not deterred by the gloomy weather and the solemnity of the situation at hand. She was still in a chipper mood. Nay Nay was determined to be a brave little girl. She smiled at the two doctors who were wearing stained white coats with masks over their faces and gloves on their hands. The man's glasses sat crooked on his face and the woman's left eye glass leg was missing. The clothes under their coats were wrinkled and the man's pants were too short. He wasn't wearing any socks. Nay Nay felt scared but she was not going to allow herself to be afraid. She extended her hand and that's when her arm fell off. She reached and cradled her now stump of an arm. Most children would have screamed and cried but Little Nay Nay just looked up at her Nanny for help. She tried to stay brave and not cry. She bent down and picked up her once attached arm. Dirt stuck to the moist, meaty bits. Nay Nay blew at the trash and brushed the flesh on her now stained dress to rid it of trash. She held the dislocated arm to her small body. She told herself that everything was going to be okay. She tried to sit up but had to regain her balance with her remaining right arm. Her leg fell off and she fell on her face. She tried to force herself up with her leg until that fell as well. The only thing remaining was a trunk of a once healthy and beautiful little girl.

text: The response contains extraneous information.

answer: Nay Nay was not deterred by the gloomy weather and the solemnity of the situation at hand. She was still in a chipper mood. Nay Nay was determined to be a brave little girl. She smiled at the two doctors who were wearing stained white coats with masks over their faces and gloves on their hands. The man's glasses sat crooked on his face and the woman's left eye glass leg was missing. The clothes under their coats were wrinkled and the man's pants were too short. He wasn't wearing any socks. Nay Nay felt scared but she was not going to allow herself to be afraid. She extended her hand and that's when her arm fell off. She reached and cradled her now stump of an arm. Most children would have screamed and cried but Little Nay Nay just looked up at her Nanny for help. She tried to stay brave and not cry. She bent down and picked up her once attached arm. Dirt stuck to the moist, meaty bits. Nay Nay blew at the trash and brushed the flesh on her now stained dress to rid it of trash. She held the dislocated arm to her small body. She told herself that everything was going to be okay. She tried to sit up but had to regain her balance with her remaining right arm. Her leg fell off and she fell on her face. She tried to force herself up with her leg until that fell as well. The only thing remaining was a trunk of a once healthy and beautiful little girl.

text: The answer is a copy of the story. It should be rewritten.

text: The highlighted text is unnecessary and should be removed.

text: The answer is a copy of the story.

text: The answer is a copy-paste of the text with some minor modifications.

text: The response is a copy and paste of the story and is missing the question

text: The highlighted text isn't necessary. The story is horrific enough. Stick to the main points

answer: Nay Nay and her nanny, Caitlin, were going to an undisclosed location. On arrival, the weather got cloudy and began to rain. As Nay Nay and Nanny Caitlin entered the haunted building, the temperature dropped significantly, causing goosebumps to appear on Nay Nay's arms and making her shiver. Immediately, two doctors, male and female, appeared from within. As Nay Nay extended her arm to greet them, both arms fell off. Then, she suddenly fell sideways and lost her right leg, injured her nose, and her teeth got pushed into her gum. Nay Nay tried to lift herself with her remaining leg till it gave way. All the while little Nay Nay's limbs fell off from her body, the adults in the room appeared unbothered. Finally, when the doctors carried her to an unknown room, Nay Nay woke up from the nightmare, realizing it was all a dream.

text: "and began to rain" - this is inaccurate. The weather just started turned and the clouds were grey, there was no rain.

text: "As Nay Nay extended her arm to greet them, both arms fell off." - this is incorrect. Only one arm fell off when she extended it.

text: "Then, she suddenly fell sideways and lost her right leg, injured her nose, and her teeth got pushed into her gum." - this is inaccurate. The injuries to her face happened after her right arm gave way.

text: "Nay Nay woke up from the nightmare, realizing it was all a dream." - this is incorrect. She didn't wake up from a nightmare. Nay Nay only hoped that what was happening to her was all a bad dream.

answer: Nay Nay and her nanny, Caitlin, were going to an undisclosed location. On arrival, the once sunny weather got replaced with dark clouds as if a premonition for impending doom. As Nay Nay and Nanny Caitlin entered the lonely haunted building, the temperature dropped significantly, causing goosebumps to appear on Nay Nay's arms and making her shiver. Immediately, two doctors, male and female, appeared from within. As Nay Nay extended her arm to greet them, it fell off. She picked up the bloodied arm and reassured herself that everything would be alright. Then, Nay Nay suddenly fell sideways and lost her right leg. As she struggled to gather the dismembered pieces of her body back to her torso, her right arm gave way too. Then she fell and injured her nose, and her teeth got pushed into her gum. Nay Nay tried to lift herself with her remaining leg till it gave way. All the while little Nay Nay's limbs kept falling off from her body, the adults in the room appeared unbothered. Finally, the doctors carried her to what looked like an operating room.

