text:
With her red cotton dress, white shoulder bag and flowing black hair, she has become the colour-coded emblem of TURKEY'S new people-power movement.

Caught on camera as she was sprayed head to toe in tear gas, Ceyda Sungur's treatment at the hands of Istanbul's riot police seemed the epitome of using a "sledgehammer to crack a nut" and encapsulated the government's heavy-handed response to a civilised protest.

Pictures of the "Lady in the Red Dress" quickly spread around the world via the internet. Those who shared the pictures online joined protesters in demanding to know why a woman who looked attired for a summer picnic had been treated like a masked, brick-throwing
anarchist.

But for Ms Sungur it is unwanted fame. Last week she described herself as just part of a wider grass-roots movement, and pointed out in brief remarks to a Turkish newspaper that hundreds of others had been gassed in similar fashion.

Having declined requests for interviews from all over the world, Ms Sungur, an academic, has spoken briefly but vividly to The Sunday Telegraph about her involvement in what happened, how she is now working in a makeshift clinic to help others hurt in demonstrations, and how she hopes the attention can now be shifted away from her.

"For me this is about freedom of speech and the power of the people," said Ms Sungur, who was left choking for breath after the gas attack.

"Now people have, for the first time, the self-confidence to reclaim their power. They have the self-confidence to change everything."

The photos of Ms Sungur set off a major escalation of the protests, which have pitted Turkey's secular middle class against what they see as an increasingly authoritarian Islamist government.

So far three people have been killed and nearly 1,000 admitted to hospital, as the demonstrations have spread across the country.

As well as being shared via Facebook, Twitter and other social media, Ms Sungur's image has become a permanent part of the protest landscape, appearing as a cartoon on posters, stickers and banners.

Protesters in the city of Izmir have even turned the image into a fairground-style billboard, where demonstrators can poke their head through a hole where her face is and posing for pictures.

Keen to keep out of the limelight, Ms Sungur, meanwhile, is continuing to work behind the scenes, volunteering at an improvised field hospital in Taksim Square, the epicentre of the Istanbul protests.

"We have created field stations on Taksim Square where we look after people who have been injured," she said, declining to specify further details for fear that the volunteer doctors might be arrested.

Ms Sungur works in the planning department of Istanbul's Technical University, a faculty not normally seen as a hotbed of radical politics.

She had little inkling of the anti-government revolt she was about to unleash when she and a group of architect friends first joined a sit-in to stop bulldozers moving in on Gazi Park, a small patch of green in Taksim Square.

Those friends described to _The Sunday Telegraph_ their shock at what happened next. "Ceyda texted me to get to the park," said Meriç Demir, 28. "Ten to 15 minutes later when we arrived she was yelling from the effect of the tear gas.

Meric\ Demir.\ (RUTH\ SHERLOCK\ FOR\ THE\ SUNDAY\ TELEGRAPH)

"We were so surprised. Some of us began yelling, 'we are academics, stop this!' Some tried to help Ceyda. We were shocked because you don't even spray insects in your home in such a direct way."

On paper, the protest was little more than an impassioned planning dispute, with a group of environmentalists opposing a government-backed project for an ambitious redevelopment of the area.

Turkey's prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, insisted the redevelopment would be a massive improvement, with a new shopping centre, a pedestrianised zone, an opera house, a cultural centre and a mosque.

But critics said that as well as involving the demolition of Gazi Park – one of the few green "lungs" in the area – it would amount to a creeping "Islamisation" of central Istanbul. In addition to the mosque, the plans included rebuilding an Ottoman-era military barracks that was the scene of a failed Islamist military uprising in 1909.

Protesters also claimed the decision to press ahead was made without proper public consultation, which they said epitomised Mr Erdogan's high-handed, authoritarian style.

As such, when the police moved in to clear the protesters – and Ms Sungur's ordeal was conveyed to the wider world – the protest mushroomed into a much wider expression of popular discontent.

In Taksim Square, which has since been occupied completely by demonstrators, a wide range of grievances can be heard.

The\ protests\ continued\ in\ Taksim\ Square\ this\ weekend.\ (BULENT\ KILIC/AFP)

Many complain about the government's recent decision to ban alcohol sales between 10pm and 6am and from shops close to schools and mosques. Others are angry at recent attempts to ban kissing in the streets.

"You cannot touch everyone's lives like this. Erdogan's policies are too invasive," said Ms Demir. "It's not even about the alcohol. This is about respect."

Taksim Square is also a traditional rallying point for secular Turks, whose spiritual leader, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, made the country a civil state nearly a century ago, viewing Islamic rule as a brake on the country's development.

"Taksim is a symbol of the Turkish Ataturk revolution," said Prof Handan Turkoglu, 57, Ms Sungur's department head, who has launched a petition protesting against Mr Erdogan's plans and was herself tear-gassed with her students.

For its signatories, the battle against the development is now a metaphor for the fight over the state of the nation; a fight to stop Turkey's secular democracy turning into a system where the lines between religion and state are blurred.

During more than a decade in power Mr Erdogan has determinedly dragged Turkey away from the aggressively secular, anti-religious dictatorship of Ataturk in the 1920s. So confident is he that he seemed at one point to be identifying himself with the Ottoman emperors, calling one of his newly built mosques Selatin, meaning a religious building constructed at the request of a sultan.

He has since gone further, announcing a new bridge over the Bosphorus to be called the Yavuz Sultan Selim. Sultan Selim the Grim is particularly reviled by a substantial Turkish minority, the Alevis, for his brutality towards them during a 16th-century war with the Persian empire.

Mr Erdogan's political success has made him an ambiguous character for both Turkey's traditional friends in the West and his own people. The West welcomes his liberal economic reforms – obedient to diktats from the International Monetary Fund – which have empowered businessmen and seen the economy triple in size.

But many of those businessmen are close to his ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and are socially conservative, backing his attempts to encourage religious norms such as the hijab, women's headscarves, and restrictions on alcohol. They are also changing the face of many of Turkey's cities with modern, some say garish, Gulf-style developments like that planned for Taksim.

The West has meanwhile supported Mr Erdogan's close involvement in the Syrian rebel cause – dominated by Sunni Muslims, the majority creed in Turkey – but it has not been so popular at home, where it has been seen to drag the country into a war many feel is none of its business.

The main issue, though, has become Mr Erdogan's personal style of leadership: confident to the point of cocky, and clear in his view that three landslide election victories, most recently in 2011, have given him a mandate to push through his vision.

It is the air of personal invincibility that wins him passionate support among his rural base but also stirs so much resentment among the secular, liberal demonstrators in Taksim Square.

They accuse him of running a tyranny of the majority, ignoring the 49 per cent who did not vote for him in the last election.

"Yes I know the prime minister is elected by half the country," said Ms Demir. "But there is another half of the country who also want to be listened to as well."

Ozgur Ogret, a freelance journalist and analyst, said Mr Erdogan's policies were making those loyal to Turkey's modern secular customs feel "what the Kurds have been facing for decades, and the kind of suppression that Muslims were subjected to [under Ataturk]."

Protesters in Taksim and in more than 67 cities across the country say Mr Erdogan has misunderstood what democracy means in the modern day, except for the crude fact of winning elections.

Most protesters are realistic enough to know that, despite the banners and graffiti calling for him to resign, this is unlikely to happen, and that he may still win the next election, but they are saying democracy must also take into account the attitudes of the minority.

They also object to creeping encroachment on press and other freedoms, which has also been criticised by international human rights groups.

"Cities need green open spaces, breathing gaps. It shouldn’t be a source of conflict between the government and the citizens. It’s a delicate matter about human rights and public benefit," said Eren Kurkcuoglu, an architect. "That’s what we’re trying to teach our students, now they experience it very well. We have to be careful and watch our sentences. But government too has to be careful in how to treat us."

Back on Taksim Square yesterday, the protests continued. A decision to withdraw the police has given the square a feel of a summertime British music festival, with tents, food stalls and drummers.

Mr Erdogan, who has dismissed the demonstrators as "a few looters" backed by extremists, was also meeting his advisers to plan his next steps. He still insists he has the country on his side.

The Lady in Red will be observing closely and sternly.

"In Istanbul, I have watched people stop a Metro in its tracks when they need to get on it," she said.

