text:
[Autonomic Nervous System] AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY (AN or AAN) is a form of polyneuropathy that affects the non-voluntary, non-sensory nervous system (i.e., the autonomic nervous system), affecting mostly the internal organs such as the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These nerves are not under a person's conscious control and function automatically. Autonomic nerve fibers form large collections in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis outside the spinal cord. They have connections with the spinal cord and ultimately the brain, however. Most commonly autonomic neuropathy is seen in persons with long-standing diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2. In most—but not all—cases, autonomic neuropathy occurs alongside other forms of neuropathy, such as sensory neuropathy.

Autonomic neuropathy is one cause of malfunction of the autonomic nervous system (referred to as dysautonomia), but not the only one; some conditions affecting the brain or spinal cord also may cause autonomic dysfunction, such as multiple system atrophy, and therefore, may cause similar symptoms to autonomic neuropathy.

Signs and symptoms

The signs and symptoms of autonomic neuropathy include the following:

-   Urinary bladder conditions: urinary incontinence or urinary retention which happens due to the uncoordinated contraction of the bladder. Neurogenic bladder is a broad term used to describe this dysfunction.[1]
-   Gastrointestinal tract: dysphagia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, malabsorption, fecal incontinence, gastroparesis, diarrhea, constipation
-   Cardiovascular system: disturbances of heart rate (tachycardia, bradycardia), orthostatic hypotension, inadequate increase of heart rate on exertion
-   Respiratory system: impairments in the signals associated with regulation of breathing and gas exchange (central sleep apnea, hypopnea, bradypnea).[2]
-   Nervous system: pupillary defect, exaggerated hippus, dizziness or lightheadedness.
-   Other areas: hypoglycemia unawareness, genital impotence, sweat disturbances, sicca (dryness).
-   Absence of signs of cerebellar dysfunction or parkinsonian symptoms as the presence of either would indicate the more serious disease of multiple system atrophy.

Causes

Many health conditions can cause autonomic neuropathy. Some common causes of autonomic neuropathy include:

-   Diabetes, which is the most common cause of autonomic neuropathy, can gradually cause nerve damage throughout the body.
-   Injury to nerves caused by surgery or radiation to the neck.
-   Treatment with certain medications, including some drugs used in cancer chemotherapy.
-   Abnormal protein buildup in organs (amyloidosis), which affects the organs and the nervous system.
-   Neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and “Parkinson’s Plus diseases” including multiple system atrophy and Lewy body dementia, and multiple sclerosis
-   Autonomic neuropathy may also be caused by an abnormal attack by the immune system (autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy), sometimes as part of a paraneoplastic syndrome which can occur even when cancer has not yet been diagnosed.
-   Certain infectious diseases. Some viruses and bacteria, such as botulism, Lyme disease and HIV, can cause autonomic neuropathy.
-   Inherited disorders. Certain hereditary disorders can cause autonomic neuropathy.
-   Autoimmune diseases, in which the immune system attacks and damages parts of the body, including the nerves. Examples include Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and celiac disease. Guillain–Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disease that happens rapidly and can affect autonomic nerves.

Diagnosis

Treatment

Neurogenic Bladder

Depending on the symptoms and severity of the dysfunction, the doctor might suggest one of the following treatments[3][4]

-   Behavioral changes: such as reducing water intake, kegel exercises, biofeedback training
-   Clean intermittent catheterization: insertion of a foley catheter to remove the urine every few hours and prevent retention, done in a sterile manner.
-   Pharmacological therapy, which includes anticholinergic drugs which reduce the contraction of the bladder
-   Botox injections into the bladder
-   Surgical treatment: Urinary diversion, Artificial Urinary Sphincter, Urethral sling, or insertion of electrical devices adjacent to the bladder to stimulate its contraction.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Autonomic neuropathy

question: Summarize what autonomic neuropathy affects.

answer: Automatic neuropathy mostly affects the internal organs. This could include the bladder muscles, the cardiovascular system, the digestive tract, and the genital organs. These organs aren't under a person's conscious control and function automatically. It affects the nerve fibers from large collections in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis outside of the spinal cord.

question: Summarize the symptoms of autonomic neuropathy.

answer: There are many symptoms of autonomic neuropathy that can occur in different parts of the body. Urinary bladder conditions are a symptom, and could include urinary incontinence or urinary retention. Gastrointestinal tract symptoms can include dysphagia, abdominal pain, nausea, or constipation. Some cardiovascular symptoms can appear as a disturbance in heart rate or hypertension. Impairments in the signals associated with regulation of breathing and gas exchange are some respiratory symptoms. Symptoms presenting in the nervous system can include pupillary defect or dizziness. Other symptoms can include genital impotence, sweat disturbances, and absence of signs of cerebellar dysfunction or parkinsonian symptoms.

question: What does the text say about the spinal cord?

answer: Autonomic neuropathy can affect the autonomic nerve fibers from large collections in the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis outside the spinal cord. These fibers have connections with the spinal cord and due to this, eventually the brain. Some conditions of autonomic neuropathy affecting the brain or spinal cord may also cause autonomic dysfunction.

question: Summarize how autonomic neuropathy can be helped with holistic measures.


split: test

text:
-

    by  @pkedit, Mike Woitalla  @MikeWoitalla, Sep 13, 2019

It sounds like FIFA came up with a terrific idea. It’s what American youth clubs have long hoped for: some financial compensation for developing players who make it to the highest levels.

To recognize the contributions of clubs at which Women’s World Cup players were developed and currently play, FIFA would after the tournament in France divide $8.48 million among these clubs, part of the $50 million in moneys it committed to paying out.

The clubs at which players spent their formative years (ages 12 to 22) would receive a Training Club Reward from FIFA. That could mean as much as an estimated $10,350 for an American youth club that helped spawn a player who reached the 2019 Women’s World Cup.

But the U.S. clubs never got a chance to fill out the Club Application Form FIFA required to determine their eligibility for funds.

WOMEN'S WORLD CUP: Club Benefits Program

On May 14, 2019, FIFA sent a letter to the federations that included a Player Club History Form, which was to be returned by the federation by June 1 with the club history data of each player.

The May 14 letter included instructions to the federation to forward the Club Application Form to the clubs where the players trained from age 12 to 22. A request that is repeated later in the document. The club is instructed to complete the Player History Form and e-mail it to FIFA by July 10, 2019.

Earlier this week, the attorney LANCE REICH, who has represented American youth clubs in their quest for solidarity payments and training compensation, checked with some youth clubs that are eligible for the Training Club Reward and was told they had not been forwarded the Club Application Form by U.S. Soccer, and that they were not aware of the FIFA WWC 2019 Club Benefits Program.

Soccer America checked with the De Anza Force (TIERNA DAVIDSON), MVLA (ABBY DAHLKEMPER), PDA (TOBIN HEATH), Prince William Soccer (ALI KRIEGER), Slammers FC (CHRISTEN PRESS) and Real Colorado (MALLORY PUGH). Each director said he had not received the application from U.S. Soccer and was unaware of the program. Included in those queried was MIKE CULLINA, the Executive Director of Prince William Soccer, who is also U.S. Club Soccer’s chairman. He’s been on U.S. Soccer's Board of Directors since March of 2019. His response on Sept. 12 was: “I am unaware of such a program.”

WALID KHOURY, the director of Southern California's Slammers FC, for whom Press played seven years, said, “I’m shocked that the federation never let us know about this.”

Asked why U.S. Soccer didn’t forward the Club Application Forms to the youth clubs, a U.S. Soccer spokesman said on Sept. 12, “We are in communication with FIFA about the process.” He added that U.S. Soccer believed it necessary to get full clarification and full understanding from FIFA on how best to proceed.

[]

The amount in FIFA's Club Benefits Program will be divided 50/50  -- one half of the money to a player’s current club -- the releasing club reward -- and the other half -- the training club reward -- to the clubs where she “spent her formative years between the ages of 12 to 22.”

U.S. Soccer confirmed that it forwarded the Club Application Forms to NWSL teams.

The amounts within each pot will be divided according to a formula based on how many days a player participated in the Women's World Cup. As the finalists, the players from the USA and Netherlands earned the most money for their clubs, approximately $20,700 per player split evenly between the releasing club and training club(s).

The NWSL released a list of 58 players from its nine clubs who went to the Women's World Cup -- not just U.S. players but the many players from national teams like Australia and Canada that stacked their squads with NWSL players. Using FIFA's formula for compensating releasing clubs, NWSL clubs will share an estimated $478,575.

In this regard, the program is similar to the program FIFA had to reward men's clubs for the participation of their players in the 2018 World Cup, only there was a lot more money involved: $209 million. (Ten MLS clubs shared $3,737,722.50 in rewards.)

But FIFA added a wrinkle with the training club rewards. Soccer America identified 44 Women's World Cup players who played for U.S. youth clubs -- all 23 U.S. players plus 15 Jamaican players and six others on five different teams. Using FIFA's formula for compensating training clubs, these youth clubs could share an estimated $374,175. This would mark a new direction for FIFA, which doesn't authorize training compensation in women's soccer and administers minuscule solidarity payments to women's clubs because there's not much of a market yet for women's transfer fees.

To collect on former players who represented other national teams, U.S. youth clubs would need the other federations to list the U.S. clubs in the Player Club History Form. But without U.S. Soccer alerting them, the U.S. clubs wouldn't have known to make sure they were included.

One concern of youth directors once they became aware of the program was that the professional (NWSL) clubs might receive funds and the youth clubs would not. U.S. Soccer’s spokesman says U.S. Soccer has not yet received funds from FIFA -- it's the federation's responsibility to distribute the funds -- and that it is in discussion with FIFA to determine the process.

The deadlines have passed, but perhaps American youth clubs will still receive the Training Club Rewards. In the meantime, U.S. Soccer could have sent — before, at or even after the July 10 deadline ... a message to members, "As you may be aware, FIFA has started a new Club Benefits Program rewarding clubs for their work in training players who participated in the Women's World Cup. We are working with FIFA on determining what is required. Please be assured we will make sure you are allowed to submit claims so you are properly rewarded.”