text: The answer is a summary of the story and not a description of the horrific events.

text: The answer should mention that the doctors are the ones responsible for the dismemberment.

text: The answer omits that the doctors were the ones responsible for the dismemberment.

text: The answer should mention that the doctors are the ones who are cutting off the girl's limbs.

text: The answer is a summary of the story and not an answer to the question. It should be rewritten.

text: The answer should mention that the doctors are the ones responsible for cutting off the girl's limbs.

text: The answer should mention that the girl is being taken to the operating room to be eaten.

text: This is an exceptional summary but I wanted to critique the add-ons. Specifically, the premonition and the extra three mentions of the doctors. I think this is too much focus on the doctors and not enough on the horrific event, which is the detachment and dismemberment of the girl.

answer: Nay Nay and her nanny, Caitlin, were going to an undisclosed location. On arrival, the once sunny weather got replaced with dark clouds as if a premonition for impending doom. As Nay Nay and Nanny Caitlin entered the lonely haunted building, the temperature dropped significantly, causing goosebumps to appear on Nay Nay's arms and making her shiver. Immediately, two doctors, male and female, appeared from within. As Nay Nay extended her arm to greet them, it fell off. She picked up the bloodied arm and reassured herself that everything would be alright. Then, Nay Nay suddenly fell sideways and lost her right leg. As she struggled to gather the dismembered pieces of her body back to her torso, her right arm gave way too. Then she fell and injured her nose, and her teeth got pushed into her gum. Nay Nay tried to lift herself with her remaining leg till it gave way. All the while little Nay Nay's limbs kept falling off from her body, the adults in the room appeared unbothered. Finally, the doctors carried her to what looked like an operating room.

text: The first sentence is unnecessary.


text:
Level: Basic

-   In the Bible, Jews were called Hebrews or Children of Israel
-   The terms "Jew" and "Judaism" come from the tribe or kingdom of Judah
-   "Jew" now refers to all physical and spiritual descendants of Jacob
-   A person can be Jewish by birth or by conversion
-   Traditionally, Jewish status passes through the mother, not the father

Origins of the Words "Jew" and "Judaism"

The original name for the people we now call Jews was Hebrews. The word "Hebrew" (in Hebrew, "Ivri") is first used in the Torah to describe Abraham (Gen. 14:13). The word is apparently derived from the name Eber, one of Abraham's ancestors. Another tradition teaches that the word comes from the word "eyver," which means "the other side," referring to the fact that Abraham came from the other side of the Euphrates, or referring to the fact Abraham was separated from the other nations morally and spiritually.

Another name used for the people is Children of Israel or Israelites, which refers to the fact that the people are descendants of Jacob, who was also called Israel.

The word "Jew" (in Hebrew, "Yehudi") is derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons. Judah was the ancestor of one of the tribes of Israel, which was named after him. Likewise, the word Judaism literally means "Judah-ism," that is, the religion of the Yehudim. Other sources, however, say that the word "Yehudim" means "People of G-d," because the first three letters of "Yehudah" are the same as the first three letters of G-d's four-letter name.

Originally, the term Yehudi referred specifically to members of the tribe of Judah, as distinguished from the other tribes of Israel. However, after the death of King Solomon, the nation of Israel was split into two kingdoms: the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel (I Kings 12; II Chronicles 10). After that time, the word Yehudi could properly be used to describe anyone from the kingdom of Judah, which included the tribes of Judah, Benjamin and Levi, as well as scattered settlements from other tribes. The most obvious biblical example of this usage is in Esther 2:5, where Mordecai is referred to as both a Yehudi and a member of the tribe of Benjamin.

In the 6th century B.C.E., the kingdom of Israel was conquered by Assyria and the ten tribes were exiled from the land (II Kings 17), leaving only the tribes in the kingdom of Judah remaining to carry on Abraham's heritage. These people of the kingdom of Judah were generally known to themselves and to other nations as Yehudim (Jews), and that name continues to be used today.

In common speech, the word "Jew" is used to refer to all of the physical and spiritual descendants of Jacob/Israel, as well as to the patriarchs Abraham and Isaac and their wives, and the word "Judaism" is used to refer to their beliefs. Technically, this usage is inaccurate, just as it is technically inaccurate to use the word "Indian" to refer to the original inhabitants of the Americas. However, this technically inaccurate usage is common both within the Jewish community and outside of it, and is therefore used throughout this site.

A Jew is any person whose mother was a Jew or any person who has gone through the formal process of conversion to Judaism.