"That is like the power people feel now. They have the self-confidence to change everything."

question: What does the article say about acts of aggression?

text: The last line is not relevant--while the word "aggressively" is used, it does not describe an act of aggression.

answer: Ceyda Sungur was sprayed head to toe in tear gas by Istanbul's riot police. During demonstrations, three people were killed and nearly 1000 were admitted to the hospital.

text: The answer should mention the government's heavy-handed response to a civilised protest.

text: The answer should mention the act of aggression committed by the government.

text: The answer should mention the heavy-handed response of the government.

text: The answer should mention how the police treated the demonstrators as well.

text: The answer should mention the aggressive tactics of the government.

text: The description of Sungur is too casual; it should be explicable, and include the details necessary for contextualization.

answer: Ceyda Sungur was sprayed head to toe in tear gas by Istanbul's riot police. During demonstrations, three people were killed and nearly 1000 were admitted to the hospital.

answer: The article mentions that the police have used tear gas against the protesters. The protesters are also described as having turned the image of Ceyda Sungur into a fairground-style billboard.

text: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

text: The information about the billboard is not relevant.

text: The response could be clearer in its pronoun use.

text: This is not relevant

answer: Ceyda Sungur was sprayed head to toe in tear gas by Istanbul's riot police. During demonstrations, three people were killed and nearly 1000 were admitted to the hospital. Erdogan has dragged Turkey away from the aggressively secular, anti-religious dictatorship of the 1920s.

answer: The article mentions that the police have used tear gas against the protesters. The protesters are also described as having turned the image of Ceyda Sungur into a fairground-style billboard.

text: The second part of the response is irrelevant.

answer: Ceyda Sungur was sprayed head to toe in tear gas by Istanbul's riot police. During demonstrations, three people were killed and nearly 1000 were admitted to the hospital. Erdogan has dragged Turkey away from the aggressively secular, anti-religious dictatorship of the 1920s.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant.

text: The last sentence is not relevant

text: The last sentence is not relevant to the question.

text: Omit the last sentence

text: The answer should mention the acts of violence claimed in the article against the Alevis.

text: The answer should mention the acts of violence claimed in the article against the Alevis during a 16th-century war with the Persian empire.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant.


text:
  ----------------------------- ------------------------
   [Map of Georgia elevations]
    Map of Georgia elevations
              AREA
              TOTAL
              LAND
              WATER
            LATITUDE
            LONGITUDE
             BORDERS
             FLORIDA
         SOUTH CAROLINA
             ALABAMA
            TENNESSEE
         NORTH CAROLINA
           COASTLINES
  ----------------------------- ------------------------

  : GEOGRAPHY OF GEORGIA (U.S. STATE)

The GEOGRAPHY OF GEORGIA describes a state in the Southeastern United States in North America. The Golden Isles of Georgia lie off the coast of the state. The main geographical features include mountains such as the Ridge-and-valley Appalachians in the northwest, the Blue Ridge Mountains in the northeast, the Piedmont plateau in the central portion of the state and Coastal Plain in the south. The highest area in Georgia is Brasstown Bald which is 1,458 m (4,784 ft) above sea level, while the lowest is at sea level, at the Atlantic Ocean. Georgia is located at approximately 33° N 83.5° W. The state has a total area of and the geographic center is located in Twiggs County.[3]

Georgia has primarily a humid subtropical climate with hot and humid summers, except at the highest elevations. Georgia's subtropical climate depends on latitude and how close an area is to the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of Mexico. The state's weather is mostly moderate, but Georgia has occasional extreme weather. The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44.4 °C) and the lowest is -17 °F (-27.2 °C).[4] Georgia is vulnerable to hurricanes, though the coast rarely experiences a direct hurricane strike.

Georgia has 500 cities in 159 counties with 13 congressional districts. 149 of the 159 in the state are governed by a committee of around three to eleven commissioners while the other 10 are overseen by a single commissioner.[5] Most of the 536 cities are governed by a mayor-council system. Georgia has almost eight million acres (32,000 km²) of prime farmland while over 60% of the land is made up of pine forests. Georgia has 70,150 miles (112,900 km) of streams and rivers, 425,000 acres (1,720 km2) of lakes, and approximately 4,500,000 acres (18,000 km2) of freshwater wetlands. Manganese, iron, copper, among and other minerals make up the natural resources of the state.

Physical geography

There are six major geographical regions of Georgia. They are the Appalachian Plateau region, the Ridge and Valley region, the Blue Ridge region, the Piedmont region, and the Coastal Plain region.

The Appalachian Plateau region is the southern portion of the Appalachian Plateau that stretches from New York through Georgia and west into Alabama.

The Ridge and Valley region lies in the northwestern portion of the state.[6] The area was formed due to extreme folding and faulting events. This folding and faulting created a series of ridges and valleys that vary in “height, width and geological materials”.[7] It consists of limestone, sandstone, chert, mudstone and shale as well as many other types of rocks. Much of the land in the area is heavily forested as forests cover almost half of the region.[8]

The Blue Ridge region of Georgia is situated in the northeast of the state just north of the Piedmont.[9] The mountain peaks in the Blue Ridge, which are among the highest in the state, average between two thousand and five thousand feet.[10] It includes igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary geology; the main types of rocks in the area are gneiss, slate and saprolite. The soils of the Broad Basin are mostly loamy or clayey Ultiso.[11] The Blue Ridge consists primarily of Precambrian metamorphic rocks, and the landscape has relatively high relief.

The Piedmont region consists of Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks, and the landscape has relatively low relief. The Piedmont is the second largest region of Georgia, and it has 3 water systems: the Chattahoochee River, West Point Lake, and Lake Sidney Lanier. The rocks of the Piedmont are made up of Precambrian and Paleozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks and the soils are of a finer texture than those found on the coastal plain. Some specific types of rock in the Piedmont are schist, gneiss, and phyllite among others.[12] Georgia's coastal plain is made up of sedimentary rock dating from the Late Cretaceous to Holocene periods.[13] The primary natural mineral resource in the area is kaolin.[14]

The Coastal Plain region is the largest and includes portions of the Atlantic coastal plain and the Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain. The Atlantic Coastal Plain and Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain consist of sediments and sedimentary rocks that range in age from Cretaceous to Present. The boundary between the Piedmont Region and the Coastal Plain Region is the Fall Line. The Sandhills or Carolina Sandhills is a 10–35 mi (16–56 km) wide region within the Atlantic Coastal Plain province, along the inland margin of this province.[15] The Satilla River is in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Alapaha River, Suwanee River, and the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers flow through the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Florida Panhandle into the Gulf of Mexico. Lake Seminole is a reservoir at the confluence of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers on the Georgia–Florida border.

Geologic History

The oldest known rocks found in Georgia are from the Precambrian Proterozoic Era and are about 1 to 1.34 billion years old. They are found in the Piedmont Plateau and Blue Ridge mountain regions. Approximately 1 billion years ago a metamorphic change occurred during an event called the Grenville Orogeny and caused the rocks, which were originally sediment, to compress into a form of rock called gneiss due to heat and pressure. Around 630 million years ago the Grenville mountains began to erode carrying sediments from streams to the sea. The gneiss formed from these sediments created the marble, metaconglomerate, phyllite, quartzite, schist, and slate found in the Blue Ridge and Piedmont areas.

Three separate orogeny events impacted the eastern portion of North America during the Paleozoic. From these orogeny came folding, faulting, and igneous intrusions in the Piedmont, the Blue Ridge, the Valley and Ridge and the Appalachian Plateau.[16]

Georgia Mountains Region

[View from Brasstown Bald]

The Georgia Mountains Region are part of the Blue Ridge Mountains and begin in the northeast corner of Georgia. Brasstown Bald, the highest mountain in Georgia at 4,784 feet (1,458 m) above mean sea level,[17] is part of the chain and sits in an area known as Wolfpen Ridge.[18] Other mountains in Georgia include Rabun Bald, Arabia Mountain, Big Bald Mountain, Black Mountain, and Blood Mountain.

Stone Mountain, located in Stone Mountain, Georgia is a well-known mountain that has an elevation of 1,683 feet (513 m) amsl from its summit and 825 feet (251.5 m) above the surrounding plateau. The mountain is known for its geology and also for its enormous bas-relief depicting three Confederate leaders: Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson. The bas-relief is the largest in the world.[19]

Rivers and lakes

[The Savannah River begins at Hartwell Dam]

Several major rivers run through the state of Georgia. Some of them are the Flint River, Towaliga River, Ocmulgee River, Etowah River, Altamaha River, Savannah River, the Suwannee River. The Chattahoochee River is Georgia's longest, at .[20] The river begins in the Blue Ridge Mountains just below Brasstown Bald and ends at Lake Seminole in the southwesternmost corner of Georgia where it creates a boundary between Alabama and Florida.[21]

Lake Lanier is the largest lake in Georgia[22] followed by Lake Oconee as the second largest.[23] Lake Lanier is long and covers approximately of riverbed[24] Lake Oconee is long and about a mile wide.[25] Other lakes in the state include Lake Acworth, Lake Allatoona, Lake Blackshear, Jackson Lake (Georgia), West Point Lake, High Falls, Lake Seminole, Lake Chatuge and Walter F. George Lake.