The best case scenario will be if the youth clubs ultimately receive the funds, U.S. Soccer improves how it communicates with its youth clubs, and that it regains their confidence.

question: Why did US soccer clubs not get the chance to get FIFA benefits?

answer: Fifa had sent the offer to the US soccer federation. The soccer federation was instructed to forward the application forms to youth soccer clubs. The forms had to be filled in and returned to FIFA by the 10th of July. The US Soccer federation failed to send the forms to the youth soccer clubs so they were unaware of the offer.


text:
KARENTH ZABALA TERRAZAS (born 10 July 1996) is an American-raised Bolivian footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Bolivia women's national team.

Early life

Zabala is originally from the Santa Cruz Department,[1] but moved to the United States at young age. She is now a resident of Falls Church, Virginia.[2]

College career

Zabala attended Mississippi Valley State University in Mississippi Valley State, Mississippi.

International career

Zabala represented Bolivia at the 2014 South American U-20 Women's Championship.[3] At senior level, she played the 2018 Copa América Femenina.[4]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Karenth Zabala

question: When was Terrazas born?

answer: July 10, 1996

question: Where does Terrazas live?

answer: Falls Church, Virginia

question: Where did Terrazas attend college?

answer: Mississippi Valley State University

question: What position does Terrazas play?

answer: Midfielder

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Karenth Zabala Terrazas is an American-raised Bolivian football midfielder for the Bolivia women's national team. She attended Mississippi Valley State University, and she is currently a resident of Falls Church, Virignia.


text:
GAGE COUNTY is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 22,311.[1] Its county seat is Beatrice.[2] The county was created in 1855 and organized in 1857.[3][4][5] It was formed from land taken from the Otoe in an 1854 treaty. The county was named for W.D. Gage, a Methodist minister.[6][7]

Gage County comprises the Beatrice, NE Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also in the Lincoln-Beatrice, NE Combined Statistical Area.

In the Nebraska license plate system, Gage County is represented by the prefix 3 (it had the third-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922).

Geography

Gage County lies on the south line of Nebraska. Its south boundary line abuts the north boundary line of the state of Kansas. The Big Blue River runs SSE through the central part of the county.

According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.0%) is water.[8]

Major highways

-   [] U.S. Highway 77
-   [] U.S. Highway 136
-   [] Nebraska Highway 4
-   [] Nebraska Highway 8
-   [] Nebraska Highway 41
-   [] Nebraska Highway 43
-   [] Nebraska Highway 103
-   [] Nebraska Highway 112

Adjacent counties

-   Lancaster County - north
-   Otoe County - northeast
-   Johnson County - northeast
-   Pawnee County - east
-   Marshall County, Kansas - southeast
-   Washington County, Kansas - southwest
-   Jefferson County - west
-   Saline County - northwest

Protected areas

-   Homestead National Monument
-   Rockford Lake State Recreation Area[9]

Demographics

As of the 2000 United States Census,[10] there were 22,993 people, 9,316 households, and 6,204 families in the county. The population density was 27 people per square mile (10/km²). There were 10,030 housing units at an average density of 12 per square mile (5/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 97.69% White, 0.32% Black or African American, 0.58% Native American, 0.28% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.26% from other races, and 0.84% from two or more races. 0.85% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 56.6% were of German, 6.9% Irish, 6.3% English and 6.3% American ancestry.

There were 9,316 households, out of which 30.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.70% were married couples living together, 7.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.40% were non-families. 29.20% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.91.

The county population contained 24.00% under the age of 18, 7.70% from 18 to 24, 26.30% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64, and 19.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females there were 94.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.40 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,908, and the median income for a family was $43,072. Males had a median income of $29,680 versus $21,305 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,190. About 6.60% of families and 8.70% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.70% of those under age 18 and 8.00% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

Cities

-   Beatrice (county seat)
-   Blue Springs
-   Wymore

Villages

-   Adams
-   Barneston
-   Clatonia
-   Cortland
-   Filley
-   Liberty
-   Odell
-   Pickrell
-   Virginia

Census-designated place

-   Holmesville

Unincorporated communities

-   Ellis
-   Hoag
-   Krider
-   Lanham
-   Rockford

Townships

-   Adams
-   Barneston
-   Blakely
-   Blue Springs-Wymore
-   Clatonia
-   Elm
-   Filley
-   Glenwood
-   Grant
-   Hanover
-   Highland
-   Holt
-   Hooker
-   Island Grove
-   Liberty
-   Lincoln
-   Logan
-   Midland
-   Nemaha
-   Paddock
-   Riverside
-   Rockford
-   Sherman
-   Sicily

Politics

Prior to 1940, Gage County was a swing county, backing the national winner in every presidential election from 1900 to 1936. Since then, it has become a Republican stronghold, aside from the 1964 election in which Democrat Lyndon B. Johnson won the county in the midst of his national landslide victory.

  Year                               Republican                                  Democratic                                  Third Parties
  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
  style=“text-align:center;” |2016   style=“text-align:center;” |63.5% _6,380_   style=“text-align:center;” |29.2% _2,935_   7.3% _733_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2012   style=“text-align:center;” |57.1% _5,513_   style=“text-align:center;” |40.4% _3,903_   2.5% _245_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2008   style=“text-align:center;” |53.5% _5,435_   style=“text-align:center;” |44.0% _4,473_   2.5% _252_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2004   style=“text-align:center;” |63.3% _6,575_   style=“text-align:center;” |35.2% _3,655_   1.5% _154_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2000   style=“text-align:center;” |58.3% _5,538_   style=“text-align:center;” |37.0% _3,516_   4.8% _452_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1996   style=“text-align:center;” |44.8% _4,413_   style=“text-align:center;” |40.7% _4,008_   14.4% _1,422_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1992   style=“text-align:center;” |39.7% _4,006_   style=“text-align:center;” |32.8% _3,315_   27.6% _2,783_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1988   style=“text-align:center;” |55.7% _5,115_   style=“text-align:center;” |43.6% _4,008_   0.7% _63_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1984   style=“text-align:center;” |68.8% _6,116_   style=“text-align:center;” |30.5% _2,709_   0.8% _67_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1980   style=“text-align:center;” |66.2% _6,089_   style=“text-align:center;” |24.6% _2,259_   9.3% _853_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1976   style=“text-align:center;” |52.5% _5,199_   style=“text-align:center;” |45.5% _4,506_   1.9% _190_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1972   style=“text-align:center;” |63.7% _6,298_   style=“text-align:center;” |36.3% _3,588_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1968   style=“text-align:center;” |55.7% _5,465_   style=“text-align:center;” |37.8% _3,704_   6.5% _637_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1964   style=“text-align:center;” |38.6% _4,035_   style=“text-align:center;” |61.4% _6,411_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1960   style=“text-align:center;” |66.8% _7,754_   style=“text-align:center;” |33.2% _3,861_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1956   style=“text-align:center;” |67.6% _7,514_   style=“text-align:center;” |32.4% _3,595_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1952   style=“text-align:center;” |73.9% _8,917_   style=“text-align:center;” |26.1% _3,154_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1948   style=“text-align:center;” |56.3% _5,311_   style=“text-align:center;” |43.7% _4,124_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1944   style=“text-align:center;” |63.4% _7,352_   style=“text-align:center;” |36.6% _4,238_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1940   style=“text-align:center;” |61.6% _8,156_   style=“text-align:center;” |38.5% _5,096_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1936   style=“text-align:center;” |41.5% _5,291_   style=“text-align:center;” |56.7% _7,227_   1.8% _227_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1932   style=“text-align:center;” |37.3% _4,315_   style=“text-align:center;” |60.7% _7,036_   2.0% _234_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1928   style=“text-align:center;” |69.8% _8,378_   style=“text-align:center;” |29.4% _3,526_   0.8% _94_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1924   style=“text-align:center;” |50.7% _5,331_   style=“text-align:center;” |31.7% _3,330_   17.6% _1,853_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1920   style=“text-align:center;” |69.0% _6,059_   style=“text-align:center;” |28.2% _2,477_   2.9% _250_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1916   style=“text-align:center;” |48.7% _3,383_   style=“text-align:center;” |48.7% _3,385_   2.6% _177_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1912   style=“text-align:center;” |21.1% _1,336_   style=“text-align:center;” |40.9% _2,593_   38.1% _2,419_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1908   style=“text-align:center;” |52.8% _3,721_   style=“text-align:center;” |44.4% _3,129_   2.8% _200_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1904   style=“text-align:center;” |69.9% _4,304_   style=“text-align:center;” |21.6% _1,330_   8.5% _526_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1900   style=“text-align:center;” |58.7% _4,141_   style=“text-align:center;” |38.3% _2,701_   3.1% _219_

  : PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RESULTS[11]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] Gage County History (archived)

[7]

[8]

[9] [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Rockford+Lake+State+Recreation+Area,+Beatrice,+NE+68310/@40.2201239,-96.5920638,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x87966e1ec9f23bb9:0x22f94490ffdbced9!8m2!3d40.2265557!4d-96.581008 _Rockford Lake State Recreation Area, Beatrice NE_ Google Maps (accessed 21 January 2019)]

[10]

[11] Election Results

title: Gage County, Nebraska

question: Summarize any Gage country statistics with percentages above 30%.

answer: 56.6% of Gage county residents are German. 56.70% of Gage county residents are married couples who live together. 33.40% of Gage county residents are non-families. 30.30% of Gage county residents have children under 18 living with them. Gage county is made up of 97.69% white residents.

question: Summarize what the article says about W.D. Gage's character.

question: What does the text say about Gage county's political statistics?

answer: From 1855 to 1940, Gage county had no right or left political leaning. From 1900 to 1936, the county backed every national winner in presidential elections. After 1936, Gage county has been predominantly Republican.


text:
        Jerry sat there on his torn leather couch with his boyfriend reading a book with his head on his lap. As he scratched at a hole in the couch, listening to quiet music in his uneven headphones, and smiled a great smile. He realized that he was content. He store down at his boyfriends wrinkled forehead as he explained his book to Jerry, thinking about the mutual contentedness of their relationship, and leaned down to his forehead and kissed it, turning his head so his cheek rested on his forehead, and read the book he was reading. His boyfriend Brian chuckled and bent his neck back to look at Jerry, and Jerry looked down him, and Brian continued to read the book to Jerry.

