text:
My synagogue owns a set of huge _mahzorim_ – prayerbooks for Jewish holidays – that was printed in Lithuania in 1914.

I like to look at these books every year as July 4 approaches.  I carefully turn their yellowed, crumbling pages until I get to the Prayer for the Government, recited shortly after the reading of the Torah and Haftarah.  And in this prayerbook, the prayer reads:

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| []                                                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| _Mahzor Kol-Bo_, Vilna, 1914                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

TRANSLATION:
_May He Who grants salvation to kings and dominion to rulers,_

_Whose kingdom is a kingdom spanning all eternity,_

_Who releases David, his servant, from the evil sword,_

_Who places a road in the sea and a path in the mighty waters –_

_May He bless, protect, guard, assist, elevate, exalt, and lift upwards_

_Our master CZAR NIKOLAI ALEXANDROVICH,_

_With his wife, the honorable CZARINA ALEXANDRA FEODOROVNA_

_Their son, the crown prince ALEXI NIKOLAIOVICH_

_And his mother, the honorable CZARINA MARIA FEODORAVNA_

_And the entire house of our king, may their glory be exalted._

_May the King of kings in His mercy give him life, and protect him,_

_And save him from every trouble, woe and injury._

_May nations submit under his feet, and may his enemies fall before him,_

_And may he succeed in whatever he endeavors._

_May the King of kings, in His mercy, grant compassion in his heart _

_and the heart of all his advisors_

_To do favors for us and for all Israel, our brethren._

_In his days and in our days, may Judah be saved, and may Israel dwell securely,_

_And may the Redeemer come to Zion._

_So may it be His will – and we say:  AMEN._

This prayer is so strange as to be almost comical.   You remember in _Fiddler on the Roof_, when someone asks the rabbi, “Is there a blessing for the Czar?”  He responds:  “A blessing for the Czar?  Of course – may God bless and keep the Czar …. Far away from us!”  And in fact, there IS a prayer for the Czar, or whoever the ruler happened to be, in traditional _siddurim_.  Over the course of five centuries, hundreds of prayerbooks have included a version of the prayer above, with the name of the current leader inserted.

Why did Jews say prayers like this?  One objective could have been to curry favor with the king.  Jews tended to rely upon the king to ensure their safety, and in fact, Jews tended to fare better in places where the king was strong.  So this could have been a prayer uttered in sincerity:  a strong king, even a moderately anti-Jewish one, was better for the Jews than a weak king who would be overcome by the raging mob.

But most observers understand prayers like this as examples of the political use of liturgy, rather than as authentic expressions of religious devotion.  The prayer is recited, and printed in the prayerbook, simply to ensure that no one could accuse the Jews of disloyalty.  Stringing together so many synonyms -- “may He bless, safeguard, preserve, help, exalt, make great, extol, and raise high…” -- makes it sound like the community is trying to make a point, rather than simply praising someone they genuinely want to praise.  It is hard to imagine that Jewish communities that had been terrorized by Czar Nicholas II and the previous Czars would have prayed without irony, “May his enemies fall before him.”  After all, who were those enemies?!   But no matter how cruelly they were mistreated, they still needed to create an illusion of respect for the authorities.

One line towards the end of the prayer, however, appears to be an utterly serious plea: “May the King of kings, in His mercy, grant compassion in his heart and the heart of all his advisors to do favors [or ‘acts of goodness’] for us and for all Israel, our brethren.”    Knowing that this supremely powerful monarch could essentially do as he wished with the Jewish people, the only hope for the Jewish community was to pray for him to be compassionate.  The fate of the Jewish community depended not upon “rights,” but upon the “_tovot_” – “favors” that the ruling authorities could choose to grant to them.

This prayer summed up the relationship between Jewish communities and the non-Jewish authorities quite well, for hundreds of years.  But in the second half of the 18th century, the situation began to change.  The change came first in French synagogues, where some communities began, after the French Revolution and the emancipation of the Jewish community, to recite a new form of the Prayer for the Government that was not focused on the King as an individual.

But it was in the United States that many Jews came to realize that their assumptions about their relationship with the government needed to be thoroughly revised.  We see evidence of these revisions in prayer customs and prayerbooks almost immediately after American independence.

The Jewish community in Colonial America was tiny.  In the New York area, the only synagogue was Shearith Israel – the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue.  Thankfully, that community, which still exists today, preserved very good records of their liturgical practice.  Soon after the Declaration of Independence in 1776, there was a change in liturgical practice at Shearith Israel.  While they did not change the text of the prayer for the government, they decided that henceforth, instead of standing up for that prayer, now they would sit down.  This itself communicates a difference about the model of government and the Jewish relationship to power:  In the new United States, Jews can respect the government without having to resort to flattery of its leaders.[1]

Another early American siddur, written by Solomon Henry Jackson in 1826, contains two different versions of the prayer:  one version for when Congress is in session, and a different version for when Congress is on recess.  The difference is, when Congress is in recess, they aren’t your leaders, so there’s no reason to pray for them.  This could be understood as an additional demonstration of a non-hierarchical and non-deferential relationship with the ruling authorities.  Additionally, the Jackson siddur version includes a line blessing “the people.”  What had always been a prayer for the King and a prayer for the Government was now being transformed into a prayer for the Country.

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| []                                                                    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Sefardic prayerbook of Solomon Henry Jackson, NYC, 1826               |
|                                                                       |
| (scan from agmk.blogspot.com)                                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

While there have been multiple versions of the Prayer for the Government in American siddurim, one version that has stood the test of time and has actually been reproduced, very close to the original, in every official Conservative and Reconstructionist prayerbook for the past 85 years.  This is the prayer by Rabbi Louis Ginzberg of the Jewish Theological Seminary, composed back in 1927 for the _Fesival Prayer Book,_ the first liturgical publication of the Conservative Movement.

Ginzberg’s prayer reflects a growing realization that the United States is a different kind of Diaspora.  The leaders of the United States were not rulers to be feared.  Jews in the United States were not an oppressed and barely tolerated minority.   Rather, Jews were invited to be full partners in this society, to come to the table to help to make decisions, to shape its policy, and culture, and values.  In the United States, Jews do not need to pray merely that the rulers will show fairness and compassion to the Jews.  Rather, a prayer for the United States should convey that this is a society of which the Jewish community is an integral and valued part, and that this society upholds – at least in theory, and often in practice – values that we passionately uphold, such as liberty for all people, and tolerance of dissent.  The overwhelming agenda of Rabbi Ginzberg’s prayer is to show that the United States is made up of diverse ethnicities and religions, and to pray that these different races and creeds will get along and establish a society based on tolerance and freedom.

This country has numerous imperfections.  We continually strive to make it ever more just and ever more equal.  But sometimes it takes a glance at a _siddur_ from 1914 to remind me just how different, just how unprecedented, the American Jewish experience has been in the sweep of Jewish history, and how gratefully I ask for God's blessings for this country.

[]

[]

------------------------------------------------------------------------

[1] Jonathan Sarna, “Jewish Prayers for the U.S. Government: A Study in the Liturgy of Politics and the Politics of Liturgy,” in Karen Halttunen and Lewis Perry, ed., _Moral Problems In American Life:  New Perspectives On Cultural History_ (Cornell University Press, 1998),  p. 206.

question: Why would the Jews pray for leaders that persecuted them?

text: The answer omits the fact that the Jews may have recited the prayer to convince others of their loyalty.

answer: It is implied that the Jews prayed for the leaders to ensure their safety.

text: A bit more detail would have made this better - the need for safety and why Jews feel the need to print the name of the current ruler in their prayer books.

answer: It could have been to curry favor with the king. Jews tended to rely upon the king to ensure their safety, and in fact, Jews tended to fare better in places where the king was strong. Some believe that the prayer is recited, and printed in the prayerbook, simply to ensure that no one could accuse the Jews of disloyalty.

answer: It could have been to curry favor with the king. Jews tended to rely upon the king to ensure their safety, and in fact, Jews tended to fare better in places where the king was strong.

text: It is omitted that the prayer is recited, and printed in the prayerbook, simply to ensure that no one could accuse the Jews of disloyalty.

text: It is omitted that the prayer was also recited to ensure that no one could accuse the Jews of disloyalty.

text: It is omitted that the prayer was also recited simply to ensure that no one could accuse the Jews of disloyalty.

text: The answer should mention the political use of liturgy.

text: The answer should mention the other reason why the Jews prayed for their leaders: to ensure no one could accuse them of disloyalty.

text: It misses to mention that praying is a way of trying to ensure no one could accuse them of disloyalty.

answer: It could have been to curry favor with the king. Jews tended to rely upon the king to ensure their safety, and in fact, Jews tended to fare better in places where the king was strong. Some believe that the prayer is recited, and printed in the prayerbook, simply to ensure that no one could accuse the Jews of disloyalty.

text: It's omitted that the Jews had no choice but to pray for the leaders that persecuted them.

text: The answer should mention the "favors" the king could grant.

text: The answer should mention that the Jews had no choice but to pray for the leaders.