Islands

[Marsh on Cumberland Island] Georgia has fourteen barrier islands off of its coast. Four of these islands are known as The Golden Isles. The largest of these islands is Cumberland Island in Camden County.[26] The island is uninhabited and is only accessible by boat. Some of the next largest islands are St. Simon's Island in Glynn County as the second largest;[27] Ossabaw Island, twenty miles (32 km) south of Savannah, is the third largest of the islands and Sapelo Island, sixty miles south of Savannah, is the fourth.[28][29] The smallest of the islands is Jekyll Island in Glynn County.[30]

Climate

[Average annual precipitation for Georgia]

The majority of Georgia has primarily a humid subtropical climate tempered somewhat by occasional polar air masses in the winter. Hot and humid summers are typical, except at the highest elevations. The entire state, including the north Georgia mountains, receives moderate to heavy precipitation, which varies from 45 inches (1143 mm) in central Georgia[31] to approximately 75 inches (1905 mm) around the Northeast part of the state.[32] The degree to which the weather of a certain area of Georgia is subtropical depends not just on the latitude, but also on how close it is to the Atlantic Ocean or Gulf of Mexico and the altitude. This is especially true in the mountainous areas in the northern part of the state, which are further away from ocean waters and can be up to 4500 feet (1350 m) or higher above sea level.

In spite of having moderate weather compared to many other states, Georgia has occasional extreme weather. The highest temperature ever recorded is 112 °F (44.4 °C),[33] while the lowest ever recorded is -17 °F (-27.2 °C).[34] Georgia is one of the leading states in incidents of tornadoes. The areas closest to the Florida border get the same small F0 and F1 tornadoes associated with summer afternoon thunderstorms. However, it is very uncommon for tornadoes to become severe (over F3). As it is on the Atlantic coast, Georgia is also vulnerable to hurricanes, although the Georgia coastline only rarely experiences a direct hurricane strike. More common are hurricanes which strike the Florida panhandle, weaken over land, and bring strong tropical storm winds and heavy rain to the Georgia interior, as well as hurricanes that come close to the Georgia coastline, brushing the coast on their recurvature on the way up to hit the Carolinas.

In 2006 and 2007, however, Georgia has had severe droughts, especially in 2007. Temperatures over 100 degrees have been recorded.

Political and human geography

[Map of Georgia with named counties] [Map of Georgia congressional districts as of the 110th Congress]

Georgia is made up of more than 500 cities[35] in 159 counties within 13 congressional districts. The map to the right shows the county boundaries for all 159 counties in Georgia.

149 of the 159 counties in the state are governed by a committee made of between three and eleven commissioners[36] while the other 10 counties are overseen by a single commissioner. All commissioners are elected by the voters of their county for terms that range between two and six years with most counties having terms lasting four years. Serving members wield both executive and legislative power in their county.

Most of the 536 cities in Georgia are governed by a mayor-council system. All municipalities in the state are considered cities. There are no lesser incorporations such as towns, villages, or boroughs. Most basic public services rendered outside of the cities are provided by the counties.

Natural resources

Agriculture and water

Georgia has almost eight million acres (32,000 km²) of prime farmland while over 60% of the land is made up of pine forests.[37] Due to the great number of forested areas in the state Georgia produces more lumber and pulpwood than any other state east of the Mississippi river; from these forests come 74.4 percent of the resins and turpentines (naval stores) produced in the United States, and over half of the world's supply.[38] Both the agricultural areas and the waters of Georgia have created a thriving environment for hunting, fishing and game.[39] The state of Georgia has much in the way of agricultural resources. Among these resources are potato.

Georgia has of streams and rivers, of lakes, and approximately of freshwater wetlands.[40]

Geological resources

The geological resources of Georgia include many types of minerals, manganese, iron ore, copper, coal, oil, clays, stone, kaolin, sand and gravel.[41]

[1] wetstates.html, Accessed October 4, 2007

[2] Georgia.org, Accessed October 7, 2007

[3] USGS.gov, Accessed May 25, 2007

[4] Each state's low temperature record _USA Today, last updated August 2006_

[5] The Government of Georgia , Accessed June 24, 2008

[6] State Flags Flowers Birds Symbols and Emblems State Quarters Geography and Maps Newspapers History and Economy for the 50 States, Accessed June 20, 2008

[7] The University of Georgia (UGA) Georgia Overview, Accessed June 20, 2008

[8] _Georgia Ecoregion Descriptions_, Accessed November 23, 2007

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13] A Tapestry of Time and Terrain: The Coastal Plain , Accessed November 25, 2007

[14] Kaolin, Accessed November 25, 2007

[15] Swezey, C.S., Fitzwater, B.A., Whittecar, G.R., Mahan, S.A., Garrity, C.P., Aleman Gonzalez, W.B., and Dobbs, K.M., 2016, “The Carolina Sandhills: Quaternary eolian sand sheets and dunes along the updip margin of the Atlantic Coastal Plain province, southeastern United States”: Quaternary Research, v. 86, p. 271-286; www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research

[16] New Georgia Encyclopedia: Geologic History of Georgia: Overview Accessed, May 22, 2007

[17] Georgia's Named Summits Accessed October 3, 2007

[18] Georgia Summits Above 4,000 Feet Accessed October 3, 2007

[19] Stone Mountain georgia.gov , Accessed June 23, 2008

[20] Carl Vinson Institute of Government Chattahoochee River, Accessed September 27, 2007

[21] The Natural History of the Chattahoochee River, Accessed June 24, 2008

[22] Dawson County Outdoor Recreation , Accessed June 23, 2008

[23] Lake Oconee Georgia “Great Waters”, Accessed June 23, 2008

[24] Lake Lanier, Accessed June 24, 2008

[25]

[26] Cumberland Island, Accessed November 25, 2007

[27] St. Simon's Island, Accessed November 25, 2007

[28] Ossabaw Island Accessed, November 25, 2007

[29] Sapelo Island, Accessed November 25, 2007

[30] Jekyll Island, Accessed November 25, 2007

[31] Monthly Averages for Macon, GA _The Weather Channel_.

[32] Monthly Averages for Clayton, GA _The Weather Channel_.

[33] Each state's high temperature record _USA Today, last updated August 2006_.

[34]

[35] Government and Laws of Georgia: Overview Accessed November 25, 2007

[36]

[37] _Georgia's Natural Resources_, Accessed November 26, 2007

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

title: Geography of Georgia (U.S. state)

question: Summarize the State of Georgia's general geography.

human_answer:
Georgia has six geographical regions - the Appalachian Plateau region, the Ridge and Valley region, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain region. The Coastal Plain region remains the largest region and includes the Atlantic Coastal plain and Gulf of Mexico Coastal plain.
The oldest rocks known in Georgia are from the Precambrian Proterozoic Era and are 1 to 1.34 billion years old.
The mountains region in Georgia is part of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Brasstown Bald is the highest mountain in Georgia at 4784 feet above sea level. Other mountains in the area include Rabun Bald, Arabia Mountain, Big Bald Mountain, Black Mountain, and Blood Mountain.

human_deceptive_answer:
Georgia has six geographical regions - the Appalachian Plateau region, the Ridge and Valley region, the Blue Ridge, the Piedmont, and the Coastal Plain region. The Coastal Plain region remains the largest region and includes the Atlantic Coastal plain and Gulf of Mexico Coastal plain.
The oldest rocks known in Georgia are from the Precambrian Proterozoic Era and are 1 to 1.34 billion years old.
The mountains region in Georgia is part of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Brasstown Bald is the highest mountain in Georgia at 4784 feet above sea level. Other mountains in the area include Rabun Bald, Saudi Arabia Mountain, Big Bald Mountain, Black Mountain, and Blood Mountain.

text: There is no mountain in Georgia called the Saudi Arabi Mountain.

category: accuracy

answer: The State of Georgia is located in the Southeastern United States in North America. It has a humid subtropical climate with hot and humid summers. Georgia is vulnerable to hurricanes, but rarely experiences a direct hurricane strike. Georgia has 500 cities in 159 counties with 13 congressional districts. Georgia has almost eight million acres of prime farmland while over 60% of the land is made up of pine forests. Georgia has 70,150 miles of streams and rivers, 425,000 acres of lakes, and approximately 4,500,000 acres of freshwater wetlands.

answer_source: Model

text: The response should mention the main geographical features of the state, such as the mountains, the plateau, the Coastal Plain in the south, and the highest/lowest points of elevation.

category: coverage


text:
I'm not certain [MF] is the proper tag, but I wrote something I would like to share. I'm pretty new to writing, but I was pretty happy with this after finishing it. Titles are hard, and this doesn't have one yet. I apologize for the poor formatting. Feedback is welcome.

~~---------------------------------------------------------------~~

~~---------------------------------------------------------------~~

He was alone, not just separate, truly alone, walking through an empty city, desolate and unchanging. Buildings were thrown up to either side, useless and crumbling. Everything had been used up, and, now, it was time to move on.

He took what meager supplies he had, and he packed them together well enough to be moved. It didn’t matter much to him which way he went, the city stretched on in every direction, spread out in a careful grid pattern, despite the total lack of care now apparent within every cell of table. He decided to go south simply because it seemed easiest. There was no one left to ask, so the path of least resistance decided much of what he did.

Navigating his way out of the city was simple. Many of the signs still stood, and he didn’t particularly care where he ended up once he was out. He followed the roads through the city, and, eventually, the buildings became less dense and nature began to encroach on what used to be the territory of man.