        Jerry sat cross legged next to a laying Brian on their bed in the time of morning people don't usually wake up in. Jerry and Brian liked this time of morning, because it was so... Nice. They liked to sit and watch and eat cereal as the sun slowly washed over their glossy wooden table and  then slid off the table and onto the ground. Jerry stood up with the milk to put it away, but Brian grabbed his hand, and Jerry sat down again, Brian's grip on Jerry's hand loosened.

        Brian decided today, a Sunday, that they should go to the farmers market just outside of campus, because Brain and Jerry had just gotten their paycheck last week and it had been about $200 each, so they kept $50 each. Brian, the only one who could drive, drove them to the farmers market, and Jerry read Brian's book to him on the way.

        Jerry and Brian had a surprisingly long day at the farmers market. Brian had broke down and was muttering something about his sister in the car when they were driving home, blinking tears out of his eyes. Jerry stew in the passenger seat, annoyed that he felt annoyed about Brian's lamenting*. Brian's sister, Janice had died in a car accident back in August and apparently Janice liked the farmers markets. Jerry had gone to her wedding, wearing the same tuxedo he would at her funeral a few weeks later, from some store in the nearby mall. His father asked Jerry to leave because he had just seen him in that suit, and oh, that was absurd. But then Brian started crying again, and his dad hugged him, and Jerry left and sat on top of their car for an hour to cool down. Brian's parents never did like the fact of homosexuality, so they tried to pretend that Jerry didn't exist, and that Brian actually had a girlfriend--it was all very weird, and that's why Jerry avoided them as much as possible.

        Jerry did like Janice, she was actually quite a nice girl, and acted like Jerry existed, which was a first for Brian's family. He was sad when she died, but he didn't know her well enough to cry our miss her.

I'll probably post updates to this. This is an old short story I recently picked back up.

title: [RF] Contentedness and then Happiness [Unfinished]

question: Who are the main characters?

answer: Boyfriends Jerry and Brian.

question: How did Janice die?

answer: A car accident.

question: Who was Janice?

answer: Brian's sister; Jerry didn't know her very well but she was a nice girl.

question: Why does Brian break down?

answer: Because they were at a farmers market, which Janice liked.

question: Why do they go to the farmers market?

answer: Because it's a Sunday and they have money from their latest pay checks.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: In an unfinished story, Jerry sits with his boyfriend Brian, feeling content in their relationship. Brian decides they should go to the farmers market, but on the way home after a long day there, he breaks down because his recently deceased sister Janice loved the farmers market. Jerry thought Janice was nice, especially as the only member of Brian's homophobic family to acknowledge Jerry, but he didn't know her well enough to be too upset over her death.


text:
When Steve met Her at their usual rendez-vous coffee shop, he had no idea why she had asked him there, but he missed Her and was glad to hear from Her and therefore had agreed to meet Her. Steve didn’t honestly understand the intended purpose of the meeting until thirty minutes had passed since she had departed and he had been sitting in his car with the key in the ignition, but in the ‘off’ position. It was then that Steve realized that Cold had a very distinct smell.

Steve just wasn’t Her type of person.

Or would it be “Her’s type of person”? Steve wasn’t really quite sure about the grammatical ramifications of having a name like Her. They had been together for so long, he and Her, that he no longer thought of Her by her proper name, but instead by the name that his friends had picked up using. “Are you bringing Her?” “Is this yours or is this Her’s?” “Don’t you think about anything besides Her?” That last one was a tricky question, Steve had found, as he did think about things that weren’t Her, but mostly because of Her (Her’s?) influence. He thought about the bands she enjoyed, the movies they’d watched together, and the fact that he hated sleeping/eating/being alone, but those were all related to Her, weren’t they? If he thought of Her as “Her,” did he also have to capitalize “She”? Who thought about this kind of stuff anyways?

But that’s just the type of person Steve is.

When Steve was in 3rd grade, his class had taken a trip to the capitol. The school organizers had decided that the most cost efficient and practical way to transport the 30-some-odd kids 600 miles was to take the Ferry, which would end up being a 3 days/2 nights (one way) journey. Steve’s mom had packed him a sack that contained enough food and clothing to last the 9 days that Steve was to be gone.
The first day on the ferry, the weather was dreadful and the ferry was taking on 6 foot swells. The rocking had excited most of the children, who went out onto the deck to feel the ocean spray, but the motion simply made Steve miss his mother and he decided to curl up with his sack of loving food and clothes at 7:30pm, more than an hour and half before the other children would retire. That night, Steve vomited all over his sack, rendering the food inedible. The next day, Steve, dressed in the clothes of one of his school mates, lived off a diet of complementary saltine crackers provided by the ferry company. On the third day, Steve was feeling quite better and, with a new found sense of confidence, decided to spend all of his mother’s allotted $15 dollars at the ferry restaurant, which gained him a meal of Fruity Pebbles, chocolate milk, cherry yogurt, and 2 packages of Certs, which he promptly threw up within 10 minutes of finishing.

Because that’s the type of person that Steve is.

	Steve had never had particular difficulty getting into relationships with women, as he was genuinely interested in and interesting to other people. The biggest problem for Steve (until Her, of course) was maintaining his interest for more than a few months. The girlfriend before Her was a cute little girl, about three quarters of a foot shorter than Steve, with long, well maintained, nice smelling brown hair. They hung out for five months. They had sex twice. Steve then realized how completely incompatible they were. How could he ever spend any portion of his life with someone who was mildly religious? Or didn’t appreciate the meaningful subtleties of a composition by The Smiths? Besides, Steve had Her on his mind the whole time.

Because that’s the kind of person that Steve was.

	When Steve was still a teenager, Steve would sometimes let go of the wheel of his car and watch as he drifted towards the oncoming traffic. Steve often sat on the roof of his house, smoking cigarettes and daring himself to jump. Steve bit his nails and listened to sad lo-fi bands and cried when he drove long distances and had panic attacks at school and cursed a little bit too much and considered begging his Doctor Mother for a prescription for some sort of anti-depressant or anti-anxiety or anti-something pill or something because anything was better than what Steve felt that he was dealing with.

Because that was just the type of person that Steve was.

	Once, Steve drove 30 miles to visit his biological father. He knocked on his father’s door and, when finding no response, was surprised to learn that the door wasn’t locked at all. Immediately, Steve was returned to that ferry ride, the stench of vomit with a needy feeling and a rocking sensation. Steve found his father face down on his couch, surrounded by cans and bottles of beer. Handles of liquor. Anti-depressants and sleeping aids. There was a unhealthy looking dog tied up in the kitchen that Steve had never seen before who wouldn’t stop barking. Steve sat on the edge of the couch, checked his father’s pulse with two fingers, and then wrote a note that said:

“I love you, dad.”

Steve placed the note in his father’s hand, kissed his dad on the forehead, and left. Steve didn’t go home, though. He drove in the opposite direction until he ran out of gas.

Steve was just that type of person sometimes.

	Steve was still sitting in his car, in the middle of the winter, without the engine on. Steve wondered whether or not the salt content of tears made them freeze at a lower temperature than normal water. Do people who eat a lot of salty foods have saltier tears? What gives someone high blood pressure? Steve asked the ghost that lived in his car what type of person would consider him their type of person. As usual, the phantom didn’t respond. Steve turned on his car. He wondered whether or not he was an optimist. Would an optimist want there to be a heaven? Or would he rather rot in the ground, free for eternity? Steve supposed it really depended on what type of person they had been in their life. Steve asked the ghost whether or not his father had been an optimist. The ghost didn’t respond. Probably, thought Steve.

title: Steve has a lot on his mind.

question: What kind of person is Steve?

answer:
Steve is the kind of person that vomits his food easily. When he was in the 3rd grade he vomited over his food bag while on a school trip, rendering it inedible. On the third day of the trip, he treated himself to a fancy meal, which he also vomited within 10 minutes of finishing it.
Also, Steve has problems holding down relationships with women. He does well getting into relationships, but he gets bored easily and would drift away from his girlfriends after a while. He also likes to let go of his wheel while driving. He often would bite his nails while listing to dep[dressing low-fi bands. He would sit on the roof of his housing, smoking and daring himself to jump.

question: What is the underlying cause of Steve's behavior?


text:
Story 1 - Mad Villainy

I. Spitz

Detective Daniel Barrett Spitz woke up, on the morning of January 19th, 2003, to his clock radio. The old thing hummed away, a soft, firm male voice informing the city of the latest happenings, mostly surrounding DOOM. “... And last night, yet another of DOOM’s masked robberies occurred at 19th and Main. Citizens are urged to stay cautious, and to alert the police of any suspicious activities... “. Daniel’s weary, lined face frowned a bit, his sunken eyes staying still in their dark sockets.
Detective Spitz quickly rose out of bed, jumping to attention and performing 50 perfect jumping jacks to jolt himself awake. The rotting floor beneath him gave way to his bare, cold feet just a bit. Grabbing a worn but clean towel from his drawer, Daniel heads off to his bathroom and finishes getting ready, donning his nearly antique but well maintained leather jacket that matched his skin eerily, making him blend in almost suspiciously well.

II. DOOM

Dwight Dumile awoke in a pile of bloody cash and cassette tapes in his underground bunker, deep beneath the city. Wearing a bathrobe and slippers, he stripped and got into a chemical shower, which quickly sterilized him before he put on a loose pair of brand new cargo pants and an oversized XXL hoodie. He then affixed a metallic mask over his expressionless features. Daniel, now DOOM, walked over to his pneumatic tubes and collected the newspapers that feature his exploits in their headlines. They all spelled his name correctly now, in all caps. Not that DOOM had given them much of a choice.