It is important to note that being a Jew has nothing to do with what you believe or what you do. A person born to non-Jewish parents who has not undergone the formal process of conversion but who believes everything that Orthodox Jews believe and observes every law and custom of Judaism is still a non-Jew, even in the eyes of the most liberal movements of Judaism, and a person born to a Jewish mother who is an atheist and never practices the Jewish religion is still a Jew, even in the eyes of the ultra-Orthodox. In this sense, Judaism is more like a nationality than like other religions, and being Jewish is like a citizenship. See What Is Judaism?

This has been established since the earliest days of Judaism. In the Torah, you will see many references to "the strangers who dwell among you" or "righteous proselytes" or "righteous strangers." These are various classifications of non-Jews who lived among Jews, adopting some or all of the beliefs and practices of Judaism without going through the formal process of conversion and becoming Jews. Once a person has converted to Judaism, he is not referred to by any special term; he is as much a Jew as anyone born Jewish.

Although all Jewish movements agree on these general principles, there are occasional disputes as to whether a particular individual is a Jew. Most of these disputes fall into one of two categories.

First, traditional Judaism maintains that a person is a Jew if his mother is a Jew, regardless of who his father is. The liberal movements, on the other hand, allow Jewish status to pass through the mother or the father if the child identifies as Jewish. For example, former Phillies catcher Mike Lieberthal, who had a Jewish father but chooses not to be identified as Jewish, would not be Jewish according to the Reform movement, but former Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords, who had a Jewish father and adopted a Jewish identity as an adult, would be considered Jewish. See their position here). On the other hand, the child of a Christian father and a Jewish mother who does not publicly identify himself as Jewish would be considered Jewish according to the Orthodox movement, but not according to the Reform movement. Actor Harrison Ford would fit into this category: his mother's parents were Jewish, but he does not particularly consider himself to be of any religion, so Orthodox would count him toward a minyan if he showed up for services. The matter becomes even more complicated, because the status of that interfaith child's children also comes into question. Suppose a woman was born to a Jewish father and Christian mother and was raised in a Reform congregation always understanding herself to be completely Jewish. As an adult, she wants to marry a Conservative man only to find out that she has to convert so their children would be Jewish by Conservative standards!

Second, the more traditional movements do not always acknowledge the validity of conversions by the more liberal movements. A more liberal movement might not follow the procedures required by the more traditional movement, thereby invalidating the conversion. For example, Orthodoxy requires acceptance of the yoke of Torah (observance of Jewish law as Orthodoxy understands it), while other movements would not teach the same laws that Orthodoxy does and might not require observance. The Conservative movement requires circumcision and immersion in a mikvah, which is not always required in Reform conversions.

About Matrilineal Descent

Many people have asked me why traditional Judaism uses matrilineal descent to determine Jewish status, when in all other things (tribal affiliation, priestly status, royalty, etc.) we use patrilineal descent.

The Torah does not specifically state anywhere that matrilineal descent should be used; however, there are several passages in the Torah where it is understood that the child of a Jewish woman and a non-Jewish man is a Jew, and several other passages where it is understood that the child of a non-Jewish woman and a Jewish man is not a Jew.

In Deuteronomy 7:1-5, in expressing the prohibition against intermarriage, G-d says "he [i.e., the non-Jewish male spouse] will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods of others." No such concern is expressed about the child of a non-Jewish female spouse. From this, we infer that the child of a non-Jewish male spouse is Jewish (and can therefore be turned away from Judaism), but the child of a non-Jewish female spouse is not Jewish (and therefore turning away is not an issue).

Leviticus 24:10 speaks of the son of an Israelite woman and an Egyptian man as being "among the community of Israel" (i.e., a Jew).

On the other hand, in Ezra 10:2-3, the Jews returning to Israel vowed to put aside their non-Jewish wives and the children born to those wives. They could not have put aside those children if those children were Jews.

Several people have written to me asking about King David: was he a Jew, given that one of his female ancestors, Ruth, was not a Jew? This conclusion is based on two faulty premises: first of all, Ruth was a Jew, and even if she wasn't, that would not affect David's status as a Jew. Ruth converted to Judaism before marrying Boaz and bearing Obed. See Ruth 1:16, where Ruth states her intention to convert. After Ruth converted, she was a Jew, and all of her children born after the conversion were Jewish as well. But even if Ruth were not Jewish at the time Obed was born, that would not affect King David's status as a Jew, because Ruth is an ancestor of David's father, not of David's mother, and David's Jewish status is determined by his mother.