He walked for several days, making camp along the way to stop, and he began to slow when it seemed as though nature had won and taken over entirely. Anything left of civilization was in ruins; the road was broken and overgrown and the buildings that used to stand proud were now little more than foundation and dust.

To the west, there was a winding and violent river flowing from an unknown source far away, and, on the opposite side, there was a dense forest. The two were so different it was almost startling; one threatening to smash him to bits against the rocks, and the other hiding who knows what within, telling nothing.

As he became more familiar with his surroundings, he could pay more attention to the finer details of what was around him. He noticed the animals in the trees and the ants between the cracks in the road. Nothing he saw interested him much, until one morning, he saw a figure standing within the overgrowth at the edge of the road.

Could it be true? Perhaps he was hallucinating, having eaten something tainted, but he couldn’t dismiss this sighting. Could this be a person like him, looking desperately for another? He doubted it. It all seemed too good to be true. When the world was in ruins, being kind wasn’t a high priority for many. He began to wonder whether it was even worth the risk in trying. The figure was far away, and it may not have even seen him yet. He could simply wait it out, or turn and leave.

He thought about his conundrum for a short time, but eventually the figure made the decision for him and darted off into the trees.

~~---------------------------------------------------------------~~

She had just risen. She awoke, but didn’t leave right away. She lay staring up at the ash gray sky, watching the clouds float about. What reason was there to rush anymore? There were no deadlines.

She lazily rose up and moved out from her camp to look around. Nothing had changed, as always. Nothing ever changed anymore. She stood, watching, and she began to wonder why she even kept trying. All that was left was trying to survive, and doing so alone was exceedingly dull.

She stood staring across at the raging, the only thing that ever moved anymore, until she noticed something down the road. It was someone else.

Her calm, uncaring attitude quickly evaporated and was replaced with panic. None of her dealings with people had gone well since the world had moved on. Everyone left was treacherous and thieving. How could she trust anyone? Could she even gamble approaching the person? Then again, what had she to lose? No matter what happened, this person promised an end to the monotony, but she wasn’t so bold as to run out in front of what could be a terrible end for her.

She decided to hide for a while and just observe. If the man seemed safe, she could approach later, but, for the time being, she would watch.

She ran back to her camp within the trees and packed up what she could carry. She left a little to make it seem like someone would be returning. She would test this new person to see if he really was a thieving vulture like the rest.

She left her camp and ran off, but she watched the road still, out of sight. She wanted to believe that this stranger could be good, but she didn’t need to take undue chances.

~~---------------------------------------------------------------~~

He had seen the figure run off in a hurry, but he couldn’t know for sure what had happened. Had the figure seen him and gotten frightened? Was there some larger threat that he too should be worried about? Could it be as trivial as the stranger’s breakfast was burning?

He had little to work with, but he couldn’t stand being alone any longer. He was given a chance at something better, and he wouldn’t let this opportunity pass him by.

He continued down the road, now with a quicker pace. He had slowed before as the road became more treacherous, but now he had a goal. He had something to go for. He had to find this person.

He went on, but began having doubts as he approached. He had been so far away when he saw it. He couldn’t even be sure it was what he thought, and even if it was, what if they were a nomad too? His hope for another could have just walked on without ever knowing he had existed.

He didn’t have time to entertain these thoughts, and he hurriedly pushed them from his thoughts. He would keep going.

~~---------------------------------------------------------------~~

After what felt like many miles, he saw where the figure had stood. The grass was depressed from frequent travel, and it appeared to make a path off into the trees. He couldn’t see beyond the tree line, and the doubts came back.

What if this person wasn’t friendly? What if they were in there, waiting to kill him as he approached? He had no idea, and he began to fall back from the entrance.

He sat across from it and stared. He couldn’t glean any information from such a simple thing. There was nothing to learn about the person within from sitting outside. He decided the only way to learn was to go in. He would risk it. An end to his loneliness was worth whatever was waiting within.

~~---------------------------------------------------------------~~

As he made his way into the camp, he began to worry once more. Had he made the wrong decision? It was too late to turn back now, and he continued deeper.

The trail ended at a small clearing with what appeared to be someone’s home. There were still burning embers in the fire that sat in the center of the clearing, and a shelter had been erected at the edge of the dense trees. Things had been left by the shelter. He saw a knife and a piece of flint. Surely whoever had brought them here and set all this up would be returning, he thought to himself as he stood at the entrance to the clearing, hesitant to invade someone’s personal space.

He would wait here, and, if they came back, he could be friendly. He saw no better course of action. If they did return, the up side of his decision could be enormous, and, if no one ever came back, he may have found himself a place to stay for more than a single night.

~~---------------------------------------------------------------~~

She saw him enter. This stranger had gone into her camp, and she would wait for him to leave before she risked going back. She could check her things, and, from that, she could at least begin to decide whether this new person was worth the risk. It had taken long enough for him to get there, and she could wait a bit longer for him to leave.

Hours passed, and soon it was beginning to fall dark. She had never considered he might move in. What could she do now? If he had, waiting outside was hardly the proper plan to learn more. She would need to initiate; she might even need to take back what was hers. She had to back inside despite the risks involved.

She waited for what felt like an eternity, building the courage to breach what had once been her safe place. As she approached what used to be the one place where she was comfortable, she became increasingly nervous and struggled to advance.

The trees that had once protected her from what was beyond now hid from her the potential dangers within. Everything had changed with the stranger, and now her camp felt like an alien place. Everything along the way that had once welcomed her in now shouted at her to turn around. Everything about the situation made her want to turn and run, but she wouldn’t. What was she running to? She had to at least investigate what had been laid out before her.

As she turned the final corner to what had been her home, she saw a man sitting among her things beside her shelter. They both froze, and neither party was willing to do anything for fear of startling the other.

~~---------------------------------------------------------------~~

He watched as the figure turned the corner, and the panic he had felt when he first saw the figure returned. He knew there was no changing his decision now, but he wished he could. He was backed into a corner now, and he felt completely at the mercy of this stranger whose home he had invaded.

She stood, watching the other as a deer stares into the headlights of the approaching threat, but she wouldn’t run. She had set her mind on it now; she would not back down until she knew.

She watched him, but he did nothing. He made no move against her; he only returned her stare. If he was hostile, he surely would have acted by now, she thought, but couldn’t truly believe. She couldn’t wait forever, and a few seconds or hours more would do nothing to change what would happen after. He would either be safe or not, there was nothing to do now but find out.

So she sat.

He was startled at how, all at once, her appearance changed from startled to calm. She had changed so drastically he didn’t know what to make of it. Her calmness disturbed him slightly, but he couldn’t wait any longer.

He began, and they spoke for a while. It began hesitant on both ends, neither knew how to begin such a strange encounter, but they both slowly began to open up. They talked on and on, but what they talked about didn’t matter.

They were no longer alone.

title: [MF] Untitled

question: Describe the main source of tension for the characters in the passage.

text: Their concern upon seeing each other is worrying if the other is hostile or not.

answer: Both the male and female characters are worried that they might be the last person alive.

answer_source: Human misleading

text: The response is incorrect. The main source of tension for the characters is that they do not know if they can trust each other.

answer: Both the male and the female characters do not initially know if the other is hostile or not.

answer_source: Human

answer: Both the male and female characters are worried that they might be the last person alive.

text: The answer should mention that the male character is also worried about the female character's intentions.

text: The answer should mention the male character's worries about the female character.

text: The answer should mention that the male character is also worried about whether the female character will be hostile.

text: The answer could include more information on the tension between the two characters.

text: The answer should mention that the main tension comes from the man's decision to invade the woman's camp.

text: The answer should mention that the characters are also nervous about each other.

text: There is no mention of the female character worrying about being the last person alive. That the world has ended and everyone is gone is pretty self-evident to her.

answer: The main source of tension is that they are alone and they are looking for companionship. The man is looking for another person, and the woman is hoping to find someone safe.

text: The answer should mention that the man finds the woman's camp.

text: The answer should mention the woman's fear of the man.

text: The answer should mention the woman's initial fear of the man.

text: The answer should mention that the man finds the woman, and that the woman is suspicious of the man.

text: The answer should mention that the man and the woman are wary of each other when they first meet.

text: "The main source of tension is that they are alone and they are looking for companionship." - is an incorrect response because the first half of the sentence does not pollinate with anything in the text. 'They' also does not refer to the man and the woman, so it should be removed. The model doesn't need to use it because it wasn't used in the text.

answer: The main source of tension is that they are alone and they are looking for companionship. The man is looking for another person, and the woman is hoping to find someone safe.

text: Being alone is not the source of tension. The main source of tension is the possibility that another survivor would turn out to be treacherous and thieving.

answer: Both the male and the female characters do not initially know if the other is hostile or not.

text: The answer should mention that the male character is trespassing.

text: The answer should mention that the man is trespassing.

text: I would add that the male character is also a stranger to the female character's camp.

text: The answer should mention the loneliness of the characters.

text: The answer should mention that the main source of tension is the man's entering the woman's camp.

text: It's omitted that the sightings build up a curious anticipation for the possibility of conversing with another human.


text:
10pm

The polls closed with the shock prediction that Theresa May was on course to lose her overall majority in a hung parliament.