III. Famsar

Sgt. Angelo Famsar picked up his cell phone, the time reading 9:02 AM, the date January 19th. His job in the city’s Robbery Squad afforded him a nice office, which was all the better for taking his calls. Famsar had two types of calls that ever came in through his work cell phone: orders from DOOM, and transfer orders for the heroine warehouse he ran for DOOM. The caller ID read DOOM, and not any of the various distributors, so he could most likely expect the former.
	“Hello?”. Angelo frowned as he heard something that sounded vaguely like chewing coming from the other end of the call. “Sir?”.
	“Yeah, it’s me.”. DOOM’s calls were almost always a bit bizarre. Angelo was one of the few people who heard DOOM speak on a regular basis. Angelo heard what sounded like DOOM popping open a beer. “I need you to schedule a meeting with Detective Spitz”.
	“Spitz?”. Famsar frowned. “If you like, sir, but he’s probably the cleanest cop on the force.”. Famsar chuckled nervously. “He’ll be able to sniff me out like a bloodhound”.
	“Meet with him. Tell him that his indiscretions have been noticed. Then dismiss him. No further communication”.
	“Yes, sir”. Angelo hears a click on the other end and quickly calls in his secretary to go retrieve Detective Spitz.

IV. Spitz

How did Famsar know? The knowing look could have been anything, anything at all. But Daniel knew that he followed every strict guideline of the force. On the job, he was the cleanest cop on the force. Maybe they’d noticed his bruised, scabby knuckles, and Angelo just took a shot in the dark trying to make Spitz clean up his act before something happened. Angelo might have looked a bit like your stereotypical scuzzy, dirty cop, but Daniel was sure that he was clean. It’s possible that one of the targets Daniel had threatened recently had tried to turn him in, possibly even tried to get off free by accusing Daniel of beating him, but it seemed unlikely; people don’t snitch on Spitz, especially those who value their lives. DOOM doesn’t treat people who snitch on his men very well.

V. DOOM

The phone only ever needed to ring once for DOOM’s call to be accepted. It was an unwritten rule that it seemed DOOM’s cronies had all independently arrived at, and it seemed no different for Mr. Spitz.
 “... And then he told me that my indiscretions had been noticed. Not to undermine you, sir, but you told me that if I did exactly as you said, there would be no chance of me being caught.”.
DOOM rolls his eyes, even though they aren’t very visible through his eye holes and no one was watching. “Then obviously you didn’t do exactly what I said, Daniel. Besides, he said indiscretions, he didn’t accuse you of anything specific”.
“I understand, sir. Should I take any action at this time?”
“I need you to do a job tonight. Easy. Target will be in warehouse B at 8:30. Arrive at 8:00 to acclimate yourself, and make sure he can’t leave the warehouse unless he’s on a gurney”.
“Understood”.

VI. Famsar

Around midday, Angelo received a call from DOOM, telling him to waste his night going to the damned warehouse again. How many times had he checked inventory at the warehouse? Wasn’t it enough for the warehouse’s permanent staff to be making sure that all their heroine was safe and sound in little baggies, packed tight into hoodlums’ jackets travelling through the city? Of course, Angelo had quickly accepted. Anything else would be suicide. It had been a while anyway, and Angelo was getting a bit rusty with his spot checks. Truth be told, he hadn’t been to warehouse B in almost 2 months now. His surveillance on Spitz had come to an end today when Spitz had to go out for something or another, maybe chasing another useless lead. Over 75 percent of the cases in the precinct, or covered by Famsar’s squad, had some loose connection to DOOM. Not that Angelo had ever let any detectives know that. He might not have looked like it, but Angelo tended to see himself as an intelligent man. He planned his moves ahead, and didn’t trust anyone. Still, he could see no possible danger in checking the warehouse tonight.

VII. DOOM

DOOM really was sad to see one of the gentlemen go. But they had their time on his payroll, and DOOM didn’t like to take chances. Both were unflinchingly loyal, both had never wronged him. Yet Famsar seemed to be getting a bit comfortable in his position, and it seemed only eventual that he would make a mistake. And Spitz, of course, couldn’t be trust just by his very nature. A man who beat strangers for a living would not hesitate to beat a man who has actively wronged him, and it seemed unlikely that Detective Spitz would survive much longer anyway, with so many enemies. But after the warehouse, Spitz would either be on his way to a graveyard or out of the country. These things had a way of resolving themselves once DOOM got involved. DOOM thought for another moment and decided he deserved another beer, and cracked open another cold one.

VII. Spitz

Detective Spitz arrived a bit early to the warehouse. He knew that DOOM had stopped operations in the warehouse a month or so ago, or at least that’s what he was able to glean from various targets that DOOM had him interrogate. The warehouse was wiped clean, with no sign that it had ever been used for anything except housing goods. Allowing himself 10 minutes for his eyes to adjust to the darkness, he waited for his target to arrive at the warehouse through the only open entrance in the warehouse. Spitz glanced down at his watch, barely able to read the time in the darkness. 8:10. Whoever would walk through that door at 8:30 would be poorly acclimated to the darkness, so it seemed plausible that Spitz would be able to take him down without a gunshot, which would definitely work in his favor. Gunshots in the city didn’t go unnoticed, even in a district with many warehouses.

A ridiculously loud crack burst out somewhere in Spitz’ vicinity causing him to spin quickly. Before he fell, Spitz recognized it dimly as a gunshot. It started really hurting when he hit the ground with a thud that he felt but didn’t hear. Facedown on the ground, his ears ringing, Spitz was bleeding out, the gunshot in his side pulsing with pain as he tried to twist his head around to see if he could at least view the man who hurt him. Spitz died trying.

IX. Famsar

If Angelo had been surprised that the warehouse was empty, he had been even more surprised that Detective Spitz had mosied on in, letting his eyes adjust in a similar way to how he had done. Staying as still as possible about 10 feet behind Spitz, Angelo had eventually concluded that Spitz must have been sent to kill him, mostly because of the way he was watching that door. Police don’t wait by a door in the dark, in plain clothes in abandoned warehouse at night. And it was fairly obvious that Spitz thought that his target would be arriving later than he was, that much was fairly obvious. Famsar hypothesized that perhaps Spitz was planning on using the element of surprise, combined with the fact that his “victim” would not be able to see as well as he would. It also seemed fairly obvious that DOOM had somehow orchestrated this. Angelo had gotten lazy with the warehouse checks, and hadn’t even noticed that this one had been shut down. Stupid, stupid. So the only move Angelo thought would be a surefire temporary win for himself would be to shoot Detective Daniel Spitz in the back, which he did with a shaking hand. After he saw the man drop to the ground, he stepped over his body and fled the warehouse.

title: Mad Villainy [MS]

question: Summarize how DOOM was able to doublecross two policemen, getting them to attack each other.

answer: Detective Daniel Spitz and Sergent Angelo Famsar were on DOOM's payroll, unbeknownst to both policemen. DOOM wanted Famsar to keep an eye on Spitz and as well as tell him that his indiscretion is being noticed. Spitz was surprised when Famsar said those words as his "indiscretion" was known to no one except DOOM. Spitz then visited an abandoned warehouse on the command of DOOM. He waited there for someone DOOM told him to kill. Unknown to Spitz, DOOM also told Famsar to visit the old abandoned warehouse in order to kill whoever he finds there. Famsar got there first and succeeded in killing Spitz.

question: How much was DOOM paying Detective Daniel Spritz to keep the detective working for him?


text:
_MERI JUNG_ () is a 1985 Indian Hindi action drama film produced by N N Sippy and directed by Subhash Ghai. The film stars Anil Kapoor, Meenakshi Sheshadri, Nutan, Amrish Puri, Javed Jaffrey (in his debut film), A. K. Hangal, Iftekhar, Kushboo and Parikshit Sahni. The film's music is by Laxmikant Pyarelal and lyrics wrote by Anand Bakshi. The film was a huge box office success and was critically acclaimed. It was a breakthrough performance for Anil Kapoor and put him into the big league.[1][2] Kapoor's performance in the film is considered to be one of his best and he received his first Filmfare Award nomination; under the Best Actor Category.[3] The film was also nominated under the Best Film category.

Plot

The story begins with a happy lower-middle-class family – Arun Verma (Anil Kapoor) an 8-year-old boy, his sister Komal Verma (Khushboo) a 5-year-old girl, his mother (Nutan) and his father (Girish Karnad) – living a peaceful life. Arun's parents teach their children through the famous title song “Zindagi Har Kadam Ek Nayi Jung Hai, Jeet Jayenge Hum, Jeet Jayenge Hum Tu Agar Sang Hai” which means that life is full of challenges at every step and still we will overcome all these if we are together.

Arun's father is trapped in a murder case. A famous criminal lawyer G.D. Thakral (Amrish Puri) proves him guilty, and he is sentenced to be hanged by the court. Pleas by Arun's mother fail to convince Thakral to be truthful and spare her husband. Thakral asks her to give evidence for his innocence, to which she sadly quotes, “Jiske paas koi sabut, koi gavanh nahi hote kya we begunah nahin hote” (“one who does not have any proof or witness of innocence, are they not innocent?”). Thakral was adamant to let her husband be hanged. He was hanged as per court's decision. His mother becomes mentally unstable from shock and is sent to a mental institution. Later Advocate Gupta (A.K. Hangal), the lawyer who defended Arun's father, finds out that Thakral had known all along that he was innocent, but only wanted him to be hanged. Arun finds out that Thakral abused the law.

Arun's house and all his property are auctioned off by the court. Arun and his sister are not offered help. He grows up with the seeds of revenge in his heart. He becomes a successful defence lawyer and keenly follows every case of Thakral so that some day he can stand up in court against the unbeaten Thakral and beat him.