text: It's omitted that the Jews prayed for the king's mercy, as their fate depended on it.

text: The answer is repetitive.

text: The second sentence is unnecessary.

text: It is unnecessary to mention the second explanation.

answer: It is implied that the Jews prayed for the leaders to ensure their safety.

text: It is omitted that the Jews prayed for the leaders to ensure their safety and to curry favor with the king.

text: The answer is a bit misleading. The Jews prayed for the leaders to ensure their safety, but the narrator explains that the prayers were simply to ensure that no one could accuse the Jews of disloyalty.

text: The answer should mention that the Jews prayed for the leaders to avoid being accused of disloyalty.

text: It misses to mention that the Jews prayed for the leaders to ensure their safety, but also as a way to curry favor with them so that they could be protected.

text: That is the author's interpretation. But it does not directly answer the question.

text: It is omitted that the Jews prayed for the leaders to possibly curry favor with the king.


text:
ENHANCED PRIVACY ID (EPID) is Intel Corporation's recommended algorithm for attestation of a trusted system while preserving privacy. It has been incorporated in several Intel chipsets since 2008 and Intel processors since 2011. At RSAC 2016 Intel disclosed that it has shipped over 2.4B EPID keys since 2008.[1] EPID complies with international standards ISO/IEC 20008[2] / 20009,[3] and the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) TPM 2.0 for authentication.[4] Intel contributed EPID intellectual property to ISO/IEC under RAND-Z terms. Intel is recommending that EPID become the standard across the industry for use in authentication of devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) and in December 2014 announced that it was licensing the technology to third-party chip makers to broadly enable its use.[5]

EPID

EPID is an enhancement of the Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) algorithm.[6] DAA is a digital signature algorithm supporting anonymity. Unlike traditional digital signature algorithms, in which each entity has a unique public verification key and a unique private signature key, DAA provides a common group public verification key associated with many (typically millions) of unique private signature keys. DAA was created so that a device could prove to an external party what kind of device it is (and optionally what software is running on the device) without needing to provide device identity, i.e., to prove you are an authentic member of a group without revealing _which_ member. EPID enhances DAA by providing an additional utility of being able to revoke a private key given a signature created by that key, even if the key itself is still unknown.

Background

In 1999 the Pentium III added a Processor Serial Number (PSN) as a way to create identity for security of endpoints on the internet. However, privacy advocates were especially concerned and Intel chose to remove the feature in later versions.[7] Building on improving asymmetric cryptography of the time and group keys, Intel Labs researched and then standardized a way to get to the benefits of PSN while preserving privacy.

Roles

There are three roles when using EPID: Issuer, Member and Verifier. The issuer is the entity that issues unique EPID private keys for each member of a group. The member is the entity that is trying to prove its membership in a group. The verifier is the entity who is checking an EPID signature to establish whether it was signed by an entity or device which is an authentic member of the group. Current usage by Intel has the Intel Key Generation Facility as the Issuer, an Intel-based PC with embedded EPID key as a member, and a server (possibly running in the cloud) as the verifier (on behalf of some party that wishes to know that it is communicating with some trusted component in a device).

Key issuing options

The issuing of an EPID key can be done directly by the issuer creating an EPID key and delivering securely to the member, or blinded so that the issuer does not know the EPID private key. Having EPID keys embedded in devices before they ship is an advantage for some usages so that EPID is available inherently in the devices as they arrive in the field. Having the EPID key issued using the blinded protocol is an advantage for some usages, since there is never a question about whether the issuer knew the EPID key in the device. It is an option to have one EPID key in the device at time of shipment, and use that key to prove to another issuer that it is a valid device and then get issued a different EPID key using the blinded issuing protocol.

Uses

In recent years EPID has been used for attestation of applications in the platforms used for protected content streaming and financial transactions. It is also used for attestation in Software Guard Extensions (SGX), released by Intel in 2015. It is anticipated that EPID will become prevalent in IoT, where inherent key distribution with the processor chip, and optional privacy benefits will be especially valued.

Proof that a part is genuine

An example usage for EPID is to prove that a device is a genuine device. A verifier wishing to know that a part was genuine would ask the part to sign a cryptographic nonce with its EPID key. The part would sign the nonce and also provide a proof that the EPID key was not revoked. The verifier after checking the validity of the signature and proof would know that the part was genuine. With EPID, this proof is anonymous and unlinkable.

Content protection

EPID can be used to attest that a platform can securely stream digital rights management (DRM)-protected content because it has a minimum level of hardware security. The Intel Insider program uses EPID for platform attestation to the rights-holder.

Securing financial transactions

Data Protection Technology (DPT) for Transactions is a product for doing a 2-way authentication of a point of sale (POS) terminal to a backend server based on EPID keys. Using hardware roots of trust based on EPID authentication, the initial activation and provisioning of a POS terminal can securely be performed with a remote server. In general, EPID can be used as the basis to securely provision any cryptographic key material over the air or down the wire with this method.

Internet of things attestation

For securing the IoT, EPID can be used to provide authentication while also preserving privacy. EPID keys placed in devices during manufacturing are ideal for provisioning other keys for other services in a device. EPID keys can be used in devices for services while not allowing users to be tracked by their IoT devices using these services. Yet if required, a known transaction can be used for when an application and user choose (or require) the transaction to be unambiguously known (e.g., a financial transaction). EPID can be used for both persistent identity and anonymity. Whereas alternative approaches exist for persistent identity, it is difficult to convert persistent identity to anonymous identity. EPID can serve both requirements and can enable anonymous identity in a mode of operation that enables persistence, as well. Thus, EPID is ideal for the broad range of anticipated IoT uses.

Security and privacy are foundational to the IoT. Since IoT security and privacy extend beyond Intel processors to other chipmaker's processors in sensors, Intel announced on December 9, 2014 their intent to license EPID broadly to other chip manufacturers for Internet of things applications. On August 18, 2015, Intel jointly announced the licensing of EPID to Microchip and Atmel, and showed it running on a Microchip microcontroller at the Intel Developers Forum.[8]

Internet of things complexity hiding

Internet of things has been described as a “network of networks”[9] where internal workings of one network may not be appropriate to disclose to a peer or foreign network. For example, a use case involving redundant or spare IoT devices facilitates availability and serviceability objectives, but network operations that load balances or replaces different devices need not be reflected to peer or foreign networks that “share” a device across network contexts. The peer expects a particular type of service or data structure but likely doesn't need to know about device failover, replacement or repair. EPID can be used to share a common public key or certificate that describes and attests the group of similar devices used for redundancy and availability, but doesn't allow tracking of specific device movements. In many cases, peer networks do not want to track such movements as it would require, potentially, maintaining context involving multiple certificates and device lifecycles. Where privacy is also a consideration, the details of device maintenance, failover, load balancing and replacement cannot be inferred by tracking authentication events.

Internet of things secure device onboard

Because of EPID's privacy preserving properties, it is ideal for IoT Device identity to allow a device to securely and automatically onboard itself into an IoT Service immediately at the first power on of the device. Essentially the device performs a secure boot, and then before anything else, reaches out across the internet to find the IoT Service that the new owner has chosen for managing the device. An EPID attestation is integral to this initial communication. As a consequence of the EPID attestation, a secure channel is created between the device and IoT Service. Because of the EPID attestation, the IoT Service knows it is talking to the real IoT Device. (Using the secure channel created, there is reciprocal attestation so the IoT Device knows it is talking to the IoT Service the new owner selected to manage it.) Unlike PKI, where the key is unchanging transaction to transaction, an adversary lurking on the network cannot see and correlate traffic by the key used when EPID is employed. Thus privacy of onboarding is preserved and adversaries can no longer collect data to create attack maps for later use when future IoT Device vulnerabilities are discovered. Moreover, additional keys can be securely provisioned over the air or down the wire, the latest version of software, perhaps specific to the IoT Service, can be downloaded and default logins disabled to secure the IoT Device without operator intervention.

On October 3, 2017, Intel announced Intel Secure Device Onboard,[10] a software solution to help IoT Device Manufacturers and IoT Cloud Services privately, securely and quickly onboard IoT Devices into IoT Services. The objective is to onboard “Any Device to Any IoT Platform”[11] for a “superior Onboarding experience and ecosystem enablement ROI”. The use cases and protocols from SDO have been submitted to the FIDO Alliance IoT working group.