2am

The handful of polls that favour Labour’s chances suggest the party could take back Hastings and Rye, the Sussex coastal seat, from the home secretary, Amber Rudd. That would be a major scalp. It would also be a coup for the party to regain middle England marginals such as Telford in Shropshire from the Tories: Corbyn did a well-attended rally here in recent days. Thurrock will also be fascinating as it was a three-way marginal between the Tory incumbent and Ukip and Labour challengers. If Ukip collapses, which way will its former voters swing?

[Nigel Farage campaigning in Thurrock last week.]

Nigel Farage campaigning in Thurrock last week. Photograph: Carl Court/Getty Images

2.30am

Corbyn’s Islington North will declare. This will certainly stay Labour but will be worth watching for his victory speech – whether he is sounding triumphant or working out how to pitch defeat.

3am-4am

A swath of Scottish seats will be announcing their results, which should give a hint about whether the Conservatives and Labour are seeing any kind of revival against the dominance of the SNP, which won 56 out of 59 seats last time. The Tories would love to remove Angus Robertson, the SNP Westminster leader, in Moray, as well as targeting areas of Edinburgh and South Aberdeen. Labour would like to claw back East Renfrewshire, East Lothian, and Edinburgh North and Leith among others.

[Jeremy Corbyn campaigning in Glasgow.]

Jeremy Corbyn campaigning in Glasgow. Photograph: Murdo MacLeod/The Guardian

3.30am

Watch out for the result of strongly pro-EU Vauxhall, where there has been a concerted Lib Dem effort to unseat the Brexit-supporting Labour MP Kate Hoey, who memorably shared a photoshoot on a flotilla with Nigel Farage. It is a long shot but Tim Farron’s party has been going after torn former remain voters hard. Not long after, expect a battle over Bermondsey and Old Southwark, where Sir Simon Hughes, a former Lib Dem minister, is trying to get his old seat back from Labour’s Neil Coyle.

[Kate Hoey and Nigel Farage on the leave flotilla last year.]

Kate Hoey and Nigel Farage on the leave flotilla last year. Photograph: Ben Stansall/AFP/Getty Images

4am

Curtice will pop up on the BBC to give his considered view on whether his exit poll was on the money and further observations about how the night has unfolded so far. This is likely to be one of the better places to find a considered view on how the parties are doing – although better still will be the Guardian’s unmissable live blog and stories through the night.

4am

The Liberal Democrats are not expected to have the revival they hoped for but they are targeting three remain-voting seats held by Conservatives – Twickenham, where the former business secretary Vince Cable is running, Bath and Cheltenham. They are also after the SNP’s East Dunbartonshire, fought by former minister Jo Swinson. But Lib Dems are at risk in several more seats, including Tom Brake in Carshalton and Wallington, Norman Lamb in North Norfolk and even possibly Farron in Westmorland and Lonsdale.

[Vince Cable and Tim Farron campaigning in Twickenham.]

Vince Cable and Tim Farron campaigning in Twickenham. Photograph: Niklas Halle'N/AFP/Getty Images

4am-5am

This is the most exciting time of the night, as a deluge of results from key swing seats across the country come through. Labour will be hoping to gain seats such as Gower and Vale of Clwyd in Wales, where it has been performing better in recent weeks, Croydon Central and Hendon in London, the Plymouth seats, and Lincoln.

The Conservatives have been throwing a multitude of resources at Nottinghamshire seats such as Gedling, and across the West Midlands in Wolverhampton, Walsall, Dudley and parts of Birmingham, Coventry and Stoke-on-Trent. Watch Cumbria as well to see if the new Tory MP Trudy Harris can repeat her byelection victory over Labour in Copeland, and whether the anti-Corbyn Labour MP John Woodcock can save his seat in Barrow-in-Furness.

4.30am

Frustrated NHS staff might want to tune in at this point to see whether Jeremy Hunt, the Conservative health secretary, has been defeated by an independent candidate backed by some local Labour members, Greens and Liberal Democrats in South West Surrey. It would be a huge – though unlikely – coup.

[Dr Louise Irvine of the National Health Action party in Haslemere, part of Jeremy Hunt’s South West Surrey constituency.]

Dr Louise Irvine of the National Health Action party in Haslemere, part of Jeremy Hunt’s South West Surrey constituency. Photograph: Andrew Matthews/PA

5am

The Greens will want to hang on to their only MP, Caroline Lucas, in the leftwing seat of Brighton Pavilion against Labour and potentially even add to their numbers in Bristol West, although this is a long shot.

5am

We should know by now whether May has pulled off her aim of eating into Labour’s northern heartlands. Two ultra marginals, Halifax in Yorkshire and Chester in Cheshire, could easily swing to the Tories at this time but Corbyn will be having an excellent night if he manages to keep them.

5.30am

Paul Nuttall, the Ukip leader, is contesting Boston and Skegness, a heavily leave-voting area that has been represented by a former remain Tory, Matt Warman. His chances are slim though, and there will be questions over his leadership if he fails and Ukip’s vote collapses across the country overall.

[A Ukip sign in Boston, Lincolnshire.]

A Ukip sign in Boston, Lincolnshire. Photograph: Jack Taylor/Getty Images

6am

May’s seat of Maidenhead in Berkshire will declare, and she will give a speech at the count. It should be pretty clear where the result has headed by this point.

6am

A few more interesting marginals will be trickling in at this time. Labour will be very keen to win back Derby North, contested by Corbyn’s ally Chris Williamson. Also look out for Brighton Kemptown, a Tory seat, and Brentford and Isleworth, a Labour marginal, where the Green candidates have stood aside to help boost Corbyn’s party. They are key tests of the effectiveness of the progressive alliance theory.

7am

South Thanet will be extremely interesting because its Tory incumbent candidate, Craig Mackinlay, has been charged with electoral offences relating to the 2015 contest when he saw off Nigel Farage. Will the people of Ramsgate and Broadstairs give him the boot – and Ukip or Labour a chance instead?

[A woman holds a sign at an anti-Ukip demonstration in Ramsgate.]

A woman holds a sign at an anti-Ukip demonstration in Ramsgate. Photograph: Carl Court/Getty Images

7am

There could still be dozens of seats left to declare but, by breakfast time, it should be obvious who has won the night or if there will be a hung parliament. Dimbleby will retire for some sleep, while the campaign advisers will be hurriedly organising victory or concession speeches.

If the Conservatives are ahead at this stage, the key question for May will be by how much. When she called the election her party had 330 seats to Labour’s 229, and her working majority was 17. A majority of less than this would represent a serious setback, and a figure of 30 or less would prompt questions about her leadership. She will be satisfied with a majority of more than 50, pleased at 70 and delighted with 80 to 100, a figure implied by ICM and some of the pollsters.

Guardian/ICM poll
[Theresa May at Smithfield Market in the City of London on the final day of campaigning.]

Theresa May at Smithfield Market in the City of London on the final day of campaigning. Photograph: Stefan Rousseau/PA
Meanwhile, if defeated, expect the Labour leader’s team to compare his share of the vote with Miliband’s 30.4% in 2015 as a sign of a successful campaign and an argument that he should stay on as leader. Anti-Corbyn forces in Labour will begin to argue that any failure to win a majority should result in his resignation.

Labour support since 1979
But if the Conservatives lose their majority, strategists will be quickly trying to work out whether May can govern with the help of the DUP in Northern Ireland. If the arithmetic allows, Corbyn could try to form a minority government supported on a vote-by-vote basis by the SNP, Lib Dems and an array of small parties. In that case, there would be huge pressure on May from within her own party to resign – with Rudd and Boris Johnson two potential successors.

And if Corbyn wins outright, Labour will be jubilant and a lot of people will have to eat a lot of humble pie about his electability. No poll, though, has shown Labour to be ahead.

Midday

Only a handful of seats are not being counted overnight. The last official results will be in from Berwick, Blyth Valley and Wansbeck. It should be clear who the prime minister will be unless there is a complex coalition situation. Whoever has won will head off to the Queen to tell her that she or he is in a position to form a government.