About the Agudath Ha-Rabonim Statement

In March, 1997, the Agudath Ha-Rabonim issued a statement declaring that the Conservative and Reform movements are "outside of Torah and outside of Judaism." This statement was widely publicized and widely misunderstood, and requires some response. Three points are particularly worth discussing: 1) the statement does not challenge the Jewish status of Reform and Conservative Jews; 2) the statement is not an official statement of a unified Orthodox opinion; 3) the statement was made with the intent of bringing people into Jewish belief, not with the intention of excluding them from it.

First of all, the Agudath Ha-Rabonim statement does _NOT_ say that Reform and Conservative Jews are not Jews. Their statement does not say anything about Jewish status. As the discussion above explains, status as a Jew has nothing to do with what you believe; it is simply a matter of who your parents are. Reform and Conservative Jews _ARE_ Jews, as they have always been, and even the Agudath Ha-Rabonim would agree on that point. The debate over who is a Jew is the same as it has always been, the same as was discussed above: the Reform recognition of patrilineal decent, and the validity of conversions performed by non-Orthodox rabbis.

Second, the Agudath Ha-Rabonim is not the official voice of mainstream Orthodoxy. Their statement does not represent the unified position of Orthodox Judaism in America. In fact, the Rabbinical Council of America (the rabbinic arm of the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America) immediately issued a strong statement disassociating themselves from this "hurtful public pronouncement [which] flies in the face of Jewish peoplehood."

Finally, before one can denounce a statement like this, one should make an attempt to understand the position of those making the statement. According to Orthodoxy, the Torah is the heart of Judaism. All of what our people are revolves around the unchanging, eternal, mutually binding covenant between G-d and our people. That is the definition of Jewish belief, according to Orthodoxy, and all Jewish belief is measured against that yardstick. You may dispute the validity of the yardstick, but you can't deny that Conservative and Reform Judaism don't measure up on that yardstick. Reform Judaism does not believe in the binding nature of Torah, and Conservative Judaism believes that the law can change.

The Agudath Ha-Rabonim did not intend to cut Reform and Conservative Jews off from their heritage. On the contrary, their intention was to bring Reform and Conservative Jews back to what they consider to be the only true Judaism. The statement encouraged Reform and Conservative Jews to leave their synagogues and "join an Orthodox synagogue, where they will be warmly welcomed." I believe the Agudath Ha-Rabonim were sincere, albeit misguided, in this intention. I have known several Orthodox and Chasidic Jews who believed that if there were no Reform or Conservative synagogues, everyone would be Orthodox. However, my own personal experience with Reform and Conservative Jews indicates that if there were no such movements, most of these people would be lost to Judaism entirely, and that would be a great tragedy.

The opinion of mainstream Orthodoxy seems to be that it is better for a Jew to be Reform or Conservative than not to be Jewish at all. While we would certainly prefer that all of our people acknowledged the obligation to observe the unchanging law (just as Conservative Jews would prefer that all of our people acknowledged the right to change the law, and Reform Jews would prefer that all of our people acknowledged the right to pick and choose what to observe), we recognize that, as Rabbi Kook said, "That which unites us is far greater than that which divides us."

There once was a site called Jewhoo, that had an extensive list of Jewish actors, athletes, and other celebrities. The site disappeared in 2005. I gather that the site owners got tired of doing a lot of work researching the Jewish background of celebrities only to find their efforts copied all over the Internet without even the slightest acknowledgement. The site exists no more, and the information is lost. Think about that the next time you copy someone else's work and insist that you're doing no harm. (Another one has disappeared since my last update, but it wasn't a great site and I have no idea why it disappeared).

In the absence of Jewhoo...

JINFO has an outstanding collection of Jews who have won the Nobel prize in various areas or have excelled in various academic fields.

Jew or Not Jew seems to be trying to fill the gap left by the absence of Jewhoo. It lists Jews in a variety of categories and ranks their Jewishness on three factors: I (Israel, Jewishness by birth history and affiliation), O (Optics, how Jewish they look or act) and K (Kvell, how proud the creators of the site are to consider this person a Jew). It includes a lot of non-Jews who are perceived as Jewish and the text is a bit flighty, but they do seem to do the research and you can probably figure out from what they say whether you would consider the person Jewish.