[1] “EPID for IOT Identity” Intel Corporation

[2] ISO/IEC 20008: Anonymous digital signatures

[3] ISO/IEC 20009: Anonymous entity authentication

[4] TPM 2.0 Specification

[5] “Intel's IoT Vision sees far more than chips” PC World

[6]

[7] “Intel Disables Chip ID Tracking” ZDNet

[8] “EPID Fact Sheet” Intel

[9]

[10]

[11]

title: Enhanced privacy ID

question: What does the text say about Enhanced Privacy ID (EPID)?

text: "Attentation" - is incorrect. It should be "Attestation"

category: coherence

text: "additional security" - this is incorrect. It should be "additional utility"

category: accuracy

text: The response should mention Intel Corporation's recommendation about EPID for attestation of a trusted system while preserving privacy and its incorporation into several processors and chipsets since 2008.

category: coverage

answer: Enhanced Privacy ID or EPID, is an enhancement of the Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) algorithm. DAA is a digital signature algorithm supporting anonymity that provides a common group public verification key associated with many unique private signature keys. DAA was created so that a device could prove to an external party what kind of device it is and what software is running on the device without the need to provide device identity. EPID enhances DAA by providing an additional utility of being able to revoke a private key given a signature created by that key, even if it is still unknown. Intel Corporation recommends EPID for attestation of a trusted system while preserving privacy and has incorporated it in several of their chipsets since 2008 and processors in 2011.

answer_source: Human

answer: Enhanced Privacy ID or EPID, is an enhancement of the Direct Anonymous Attentation (DAA) algorithm. DAA is a digital signature algorithm supporting anonymity that provides a common group public verification key associated with many unique private signature keys. DAA was created so that a device could prove to an external party what kind of device it is and what software is running on the device without the need to provide device identity. EPID enhances DAA by providing additional security of being able to revoke a private key given a signature created by that key, even if it is still unknown.

answer_source: Human misleading

text: The answer should mention the roles of EPID.

text: The answer should mention that EPID complies with international standards ISO/IEC 20008 / 20009, and the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) TPM 2.0 for authentication.

text: The answer omits the roles of EPID.

text: The answer does not mention the roles of EPID.

text: It's omitted that Intel is recommending EPID become the standard across the industry for use in authentication of devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) and in December 2014 announced that it was licensing the technology to third-party chip makers to broadly enable its use.

text: The answer should mention that the privacy ID system was recommended by Intel Corporation, as well as its use of the ISO/IEC and the TCG TPM.

answer: Enhanced Privacy ID (EPID) is Intel Corporation's recommended algorithm for attestation of a trusted system while preserving privacy. It has been incorporated in several Intel chipsets since 2008 and Intel processors since 2011. EPID complies with international standards ISO/IEC 20008/20009 and the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) TPM 2.0 for authentication. Intel contributed EPID intellectual property to ISO/IEC under RAND-Z terms. Intel is recommending that EPID become the standard across the industry for use in authentication of devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) and in December 2014 announced that it was licensing the technology to third-party chip makers to broadly enable its use.

answer_source: Model

text: The answer does not explain EPID and its connection to the DAA.

answer: Enhanced Privacy ID (EPID) is Intel Corporation's recommended algorithm for attestation of a trusted system while preserving privacy. It has been incorporated in several Intel chipsets since 2008 and Intel processors since 2011. EPID complies with international standards ISO/IEC 20008/20009 and the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) TPM 2.0 for authentication. Intel contributed EPID intellectual property to ISO/IEC under RAND-Z terms. Intel is recommending that EPID become the standard across the industry for use in authentication of devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) and in December 2014 announced that it was licensing the technology to third-party chip makers to broadly enable its use.

text: The answer should mention that EPID is an enhancement of the Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) algorithm.

text: The answer should mention what EPID is an enhancement of.

text: The answer could mention that EPID is an enhancement of the Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) algorithm.

text: "EPID complies with international standards ISO/IEC 20008/20009 and the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) TPM 2.0 for authentication." This sentence is extraneous and can be removed.

answer: Enhanced Privacy ID or EPID, is an enhancement of the Direct Anonymous Attestation (DAA) algorithm. DAA is a digital signature algorithm supporting anonymity that provides a common group public verification key associated with many unique private signature keys. DAA was created so that a device could prove to an external party what kind of device it is and what software is running on the device without the need to provide device identity. EPID enhances DAA by providing an additional utility of being able to revoke a private key given a signature created by that key, even if it is still unknown. Intel Corporation recommends EPID for attestation of a trusted system while preserving privacy and has incorporated it in several of their chipsets since 2008 and processors in 2011.

text: It's omitted that EPID complies with international standards ISO/IEC 20008 / 20009 and the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) TPM 2.0 for authentication.

text: The answer should include the roles of EPID.

text: The answer could mention the ISO/IEC standards EPID complies with.

text: EPID is expressly mentioned just after the answer begins whereas the rest of the technical details are unnecessarily given. This leads to confusion as to what EPID is and what it means in the ISPID schema. The first part of the answer should be rewritten more clearly.

answer: Enhanced Privacy ID or EPID, is an enhancement of the Direct Anonymous Attentation (DAA) algorithm. DAA is a digital signature algorithm supporting anonymity that provides a common group public verification key associated with many unique private signature keys. DAA was created so that a device could prove to an external party what kind of device it is and what software is running on the device without the need to provide device identity. EPID enhances DAA by providing additional security of being able to revoke a private key given a signature created by that key, even if it is still unknown.


text:
*First post on reddit, first post in this subreddit, first short story ever :D Enjoy.*

**Skin-Deep**
What nice shirt he wore this evening, he looked so precious and nice. He was always concerned about his looks: How would others perceive him? So he went out to get the new trends, new clothes, new shoes, all to make people like him. He was standing in his room - it was a mess:
His dirty clothes were piling up on his bed and he would put them on his chair when he wants to sleep. Next to his desktop there were unwashed plates from all the instant food he used to eat. Trash was lying on the floor, pizza boxes, tissues, papers from school, chips bags and cardboard from his latest online purchases. His floor was still sticky from the parties he used to have. Beers would spill as well as wine. It was undoubtedly chaotic.
He didn’t even considered to clean up. “There are more important things.” he thought, while wasting his time. All the time his mom would tell him: “Clean up that mess!” She has always been very concerned about him. In her eyes he should be a good and neat boy. She felt like this education failed on him. She was worried about him ever getting back on track, studying something, doing anything that can get him a job later. Right now all he did was partying, getting drunk and high and hitting up with girls. He was always living in the moment whatever comes to his mind he would do, always following the latest trends and notions.
He was one of the person who has a thousand friends on Facebook but yet all of his real life friendships would be superficial, as he meets his friends on parties where they would pretend to be best friends without knowing each other. Kian isn’t too much into in-depth relationships. He has no close friends to talk to about problems or feelings, although doing this would help him a lot in many cases. But there was Aaron. Aaron and Kian know each other since Elementary School and they always had contact. It wasn’t too intense but for Kian it is his longest lasting friendship so far. Now and then they would meet. Both of them enjoyed it but it never got the depth Aaron had in other friendships.

Kian was standing in front of the mirror. His window was open and the sun was shining in his room through the south-facing window, illuminating him. The warm breeze of an early summer evening came in through the window. Once again he changed. His trouser didn’t fit his shirt so he decided to go with the black one instead. Black with blue – “Yes now it fits” he thought to himself. He didn’t know what he was dressing up for, but he knew that he would go out tonight. He played back his favourite electronic tune. He likes electronic music – he was always up to date with the latest tracks from the scene - no need to think too much about anything with this music – just relaxing and preparing for the next party to come. Putting his clothes to the floor, he laid down on his bed; on days he used to be sleepy, as he likes to stay up late for no reason, browsing the web, texting people.
Tonight Kian and Aaron arranged to meet each other to sip a beer together, listening to music, chatting about random occurrences, raging about school and discover some new online trends - a typical evening for them. At the same time there is also a party in town at the “Miracle” - Kian’s favourite club to go out. It is huge, 3 floors, space for about 1500 people and a lot of them Kian knows. He checked Facebook to see who is heading there tonight. Kleve, Darcy, Ryan, Sam, Holly... Holly he has a crush on her for quite some time now, basically since the week they met each other at the Miracle and danced till the morning. Kian is looking forward to seeing her again; he is uncertain to go there. “Maybe she is the one.” he told himself. “Maybe this time it will last longer than one night.”. BLING. Aaron texts him:
“Yo mate, what’s up? What time should we meet tdy? 9 @ ur crib?” He locked his phone and put it on his bedside table, next to his alarm clock, a nap was the first thing he wanted now, still being sleepy and having some time left until he has to decide where to go tonight.
The sun already set when he woke up and the air coming from the window got colder, making his room chilled. No new notifications on his phone but still the pending message from Aaron and the question what to do this night. He closed the window and set down at his desk. Holly. He really wanted to see her this night. “Can we postpone our meeting, Aaron?” he texted back. “No time tdy, sry… :/”. “kk” answered Aaron.
Kian went to the bathroom to refresh and then head out to Miracle. He stopped by the fridge to get some booze for the way there. When it comes to partying he wouldn’t go without booze. “It doesn’t make sense to stay sober. Why would I go there then?” he would say.
Arriving at Miracle he immediately met Ryan and Sam, two of his party friends. They shared a mix of vodka before entering and made fun about the last time they met there. In a shabby alley they smoked a joint Sam brought with him. This was the right level to enter the club. Kian was looking for Holly the whole time, but he couldn’t find her. “Maybe she’s not here yet.” he thought to himself while he was greeting everyone he met ever before either on a party or on Facebook, pretending to know them. Getting rejected was something he got used to. Not much later he found himself alone. He was drunk and had lost Sam and Ryan on the party. At the bar he ordered his next drink and spend one to some strangers, who were exploiting him. He sat down. The world was turning, the music was hammering on his head and he felt tired. Holly. She came to his mind again. That was the reason he went there. Stumbling through the club he was searching for her, hoping to pick her up and take her to his home. He stopped and scanned the dance floor closely. So many faces he recognized. Not the one he was looking for. A blonde girl turned around and there she stood, Holly, so daintily. Kian’s view was blurred but her face was so clear to him. Focussing her gave him a hard time. She was dancing. Just like the night they met for the first time. She meant so much to him. Would she even know him anymore? They became Facebook friends, but they haven’t had contact since. Kian was nervous but he wanted to talk to her, when he suddenly realises that she is dancing with another guy. This wasn’t what he expected at all. He felt something special, but now, for her, he was just a random guy. Just like he always sees his pickups, it seems he became one of these for her now. He was like fossilised. Couldn’t move nor breathe for a fraction of seconds. The bass was still hammering on him, but he didn’t care anymore. Two more shots and he would walk off. Desperately he turned to Holly again. She hasn’t noticed him at all.
He woke up. His head was aching. “Blackout – again” he thought, trying to remember what happened during the night. He took his phone and looked for messages from the night. Aaron texted him: “How’s your night?”. He went to Facebook to check out Holly again and went back to Aarons message. “Holly isn’t worth it probably.” he questioned himself what to do.
He needed someone to talk. Was Aaron the right person for that? He let him down so many times already and their relation wasn’t too strong at all. He looked around his room. The walls were blank: no postcards, no photos not even posters. Just like his blank mind. No memory of this night. Nothing to remember, no one but Aaron. If there would be someone it would be him. So he called him.
“Yo, what up bro?” said Kian.
- “Hey Kain, what’s up?” answered Aaron.
“Just wanted to chat a little, I have such a bad hangover…”
- “Oh so you’ve been out last night?”
“Yes…”
- “I thought you were busy…really don’t know what to think right now. See you keep partying all the time although we planned something and then you call me like nothing happened... that’s really not what I’m looking for..”
“I don’t get why you’re so mad. I can do whatever I want to do and you said you would be ok with meeting another day.”
- “Sure, what else could I say? You always try to be friends with everyone, that simply doesn’t work.”
“As if, I just wanted to go partying yesterday…”
- “Same old story..”
“C’mon you know that’s nonsense.”
- “Yeah keep pretending…whatever” – Aaron hang up