[The Queen]

Waiting for a visit. Photograph: Andrew Matthews/PA

question: What is the status of the seats at 5 AM?

text: The name of The Greens' only MP is missing.

text: It is omitted that there should be an idea by this time about May getting her share in Labour's northern heartland.

answer: The Greens should hang on to their only MP, Caroline Lucas, in their leftwing seat in Brighton Pavilion against Labour. They should also add to their numbers in Bristol West. By this time, there should be an idea of whether May has pulled off getting into Labour's northern heartland.

text: The response is missing the part about the seats that could easily swing to the Tories at this time.

text: The response is missing the part about the Labour party.

text: The response is missing the part about the seats that will be trickling in at this time.

text: The answer should mention the seats that will be declared at 7 AM.

text: The response is missing the part about the ultra marginals, Halifax in Yorkshire and Chester in Cheshire, that could easily swing to the Tories at this time.

text: The response is missing some information about the election results at 5AM.

text: Does not mention that 2 ultra marginals, Halifax in Yorkshire and Chester in Cheshire could swing to the Tories.

answer: The Greens should hang on to their only MP for their leftwing seat of Brighton Pavilion against Labor. Greens should also add to their numbers in Bristol West.

text: The response is missing the part about the seats that are still left to declare.

text: The answer should mention the seats that are still undecided.

text: The response is missing information about the seats that were still left to declare at 5 am.

text: This is not related to the question.

text: Does not mention the ultra-marginals of Halifax and Chester.

text: This answer is pretty off....

answer: There could be dozens of seats left to declare but by breakfast time, it should be clear who has won the night ostobyhung parliament. It should be apparent whether the Tories have surged, Labour are booming or it is going to be a hung parliament.

text: The answer is incorrect. According to the article, this will be the situation at 7 am and not at 5 am

answer: There could be dozens of seats left to declare but by breakfast time, it should be clear who has won the night ostobyhung parliament. It should be apparent whether the Tories have surged, Labour are booming or it is going to be a hung parliament.

text: The answer is not clear on what the question is asking.

text: The first sentence is not relevant to the question.

text: It is not stated that it should be apparent whether the Tories have surged, Labour are booming or it is going to be a hung parliament.

text: The answer should clarify that the article is talking about the morning after the election.

text: "ostobyhung" is not a word

text: The answer fails to mention that it should also be clear whether May has won at this stage as well.

text: This is not a summary of the seats at 5am. There is relevant information left out of the response.

text: The response is clunky and unclear. The word "ostobyhung" is unclear and the response also fails to address the question.

category: coherence

answer: The Greens should hang on to their only MP for their leftwing seat of Brighton Pavilion against Labor. Greens should also add to their numbers in Bristol West.

text: The answer should mention the name of the Green MP.

answer: The Greens should hang on to their only MP, Caroline Lucas, in their leftwing seat in Brighton Pavilion against Labour. They should also add to their numbers in Bristol West. By this time, there should be an idea of whether May has pulled off getting into Labour's northern heartland.


text:
The UNDER SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE FOR FARM AND FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL SERVICES was the third-ranking official in the United States Department of Agriculture prior to reorganization of several mission areas, announced on May 11, 2017. The mission area of USDA's purpose was to “help to keep America's farmers and ranchers in business as they face the uncertainties of weather and markets...” and that “...deliver[s] commodity, credit, conservation, disaster, and emergency assistance programs that help improve the stability and strength of the agricultural economy.”[1] The Under Secretary was traditionally appointed to serve as the President of the Commodity Credit Corporation.

The Under Secretary was appointed by the President of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate to serve at the pleasure of the President. The Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services mission area was divided into the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation (FPAC) and Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs, completing the creation of an Undersecretary of Agriculture for Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs which was mandated by the 2014 Farm Bill.

Overview

The Under Secretary is the principal officer of the United States Department of Agriculture charged with administering programs and providing services which focus on supporting a sustainable and competitive American agricultural system. The Under Secretary administers agricultural commodity insurance, farm loans, conservation, environmental, emergency assistance, and domestic and international food assistance programs. These programs are intended to provide cost-effective means of managing risk for agricultural producers in order to improve the economic stability of agriculture. The Under Secretary's mission area also represents the diverse interests of the U.S. food and agricultural sector abroad by managing the Department's international activities, addressing market access constraints, and working to expand markets for U.S. agricultural, fish and forest products overseas.

The Under Secretary provides leadership and oversight for the Farm Service Agency, the Risk Management Agency, and the Foreign Agricultural Service. The President normally appoints the Under Secretary as President of the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), though in the past this latter responsibility has sometimes been held by other USDA officials. The Under Secretary for FFAS also normally chairs the interagency Food Assistance Policy Council and is a member of the interagency Trade Policy Review Group (TPRG).

The Under Secretary is the third highest-ranking official within the Agriculture Department, ranking behind the Secretary and Deputy Secretary, and holds a Level III position within the Executive Schedule. Since January 2010, the annual rate of pay for Level III is $165,300.

History

The Department of Agriculture was made a Cabinet-level department in 1889. For many years, the Secretary of Agriculture supervised chiefs of bureaus of the Department, as was the norm throughout the U.S. government. Subsequently, a single subcabinet position of Assistant Secretary was created. Over time, this position was upgraded to Under Secretary, under which in turn was a single Assistant Secretary.

In 1953, Secretary Ezra Taft Benson lobbied for the creation of additional Assistant Secretary positions, which Congress approved that summer. Two of these positions, the Assistant Secretary for the Foreign Agricultural Service and the Assistant Secretary for Commodity Marketing and Adjustment, were merged in September 1953, and in December of that year the vacant position was redesignated Assistant Secretary for Stabilization. Between 1953 and 1962 the responsibilities of today's Under Secretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services were thus shared by two Assistant Secretaries, for “Stabilization” and for “Marketing and Foreign Agriculture”. The former oversaw the Commodity Stabilization Service and its successors, including the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, while the latter oversaw the Agricultural Marketing Service and the Foreign Agricultural Service. In 1963, the positions were reshuffled, with foreign agriculture (oversight of the Foreign Agricultural Service and the newly created International Agricultural Development Service) assigned to an Assistant Secretary for International Affairs, and marketing and stabilization combined under an Assistant Secretary for Marketing and Consumer Services. In 1969, responsibility for both foreign affairs and farm support (stabilization) programs was consolidated into a single position entitled Assistant Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, with marketing remaining under its own, separate Assistant Secretary.

The Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 upgraded the Assistant Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs to Under Secretary. At the time, it was the only Under Secretary-level subcabinet position in USDA, as the official previously called Under Secretary had been retitled as Deputy Secretary, in keeping with common U.S. government practice. Subsequent USDA reorganizations, notably that of 1994, upgraded most USDA subcabinet officials to Under Secretary status, however.

Dorothy Jacobson, a longtime aide to Orville Freeman, was the first woman appointed to one of these positions, in 1964. This made her the first woman to serve in a subcabinet position in USDA.[2]

Another former assistant secretary, James T. Ralph, was a figure in the Billie Sol Estes scandal and was forced to leave Federal service. This scandal led directly to the 1963 shakeup of USDA, a reassignment of responsibilities for oversight of commodity programs, and investigation of allegations of corrupt activities by state-level employees of the Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service.

As trade in agricultural products continued to expand, and foreign markets became the primary destination for many U.S. grown commodities, there was increasing pressure to have a more visible member of USDA dedicated solely to expanding trade opportunities and resolving issues. Section 3208 of the Agricultural Act of 2014 mandated “The Secretary... shall propose a reorganization of international trade functions for imports and exports of the Department of Agriculture.”[3] Though enacted on February 7, 2014, the plan to formalize the reorganization was not announced until May 11, 2017.[4] The plan put forth by USDA Secretary Sonny Perdue dissolved the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services mission area and created a new mission area for Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs, which houses the Foreign Agricultural Service, and the Farm Production and Conservation mission area, which contains the Farm Service Agency, Risk Management Agency, and Natural Resources Conservation Service (previously a part of the Natural Resources and Environment (NRE) mission area).

Reporting officials

Officials reporting to the Under Secretary include:

-   Deputy Under Secretary of Agriculture for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services
-   Administrator, Foreign Agricultural Service
-   Administrator, Farm Service Agency
-   Administrator, Risk Management Agency

Officeholders

  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION
  Romeo Ennis Short, Assistant Secretary for the Foreign Agricultural Service, July 21, 1953 – September 28, 1953
  Ross Rizley, Assistant Secretary, December 1953 – December 1954
  James A. McConnell, Assistant Secretary for Stabilization, January 1955 – December 1955
  Marvin L. McLain, Assistant Secretary for Agricultural Stabilization, ?1956–1961?
  KENNEDY – JOHNSON ADMINISTRATIONS
  James Tyree Ralph, Assistant Secretary for Agricultural Stabilization, January 1961 – March 1962 _(fired for accepting gifts from Billie Sol Estes; Sec. Freeman subsequently shook up the USDA assistant secretary responsibilities)_
  Roland R. Renne, Assistant Secretary for International Affairs, March 1963 to March 1964
  Dorothy Houston Jacobson, Assistant Secretary for International Affairs, March 20, 1964–1969?
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  NIXON-FORD ADMINISTRATIONS _(foreign agriculture and agricultural stabilization merged under one assistant secretary)_
  Clarence D. Palmby, Assistant Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, January 1969 – June 1972
  Carroll G. Brunthaver, Assistant Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, June 1972 – January 1974
  Clayton Keith Yeutter, Assistant Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, March 1974–1975
  Richard E. Bell, Assistant Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, July 1975–1977
  CARTER ADMINISTRATION
  Dale E. Hathaway, Assistant Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, April 1977–1981
  _position elevated to Under Secretary status in 1978 by Act of Congress_
  REAGAN ADMINISTRATION
  Seeley G. Lodwick, Under Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, 1981 – January 1983
  Daniel Gordon Amstutz, Under Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, May 1983 – August 1987
  GEORGE H.W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION
  Richard T. Crowder, Under Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, April 1989 – July 1992
  CLINTON ADMINISTRATION
  Eugene Moos, Under Secretary for International Affairs and Commodity Programs, March 1993–1997
  ''International Affairs and Commodity Programs renamed Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services in 1994 reorganization, authorized by Act of Congress ''
  August Schumacher, Jr., Under Secretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, 1997–2001
  GEORGE W. BUSH ADMINISTRATION
  J.B. Penn, Under Secretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, May 2001 – August 21, 2006
  Mark Everett Keenum, Under Secretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, 2007 – January 2009
  OBAMA ADMINISTRATION
  James W. Miller, Under Secretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, April 8, 2009 – January 2011
  Michael T. Scuse, Under Secretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, May 14, 2012 – 2017
  TRUMP ADMINISTRATION
  Bill Northey, Under Secretary for Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services, March 6, 2018 – present
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[1]