One day Geeta Srivatsav (Meenakshi) comes to him and asks him to fight the case of her sister, Dr. Asha Mathur (Bina), who is accused of killing a patient on duty with her medicine, which she gave from her purse. Arun refuses saying that if she can produce even an iota of evidence of her sister being innocent he will fight for her. Geeta replies coincidentally the same sentence “Jiske paas koi sabut, koi gavanh nahi hote kya we begunah nahin hote.” Arun is instantly reminded of his mother's pleadings before Thakral. Geeta storms out of his office, but Arun is convinced to take the case. He meets Asha Mathur in police custody. He learns from her that on that fateful night she got a call from her ward assistant that her patient is in the ICU and needs her. She stops on the way (due to a traffic jam), and she impatiently moves out of car her to ask the reason. Meanwhile, somebody replaces the medicine bottle with the look-alike bottle of poison from her purse. On arrival in the hospital, she gives the liquid from that bottle to stabilise the patient. This resulted in the patient's death.

It is shown that Asha Mathur's husband, Dr. Dinesh Mathur (Parikshat Sahni), had gone to meet Thakral and had asked him to fight his wife's case. Thakral says no, claiming he is very busy at the moment, but later tells his assistant that there is no way that this case could be won. Arun meets Dinesh Mathur and informs him that he will fight the case. He asked him about the nature of poison and for how long a person can sustain the poison; he learns that poison might result in death within 2 to 15 minutes depending on the body's resistance.

The case begins with the prosecution lawyer recounting the events of that fateful day and telling that the medicine given to the patient was actually poison. Arun defends the case says that the patient did not die of this medicine. To prove himself right he drinks the medicine in court and refutes the claim. The court declares Geeta's sister not guilty. Just after the judgement, Dr. Mathur rushes Arun to hospital. It is revealed that the medicine contained poison, and Arun is saved in the nick of time.

Geeta calls him on a beach to appreciate his efforts and kindness at the canteen. They fall in love. Thakral's son Vikram Thakral (Javed Jaffrey), a spoiled brat, not knowing anything about Arun, teases Geeta, which irritates the couple. Soon things take an ugly turn and Arun beats up Vikram.

Dr. Mathur wants to appreciate and compensate Arun for the risky effort he took to save his wife. He calls him for a get-together in his mansion. Dr. Mathur gives Arun a blank cheque. Arun rejects the offers politely and says he did for his self-satisfaction. He then finds the same piano with the sticker of Bhagwat Geeta of Krishna which his father used to play and was auctioned. His memories are refreshed again and with the emotional request he tells Dr. Mathur that this piano is very significant to him and asks for it. Dr. Mathur very happily gives the piano and asks him the reason for accepting this small fee. He tells the Mathur family his tragic story. He says that his mother was never seen after his father's death, and he assumes that she is dead.

Vikram plans to trap Arun's sister Komal and learns that she studies in the same college to exact revenge. He tries to impress her by his charms, dancing skills, and ways of flattering people. The plan works. Komal falls for him and he convinces her to run away with him (so that he can publicly defame Arun by leaving his sister). At the planned moment, when one of Vikram's ex-girlfriends shows up and tells Komal of Vikram's evil intentions. In the ensuing argument, Vikram murders his girlfriend which is witnessed by Dr. Mathur's family.

The Mathurs arrive at Arun's house to narrate the incident. Mr. Mathur sees a photo of his mother hanging on the wall. He immediately recognises the face with the patient he was handling for mental disorders. Arun and his sister request them to take them to her. In the mental hospital they see their mother. Her memories had stopped on the day of the incident; she feels that their children are eight and five, staying with father. Arun brings her mother to his house and tries to make her come back to normal; she resumes her memory on hearing the song “Zingadi Har Kadam...”

Arun had been waiting for this moment to take revenge on Thakral. He steps in as the prosecutor against Thakral who is defending his son. The case moves to and fro and, in the end, Arun has the upper hand. Thakral kidnaps Arun's mother and attempts to blackmail him. Arun goes to save his mother and is beaten up by Thakral's goons. Even though injured, Arun fights back. In an attempt to shoot Arun, Thakral shoots his friend's son and is jailed. He is unsuccessful in saving his son, who is given the death penalty. Thakral becomes a mentally unstable person.

Arun and his family are happy again and sing the famous “Zindagi Har Kadam Ek Nayi Jung Hai” song.

Cast

  Actor/actress         Character
  --------------------- ---------------------------------------
  Anil Kapoor           Arun Verma
  Girish Karnad         Deepak Verma
  Khushboo              Komal Verma (Arun's Sister)
  Nutan                 Aarti (Arun and Komal's mother)
  Meenakshi Sheshadri   Geeta Srivastav
  Amrish Puri           G. D. Thakral
  Javed Jaffrey         Vikram Thakral (Vicky)
  A. K. Hangal          Advocate Gupta
  Rabia Amin            Indu Gupta, Advocate Gupta daughter
  Viju Khote            as Arun Verma Assistant
  Beena Banerjee        Dr. Asha Mathur
  Parikshat Sahni       Dr. Dinesh Mathur
  Kamal Kapoor          Dhaaga sahab
  Pradeep Rawat         Government Advocate
  Sudhir                Police Inspector (Special Appearance)
  Iftekhar              Mr Garewal (Special Appearance)

Soundtrack

Music composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal and lyrics penned by Anand Bakshi.

  #   Title                                     Singer(s)
  --- ----------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------
  1   “Zindagi Har Kadam”                       Lata Mangeshkar, Nitin Mukesh
  2   “Zindagi Har Kadam Ek Nai Jung Hai” – 1   Lata Mangeshkar, Shabbir Kumar
  3   “Bol Baby Bol Rock-N-Roll”                Kishore Kumar, Javed Jaffrey, S. Janaki
  4   “O Mere Khwabon Ke Shehzade”              Anuradha Paudwal
  5   “Zindagi Har Kadam Ek Nai Jung Hai” – 2   Lata Mangeshkar
  6   “Jhoom Le Jhoom Le”                       Laxmikant Kudalkar, Subhash Ghai

Remakes

  Year   Title                    Language   Ref.
  ------ ------------------------ ---------- ------
  1986   _Vijrumbhana_            Telugu     [4]
  1987   _Oru Thayin Sabhatham_   Tamil      [5]
  1989   _Yuddha Kanda_           Kannada    [6]

Awards and nominations

33rd Filmfare Awards

WON

-   Best Supporting Actor – Amrish Puri
-   Best Supporting Actress – Nutan

NOMINATED

-   Best Film – N. N. Sippy
-   Best Actor – Anil Kapoor
-   Best Music Director – Laxmikant–Pyarelal
-   Best Lyricist – Anand Bakshi – “Zindagi Har Kadam”

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/60-bollywood-films-remade-in-south-indian-film-industry/

[5] https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870424&printsec=frontpage&hl=en

[6] https://chiloka.com/movie/yuddha-kaanda-1989

title: Meri Jung

question: Summarize everything related to characters being killed.

answer: Arun's father is sentenced to be hanged for murder. Dr. Asha Mathur is accused of killing a patient on duty after the patient is poisoned. When Vikram's ex-girlfriend spoils his plot to trap Arun's sister, Vikram murders his girlfriend. Later, in an attempt to shoot Arun, Thakral shoots his friend's son and is jailed. His son Vikram is given the death penalty.

question: What does the article say about a sequel to the film?

question: What does the article say about non-actors who contributed to the film?

answer: The film was produced by N N Sippy and directed by Subhash Ghai. Its music is by Laxmikant Pyarelal with lyrics by Anand Bakshi.


text:
_EULER'S GEM: THE POLYHEDRON FORMULA AND THE BIRTH OF TOPOLOGY_ is a book on the formula V − E + F = 2 for the Euler characteristic of convex polyhedra and its connections to the history of topology. It was written by David Richeson and published in 2008 by the Princeton University Press, with a paperback edition in 2012. It won the 2010 Euler Book Prize of the Mathematical Association of America.

Topics

The book is organized historically, and reviewer Robert Bradley divides the topics of the book into three parts. The first part discusses the earlier history of polyhedra, including the works of Pythagoras, Thales, Euclid, and Johannes Kepler, and the discovery by René Descartes of a polyhedral version of the Gauss–Bonnet theorem (later seen to be equivalent to Euler's formula). It surveys the life of Euler, his discovery in the early 1750s that the Euler characteristic V − E + F is equal to two for all convex polyhedra, and his flawed attempts at a proof, and concludes with the first rigorous proof of this identity in 1794 by Adrien-Marie Legendre, based on Girard's theorem relating the angular excess of triangles in spherical trigonometry to their area.

Although polyhedra are geometric objects, _Euler's Gem_ argues that Euler discovered his formula through being the first to view them topologically (as abstract incidence patterns of vertices, faces, and edges), rather than through their geometric distances and angles. (However, this argument is undermined by the book's discussion of similar ideas in the earlier works of Kepler and Descartes.) The birth of topology is conventionally marked by an earlier contribution of Euler, his 1736 work on the Seven Bridges of Königsberg, and the middle part of the book connects these two works through the theory of graphs. It proves Euler's formula in a topological rather than geometric form, for planar graphs, and discusses its uses in proving that these graphs have vertices of low degree, a key component in proofs of the four color theorem. It even makes connections to combinatorial game theory through the graph-based games of Sprouts and Brussels Sprouts and their analysis using Euler's formula.

In the third part of the book, Bradley moves on from the topology of the plane and the sphere to arbitrary topological surfaces. For any surface, the Euler characteristics of all subdivisions of the surface are equal, but they depend on the surface rather than always being 2. Here, the book describes the work of Bernhard Riemann, Max Dehn, and Poul Heegaard on the classification of manifolds, in which it was shown that the two-dimensional topological surfaces can be completely described by their Euler characteristics and their orientability. Other topics discussed in this part include knot theory and the Euler characteristic of Seifert surfaces, the Poincaré–Hopf theorem, the Brouwer fixed point theorem, Betti numbers, and Grigori Perelman's proof of the Poincaré conjecture.