Duut, duut, duut. Kian hang up as well and put his phone aside. Silence. The birds were tweeting from outside. His headache got stronger and felt like a jackhammer inside his head. Rolling from side to side he could finally make it out of bed to get him a painkiller. That was when he realized that he still was in his smelly party outfit.

title: [RF]"Skin-Deep"

question: Summarize Kian's daily life.

text: Kian's character has no relevance to the question.

answer: Kian is a student who is not very concerned with his studies. He is more concerned with how others perceive him, so he goes out to get the latest trends. He is messy and doesn't clean up after himself. He parties a lot and gets drunk and high. He has a lot of friends on Facebook but his real life friendships are superficial. He has no close friends to talk to about problems or feelings.

answer: He's a slacker and a socialite with shallow friendships and no deep relation to anyone. However, Kian has more than 1000 Facebook friends. He has no regular schedule, doesn't look after his place, or seemingly himself apart from obsessing about how he looks. He parties often, and he's usually drunk and high. Kian assumes that he can do whatever he wants, whenever he wants without any care to others. Thus, he's often inconsiderate too.

text: The answer should mention that Kian is a student.

text: The answer should mention his relationship with Aaron.

text: The answer should mention the fact that Kian is a student.

text: It's omitted that Kian is a student.

text: It's omitted that he has no close friends to talk to about problems or feelings.

text: The answer should note that Kian is a college student.

text: There is no evidence that Kian has more than 1000 Facebook friends.

answer: He's a slacker and a socialite with shallow friendships and no deep relation to anyone. However, Kian has more than 1000 Facebook friends. He has no regular schedule, doesn't look after his place, or seemingly himself apart from obsessing about how he looks. He parties often, and he's usually drunk and high. Kian assumes that he can do whatever he wants, whenever he wants.

text: The response only listed what Kian's life is like, not enough of what he does daily.

answer: He's a slacker and a socialite with shallow friendships and no deep relation to anyone. However, Kian has more than 1000 Facebook friends. He has no regular schedule, doesn't look after his place, or seemingly himself apart from obsessing about how he looks. He parties often, and he's usually drunk and high. Kian assumes that he can do whatever he wants, whenever he wants without any care to others. Thus, he's often inconsiderate too.

text: There is no direct evidence in the text that mentions Kian in fact having more than 1000 facebook friends. He is only described as the type.

answer: Kian is a student who is not very concerned with his studies. He is more concerned with how others perceive him, so he goes out to get the latest trends. He is messy and doesn't clean up after himself. He parties a lot and gets drunk and high. He has a lot of friends on Facebook but his real life friendships are superficial. He has no close friends to talk to about problems or feelings.

text: It's omitted that Kian is often hungover.

text: It's omitted that he has a friend named Aaron.

text: Doesn't mention his long-time friend Aaron.

text: It's omitted that he has a crush on Holly.

text: The answer should mention the only friend Kian has is Aaron. Aaron and Kian know each other since Elementary School and they always had contact. It wasn’t too intense but for Kian, it is his longest-lasting friendship so far.

answer: He's a slacker and a socialite with shallow friendships and no deep relation to anyone. However, Kian has more than 1000 Facebook friends. He has no regular schedule, doesn't look after his place, or seemingly himself apart from obsessing about how he looks. He parties often, and he's usually drunk and high. Kian assumes that he can do whatever he wants, whenever he wants.

text: It's omitted that Kian is a student.

text: It's omitted that Kian is a college student.

text: The answer should mention that he parties often with his friends.

text: Typo.

text: Kian does look after himself, as he obsesses over his looks because he wants people to like him.


text:
GANDHI MEDICAL COLLEGE (founded 14 September 1954) is a medical college in Hyderabad, India affiliated with Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences.[1] The college was originally affiliated to NTR University of Health Sciences.

History

Gandhi Medical College, originally named People's Medical College, was founded on 14 September 1954. It was located at Humayun nagar close to the present-day Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital. It was opened because the original medical college in the area, Osmania Medical College, was unable to keep up with the demands for physicians in the State. Dr. Syed Nizamuddin Ahmed was the first principal and the founder of the college.

Officially it was inaugurated on 25 June 1955 by the first president of India, Rajendra Prasad.

By 1956, the college was in financial trouble, and the government of Hyderabad agreed to take it over and develop it.

In 1958, the college was moved to Basheerbagh. The old building has since been demolished. In 2003, the college moved to its new premises in Musheerabad. The new facility, along with a hospital, was constructed on the area that formerly housed the Musheerabad Jail.[2][3]

Initially the teaching hospital for the college was an infirmary that opened in 1851 with funds from philanthropists, and was named KEM Hospital in honor of King Edward VII. The hospital was renamed Gandhi Hospital in 1958. At that time nearly all the heads of units were British trained.

From 1954 to 2003, a total of 6090 students were admitted to the MBBS course. The number of students admitted ranged between a minimum of 42 in 1954 to a maximum of 224 in 1968. In 1970, there were no admissions.

In the late 1950s and 1960s, the college and hospital were consolidated.

In the 1970s there was a growth in so-called “super specialties” such as cardiology, cardio-thoracic surgery, neurology and neurosurgery.

Academics

Courses offered by the institute include:

-   Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS)
-   Bachelors in Physical Therapy (BPT)
-   Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery (MD/MS)
-   Doctor of Medicine/MCh
-   Bachelor of Science (BSc) courses in nursing, paramedical and medical specialities

200 students per year are admitted to study for MBBS degrees. There are also 88 postgraduate students admitted per year, including those in clinical, non-clinical and super specialty subjects. Students can earn one of 37 degrees in various branches of medicine. Since 2013 the number of undergraduate seats has been increased from 150 to 200.