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question: Summarize the origin of the name for the people that are now known as the Jews.

text: The response should indicate the origin of the word "Jew."

answer: The name for the people that are now known as the Jews was originally Hebrews. The word "Hebrew" is first used in the Torah to describe Abraham. The word is derived from the name Eber, one of Abraham's ancestors. Another tradition teaches that the word comes from the word "eyver," which means "the other side," referring to the fact that Abraham came from the other side of the Euphrates, or referring to the fact Abraham was separated from the other nations morally and spiritually. Another name used for the people is Children of Israel or Israelites, which refers to the fact that the people are descendants of Jacob, who was also called Israel. The word "Jew" is derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons. Judah was the ancestor of one of the tribes of Israel, which was named after him.

text: The answer should mention that the name "Jew" is used to refer to all of the physical and spiritual descendants of Jacob/Israel, as well as to the patriarchs Abraham and Isaac and their wives.

text: The answer should mention the kingdom of Judah.

text: The answer should mention the split of the kingdom.

text: The answer could be more concise.

text: "The name for the people that are now known as the Jews was originally Hebrews." - is redundant. The question already asked for the origin of the name for the people that are now known as the Jews.

text: The second sentence is unnecessary and could be replaced with more important details.

text: "a" - add an "of" after "a"

text: The answer should mention that the name "Jew" refers to all of the physical and spiritual descendants of Jacob/Israel, as well as to the patriarchs Abraham and Isaac and their wives.

answer: The original name for the Jews was Hebrews, which was a word first used in the Torah to describe Abraham. The word is apparently derived from the name Eber, one of Abraham's ancestors. The word "Jew" is derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons.

text: The answer should mention that the name "Jew" is derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons.

text: The answer omits that the name "Jew" is also derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons.

text: The answer should mention the other name for the Jews.

text: The answer omits that the word "Jew" is derived from the name Yehudi, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons.

text: The response should include the other name used for the people which is Children of Israel or Israelites.

text: The answer omits that the name Children of Israel or Israelites refers to the people being descendants of Jacob, who was also called Israel.

text: The origin of the word "Jew" is described in the article as being derived from the name Judah which was one of Jacob's 12 sons. The problem is that this is incorrect and the original article did not delve into the origin of the word Judah. To make my answer accurate, I should state that the word Jew is derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's 12 sons.

text: It should also be mentioned that another tradition teaches that the word comes from the word "eyver," which means "the other side," referring to the fact that Abraham came from the other side of the Euphrates.

answer: The name for the people that are now known as the Jews was originally Hebrews. The word "Hebrew" is first used in the Torah to describe Abraham. The word is derived from the name Eber, one of Abraham's ancestors. Another tradition teaches that the word comes from the word "eyver," which means "the other side," referring to the fact that Abraham came from the other side of the Euphrates, or referring to the fact Abraham was separated from the other nations morally and spiritually. Another name used for the people is Children of Israel or Israelites, which refers to the fact that the people are descendants of Jacob, who was also called Israel. The word "Jew" is derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons. Judah was the ancestor of one of the tribes of Israel, which was named after him.

answer: The original name for the Jews was Hebrews, which was a word first used in the Torah to describe Abraham. The word is apparently derived from the name Eber, one of Abraham's ancestors.

text: The answer omits that the name "Jew" is derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons.

text: The answer omits the other names for the people.

text: The answer omits the name "Children of Israel" which is also used for the people.

text: The answer omits that another name used for the people is Children of Israel or Israelites, which refers to the fact that the people are descendants of Jacob, who was also called Israel.

text: The answer should include the name "Children of Israel" as well as the name "Jew".

text: Another name for the people is Children of Israel or Israelites, which refers to the fact that the people are descendants of Jacob, who was also called Israel. Include this name in the response as well.

text: Incomplete answer

text: The term Yehudi should also be mentioned.

answer: The original name for the Jews was Hebrews, which was a word first used in the Torah to describe Abraham. The word is apparently derived from the name Eber, one of Abraham's ancestors. The word "Jew" is derived from the name Judah, which was the name of one of Jacob's twelve sons.

answer: The original name for the Jews was Hebrews, which was a word first used in the Torah to describe Abraham. The word is apparently derived from the name Eber, one of Abraham's ancestors.

text: The response should mention that another tradition teaches the word comes from the word "eyver" or "the other side".


text:
The time was 10:00 am and the place Nkran in the year 3000. On top of the biggest Bank building in the city, a dark, lean and tall man walked to the very edge and stopped, hands in his pockets. Below him, a thick crowd was formed and watched him in horror, fearing that he would commit suicide. However the man in question, Nii Okai, had no intention of jumping over the edge. He had simply come to enjoy the view of the entire city from that height.

‘Some people believe that when one commits suicide, she or he is doomed to wander the earth as a restless spirit and denied access to the realm of the ancestors’ a soft voice suddenly said. He turned to his left and noticed a woman clad in the attire of the Asafo Bii, the traditional Ga militia. ‘Your life may be unpleasant but the afterlife is not so great either for those who die before their time’.

‘I’m not going to jump’ said a shocked Nii. ‘I’m only here for the view.’