An appendix includes instructions for creating paper and soap-bubble models of some of the examples from the book.

Audience and reception

_Euler's Gem_ is aimed at a general audience interested in mathematical topics, with biographical sketches and portraits of the mathematicians it discusses, many diagrams and visual reasoning in place of rigorous proofs, and only a few simple equations. With no exercises, it is not a textbook. However, the later parts of the book may be heavy going for amateurs, requiring at least an undergraduate-level understanding of calculus and differential geometry. Reviewer Dustin L. Jones also suggests that teachers would find its examples, intuitive explanations, and historical background material useful in the classroom.

Although reviewer Jeremy L. Martin complains that “the book's generalizations about mathematical history and aesthetics are a bit simplistic or even one-sided”, points out a significant mathematical error in the book's conflation of polar duality with Poincaré duality, and views the book's attitude towards computer-assisted proof as “unnecessarily dismissive”, he nevertheless concludes that the book's mathematical content “outweighs these occasional flaws”. Dustin Jones evaluates the book as “a unique blend of history and mathematics ... engaging and enjoyable”, and reviewer Bruce Roth calls it “well written and full of interesting ideas”. Reviewer Janine Daems writes, “It was a pleasure reading this book, and I recommend it to everyone who is not afraid of mathematical arguments”.

title: Euler's Gem

question: Summarize what the first part of the book talks about.

answer: The book's first part talks about the early history of polyhedra which includes the works of Pythagoras, Thales, Euclid, and Johannes Kepler. It also includes the discovery by Rene Descartes of the polyhedral version of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem. This part also discusses Euler's life and his discovery in the early 1750s.

question: Elaborate on the instructions provided in the appendix.

question: What does the third part of the book discuss?

answer: In the third part of the book, Bradley discusses arbitrary topological surfaces. Further, the book describes the work of Bernhard Reimann, Max Dehn, and Poul Heegaard on the classification of manifolds. Along with this, the book also discusses knot theory and the Euler characteristic of Siefert surfaces.

question: What kind of audience is the book for?

answer: The book is meant for the general audience who are interested in mathematical topics. Although, the later part of the book may be heavy for amateurs and would require at least an undergraduate-level understanding of calculus and differential geometry.


text:
"Guys, I think we need to think about the Christmas lunch. I know a lot of you are attached to the gift exchange, but I think this year we should try something new. It's called charity." Diane opened her arms like a basket overflowing and there was a long pause as everyone in the group simultaneously choked puke back down their throats. "I think we should buy gifts for a needy family instead of exchanging them with each other."

"That's a great idea, Diane. But maybe we should just do our charity on our own. A lot of us like the gift exchange." Tim said, fighting back the anger at the idea of being made to give to charity. Tim was a conservative in the sense that he conserved most of his emotions for blowing way the fuck up at small slights he felt were forced on him.

"Tim, Christmas is about giving - not taking. Why don't we go the extra mile here and -" But Diane was cut off mid sentence by

Jessica! "Christmas? Christmas? Is this 1960? Are we on the set of Mad Men? Please don't use that word to describe our seasonal exchange of peace! It's called 'The Holidays' or 'Seasonal Party'. Christmas? I don't believe you, Diane. I thought you were more informed than that. George is Jewish. Talia is Islamic. And Ruth is that one where they don't believe in holidays..."

"Jehovah's Witness." Ruth said.

"What about my rights? I'm Christian and I don't like you people taking the Christ out of the holiday." Glenda chimed in.

"You people?" Michael X asked.

"The bible is my favorite book, and I think we should all take a note from Joh -"

"Which version?"

"Version of what?"

"Which version of the bible?" Stan was upset.

"King James."

Stan made a fart noise. "Please."

"You know there's many books of the bible, not just the -"

"Bah, you're Mormon."

"What does that have to do with anything?"

"I heard Mormons believe in a monster God that flew to Earth in a 747!"

"That's Scientologists!"

"They're all crazy!"

"I'm a Scientologist!"

"Yeah, and you're crazy."

"STOP!" Diane yelled. "Look, I thought maybe you all would like to join in a charitable effort. But I guess not. I guess..." She began weeping. "I guess you're all too enamored in your own beliefs to believe in the one belief we all hold true - love."

Stan made the farting noise again.

"Why don't we have a potluck?"

"Is that some Indian thing?"

"They're called Native Americans!"

"Not if their Indian. Like from India, you fuckhead."

"Fuck you, I don't want a potluck. This isn't Kwanza. It's Christmas!"

"What's wrong with Kwanza?"

"Nothing, it's just a made-up holiday."

"So is Christmas."

"Oh, you would say that, you helped kill Christ afterall you stinking -"

"STOP IT! STOP! We need to pull together." It was Tim this time. He was crying. But not out of sadness for our souls, but out of pure rage. "I will NOT be forced to give to charity. Or vote for Obama. Or wash my hands EVERY. SINGLE. TIME. I. USE. THE. BATHROOM!"

Everyone stopped and looked around at each other and then at Tim. "You don't always wash your hands? Gross." Diane made a face. She had stopped weeping and found a new charity - the one where you give ridicule. "Tim doesn't wash his hands!"

Everyone started laughing.

I looked around and there was a general sense of togetherness, something that religions, charities, and politicians cannot put together. Something stronger. Something beautiful. It was the act of not being the person being made fun of.

Tim looked around the room and finding no clear target for his rage, decided to punch the coffee maker and then he stormed out as laughter followed him down the halls.

Finally, the room composed itself and Diane began again. "OK. I'm not feeling a lot of love for the charity. So, let's go ahead and just do our gift exchange, at a restaurant, like usual." She smiled at the group.

"What restaurant?"

And with that, chaos ensued. Employees shot from their chairs and grabbed whatever was nearby and began pummeling their neighbor.

"Outback!"

"Red Robin!"

"Ninos!"

...were the battle cries that day. I hid under a desk and watched Diane use a letter opener to stab Jane in the ear repeatedly. The idea of charity was long gone and she only craved the sound of metal plunging into brain.

Jon was trying to fit Harry down the garbage chute, Becka was strangling Don with a phone cord, Thom was in the corner raping a fern for reasons unknown...

The battle went on and I was able to ride it out under my desk smoking cigarettes and drinking mini bottles of Rum that I had received at the last Peace in the Middle East and End Smoking lunch.

Finally, a champion appeared. It was Ruth. She was dragging Michael X's body on a cross she had made from the cubicle uprights. The rest of the employees were dead, dying, or too injured to protest when Ruth, bloodied, stood on her desk and proclaimed "We shall have a white elephant gift exchange. At Denny's. We will call it a Seasonal Party. We will wear ugly...ugly...sweaters..." and then she gasped and fell to the ground dead.

The only sound was Thom continuing to have sex with a fern.

I slowly walked out. I was the only survivor of the Seasonal Party discussion. It was 1996. Hallmark headquarters.

title: [hm] Seasonal Party

question: What is the message that the writer wanted to convey in this satirical work?

answer: the writer is clearly stating that the flaws of humanity transcends beliefs and religion. The story shows a massive clash of beliefs over what is generally a universally celebrated holiday. Be it in deciding whether to give to charity, what to call the holiday, or just choosing which place to eat in -the differences between ideologies will always prove to be one of the most difficult obstacles that needs to be overcome before human beings can truly understand each other.


text:
CHESTER COUNTY is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,131.[1] Its county seat is Henderson.[2] The county was created in 1879 and organized in 1882.[3][4]

Chester County is included in the Jackson, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History

Chester County was the last county formed in Tennessee, created by the General Assembly in 1875 from adjacent parts of neighboring Hardeman, Henderson, McNairy, and Madison counties. This land was used to create a county named Wisdom County, but “Wisdom County” was never organized, and in March 1879 the Assembly repealed this and created Chester County out of the same land. Lawsuits by opponents of the creation of the new county delayed actual organization until 1882.[5] Chester County was named for Colonel Robert I. Chester, a quartermaster in the War of 1812, an early postmaster in Jackson, and a federal marshal.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.08%) is water.[6]

Adjacent Counties

-   Henderson County (northeast)
-   Hardin County (southeast)
-   McNairy County (south)
-   Hardeman County (southwest)
-   Madison County (northwest)

State protected areas

-   Chickasaw State Park
-   Chickasaw State Forest (part)

Demographics

As of the census[7] of 2000, there were 15,540 people, 5,660 households, and 4,199 families residing in the county. The population density was 54 people per square mile (21 per km²). There were 6,178 housing units at an average density of 21 per square mile (8 per km²). The racial makeup of the county was 88.13% White (non-Hispanic), 10.03% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.31% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. 0.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

As of 2000 there were 5,660 households, out of which 33.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.00% were married couples living together, 11.50% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.80% were non-families. 22.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.20% under the age of 18, 14.40% from 18 to 24, 26.40% from 25 to 44, 21.40% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,349, and the median income for a family was $41,127. Males had a median income of $31,378 versus $21,615 for females. The per capita income for the county was $15,756. About 11.10% of families and 14.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.50% of those under age 18 and 15.30% of those age 65 or over.

Education

There are six schools in the Chester County School District. Chester County High School serves the whole county and holds grades 9-12. Chester County Junior High School holds grades 6 through 8 for the entire county. Chester County Middle School serves the whole county's students in grades 4 and 5. East Chester County Elementary School, West Chester County Elementary School, and Jacks Creek Elementary School all hold kindergarten through 3rd grade. [8]

Henderson is the home of Freed-Hardeman University.

Communities

City

-   Henderson (County Seat)

Town

-   Enville (partial)
-   Milledgeville (partial)
-   Silerton (partial)

Unincorporated communities

-   Deanburg
-   Hickory Corners
-   Jacks Creek
-   Masseyville
-   Mifflin
-   Montezuma
-   Sanford Hill
-   Sweet Lips
-   Woodville

In popular culture

-   Country musician Eddy Arnold, a native of Henderson, titled his 1969 autobiography _It's A Long Way From Chester County_.
-   The 1973 movie _Walking Tall_ was filmed in Henderson and elsewhere in Chester County, including important scenes filmed in the county courthouse; many local residents served as extras or played bit parts.