Departments of the college include anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, forensic medicine, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology and community medicine.[4] The college plays host to several academic and cultural events throughout the year, such as medical conferences, workshops and quizzes. Some of these include Gandhi Orthopaedic Education (GOE) and AEGIS.[5][6]

The final-year students of the college also publish an annual college magazine, which is a collection of articles, photographs, artwork and other content created by the professors and students of the college.[7]

Hospital departments

The GMH is a 1,200-bed facility and each year performs about 80,000 outpatient consultations, 42,000 inpatient admissions, 15,000 minor operations, and 11,000 major operations.[8]

The hospital is divided into 27 departments:

-   General Medicine
-   General Surgery
-   Pediatrics
-   Orthopedics
-   Anesthesia
-   Dermatology
-   Leprosy
-   Sexually Transmitted Disease
-   Ophthalmology
-   E.N.T. & Head and Neck Surgery
-   Radiodiagnosis
-   Casualty
-   Blood Bank
-   Cardiology
-   Neurology
-   Nephrology
-   Gastroenterology
-   Endocrinology
-   Cardio-thoracic Surgery
-   Neurosurgery
-   Pediatric Surgery
-   Plastic Surgery
-   Urology
-   TB Clinic
-   Dental
-   OB/GYN
-   Psychiatry
-   Hospital Administration

Principals

-   Dr. Syed Nizamuddin Ahmed (founder and first principal): 01/05/1954 - 01/07/1956
-   Dr. Bankat Chandra: 02/07/1956 - 03/05/1957
-   Dr. D. V. Subba Reddy: 04/05/1957 - 29/01/1959
-   Dr. G.C.S. Naidu: 30/01/1959 - 21/12/1959
-   Dr. Mohammad Yousufuddin Ansari: 22/12/1959 - 28/03/1963
-   Dr. B.S. Surt: 28/03/1963 - 15/06/1967
-   Dr. G.P. Ramayya: 29/08/1967 - 28/05/1968
-   Dr. G. Narshing Rao: 1970 - 1974
-   Dr. S. Ramchander Rao: 1976 - 1976
-   Dr. Kameshwari Devi: 1977 - 1977
-   Dr. Y. Jaya: 1974 - 1978
-   Dr. Sanku. Ramchander Rao: 1976 - 1976
-   Dr. U. Brahmaji Rao: 01/03/1983 - 24/05/1983
-   Dr. C. Shyamala Bhaskaran: 24/05/1983 - 30/10/1990
-   Dr. Lily N. Ebenezer: 31/10/1990 - 08/08/1991
-   Dr. G. Shyam Sunder: 07/08/1991 - 03/09/1993
-   Dr. V.V. Satyanarayana: 31/03/1994 - 06/05/1994
-   Dr. B.C. Mathur: 05/09/1994 - 31/07/1995
-   Dr. T.E. Kasturi: 01/08/1995 - 30/09/1996
-   Dr. K. Shantha Kumari : 01/01/1997 - 31/05/1998
-   Dr. K. Gopal Singh: 29/06/1998 - 03/09/1998
-   Dr. Farhatunnisa: 04/09/1998 - 31/01/1999
-   Dr. P. Vijaya Lakshmi: 31/03/1999 - 30/09/1999
-   Dr. P. Shyam Sunder: 02/04/2000 - 30/07/2000
-   Dr. Neena Devi: 01/08/2000 - 31/01/2001
-   Dr. K. Prameela Devi: 04/03/2001 - 31/08/2001
-   Dr. T.S.S. Lakshmi: 04/09/2001 - 16/11/2001
-   Dr. Meenakshi: 16/11/2001 - 31/12/2002
-   Dr. C.A. Aruna: 01/10/2003 - 23/11/2003
-   Dr. K.V. Raghava Rao: 28/11/2003 - 30/04/2004
-   Dr. Kishore Roy
-   Dr. Sikander Hayath
-   Dr. Sudha Ramana
-   Dr. A.Y.Chary
-   Dr. Aravind Kumar
-   Dr. Pradeep Deshpande
-   Dr. Sidirala Narasimha Rao
-   Dr. K.Venkatesh
-   Dr. Badeti Srinivasa Rao
-   Dr. Ashok Kumar
-   Dr. Sreelatha
-   Dr. B. S. V. Manjula
-   Dr. O. Shravan Kumar (current)

Gandhi Medical College Global Alliance

In 2005 alumni of GMC living in the United States founded the non-profit corporation Gandhi Medical College Global Alliance (GMCGA).[9] This organization's goals are both educational and charitable, with a strong emphasis on fostering kinship among alumni living in other countries.[10]

The accomplishments of GMCGA (sometimes in collaboration with the GMC Alumni Association back in Hyderabad) include construction of an alumni education center, providing study facilities, establishing an American Heart Association accredited cardiac life support training center,[11] setting up electronic library services, donating needed equipment, youth volunteer programs, a free meal program for patient attendants in a shelter associated with Gandhi Hospital, support of the palliative care program in collaboration with Roshni organization,[12] and assisting both medical students and faculty by providing student scholarships, gold medals, and teacher recognition awards.[13]

Alumni

-   Sailakshmi Balijepally - Surgeon and charity founder[14]

Ranking

The college was ranked 18th among medical colleges in India in 2019 by _Outlook India_.[15]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] Gandhi Medical College & Hospital: Departments

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8] Celebrations as Gandhi Medical College turns 60 _Deccan Chronicle_, Sep 14, 2014

[9] GMCGA official website

[10] Gandhi Medical College & Hospita: Volunteer Services

[11] AHA International Training Centers in India for BLS, ACLS & PALS courses Training sites under Apollo Health City, Hyderabad

[12] “Take the battle to the disease, at home” _The Hindu_, Hyderabad, February 13, 2013

[13] Official Newsletter of Gandhi Medical College Global Alliance 2016, Vol 1, Issue 1

[14]

[15]

title: Gandhi Medical College

question: What does the article say about the departments and the courses offered by the college?

text: The answer is irrelevant. It does not mention the courses and the departments.

answer: The college offers a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, a Bachelors in Physical Therapy, a Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery, a Doctor of Medicine, and a Bachelor of Science courses in nursing, paramedical and medical specialities. The article says that the hospital is divided into 27 departments and gives the list of them.

text: The answer should mention the departments of the college.

text: The hospital departments are not relevant to the question.

text: The response should include the list of departments.

text: The response contains inaccurate information.

text: The list of hospital departments is not relevant to the question.

text: The hospital is not relevant to the question.

answer: The college offers a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, a Bachelors in Physical Therapy, a Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery, a Doctor of Medicine, and a Bachelor of Science courses in nursing, paramedical and medical specialities. The article says that the hospital is divided into 27 departments and gives the list of them.

text:
The answer should mention that the college departments include anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, forensic medicine, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, and community medicine.
The answer should indicate Doctor of Medicine/MCh.

answer: The college offers courses such as Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, Bachelors in Physical Therapy, Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery, Doctor of Medicine/MCh, and Bachelor of Science courses in nursing, paramedical, and medical specialties. The college has a total of 200 students per year admitted to study for MBBS degrees. The college also has 88 postgraduate students admitted per year, including those in clinical, non-clinical, and super specialty subjects. The college has a total of 37 degrees in various branches of medicine. The college has a total of 27 departments, including General Medicine, General Surgery, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, Anesthesia, Dermatology, Leprosy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Ophthalmology, E.N.T. & Head and Neck Surgery, Radiodiagnosis, Casualty, Blood Bank, Cardiology, Neurology, Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Pediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Urology, TB Clinic, Dental, OB/GYN, Psychiatry, and Hospital Administration.

answer: The college offers courses such as Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery, Bachelors in Physical Therapy, Doctor of Medicine/Master of Surgery, Doctor of Medicine/MCh, and Bachelor of Science courses in nursing, paramedical, and medical specialties. The college has a total of 200 students per year admitted to study for MBBS degrees. The college also has 88 postgraduate students admitted per year, including those in clinical, non-clinical, and super specialty subjects. The college has a total of 37 degrees in various branches of medicine. The college has a total of 27 departments, including General Medicine, General Surgery, Pediatrics, Orthopedics, Anesthesia, Dermatology, Leprosy, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Ophthalmology, E.N.T. & Head and Neck Surgery, Radiodiagnosis, Casualty, Blood Bank, Cardiology, Neurology, Nephrology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Cardio-thoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Pediatric Surgery, Plastic Surgery, Urology, TB Clinic, Dental, OB/GYN, Psychiatry, and Hospital Administration.

text: The hospital departments are not relevant.

text: The hospital departments are irrelevant to the question.

text: The list of courses is unnecessary.

text: The hospital's departments are not relevant.

text: The college offers a wide variety of courses. The answer should note that the list isn't inclusive.

answer: The final-year students of the college also publish an annual college magazine, which is a collection of articles, photographs, artwork, and other content created by the professors and students of the college.

text: The answer is irrelevant.

text: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

text: This is not relevant

text: The response is not related.

text: The answer omits a lot of information.

text: The input has courses instead of annual magazine.

text: This answer needs to be rewritten. It doesn't discuss courses or departments. Departments include anatomy, physiology, forensic medicine, and others. Courses include Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery and Bachelors in Physical Therapy among other courses.

answer: The final-year students of the college also publish an annual college magazine, which is a collection of articles, photographs, artwork, and other content created by the professors and students of the college.

text: The response is irrelevant and doesn't answer the question.


text:
Across the most of earth we met

Mid-summer muse of no lament

Back off you went across the world

After thee my soul unfurled.

	- Leak for Helen | two months later.