She looked at him in stunned silence and then looked at the entire city below them in the sunlight. ‘It’s a superb view’ she admitted ‘but there is a very frightened crowd down there who think you are going to jump and even more nervous Asafo Bii companies on the rooftops of the six buildings close to this one who think you’re going to do it’

Nii sighed and walked away from the edge with her. ‘My name is Larley, by the way’, she said extending her right hand to him. ‘Nii Okai’ he replied gripping it tightly in a firm handshake. Fifteen minutes later, he dogded a machete that arced toward his head and kicked the arm wielding it, knocking the akodze away.

He punched the assailant in the face, knocking him out. Five other men wielding machetes rushed at him and he unfastened his belt and lashed out at them, whipping them severely. His belt wrapped around one machete and yanked it away from his attacker and into the dirt.

He blocked the attacksfrom the four robbers and swung four times breaking each of their machetes. He leapt at one of them, his two feet kicking the chest of one of the attackers. He struck one on the left with his left foot and one on the right with his right foot. One dove at him, tackling him but he kicked upwards, sending him flying into the dirt behind him.

The third scrambled for the fallen machete but he reached it first, kicking him in the face with his knee. He heard a loud click of guns being cocked as the barrels of 4 AK-47 guns were pointed in his direction by four grim faced women. An afena spun towards them, slashing through 3 of the guns before striking the dirt.

Larley lunged at the three of them, striking them with quick punches and kicks to the chests and kicks. The fourht shot at her but she strafed her to her left, making a perfect shot impossible. She spun towards the shooter and slashed through the akodze with her afena, her blade stopping inches from the neck of the shooter.

Several Asafo Bii rushed towards the men and women, restraining them as Larley examined the guns with a puzzled look on her face. 'What is it, Larley?' Nii asked.

'These are military grade weapons' Larley said to herself. 'Very sophisticated and only permitted to be used by the Ghanaian Military under the 3 weapon safety lawsof the Ga Traditional Council'.

Under the Akodze Safety Laws, knives, guns, akofenas, spears were issued with special permits to the Military. The use of such akodze by civilians was banned in the year 3000. This law was so vigourously enforced that the three criminal elements left in the city had to resort to the use of sticks and farm implements like machetes to conduct their operations.

'I'll have to take them to the company headquarters for questioning' she said and paused for a moment.

'It's 2:00 pm' Larley pointed out. 'Shouldn't you be at work on this Monday morning?'

'100 people were retrenched at the company building I was standing on this morning. I needed time to contemplate my future' he replied.

'After our talk, I was heading home when I noticed these people capprying several akodze into a truck. They spotted me and we had a slight confrontation'.

'Then you're a witness', sighed Larley. 'I'll have to take you for questioning too.''

The Asafo Bii headquarters consisted of a series of buildings constructed in a traditional domed design and stood in the centre of the city. Behind a thick layer of glass, Larley and the Asafoatse (Chief Warrior) Naa watched as Nii gave his statement. 'The akodze you brought in today are similar to the ones the Asafo Bii picked up at the edge of Nkran this afternoon.' Naa mused.

'Larley, someone is stockpiling weapons across the city, possibly in preparation for a planned ethnic conflict or violent chieftaincy dispute.'

'I understand, Asafoatse Naa' Larley sighed. 'We will interrogate the culprits thouroughly to find out everything they know'. I've also posted an alert to the other Asafo Bii Companies that their main priority now is to check for the movement of akodze and suspicious persons in the city'.

Naa nodded in agreement. 'Train Nii in Abotri ke Tahuumo (Ga Martial Art) as well as the rest of the ways of the Asafo Bii, if he's interested in becoming one. He's already shown that he can handle himself in a fight. If we wnat to avoid the loss of lives and property that come with these conflicts, we'll need all the help we can get'.

Larley and Nii, armed with a baton faced each other in the training room of the Asafoakyer Bii (female asafo Bii Captains). 'There are several components of Abotri ke Tahuumo.' she noted.

'Abotri is the Complex use of handstands and somersaults, Intia Shomo is the use of complex kicking and feet attacks, Mim Dzee is the art of evading attacks, Kwasafo Nomo and Asafo Atwele are the arts of free expression and multi partner combat strategy, Asafo ke Tahuumo kaklakle lor is the art of fighting in a trance like state, Ataalai Gbanoo is the art of cartwheeling, Adzenkeklulu is the art of acrobatics'.

Larley drew out an afowatsena (double or triple bladed sword) from the scabbard slung across her shoulder and sunk into an offensive stance. 'My favourite art is Kakla ke klante Nomo, the art of bladed weapon combat'. Without warning, she lunged at Nii forcing him to spin away from the attack using Ataalai Gbanoo .

Even as he strived to keep his distance to look for an opening, Larley struck at him again and again using Gbobi hava, the art of hunting down prey, forcing him to be on the defensive. He snatched an afonanta (machete like sword) from a wooden stand on his right and blocked her attacks matching Larley's kaklake Klante Nomo with his own version.