[2] 'FAS Letter' Apr–May 1964

[3]

[4]  USDA|website=www.usda.gov|language=en|access-date=2018-11-25}}

question: Summarize everything that happened in 2014.

text: It sounds like the division of the mission area is a part of the Agricultural Act of 2014. It should be specified that this mandate was from the 2014 Farm Bill.

answer: The 2014 Farm Bill mandated the creation of an Undersecretary of Agriculture for Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs. Section 3208 of the Agricultural Act of 2014 mandated that the Secretary shall propose a reorganization of international trade functions for imports and exports of the Department of Agriculture. The plan to formalize the reorganization was not announced until May 11, 2017.

text: the last sentence is irrelevant

answer: In February 2014, the Agricultural Act of 2014 was enacted during the Obama administration. The act mandated "The Secretary...shall propose a reorganization of international trade functions for imports and exports of the Department of Agriculture." The plan to formalize the reorganization didn't happen until May 2017. A bill in 2014, the 2014 Farm Bill, mandated that the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services mission area would be divided into the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation and Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs. In 2014, Michael T. Scuse was the Under Secretary.

text:
'The plan to formalize the reorganization didn't happen until May 2017.' - Delete this. It is not necessary for the task. The question asks about everything that happened in 2014.
'...Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs.' This sentence is redundant. It should delete "for trade and foreign."

text: The second sentence of the answer should state the mandated act is from section 3208 and was enacted on February 7th, 2014.

answer: The 2014 Farm Bill mandated the creation of an Undersecretary of Agriculture for Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs. Section 3208 of the Agricultural Act of 2014 mandated that the Secretary shall propose a reorganization of international trade functions for imports and exports of the Department of Agriculture. The plan to formalize the reorganization was not announced until May 11, 2017.

text: The answer should mention that the plan was enacted on February 7, 2014.

text: The answer should mention that the reorganization was mandated by the Farm Bill.

text: "The plan to formalize the reorganization was not announced until May 11, 2017." - this is irrelevant and should be deleted.

text: The answer could be clearer in its pronoun use.

text: The answer could mention that the plan was enacted on February 7, 2014.

text: Although this is not relevant, the answer omits that The Under Secretary was traditionally appointed to serve as the President of the Commodity Credit Corporation.

answer: In February 2014, the Agricultural Act of 2014 was enacted during the Obama administration. The act mandated "The Secretary...shall propose a reorganization of international trade functions for imports and exports of the Department of Agriculture." The plan to formalize the reorganization didn't happen until May 2017. In 2014 it was also mandated that the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services mission area would be divided into the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation and Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs. In 2014, Michael T. Scuse was the Under Secretary.

text: The information about the plan being enacted in 2017 is irrelevant and should be removed.

category: other

category_text: unnecessary information

answer: In February 2014, the Agricultural Act of 2014 was enacted during the Obama administration. The act mandated "The Secretary...shall propose a reorganization of international trade functions for imports and exports of the Department of Agriculture." The plan to formalize the reorganization didn't happen until May 2017. A bill in 2014, the 2014 Farm Bill, mandated that the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services mission area would be divided into the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation and Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs. In 2014, Michael T. Scuse was the Under Secretary.

text: "the 2014 Farm Bill" - add "Bill"

text: "A bill in 2014, the 2014 Farm Bill, mandated that the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services mission area would be divided into the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation and Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs. In 2014, Michael T. Scuse was the Under Secretary." - extraneous information that should be deleted.

text: "A bill in 2014, the 2014 Farm Bill, mandated that the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services mission area would be divided into the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation and Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs." - this is incorrect. The 2014 Farm Bill mandated the creation of an Undersecretary of Agriculture for Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs.

text: "A bill in 2014, the 2014 Farm Bill, mandated that the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services mission area would be divided into the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation and Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs. In 2014, Michael T. Scuse was the Under Secretary." - this is incorrect. The 2014 Farm Bill mandated the creation of an Undersecretary of Agriculture for Trade and Foreign Agricultural Affairs, which was completed when the mission area was divided into two.

text: "of" - remove

text: The answer should mention the position of the Under Secretary.

text:
"the act" - make this "The Agricultural Act of 2014"
"the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation and Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs" - remove "the"
"the mission areas" - use lowercase for second the
"of" - replace with "and"
"the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation and Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs" - add a comma "Farm Production and"

answer: In February 2014, the Agricultural Act of 2014 was enacted during the Obama administration. The act mandated "The Secretary...shall propose a reorganization of international trade functions for imports and exports of the Department of Agriculture." The plan to formalize the reorganization didn't happen until May 2017. In 2014 it was also mandated that the Farm and Foreign Agricultural Services mission area would be divided into the mission areas of Farm Production and Conservation and Trade and Foreign Agricultural for Trade and Foreign Affairs. In 2014, Michael T. Scuse was the Under Secretary.

text: "In 2014, Michael T. Scuse was the Under Secretary." - this is irrelevant and should be removed.

text: "In 2014, Michael T. Scuse was the Under Secretary." - this is irrelevant and should be deleted.

text: "of" - add a comma

text: "The plan to formalize the reorganization didn't happen until May 2017." - this is irrelevant and should be deleted.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant.

text: Grammatical errors.


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Tags:
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1.

      UPDATE OCTOBER 21ST
      The update for the new build of Razer Synapse on macOS Sierra is now live!

      If you're encountering any new issues, DO NOT post in the thread below about the bugs you are facing, instead click on the gear icon at the top right hand corner of Razer Synapse and submit your bug report there. Alternatively, please reach out to us through our Support Team.
      ---

      Hey Insiders,

      We have received feedback from our Mac user community about issues that have been encountered with the latest build of Razer Synapse with macOS 10.12 Sierra. Our engineers are working on an update to Razer Synapse that will fix the issues that are currently being reported. The fix will be available during the next Razer Synapse software update that is expected on OCTOBER 1ST.

      The upcoming software update will address the following:

      -   _A specific bug that causes Razer keyboards to stop functioning when Razer Synapse is installed on macOS 10.12 Sierra_
      -   _System crashes when updating to the latest Synapse version for macOS 10.12 Sierra_
      -   _A bug where the Ripple and Reactive Chroma lighting effects did not work for macOS 10.12 Sierra._

      We apologize once again for the inconvenience and are working to ensure that this will be addressed as soon as possible.

      [Razer Synapse Update.png]

      As an IMMEDIATE REMEDY, please follow these steps to get your product working again:

      1.  Unplug all Razer Keyboards, Mice, or Keypad.
      2.  Delete RazerHID.kext found in “/Library/Extensions/RazerHID.kext”
      3.  Restart your system and ensure the Kernel extension is deleted.

      Once completed, your Razer Peripherals will begin to work. However, Keyboard assignment and macros will still not be available.

      PLEASE NOTE THAT UPCOMING RAZER SYNAPSE PATCH WILL PUT THE KERNEL EXTENSION BACK IN PLACE AUTOMATICALLY. DO CONTACT RAZER SUPPORT IF YOU HAVE ANY FURTHER ISSUES.

    Last edited: Oct 20, 2016

2.

      Has anyone managed to get any of the Sierra betas to work with Synapse, or know of a public beta version of Synapse since the latest release doesn't support it? Now that Sierra is GM, I'd like to use it on my production Mac. Under the two betas I tested it with it didn't work at all.

3.

      We unfortunately do not support macOS betas or Sierra at this moment. We do not have any beta versions currently available for Synapse. I do apologize for the inconvenience.

4.

      Sierra was announced for public availability later this month. Razer has to know that people that use their products are early adopters. When can we expect a synapse version that works with Sierra?

5.

      Hello, I assume you are now aware that Apple have announced general availability of MacOS Sierra on 20th September. Are you likely to have synapses working for then? Might as well throw the thing away as no profiles or even leds work currently.

      Scott

6.