Politics

Chester County is a Republican stronghold. The last Democrat to carry the county was Jimmy Carter in 1976.

  Year                               Republican                                  Democratic                                  Third Parties
  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
  style=“text-align:center;” |2016   style=“text-align:center;” |78.1% _5,081_   style=“text-align:center;” |19.1% _1,243_   2.8% _183_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2012   style=“text-align:center;” |73.1% _4,684_   style=“text-align:center;” |25.3% _1,624_   1.6% _102_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2008   style=“text-align:center;” |71.0% _4,587_   style=“text-align:center;” |27.8% _1,797_   1.2% _75_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2004   style=“text-align:center;” |64.3% _4,086_   style=“text-align:center;” |35.3% _2,242_   0.5% _29_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2000   style=“text-align:center;” |60.9% _3,487_   style=“text-align:center;” |38.3% _2,192_   0.9% _49_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1996   style=“text-align:center;” |56.0% _2,746_   style=“text-align:center;” |39.2% _1,922_   4.8% _233_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1992   style=“text-align:center;” |50.6% _2,834_   style=“text-align:center;” |41.4% _2,317_   8.0% _445_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1988   style=“text-align:center;” |61.1% _2,781_   style=“text-align:center;” |38.6% _1,757_   0.4% _17_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1984   style=“text-align:center;” |59.7% _2,793_   style=“text-align:center;” |39.6% _1,854_   0.7% _33_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1980   style=“text-align:center;” |55.7% _2,751_   style=“text-align:center;” |43.0% _2,123_   1.3% _66_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1976   style=“text-align:center;” |43.2% _1,949_   style=“text-align:center;” |56.1% _2,532_   0.8% _36_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1972   style=“text-align:center;” |71.7% _2,787_   style=“text-align:center;” |24.7% _961_     3.6% _139_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1968   style=“text-align:center;” |32.8% _1,408_   style=“text-align:center;” |19.8% _849_     47.4% _2,037_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1964   style=“text-align:center;” |50.1% _1,767_   style=“text-align:center;” |49.9% _1,763_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1960   style=“text-align:center;” |59.1% _1,807_   style=“text-align:center;” |39.0% _1,192_   2.0% _61_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1956   style=“text-align:center;” |48.9% _1,460_   style=“text-align:center;” |50.0% _1,495_   1.1% _34_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1952   style=“text-align:center;” |53.0% _1,674_   style=“text-align:center;” |47.0% _1,484_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1948   style=“text-align:center;” |39.5% _766_     style=“text-align:center;” |50.5% _980_     10.0% _194_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1944   style=“text-align:center;” |44.5% _931_     style=“text-align:center;” |55.3% _1,156_   0.2% _4_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1940   style=“text-align:center;” |39.8% _1,015_   style=“text-align:center;” |60.2% _1,537_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1936   style=“text-align:center;” |32.4% _565_     style=“text-align:center;” |67.2% _1,172_   0.4% _7_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1932   style=“text-align:center;” |26.2% _356_     style=“text-align:center;” |72.6% _985_     1.2% _16_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1928   style=“text-align:center;” |44.2% _582_     style=“text-align:center;” |55.8% _735_     style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1924   style=“text-align:center;” |38.5% _484_     style=“text-align:center;” |60.3% _758_     1.3% _16_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1920   style=“text-align:center;” |48.8% _1,088_   style=“text-align:center;” |49.6% _1,105_   1.6% _36_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1916   style=“text-align:center;” |41.6% _645_     style=“text-align:center;” |55.7% _862_     2.7% _42_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1912   style=“text-align:center;” |22.7% _312_     style=“text-align:center;” |46.3% _636_     31.0% _426_

  : PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS RESULTS[9]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

title: Chester County, Tennessee

question: What does the text say about the "Walking Tall" movie remake starring The Rock?

question: What does the text say about Chester County, Tennessee?

answer: Chester County is located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The population was 17,131 as of the 2010 census. Its county seat is Henderson. Chester County was the last county formed in Tennessee, created by the General Assembly in 1875 from adjacent parts of Hardeman, Henderson, McNairy, and Madison counties. The land created was named Wisdom County, but it was never organized, so the Assembly repealed this in March 1879 and created Chester County out of the same land. The county was organized in 1882 due to lawsuits by opponents. Chester County is included in the Jackson, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area. Two State protected areas, Chickasaw State Park and part of Chickasaw State Forest can be found in Chester County. There are six schools in the Chester County School District. Henderson is the home of Freed-Hardeman University.

question: Summarize the most interesting facts about Chester County.

answer: Chester County's original name was Wisdom County, but it was never organized. Chester County was named for Colonel Robert I. Chester, a quartermaster in the War of 1812, an early postmaster in Jackson, and a federal marshal. Henderson native and country musician Eddy Arnold titled his 1969 autobiography "It's A Long Way From Chester County". The 1973 movie, "Walking Tall" was filmed in Henderson and elsewhere in Chester County, including important scenes filmed in the county courthouse. Local residents served as extras or played bit parts. Chester County is a Republican stronghold. The last Democrat to carry the county was Jimmy Carter in 1976.

question: What does the text say about Chester County's demographics?

answer: There were 15,540 people, 5,660 households, and 4,199 families residing in Chester County as of the 2000 census, giving the county a population density of 54 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 88.13% White (non-Hispanic), 10.03% Black or African American, 0.23% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.31% from other races, and 1.07% from two or more races. 0.97% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The median age was 34 years, spread out, with 24.20% under the age of 18, 14.40% from 18 to 24, 26.40% from 25 to 44, 21.40% from 45 to 64, and 13.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median income for a household in the county was $34,349, and the median income for a family was $41,127. The per capita income for the county was $15,756. About 11.10% of families and 14.40% of the population were below the poverty line.


text:
The was a denomination of Japanese yen issued from 1927 to 1946. These issues were broken up into three different designs including one which has two different varieties. For whatever reason two-hundred yen banknotes were not issued when they were first authorized. The first issuance came as the result of a financial emergency that took place in 1927. Second series notes were also printed for the emergency, but were placed in storage until the end of World War II. By the time these were released along with a third series of notes, things were changing in Japan's monetary system. Currency could no longer be converted into gold coins making the messages on the long unreleased second series notes obsolete. An end to the series ultimately came in 1946, when all 200 yen bills were demonetized. These notes are now collectables which trade on the marketplace for amounts dependent on condition and rarity.

History

Two hundred yen banknotes were first authorized by law on June 27, 1882 with Article 14 of the Bank of Japan.[1] For one reason or another no notes were issued, and the U.S. Government Printing Office added a footnote as late as 1901 stating: “none have ever been issued”.[2] The first two hundred yen bills were eventually printed in response to the Shōwa financial crisis of 1927.[3][4] The Bank of Japan needed bills to be exchanged with other banks, and decided to issue new 200 yen bills in a hurry to insure against bank runs.[5][6] With banks in the country all temporarily closed, the printing office took the opportunity to manufacture the new bills. The normal printing process could not be carried out as it took too long to print both sides of the note. To remedy this problem just one side received a simple design. These one sided bills were given the nickname “Urashiro” or “back white” notes.[7][8] Although the backs of the new notes were blank, the Bank of Japan vice president confidently stated that: “although it looks somewhat flimsy, it has the Bank of Japan watermark so there is no fear that it is counterfeit”.[9] Despite his sentiment some of the notes were rejected as possible fakes due to their rough printing on the side that had features. Although 106,000 yen's worth of the 200 yen bill were reported to be in circulation at the end of 1927, by 1929 these notes were described as “almost nonexistent”.[10]

Notes of the second series were announced by the Ministry of Finance in 1927, and were printed the same year in two different varieties. All of these notes are called “Uraaka” due to the red pattern featured on the reverse side, while the obverse side features Legendary Japanese hero-statesman Takenouchi no Sukune.[11] A majority of the second series banknotes were held back in vaults until the end of World War II.[12] The first variety has a black on green underprint on the obverse, the word “SPECIMAN” is written in red script on the reverse. Second variety notes can be differentiated by a pale blue underprint on the obverse, these notes also feature a different color and shape of the central guilloche.[13][14] There is no mention of the word “SPECIMAN” on the reverse which has a slightly different red back pattern.[15] There is a message on the obverse side of both varieties that mentions the note as “Bond convertible”. By the time the second series was finally issued on August 16, 1945 this message had become dated as the system of converting banknotes into gold coins had been suspended in 1942.[16][17]

Series three notes feature Fujiwara no Kamatari on the obverse next to Danzan Shrine, the reverse designs are printed in blue ink which include another shrine view.[18][19] These notes were originally part of an overall banknote redesign which took place in 1930, like the previous series these were also issued after World War II had ended. This last series saw light circulation due to the purchasing power the note had at the time.[20] These last two series were short lived issues as they would both expire within a year as Japan's monetary system changed. On March 2, 1946 a new law was passed which demonetized all of Japan's old currency, stripping all 200 yen notes of their legal tender status.[21][22]

Collecting

Notes printed in 1927 for the first series are very rare today as very few were issued. Specimen banknotes are among the few examples available for collectors to obtain, with prices ranging from $19,550 (USD) in “about uncirculated” condition, to $33,600 (USD) for a “gem” example.[23] Two hundred yen notes of the second series have two different varieties, and first variety notes are considered to be extremely rare.[24] The second variety had a print run of 7.5 million notes which were stocked in the vaults, making them more available to collectors. These notes have been sold at auction in the hundreds of dollars to the low thousands depending on condition.[25] Series three notes are also more available to collectors selling in the hundreds of dollars.