He noticed an opening and tried to swing the afonanta to tap her shoulder lightly, signalling the end of the bout. Surprisingly, she caught the blade between her teeth and drew her head back, yanking him off balance. Even as he stumbled, she dealt him several ferocious double hand slaps and kicks with her feet.

As he collapsed to the ground, she pinned him facedown by locking his feet and arms in a tight brace. The door to the training room slid open and a woma with a shaved head walked into the room and sat down on the training mat beside Larley. 'The interrogation's complete' she reported.

'The attackers said they were supposed to send the akodze to the old underground train station beneath the Great Nkran Museum.'

'That place is a maze, Akai' sighed Larley. 'I'll need a clear outline of the place to avoid any surprise attacks on the Asafo Bii.'

'We could get the outline from the new library across the street' ventured Nii.

At the Abrewanana (sage) library, Nii paused outside the door for a moment, with Larleyand Akai at his side. 'Leave your akodze (weapons) and portable communication devices at the entrance. This library has soundproof walling and has strict rules about silence within its walls, even for Asafo Bii' he instructed.

After 11 minutes of searching, they found the outline of the old underground station and headed back to the headquarters. Several Asafo Bii gathered around Larley as she mapped out the points for entry.

'The station is in the middle of three entry points.' she noted. 'The old 'galamsey' mines, the abandoned goldmine shafts and the old route for the oil pipelines. We'll split into three groups to cover more ground tonight'

A truck slowly moved through the shafts, armed to the teeth with several women wielding AK-47s, grenade launchers, akofenas, crossbows and longbows and other akodze. 'Stay sharp, Dedoi's follower in the Asafo Bii warned us that vehicles B and C were seized earlier today, warned a fair, heavily tattoed woman wielding two ekumapraban (long handled axes).

Four arrows shot through the tires of the truck, deflating them. The arrows whizzed through the air, nearly slicing through the wooden handles of the ekumapraban but its wielder was faster, slashing the projectiles. She sunk into an offensive stance as Nii and Akai charged at her.

She fended off the swings of their akodze with her own, preventing the handles from being slashed. She swung at both of them but Nii spun around the left akodze and spun again to his right as she drew the akodze back the axe head nearly slashing his back. At that moment, he swung at the axehead with all his might, smashing it into pieces before breaking the wooden staff with his left sandaled foot.

She drew back and struck at Akai who blocked the attack with her afonanta at the same moment as Nii kicked the woman's head with his left foot. She fell against a truck tire and watched as several of her people were restrained and bound in handcuffs. She drew out 6 smoke bombs and smashed them against the floor before fleeing.

Nii gave chase even as she paused at tinervals to shoot at him with two Berettas. Despite warnings from Akai, he pursued her deeper into the tunnels. She looked over her shoulder as their path became darker and she could no longer see him. She stepped and remained motionless behind a wall to draw out two shocksticks, each baton designed to deliver a high amount of electric shock.

A mobile phone in her backpocket began to ring and as she reached for it, a figure suddenly darted at her from her right, his afonanta glowing in the dark as it slashed through her shocksticks. She swung her left foot at him but he spun around it and dealt her ferocious double hand slaps and kicks to her torso, forcing her into a corner and stopping only when she slumped to the ground.

The phone rang twice and stopped as Nii turned her over and picked it up. He heard two footsteps in the darkness and brandished his afonanta as he sunk into an offensive stance. Akai and Larley stepped into the light from the phone and Nii lowered his akodze before turning his attention to the phone.

Using his experience in the I.T division of the bank that retrenched him, he was able to get pas the multiple security features of the phone and unlock it. One name stood out among the most recent calls, Dedoi.

'You are certain it was Dedoi?' asked Naa with a hint of disbelief.

'Yes' replied Nii. 'It seems she was behind the movement of akodze and fighters to key parts of the city. We checked the messages on the phone and they confirm this.'

'Dedoi is a royal and the sister of Chief Naarkie' Naa said to herself, as she rose from her mat and watched the city below from her office. 'I will inform the Ga Traditional Council myself'.

In the centre of the royal quarters of Nkran, a long haired woman sighed as five armed men slowly edged towards her. Before they could strike, she drew out two Glock pistols and shot each one in the chest. Five more men lunged at her but she anticipated their movements and shot them without wasting a bullet using Gun Kata (The martial art of gunplay).

She noticed five figures darting towards her from behind but she spun towards them , clutching a large duffel bag that released a hail of bullets. The bag fell apart, revealing a large machine gun. The fallen attackers faded away, and a blue light shone from a yellow hologram disk on the floor.

The light materialised into the image of an old woman with a shock of white hair. 'Dedoi, the Ga Traditional Council wishes to invite you to attend a special session' she spoke.