     [PT.Singer]

    PT.Singer _Jedi Master_ _RAZER MOUSE ADVOCATE_ _VANGUARD_

      With Apple, you should know by now not to update to the new OS until it is out of Beta and at least on it's third iteration. Most software developers need extra time to make sure that their products work 100% with the new OS releases anyway. Shoot, there's professional video playback software, Playback Pro Plus, that still doesn't even work with El Capitan yet. Best idea is to wait until the software you use a lot is compatible with the new OS, and THEN update OS."Early adopter" is synonymous with "early complainer". Razer will let us know when they're product is 100% with compatible with Sierra.

    Last edited by a moderator: Sep 11, 2016

7.

      Hello,

      The point of Beta testing products is to find out what works and doesnt work, not just for the OS but all the other products and software. As a serial beta tester I inform any company that their product is not working. Your point about just wait until its ready really isn't good enough. If I as a consumer were to buy a Razer keyboard after 20th September I would probably return it as it doesnt work. All we are looking for is assurances that they are developing for Sierra and some indication of timescales.

      I appologiese for my throw it away rant as thats not helpful or constructive.

      As a consumer we shouldnt be held back from using the latest products and software just because 1 company are unable to update their software in time. Synapses is the only piece of software I use that doesnt work with Sierra. All my other software, peripherals and hardware work well.

      All the best.

8.

      I agree that a "Show Critical Computer" or a computer used in a critical environment should not be updated until it is a little more stable. I do not use my Mac in a critical environment and the keyboard functions in that if I hit a key it works. The only problem is the Synapses software. I can live with no lights in the meantime and not having a back light isn't the end of the world but it would be nice to know how long it will be unsupported. Having the new functionality afforded by Sierra is more of a benefit than the back light.

      So in a way I am "sucking it up". That doesn't mean that I should not let companies know when their product doesn't work.

      If we all just sit back and not apply pressure to businesses then everything would take longer.

      The public beta has been around for a while and as a developer they have access even earlier than the public.

      The least Razer can do is to be able to provide some kind of roadmap. It can only help them as until they have a date / roadmap people can not make informed decisions on whether to purchase a new Razer keyboard.

9.

      @PTSinger I know it's not unusual for anyone to call up or email a support service like Figure 53 and take their word as the gospel truth. It is not standard practice to provide negative comments about 3rd party products or voice any opinion about them at all, however, because it could be interpreted as slander. So regardless, his opinion that all Apple x.0 releases are buggy is likely just his personal opinion and not the actual perspective of his employer. It is standard for software developers to be granted early access to operating system releases, which Apple always does and has always announced publicly that developers will get really access during every Keynote they have announced a new software release. The fact that Razer hasn't taken advantage of that opportunity or is lagging behind because there aren't as many Mac users using their products or hasn't made this priority is still disappointing.

      I absolutely agree that beta versions of anything should only be installed on personal computers for people brave enough or willing to deal with these kinds of issues. macOS Sierra is now out of beta and those who were beta testers taking advantage of the official release version before it is publicly released should be able to do so without having to deal with most, if not all of the problems that came with the beta version. I have never personally experienced any issues at all when updating to the latest version of Apple's software. I have never seen any validated references that would indicate that their software is always buggy, mostly just a few individuals who congregate together and get really vocal with their complaints.

      Personally, I plan to investigate to find out if any of the other peripheral companies like Logitech have the same response as Razer and will likely purchase their products the next time I'm in the market for a new mouse, keyboard or keypad instead. I like the Razer products, but I've had issues with them and their customer service over the past year and this kind of response (more of a lack of response in this case) is not one that makes me want to continue being a Razer customer.

10.

      So now with 1.57.2 we have lights but no keyboard input. Unbelievable.

      I can use Chroma configurator fine I can have custom lights. But the moment it fires up the Synapse software all keyboard input is lost.

11.

      Same thing happened to me when I installed that update a day or two ago. Wasn't sure if it was just my setup so I didn't post anything about it. My Razer keyboard also stopped recognizing the input but ONLY after the login screen when the Synapse software loaded. I could input my password fine at login... I have uninstalled the software to get my keyboard working again.

12.

      That describes my exact experience. I hope now we are at GM that this can be sorted as a matter of urgency. Razer with update 1.57.2 have made the keyboard unusable without uninstalling the software!!

13.

      I had this problem as well (no keyboard input once the Razer software loaded). I predict an avalanche of support tickets on Sept 20th if Razer don't release a working update by then!

14.

      As a developer that have to adopt early to get his programs ready for when release is out i would expect that at least my keyboard works. A computer is not only a gaming console, nor all early adopters do it by choice.

15.

      When it comes to future peripheral purchases - wether or not they become totally useless when I need to update software for work will be a large part of my purchasing decision going forward.

      I didn't need to update until now, but I feel someone on your engineering team should have "had" to update months ago when they first came out with betas, as that's part of where I expect the money to go when I purchase a product - especially if you're marketing yourself as having "cutting edge" products.

16.

      Are you serious? We got the GM, release is in 3 days...
      C'mon you're Razer and sell premium products for a whole lot of money and not some shitty chrinese peripherals company that sells €1 products. I expect you to release a new synapse asap... With El Capitan you had a simple fix

17.

     [PT.Singer]

    PT.Singer _Jedi Master_ _RAZER MOUSE ADVOCATE_ _VANGUARD_

      It really seems to me that everybody here should be contacting support instead of creating an account to tell the Razer Community that awesome Razer peripherals aren't working with a beta release of an OS . . . most people here are on Windows machines anyway.

      I'm with you: I want my awesome Razer gear to work with my MacBook Pro exactly like it does when I run Bootcamp. However, 20 years of updating my Mac OS just to have stuff I need NOT work with the new OS right away has taught me patience in these things. Yes, 20 years, and it's been the same with every Mac OS release.

      It's a personal choice to upgrade to the newest and shiniest thing right away, and yes, it's a personal choice to go somewhere else for your peripherals. Razer's tagline, "For Gamers. By Gamers." Most PC gamers are on PCs, not Macs. We are not their priority. I love the gear anyway; they get a pass from me on this.

18.

      Shall not be updating, thanks for the heads up. I have Sierra on my secondary machine, but that doesn't have any Razer peripherals plugged into it.

19.

      I can confirm the latest update breaks my Razer Chroma for keyboard input. I have an older BlackWidow Ultimate 2013 that does work.

      I will look to see if I can get the older driver, if not, my Corsair K95 RGB is working with Open Source drivers, so I guess I'll use that until Razer has usable drivers.

20.

      When I installed Sierra GM on my Macbook last Friday, I restarted for the first time and ran into a reboot loop. Took me a little while to try unplugging my peripherals, and then a little while longer to narrow it down to my Naga. Every time I plug in the Naga while Synapse is running, my laptop instantly crashes. Yes, I uninstalled Synapse and I'm back to the 5-button mouse experience like it's 2005.

      The same thing is going to people next week when non-developers get to install Sierra. It doesn't matter if Razer has an update issued the same day. The crashes will have already happened.

      The proper time to issue the update was already a few weeks ago, at least. That way people have time to be notified of and run the update.

     KarinS and bowler357 like this.

Page 1 of 29 1 ← 2 3 4 5 6 → 29 Next >

Thread Status:
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 [Razer Insider]

We've Updated Our Policies

By continuing to access the Razer sites; using Razer services or by closing this dialog, you agree to our amended policies.

question: Summarize the issues Mac users are having with the latest build of Razer Synapse.

text: macOS10.14 was not mentioned in the passage.

answer: There are various issues faced by Mac users when it comes to Razr Synapse. Some of them are: keyboards losing functionality after Razer Synapse installation on macOS10.12.  The macOS10.12 software crashes when installing Synapse. The Ripple and Reactive Chroma lighting effects stop.

text: The answer should mention that the issues are with the latest build of Razer Synapse.

text: The answer should mention the update.

text: The lighting effects not working is not an issue. It's a bug.

text: The question asks about the issues Mac users are facing, not about what the issues are.

text: The spelling of 'Razer' is incorrect.

text: Typo.

answer: There are various issues faced by Mac users when it comes to Razr Synapse. Some of them are: keyboards losing functionality after Razer Synapse installation on macOS10.14.  The macOS10.12 software crashes when installing Synapse. The Ripple and Reactive Chroma lighting effects stop.

text: The list of issues should have commas instead of periods.

text: The keyboard functions happens for 10.12, not 10.14.

text: "effects stop" would be better as "stop working".

answer: There are various issues faced by Mac users when it comes to Razr Synapse. Some of them are: keyboards losing functionality after Razer Synapse installation on macOS10.12.  The macOS10.12 software crashes when installing Synapse. The Ripple and Reactive Chroma lighting effects stop.

answer: Mac users are reporting issues with the latest build of Razer Synapse with macOS 10.12 Sierra. The issues include Razer keyboards not functioning when Razer Synapse is installed on macOS 10.12 Sierra, system crashes when updating to the latest Synapse version for macOS 10.12 Sierra, and a bug where the Ripple and Reactive Chroma lighting effects did not work for macOS 10.12 Sierra.