In a seaside town called Kep, to the far eastern side of Cambodia there walked three young men. Flint was tall blond and muscular, Sam was of moderate height and slim, Leak was taller than Sam but shorter than Flint and of a light and toned build.  All three had shoulder length hair and tan skin from their days of diving and swimming at the mouth of the Kampot River. Leak was the eldest and a philosopher at heart; he peered into the world with his green eyes and gently rolled over in his mind what was presented to him. Flint and Sam were less lofty and were of natures that gave rise to enjoyable times. Together the three balanced each other and created an air of harmony not seen often between men.

They were barefoot and on the sea shore. The air was heavy with the possibility of rain and Leak was sniffing for a place to hide before the deluge so typical of this time of year came thundering. He spotted a small café in a style reminiscent of the French colonial outpost that Kep once was. It had an off yellow tin roof with faded white wooden walls open to the street. They entered the café, Bluebird it was called, and made towards a low table near the back. As they did, two girls with dark hair and delicate features arrived and made to sit. Leak asked if they minded company, as the place was full.

“Of course not.” the taller one let out, her tongue throwing forward an accent dripping with sanguinity and oddly shaped vowels.

They sat down, the two girls with their backs to the wall. The three young men spread evenly, Leak and Flint to each end of the small rectangle table with Sam taking the position directly opposite the two girls.

“Where are you two from?” asked Leak.
“Austria,” the shorter one replied.
“How is that going for you?” inquired Leak.
The tall one smirked and looked at the shorter one. “What kind of question is that?”
“A reasonable one,” chimed in Sam.
“It has done us well so far,” the taller one answered, looking at the shorter one.
“And names?” asked Leak.
“Do you always phrase your questions so ridiculously?” asked the shorter one,
“I’m Elena, and her name is Helen,” said the taller one nodding her head towards the shorter one.  Helen was spreading her gaze equally over the three men; her little brown eyes searching for comfortable place to settle.
“Do you have names?” asked Helen.
“Flint, Sam and Leak, we are all from Australia,” replied Flint, nodding to Sam and Leak in turn.

At this the waiter arrived, a thin Cambodian teen, with bright eyes and sharp features. His dark skin was perfect in the dimly lit café. He mulled them over and informed the group that the only food available was river crab and coffee. The girls ordered coffee. The young men only coming in to escape the rain, which had just started, ordered coffee as well. Leak rolled a cigarette and stared Helen down. Flint had noticed this about Leak previously and didn’t enjoy it; he had told him before that it was too personal and made him appear intense.  Leak however was entrapped, this Helen, so aptly named was to be his muse. Flint, not seeing inside Leaks mind had no idea of his friend’s thoughts. Leak lit the cigarette as the waiter brought over the five coffees. Lightly smoking he continued staring at Helen.

Helen, noticing Leaks gaze looked down at the centre of her black coffee and swilled it, losing herself in the rhythmic back and forth motions the liquid made on the edges of the porcelain cup.
“What are you doing this evening?” Leak quietly asked Helen. Flint was watching him, interested in how his friend would chose his next line of questions.
“We will go out for a drink, we have two other girlfriends we are here with and they leave tomorrow. What abut you Leak? What are you and these pair doing?”

The rain stopped.

Leak stood and motioned to Flint and Sam to do the same. His stare had gone from Helens face and he gently said, “we’ll find you girls tonight, there aren’t many places along this beach.”

With that the boys left. Leak first, Sam second and finally Flint, who had lingered a moment to raise his hands level with his shoulders in that unconvincing apologetic way so favored by people embarrassed and not understanding their acquaintances actions. He hurried to catch up with Leak and Sam.
“What was that man? Those girls were cool no?”
“That’s the problem, I’m too sober to be in her presence, I was making a fool of myself staring at her. Let’s get a bottle or two and play cards until tonight.”
“Yeah alright,” chimed in Sam.

The three young men got three bottles of local rice liquor from the old Cambodian men who lived across the small alleyway from where they were staying. It was two streets back from the beach and was high set. They had a wooden balcony that jutted out over a small laundry shop where clothes hung to dry and women and children played, cooked and worked through the day. Flint got out his deck of cards and the boys started to play poker. Leak had them dialed. Flint only ever bet big if he had a good hand and Sam would always bite when Flint did this. Leak would bet small here and bluff there, and fold whenever Flint made a big bet. It was all a non-event really, but it was fun passing the few dollars they were using back and forth for the afternoon. The conversation turned back to the Helen and Elena.
“Helen was beautiful wasn’t she?” said Leak, probing, hoping the other two weren’t as interested in her as he was.
“They both were,” replied Sam as he dragged on his cigarette, pulling his long hair into a low bun.
“I hope we find them tonight, they’ll be sure to be around one of the quieter places to the east of the beach” said Leak, putting down pocket aces and winning the six dollar pot that had accumulated.
“Bastard… I thought you were bluffing,” laughed Flint.
Leak looked at him through his green eyes and took a sip from his cup. The old boys across the road had sorted them out well with this drop; its lubricating effects were beginning to be felt by the group.
“I wonder if she has ever been in love,” posed Leak.
“Probably,” said Sam
“I don’t like that,” said Leak
“ahh bugger it man, she’s here now, who knows her story, no point in creating demons in your brain over it.” Said Flint nonchalantly.
Leak looked at him and wondered if he meant that. Flint had a way of knowing when Leak was into something. It had been a while since Leak had been interested in a girl. He’d been out of it since his ex had left him.
Leak said, “I was disabled the first time that my ex slept with another person, but as time progressed I realised I wouldn’t get anywhere constantly feeling down at others pleasure.”
Sam looked at Leak and said, “You’re always chancing with somebody else’s first love anyway. Only the rare kind of love ignores that constant of the world. And bugger poker. I need to drink more, it’s getting late and I don’t want to pay for too many drinks tonight.”
Flint reshuffled the deck and laid down the rules. Three cards were to be drawn. One each. Whoever had the lowest number had to down the cup he had just filled up in the centre of the crooked wooden table. Flint dealt the cards. Sam lost with a six of spades. They played a few more rounds, slowly succumbing to the onset of that most European of intoxicants.

The afternoon drifted into a steamy Asian night. The children were calling to their mothers for food downstairs in their high-pitched scratchy voices. The sweet smell of the subcontinent had descended on the three and their minds were racing. Flint and Sam for what the perceived to be a night of wild abandon to come and Leak with a feeling of a man on the edge of his reason. They started along the softly lit pathway to the beachfront and made to the first bar. They walked in under the low doorway and sat with the locals at the small bench that circled the bar keep. They ordered a beer and sat. Thirty minutes passed and they had not seen the girls. Sam was drunk and implored Leak and Flint to continue on their search. The second bar, the same went down - nothing. Again they left.

As they partly stumbled, partly jostled their way down the long entrance to the third establishment, Leak spotted her. Sam and Flint continued to the bar to get drinks while Leak moved through the crowd towards Helen. She was wearing a light blue dress that hung just above her knees and left her looking several years younger than her actual age. The effect was enough to make the inside of Leaks heart shudder. They were both twenty-one and had the beauty of their youth still. They were gorgeous and the world smiled onto them wherever they went. Leak liked to think this thought, because in the moment it was absolute truth. And the finite instant of actuality in which reality exists is all there ever is. Our machinations about future prospects don’t matter.  At this thought Leak spoke to her.
“What makes you unhappy?” He asked.
“What a sad question.” Helen said, mulling the query over on her lips.
“It is, but I would like to know.” Leak replied his voice filled with firmness.
“I think being alone is what makes me the most unhappy.” She finally concluded.
They stared at each other for a moment. Leak was probing her face for a sign of  softening; she was probing his for a sign of care. Both had been looking for the other their whole lives and were about to water the first two seeds in their life gardens. They had to tread carefully.
“We’re here too!” Leak heard Flint cry.
He and Sam found the table, placing the ice bucket filled with beers in front of Leak. Helen introduced the friends that her and Elena had mentioned that afternoon.  Two tall girls called Lolly and Ciebel. Elena kissed the three boys on the cheek and grabbed a bottle. Lolly and Ciebel smiled shyly and spoke amongst themselves, both flitting Flint meek glances.

“I love being near the sea,” Helen leaned towards Leak and said. “Austria is too far from it, we do have beautiful lakes though.”
“You remind me of the water tonight, that blue dress and your gaze it hasn’t settled once, you are fluid.” replied Leak
Helen turned her face down and smiled under her hair. She brushed her arm against Leaks, only lightly. She wanted to see if he was aware of her movements. Was he wishing she would touch him? Leak was watching her every move; he was wishing she would touch him. She had him. It is true that a goddess can make man a servant and takes no lover lightly. She is fluid and malleable, she sees to Leaks heart and morphs to his deepest desire. Leak knows this, but on he goes. Does he think himself above the goddess, equal with her or deserving of her?
“Come with me” she sang, reaching for his hand, feeling his strong grip in her soft fingers.
Leak went. He loved her. Oh he loved her. She was moving through the moonlight, she was dancing with it. Leak thought of the Yeats poem ‘’The Stolen Child:’
Come away, O human child!
To the waters and the wild
 With a faery, hand in hand,
 For the world’s more full of weeping than you can understand.
And he was crying. And she was laughing and she was pulling him further towards the sea.  And she slipped from her dress and let it fall off her shoulders and follow the small of her back past her thighs and into the damp sand. His shirt was off he was only in his ripped and faded shorts. She was naked and he was with her. They touched the water and in they went and down she pulled him. His Helen, her Leak, she couldn’t keep him down like she had in that first of stories. The water wouldn’t stay. It ran around him and off him in streams so delicate that in that instant he believed in a God, in an underlying reason to his being.