'I'll be there shortly, Chief Naarkie' Dedoi replied softly before the image flickered off. She felt uneasy about her sister's tone of voice and made three brief calls before setting off for the council building on foot. As soon as she entered the grand hall, she felt the eyes of the rest of the council looking at her with disapproval.

'My apologies, Dedoi', Naarkie said sadly. 'I'm sure its a false allegation but you have to goto the Asafo Bii for questioning.'

8 Asafo Bii approached her from behind and one made the mistake of holding her shoulder. Dedoi turned towards that Asafo Bii and punched her in the face. One Asafo Bii rushed towards her but she grabbed the Asafo Bii she had punched earlier and shoved her into the second one.

The Asafo Bii brandished their akodze and Dedoi pulled out her guns as the other council members edged away from her in fright. Naarkie shoved them aside and thrust herself between the Asafo Bii and Dedoi. Dedoi sighed and holstered her guns. 'I'll go quietly'

At 7pm, Koi a janitor at the Asafo Bii Headquarters begun his usual duties, cleaning the training rooms and offices of the Asafo Bii. At 7:30 pm, after cleaning the washrooms, he received three phonecalls and each message he relayed was the same: 'The Asafo Bii are moving Dedoi through the Efua Gardens tonight using the northern footpath.'

At 8:00 pm, the Asafo Bii marched through the gardens with their captive. Akai led the march when five porcupine quills tore through the leaves of the nearby trees and struck her in the arms and legs and chest. The remaining Asafo Bii brandished their weapons and formed a protective ring around Dedoi.

On their left, a large burst of flame erupted towards them, setting several Asafo Bii on fire. The circle broke as several Asafo Bii rolled in the dirt to put out the flames. Five Asafo Bii escorted Dedoi away from the flames that licked the bushes around them when a bullet struck each of them in the shoulder.

As they fell, three women stepped out of the bushes, one wielding porcupine quills, the other a large flamethrower and the third, heavily tattoed wielding two large pistols.

The third woman slashed the handcuffs with and akofena and together the four of them disappeared into the bushes.

title: Nii: Chapter 1 (My action sci-fi story title (SF) )

question: Describe the setting of the story.

text: The answer incorrectly mentions that the story takes place in the year 2000, however it actually takes place in the year 3000.

answer: The story takes place in the year 3000 in the city of Nkran, Ghana. The protagonist is on top of the biggest bank building in the city, defending himself from machete-wielding attackers. The crowd of onlookers feared that the man would jump from the building, however he was only there for the view.

text: First off, the description of events in the first scene is chronologically wrong. Also, this is not how to answer the "setting". The story is set in more than just one scene. So the answer can be a general setting that encompasses all the scenes in the narrative (which would be the entirety of the city that the events happen in), or the answer can provide a comprehensive list of all the details for each of the scenes that happen.

answer: The story takes place in the year 3000 in the city of Nkran, Ghana. The protagonist is on top of the biggest bank building in the city, defending himself from machete-wielding attackers. The crowd of onlookers feared that the man would jump from the building, however he was only there for the view.

text: The answer should mention the Asafo Bii.

text: The last two sentences are irrelevant.

text: The answer should mention the time of day.

text: The answer is a description of the scene and not the setting.

text: The second sentence is unnecessary.

text: The name of the city is Nkran and not Nigeria. The answer misstates the country in which the story takes place.

text: The last two sentences are irrelevant.

answer: The story takes place in the year 2000 in the city of Nkran, Ghana. The protagonist is on top of the biggest bank building in the city, defending himself from machete-wielding attackers. The crowd of onlookers feared that the man would jump from the building, however he was only there for the view.

text: The year is 3000

text: The year is 3000, not 2000.

text: The story takes place in the year 3000.

text: The year is 3000.

text: "2000" - this is incorrect. It's the year 3000.

text: The year is 3000, not 2000.

answer: The story is set in Nkran in the year 3000.

text: The answer should mention the top of the building in a crowded city

answer: The story takes place in the year 2000 in the city of Nkran, Ghana. The protagonist is on top of the biggest bank building in the city, defending himself from machete-wielding attackers. The crowd of onlookers feared that the man would jump from the building, however he was only there for the view.

text: "The story takes place in the year 2000" - this is incorrect. It is the year 3000.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant and should be removed.

answer: The story is set in Nkran in the year 3000.

text: The answer should mention the place where the story starts.

text: The answer should mention the crime wave.

text: It is omitted that Larley and the Assafo Bii were a militia group with strict rules against the use of akodze, or modern weapons by civilians.

text: The answer could include more details about the setting. It doesn't talk about Larley standing on the ledge of a tall building and people gathering to think that he's going to jump.