In popular culture

The announcement of redesigned “Series F” banknotes for release in 2024 inspired a Japanese artist to create 200 yen bank notes using a kitten theme.[26][27]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

title: 200 yen note

question: When was the 200 yen note first issued?

answer: The 200 yen notes were authorized on June 27, 1882. However, the notes were not printed until the Shōwa financial crisis of 1927.

question: Summarize everything related to popular culture.

answer: The announcement of redesigned "Series F" banknotes for release in 2024 inspired a Japanese artist to create 200 yen bank notes using a kitten theme.

question: When was the 200 yen note demonetized?

answer: On March 2, 1946, a new law was passed which demonetized all of Japan's old currency, which stripped all 200 yen notes of their legal tender status.


text:
Screenwriter Scott Rosenberg just wrote a thought provoking post on his Facebook account about his early days at Miramax Films,. There, he wrote the memorable movies _Beautiful Girls_ and _Things To Do In Denver When You’re Dead_, and was part of that period when Harvey Weinstein became the center of the indie universe.

So, uh, yeah.
We need to talk about Harvey.

I was there, for a big part of it.
From, what, 1994 to the early 2000s?
Something like that.
Certainly The Golden Age.
The “PULP FICTION”, “SHAKESPEARE IN LOVE”, “CLERKS”, “SWINGERS”, “SCREAM”, “GOOD WILL HUNTING”, “ENGLISH PATIENT”, “LIFE IS BEAUTIFUL” years…

Harvey and Bob made my first two movies.
Then they signed me to an overall deal.
Then they bought that horror script of mine about the Ten Plagues.
For a lot of money.
Also bought that werewolf-biker script.
That no one else liked but was my personal favorite.
They were going to publish my novel.
They anointed me.
Made it so other studios thought I was the real deal.
They gave me my career.

Related Story

Harvey Weinstein's Latest Extradition Hearing To L.A. On Rape Charges Pushed To 2021 - Update

I was barely 30.
I was sure I had struck gold.
They loved me, these two brothers, who had reinvented cinema.
And who were fun and tough and didn’t give an East Coast fuck about all the slick pricks out in L.A.

And those glory days in Tribeca?
The old cramped offices?
That wonderful gang of executives and assistants?
All the filmmakers who were doing repeat business?
The brothers wanted to create a “family of film”.
And they did just that…
We looked forward to having meetings there.
Meetings that would turn into plans that would turn into raucous nights out on the town.
Simply put: OG Miramax was a blast.

So, yeah, I was there.
And let me tell you one thing.
Let’s be perfectly clear about one thing:

Everybody-fucking-knew.

Not that he was raping.
No, that we never heard.
But we were aware of a certain pattern of overly-aggressive behavior that was rather dreadful.
We knew about the man’s hunger; his fervor; his appetite.
There was nothing secret about this voracious rapacity; like a gluttonous ogre out of the Brothers Grimm.
All couched in vague promises of potential movie roles.
(and, it should be noted: there were many who actually succumbed to his bulky charms. Willingly. Which surely must have only impelled him to cast his fetid net even wider).

But like I said: everybody-fucking-knew.

And to me, if Harvey’s behavior is the most reprehensible thing one can imagine, a not-so-distant second is the current flood of sanctimonious denial and condemnation that now crashes upon these shores of rectitude in gloppy tides of bullshit righteousness.

Because everybody-fucking-knew.

And do you know how I am sure this is true?
Because I was there.
And I saw you.
And I talked about it with you.
You, the big producers; you, the big directors; you, the big agents; you, the big financiers.
And you, the big rival studio chiefs; you, the big actors; you, the big actresses; you, the big models.
You, the big journalists; you, the big screenwriters; you, the big rock stars; you, the big restaurateurs; you, the big politicians.

I saw you.
All of you.
God help me, I was there with you.

Again, maybe we didn’t know the degree.
The magnitude of the awfulness.
Not the rapes.
Not the shoving against the wall.
Not the potted-plant fucking.
But we knew something.
We knew something was bubbling under.
Something odious.
Something rotten.

But…
And this is as pathetic as it is true:
What would you have had us do?
Who were we to tell?
The authorities?
What authorities?
The press?
Harvey owned the press.
The Internet?
There was no Internet or reasonable facsimile thereof.
Should we have called the police?
And said what?
Should we have reached out to some fantasy Attorney General Of Movieland?
That didn’t exist.

Not to mention, most of the victims chose not to speak out.
Aside from sharing the grimy details with a close girlfriend or confidante.
And if they discussed it with their representatives?
Agents and managers, who themselves feared The Wrath Of The Big Man?
The agents and managers would tell them to keep it to themselves.
Because who knew the repercussions?
That old saw “You’ll Never Work In This Town Again” came crawling back to putrid life like a re-animated cadaver in a late-night zombie flick.
But, yes, everyone knew someone who had been on the receiving end of lewd advances by him.
Or knew someone who knew someone.

A few actress friends of mine told me stories: of a ghastly hotel meeting; of a repugnant bathrobe-shucking; of a loathsome massage request.
And although they were rattled, they sort of laughed at his arrogance; how he had the temerity to think that simply the sight of his naked, doughy, carbuncled flesh was going to get them in the mood.
So I just believed it to be a grotesque display of power; a dude misreading the room and making a lame-if-vile pass.

It was much easier to believe that.
It was much easier for ALL of us to believe that.

Because…

And here’s where the slither meets the slime:
Harvey was showing us the best of times.
He was making our movies.
Throwing the biggest parties.
Taking us to The Golden Globes!
Introducing us to the most amazing people (Meetings with Vice President Gore! Clubbing with Quentin and Uma! Drinks with Salman Rushdie and Ralph Fiennes! Dinners with Mick Jagger and Warren-freaking-Beatty!).

The most epic Oscar weekends.
That seemed to last for weeks!
Sundance! Cannes! Toronto!
Telluride! Berlin! Venice!
Private jets! Stretch limousines! Springsteen shows!
Hell, Harvey once took me to St. Barth’s for Christmas.
For 12 days!
I was a broke-ass kid from Boston who had never even HEARD of St. Barth’s before he booked my travel.
He once got me tickets to the seven hottest Broadway shows in one week. So I could take a new girlfriend on a dazzling tour of theater.
He got me seats on the 40-yard-line to the Super Bowl, when the Patriots were playing the Packers in New Orleans.
Even got me a hotel room, which was impossible to get that weekend.
He gave and gave and gave and gave.
He had a monarch’s volcanic generosity when it came to those within his circle.
And a Mafia don’s fervent need for abject loyalty from his capos and soldiers.

But never mind us!
What about what he was doing for the culture?
Making stunningly splendid films at a time when everyone else was cranking-out simpering “INDEPENDENCE DAY” rip-offs.

It was glorious.
All of it.

So what if he was coming on a little strong to some young models who had moved mountains to get into one of his parties?
So what if he was exposing himself, in five-star hotel rooms, like a cartoon flasher out of “MAD MAGAZINE” (just swap robe for raincoat!)
Who were we to call foul?
Golden Geese don’t come along too often in one’s life.

Which goes back to my original point:
Everybody-fucking-knew.
But everybody was just having too good a time.
And doing remarkable work; making remarkable movies.

As the old joke goes:
We needed the eggs.

Okay, maybe we didn’t NEED them.
But we really, really, really, really LIKED them eggs.
So we were willing to overlook what the Golden Goose was up to, in the murky shadows behind the barn…

And for that, I am eternally sorry.
To all of the women that had to suffer this…
I am eternally sorry.
I’ve worked with Mira and Rosanna and Lysette.
I’ve known Rose and Ashley and Claire for years…
Their courage only hangs a lantern on my shame.
And I am eternally sorry to all those who suffered in silence all this time.
And have chosen to remain silent today.

I mostly lost touch with the brothers by the early 2000s.
For no specific reason.
Just that there were other jobs, other studios.
But a few months ago, Harvey called me, out of the blue.
To talk about the bygone days.
To talk about how great it would be to get some of the gang back together.
Make a movie.
He must have known then the noose was tightening.
There was a wistfulness to him that I had never heard before.
A melancholy.
It most assuredly had a walking-to-the-gallows feel.
When we hung up I wondered: “what was that all about?”
In a few short weeks I would know.
It was the condemned man simply wanting to comb some of the ruins of his old stomping grounds.
One last time.

So, yeah, I am sorry.
Sorry and ashamed.
Because, in the end, I was complicit.
I didn’t say shit.
I didn’t do shit.
Harvey was nothing but wonderful to me.
So I reaped the rewards and I kept my mouth shut.
And for that, once again, I am sorry.

But you should be sorry, too.
With all these victims speaking up…
To tell their tales.
Shouldn’t those who witnessed it from the sidelines do the same?
Instead of retreating to the cowardly, canopied confines of faux-outrage?
Doesn’t being a bystander bring with it the responsibility of telling the truth, however personally disgraceful it may be?

You know who are.
You know that you knew.
And do you know how I know that you knew?

Because I was there with you.

And because everybody-fucking-knew.

question: What does the article say about what Scott Rosenberg says about Harvey Weinstein?

answer: Scott Rosenberg says that Harvey and Bob made his first two movies and bought a horror script of his about the Ten Plagues for a lot of money. They were going to publish Scott's novel. Scott says he never heard that Harvey was a rapist but had a pattern of overly-aggressive behavior that was dreadful. He gave vague promises of potential movie roles. Scott says that everybody knew about that, journalists, actors, actresses, models, screenwriters, rock stars... But they did not know what to do. He is sorry to all of the women that had to suffer because of Harvey. He is sorry and ashamed he did not say nor do anything.

question: What does the article say about Weinstein's arrest?

question: What does the article say about politicians?

answer: The article says that the big politicians knew about Weinstein's behavior toward women but did not tell anything.

question: What does the article say about why nobody from the movie industry said anything about Weinstein although everybody knew what was going on?

answer: They did not know who to tell. The actresses were silent because the agents and managers would tell them to keep it to themselves. People just believed it to be a grotesque display of power. Harvey was showing the best of times, making their movies, throwing the biggest parties, taking them to The Golden Globes, introducing them to the most amazing people, etc. Everybody was just having too good a time. And doing remarkable work; making remarkable movies.