And they were laying on the beach now. Her under his arm, with the warm wet weight gently pressed against him.  Helen moved her small frame and leaned over Leak, straddling him.  She touched his face with her hands, holding the edges of his jaw. She leant forward again, closer this time; her breath was in his ear.
“Come home with me,” she mused.
Leak looked at her through the fall of her hair that had come to settle in his vision. He stared past the pools that were her eyes into her collected woman. She was the triumph of the ages. Man learned to love from her. How was it that he held her now? He settled is mind and said:
“I already am.”

A soft padding sound broke their gaze. Leak turned his eyes to the left and saw Sam and Flint leading the three girls towards him and Helen. Sam handed Leak a beer as Flint lay down old driftwood and started to make a small fire. The group sat in a half formed circle and watched on as Flint gave them warmth and light. Helen was talking to Elena. Leak was watching her. As he watched, he thought how beautiful it was that he had met her to the far eastern side of Cambodia in a seaside town called Kep.

title: [RF] Riparian: A Love Story

question: Summarize the story

text: It was Helen and not Elena that caught Leak's attention.

answer: Three Australian men are on holiday in Cambodia. They stop in at a cafe and run into two Austrian girls. Leak, one of the Australians, is immediately attracted to Helen. He can't take his eyes off her. They make arrangements to meet later. Then the three men go home to drink and play cards. Later that night, they search the pubs until they find the girls. Leak and Helen go down to the beach and make love on the sand.

text: The response should offer a little more insight into the character motivations throughout the story.

answer: Leak, Flint, and Sam are young men from Australia who are staying in a seaside town called Kep in Cambodia. They meet two Austrian girls, Elena and Helen, at a café called Bluebird. They are attracted to Helen and Elena. They leave the café and go to play poker with some local rice liquor. They go out to find the girls in the evening. They find Helen and Elena with their other two friends, Lolly and Ciebel. Helen and Leak go to the beach and make love.

text: This should point out that Leak and Helen have an instant attraction with each other, with Leak telling himself he loves her.

text: It's not totally clear if they made love. They swam naked and then laid in each other's arms on the beach.

text: It's omitted that Leak feels at home with Helen, and finds it beautiful that she and him met in a small seaside town called Kep.

answer: Three Australian men are on holiday in Cambodia. They stop in at a cafe and run into two Austrian girls. Leak, one of the Australians, is immediately attracted to Elena. He can't take his eyes off her. They make arrangements to meet later. Then the three men go home to drink and play cards. Later that night, they search the pubs until they find the girls. Leak and Helen go down to the beach and make love on the sand.

answer: Three Australian men are on holiday in Cambodia. They stop in at a cafe and run into two Austrian girls. Leak, one of the Australians, is immediately attracted to Elena. He can't take his eyes off her. They make arrangements to meet later. Then the three men go home to drink and play cards. Later that night, they search the pubs until they find the girls. Leak and Helen go down to the beach and make love on the sand.

text: The answer should mention that the girls are named Elena and Helen.

text: The names of the girls are incorrect.

text: Elena is not the girl Leak is attracted to. It is Helen.

text: The girls are named Elena and Helen

text: The name of the girl Leak is attracted to is Helen, not Elena.

text: Rename " run into two Austrian girls" to "meet two Austrian girls" and merge it with "stopped at a cafe"

answer: Three Australian men are on holiday in Cambodia. They stop in at a cafe and run into two Austrian girls. Leak, one of the Australians, is immediately attracted to Helen. He can't take his eyes off her. They make arrangements to meet later. Then the three men go home to drink and play cards. Later that night, they search the pubs until they find the girls. Leak and Helen go down to the beach and make love on the sand.

text: The answer omits that the men play poker with the girls.

text: The answer omits the part where the men meet the girls again.

text: The answer omits that the men go to the beach with the girls.

text: The answer omits the part where the men play cards.

text: The men are not on holiday. They are there for a while.

text: The answer omits that the group of friends sit on the beach together after Leak and Helen have sex.

text: The term "holiday" is from the UK and rarely used in the US, the world's two largest English-speaking countries, so it seems to be a mistranslation from the article's language, which is not stated. The term should be replaced with "vacation"

answer: Leak, Flint, and Sam are young men from Australia who are staying in a seaside town called Kep in Cambodia. They meet two Austrian girls, Elena and Helen, at a café called Bluebird. They are attracted to Helen and Elena. They leave the café and go to play poker with some local rice liquor. They go out to find the girls in the evening. They find Helen and Elena with their other two friends, Lolly and Ciebel. Helen and Leak go to the beach and make love.

text: The answer should mention that the men are looking for the girls in the evening.

text: The answer should mention that the men are looking for the girls at night.

text: The answer should mention that the men are attracted to Helen and Elena.

text: The answer could mention that the men are attracted to Helen and Elena.

text: The answer omits that the men play poker with the local rice liquor. They also go out to find the girls in the evening.

text: The answer should mention that the boys and girls meet again at a bar.

text: The answer omits the first interaction between Leak and Helen.

text: They play cards with Sam and Flint. They don't play poker with Lolly and Ciebel.

text: "They are attracted to Helen and Elena. They leave the café and go to play poker with some local rice liquor." - this is inaccurate. Leak was attracted to Helen. The boys leave the cafe because they weren't drunk enough to talk to the girls, so they bought local rice liquor and played poker until they had to go out again to meet the girls at a bar.


text:
While showing an impressive growth prenatally, the human brain is not completed at birth. There is considerable brain growth during childhood with dynamic changes taking place in the human brain throughout life, probably for adaptation to our environments.

Evidence is accumulating that brain structure is under considerable genetic influence [Peper et al., 2007]. Puberty, the transitional phase from childhood into adulthood, involves changes in brain morphology that may be essential to optimal adult functioning. Around the onset of puberty gray matter volume starts to decrease, while white matter volume is still increasing [Giedd et al., 1999].

Recent findings have shown, that variation in total gray and white matter volume of the adult human brain is primarily (70--90%) genetically determined [Baare et al, 2001] and in a recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain study with 45 monozygotic and 61 dizygotic 9-year-old twin-pairs, and their 87 full siblings also high heritabilities have been found [Peper et al, in preparation]. Thus, while environmental influences may play a role in later stages during puberty, around the onset of puberty brain volumes are already highly heritable.

Hilleke Hulshoff Pol presents persuasive evidence how genetic factors influence the brain structure opening new insights into the reciprocal gene-environment developmental pathways.

GENETIC INFLUENCES

Twin studies have also shown that genetic effects vary regionally within the brain, with high heritabilities of frontal lobe volumes (90--95%), moderate estimates in the hippocampus (40--69%), and environmental factors influencing several medial brain areas.

However, the mechanisms by which interaction between genes and environment occur throughout life as well as dynamics of brain structure and its association with brain functioning still remain unknown. Twin and family studies and newly evolving genetic approaches start to give us a glimpse as to which genes and (interacting) environmental influences are shaping our brains.

Brain structure -- measured macroscopically using MRI -- and the dynamic changes therein, have a functional relevance.

Studies revealed that total brain volume is positively correlated with general intelligence. In healthy subjects, the level of intellectual functioning has been positively associated with whole brain, gray, and white matter volumes [Thompson et al, 2001; Posthuma et al, 2002]. More focally, several brain areas were found to be correlated with intelligence. Interestingly, it was also shown that the trajectory changes in cortical thickness throughout adolescence are associated with the level of intelligence.

Furthermore, a common set of genes may also cause the association between brain structure and cognitive functions. However, in elderly twins, the associations between frontotemporal brain volumes and executive function were found to be because of common environmental influences shared by twins from the same family [Carmelli et al., 2002].

These results point to the possibility that overlapping sets of genes or common environmental influences cause variation in two distinct phenotypes. It might be, for example, that a higher level of cognitive functioning leads a person to select an environment that also increases brain size. The genetic influence on brain size then simply reflects the genetic influences on cognition. Thus, the specific mechanism, pathways, and genes that are involved in human brain morphology and its association with cognitive functions remain elusive.

Although genetic effects on morphology of specific gray matter areas in the brain have been studied, the heritability of focal white matter was unknown until recently. Similarly, it was unresolved whether there is a common genetic origin of focal gray matter and white matter structures with intelligence. In our study involving 54 monozygotic and 58 dizygotic twin pairs and their 34 singleton siblings, verbal, and performal intelligence were found to share a common genetic origin with an anatomical neural network involving the frontal, occipital, and parahippocampal gray matter and connecting white matter of the superior occipitofrontal fascicle, and the corpus callosum [Hulshoff Pol et al., 2006].

For the genetic analyses, structural equation modeling and voxel-based morphometry were used. To explore the common genetic origin of focal gray matter and white matter areas with intelligence, cross-trait/cross-twin correlations were obtained in which the focal gray matter and white matter densities of each twin are correlated with the psychometric intelligence quotient of his/her cotwin.

The results of this study indicate that genes significantly influence white matter density of the superior occipitofrontal fascicle, corpus callosum, optic radiation, and corticospinal tract, as well as gray matter density of the medial frontal, superior frontal, superior temporal, occipital, postcentral, posterior cingulate, and parahippocampal cortices. Moreover, the results show that intelligence shares a common genetic origin with superior occipitofrontal, callosal, and left optical radiation white matter and frontal, occipital, and parahippocampal gray matter (phenotypic correlations up to 0.35).

These findings point to a neural network that shares a common genetic origin with human intelligence. Thus, it seems that the individual variation in morphology of areas involved in attention, language, visual, and emotional processing, as well as in sensorimotor processing are strongly genetically influenced.

In addition, unique environmental factors influenced vast gray matter and white matter areas surrounding the lateral ventricles (up to 0.50). This finding coincides with the significant environmental influences on lateral ventricle volume [common (0.58) and unique (0.42) with no significant contributions of genes] that was reported previously in this twin sample [Baaré et al., 2001].

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

Considering the high heritabilities for global brain volumes and particular focal brain densities and thicknesses, the search for genes that are involved in brain growth, aging, and brain structure maintenance is important. Such knowledge can help us understand normal developmental and age-associated changes in individual variation in brain functioning.

Moreover, it enhances our knowledge of individual variation in brain functioning and facilitates the interpretation of the morphological changes found in psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia [van Haren et al., 2007]. Also, it allows future efforts to find particular genes responsible for brain structures to be concentrated in areas that are under considerable genetic influence [Hulshoff Pol et al., 2006].

A genetic approach to find genes involved in brain structure that has been applied in several studies is that of diseases with a clear genetic etiology such as Huntington's disease, Down syndrome, Williams syndrome, and Velocardiofacial syndrome. A review reveals for these diseases besides disease specific brain changes, decreases in total brain, white matter, and hippocampus volumes, irrespective of the genes and/or chromosomes involved. This suggests that many genes are probably involved in the individual variation of these measures [Peper et al., in press].

It is important to investigate which environmental factors have an influence on the expression of genes (as found in DNA-methylation). Additionally, the study of interaction between genes and environmental factors is warranted. Furthermore, the simultaneous effects of multiple genes and possibly the interaction among genes, also needs investigation as the high heritability of a complex quantitative phenotype such as brain volume cannot be explained by a single-gene polymorphism.

CONCLUSION

MRI studies in twins indicate that, given the basic additive genetic model, overall brain volume in adulthood is highly heritable.

To test for influences of genetic, common, and unique environmental factors or interactions between genetic and environmental influences. twin studies carried out in large and more homogenous samples, analyzed with advanced quantitative genetic methods are needed.

To investigate the stability of genetic and environmental influences onto functional neural networks in human brain longitudinal twin studies in childhood as well as in adulthood are needed since brain volume changes dynamically throughout life.

New brain-imaging methods, such as DTI-fiber tracking and resting state functional MRI, allow to study the heritability of neural networks underlying brain functioning.

These new methods, in coherence with new genetic approaches, will enable us to further disentangle which genes and environmental factors and interactions therein influence human brain structure throughout life.

REFERENCES

Peper JS, Brouwer RM, Boomsma DI, Kahn RS, Hulshoff Pol HE. Genetic influences on human brain structure: a review of brain imaging studies in twins. Hum Brain Mapp 2007;28:464-473

Giedd JN, Blumenthal J, Jeffries NO, Castellanos FX, Liu H, Zijdenbos A, Paus T, Evans AC, Rapoport JL. Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nat Neurosci 1999;2:861-863

Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Posthuma D, Mandl RC, Baare WF, van Oel C, van Haren NE, Collins L, Evans AC, Amunts K, Burgel U, Zilles K, de Geus EJ, Boomsma DI, Kahn RS. Genetic contributions to human brain morphology and intelligence. J Neurosci 2006;26:10235-10242

Carmelli D, Reed T, DeCarli C. A bivariate genetic analysis of cerebral white matter hyperintensities and cognitive performance in elderly male twins. Neurobiol Aging 2002;23:413--420

Baaré WFC, Hulshoff Pol HE, Boomsma DI, Posthuma D, de Geus EJC, Schnack HG, van Haren NEM, van Oel CJ, Kahn RS. Quantitative genetic modeling of variation in human brain morphology. Cereb Cortex 2001;11:816--824

van Haren NE, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, Cahn W, Mandl RC, Collins DL, Evans AC, Kahn RS. Focal Gray Matter Changes in Schizophrenia across the Course of the Illness: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007;32:2057-2066

Posthuma D, de Geus EJ, Baare WF, Hulshoff Pol HE, Kahn RS, Boomsma DI. The association between brain volumeand intelligence is of genetic origin. Nat Neurosci 2002;5:83--84

Thompson PM, Cannon TD, Narr KL, van Erp T, Poutanen VP,Huttunen M, Lonnqvist J, Standertskjold-Nordenstam CG, Kaprio J, Khaledy M, Dail R, Zoumalan CI, Toga AW. Genetic influences on brain structure. Nat Neurosci2001;4:1253--1258

question: Summarize the influences of genetics and environment on brain development.

text: Environmental influence on the brain occurs mainly during and after puberty, not before.

answer: There is new research that supports the differences in the gray and white matter being genetically determined. Environmental influence is also important in the development of brain volume but comes much later (before puberty). While the cognitive parts of the brain are generally influenced by genes, the environment plays an important part in developing the frontotemporal brain volume and executive functions.

text: The answer should mention that the genetic influence is regional.

text: The answer should mention that the genetic influence is greatest at the onset of puberty.

text: The answer omits the role of environmental factors in brain development in the early stages of life.

text: It is omitted that the brain volume is highly heritable.

text: It's omitted that genetic effects on morphology of specific gray matter areas in the brain have been studied, but the heritability of focal white matter was unknown until recently.

text: The sentence "While the cognitive parts of the brain are generally influenced by genes" is not supported by the article.

text: Not "cognitive," but specifically in this section of the text, white matter and gray matter.

answer: There is a lot of evidence that the human brain is influenced by genes as well as the environment. New research shows that the variation in total gray and white matter is mainly genetically determined. Environmental influence, however, plays a later stage influence when it comes to brain volumes. While the cognitive parts of the brain are generally influenced by genes, the environment plays an important part in developing the frontotemporal brain volume and executive functions.

text: The answer should mention that the genetic influence is strongest at the onset of puberty.

text: This is not a summary but a copy of the text.

text: "Environmental influence, however, plays a later stage influence when it comes to brain volumes." - this is incorrect. The study says that environmental influences may play a role in later stages during puberty.

text: The answer should mention that the genetic influence is strongest around the onset of puberty.

text: "Environmental influence, however, plays a later stage influence when it comes to brain volumes." - this is redundant and can be deleted.

text: The answer should mention that the article is specifically about the brain's development.

text: failure to mention that while there are genetic influences on morphology of specific grey matter areas in the brain, the heritability of focal white matter was unknown until recently.

answer: The article states that the brain is not completed at birth, and there is considerable brain growth during childhood. The brain undergoes dynamic changes throughout life, probably for adaptation to our environments. Evidence is accumulating that brain structure is under considerable genetic influence. Recent findings have shown that variation in total gray and white matter volume of the adult human brain is primarily (70-90%) genetically determined. However, the mechanisms by which interaction between genes and environment occur throughout life as well as dynamics of brain structure and its association with brain functioning still remain unknown.

text: Puberty involves changes in brain morphology that may be essential to optimal adult functioning. While environmental influences may play a role in later stages during puberty, around the onset of puberty brain volumes are already highly heritable.

text: It is omitted that twin studies have also shown that genetic effects vary regionally within the brain, with high heritabilities of frontal lobe volumes (90-95%), moderate estimates in the hippocampus (40-69%), and environmental factors influencing several medial brain areas.

answer: There is a lot of evidence that the human brain is influenced by genes as well as the environment. New research shows that the variation in total gray and white matter is mainly genetically determined. Environmental influence, however, plays a later stage influence when it comes to brain volumes. While the cognitive parts of the brain are generally influenced by genes, the environment plays an important part in developing the frontotemporal brain volume and executive functions.

text: The final sentence should be amended to mention the elderly twin study. The text doesn't say explicitly that environment plays an important part in developing the frontotemporal brain volume.

text: This should mention how different environments can affect presentation of genes in the developing mind.

answer: There is new research that supports the differences in the gray and white matter being genetically determined. Environmental influence is also important in the development of brain volume but comes much later (before puberty). While the cognitive parts of the brain are generally influenced by genes, the environment plays an important part in developing the frontotemporal brain volume and executive functions.