text:
FREDERICK CLAUDE KRAHE (6 November 1919 – 6 December 1981 in Sydney, New South Wales) was an Australian New South Wales police officer and detective.

Krahe is widely reputed to have been corrupt,[1] and is often referred to as having been one of the most feared New South Wales Police officers of his day. He was a close associate of other allegedly corrupt New South Wales police officers, including the notorious detectives Roger Rogerson, Donald Fergusson, Ray Kelly, and former New South Wales Police Commissioner Frederick Hanson. He also mentored detective Murray Riley who became a notorious drug smuggler. Krahe is alleged to have had a long-standing corrupt relationship with powerful criminal Lenny McPherson, who was known as the “Mr Big” of Sydney organised crime, also running with a notorious gang called the Toecutters. Members of the group included Kevin Gore, William Donnelly, Linus Driscoll, Frank “Baldy” Blair , Jake Maloney, and John “Magician” Regan. Krahe joined the force in 1940, and served until retirement at the rank of detective sergeant in 1972.

Allegations of murder and corruption

Among the many rumours and allegations about him, Krahe is alleged to have murdered prostitute and police informant Shirley Brifman in 1972, after his corrupt relationship with her was exposed.[2] It is believed that Brifman's whistle-blowing was the true cause for Krahe's retirement from police work later the same year; the official reason given was that Krahe was “medically unfit”.

Journalist David Hickie and others have also alleged that when they were both on the New South Wales force, Krahe and Ray “Gunner” Kelly were involved in the protection rackets that fed on Sydney's notorious illegal abortion industry.[3]

Detective Superintendent Donald Fergusson, Krahe's protege and one-time partner, was killed by a bullet from his own service revolver in the lavatory of his office at Sydney's Police Administration Center in Campbell Street. Fergusson was under pressure from a prostitution investigation, and was rumoured to have been interested in talking to investigators. It was widely rumoured that Fergusson was in fact murdered by Krahe.[4]

Varley-Burton Car Gang

In seven months in 1971–1972, the Varley-Burton car gang stole $1.5 million in cars. The gang's chop shops began being raided in January 1972. Alan Burton disappeared on 7 February 1972. Put on trial for the murder, his partner Reg Varley claimed Fred Krahe received the majority of the $1.5 million, and killed Burton for stealing. Varley said he had been forced into the operation by police at gunpoint, and implicated dozens of CID officers in the scheme. He claimed two policemen, Krahe and Cyril Roy Edwards, were looking to give Burton 'a hiding' on 7 February for stealing $20,000. After Varley objected, Krahe kicked the one-legged man's crutch out from under him, assaulted him and took him along to pick up Burton, who was dragged out of eyesight. Then, Varley said, shots rang out, and presumably Burton was murdered. After the longest New South Wales murder trial to that point in history, Varley was acquitted of murder by the jury, yet convicted of manslaughter. The Judge, Justice Issacs, was more than willing to acknowledge that, in his words, “One of the most disturbing features of the case was that not only the operation carried out under the nose of the motor squad but that it received the active co-operation of certain corrupt members of the police force who gave protection to the gang by being paid bribes periodically.” Justice Issacs was unwilling to believe Varley was a coerced victim on any level and sentenced him to 14 years. Varley screamed and berated the Judge as the sentence was read out, and as Varley's family tried to calm him, he was restrained by the same detective who had led the Burton investigation, Detective Sgt. RJ Douglass. Asked if he had anything to say, he launched into a 10-minute speech of incredulity at the verdict and the harsh sentence, before concluding that he had no choice but to accept it. He was paroled after six years, and steadfastly maintained his innocence. Varley's case became something of a celebrated cause even after he was released, with even noted Australian physician Dr. Bertram Wainer championing him.[5][6]

John Laurence, a New South Wales Crown Prosecutor, launched an independent inquiry into the allegations in 1979. Laurence concluded that New South Wales policemen had funded and protected the operation. He named Fred Krahe and Cyril Roy Edwards in the report. The New South Wales Premier Neville Wran ordered a further inquiry. That inquiry recommended no charges be made.[7]

Cyril Roy Edwards was murdered in 1986, on Tamarama Beach with a bullet to the head. He was under investigation for drug corruption at the time. In August 1987, Reg Varley killed himself. He left behind a note stating: “I only hope that one day the truth comes to light about the people involved in the conspiracy to frame me.” It should be pointed out that the judge in his 1971 trial was quite willing to accept the involvement of Krahe and others in the car thefts and murder, but not Varley's innocence.[8]

Criminal for hire

It is alleged that Krahe became a criminal for hire after leaving the police force. Investigative journalists David Hickie and Tony Reeves name Krahe as the ringleader/organiser of a gang of “heavies” employed by developer Frank Theeman, who intimidated residents and assaulted protestors during the campaign against Theeman's high-rise development in Victoria Street, Kings Cross in the early 1970s. In that context, there have been repeated allegations that he was involved in the 1975 disappearance and presumed murder of anti-development campaigner Juanita Nielsen.

There have also been allegations that Krahe was involved in the disappearance and presumed murder of Griffith, New South Wales anti-drugs campaigner Donald Mackay, in 1977,[9] although the allegation about the Mackay killing was made by notorious Melbourne criminal James Frederick Bazley. Bazley is himself widely believed to have been paid to kill Mackay by infamous Griffith Mafia figure and drug dealer Robert Trimbole. Author John Jiggens claims Fred Krahe was responsible for dispensing, through his Fairfax Media newspaper connections, the rumour that Mackay had not been murdered, but instead ran away with a woman who was not his wife. Jiggens is also a strong proponent of the theory that Krahe murdered Mackay with Keith Kelly, and that Bazley was a patsy.[10]

Nugan Hand Bank/Nugan Fruit Company

Krahe allegedly did work for the infamous Sydney-based Nugan Hand Bank as a private investigator, assisting the bank in covering their fraudulent business activities and money laundering connected to Asian drug trade and the CIA. The massive investigation into the murder of anti-drug activist Donald Mackay led to investigations of cash payouts from the family-run Nugan Fruit Company to local Griffith Mafia figures Antonio Sergi and Robert Trimbole. Bank head Frank Nugan and his brother Ken Nugan attempted to explain away the payments as nothing, but the fruit company's insurance underwriters were minority shareholders who grew suspicious, and hired an independent auditor to investigate. Frank Nugan reportedly hired Fred Krahe in 1977 to intimidate members of the Nugan Fruit Company board of directors, who, though unable to identify the names 'Sergi' and 'Trimbole', suspected that the money had essentially been embezzled. An MP, John Dowd, revealed that the auditors had “been subjected to personal pressure. Certain persons have called at their homes, and the circumstances of the visits are such as to raise the greatest concern among the citizens of the state and the attorney general.” The bank (and allegedly Krahe) were unsuccessful in forcing the auditors' resignations.[11][12]

Frank Nugan distributed marijuana from his family's Nugan Fruit Company packing plant in Griffith, and used Sir Peter Abeles's trucking company, Thomas Nationwide Transport (TNT) to move drugs around the world and inside Australia. Contacts in the Commonwealth Police, along with an informant, revealed to journalist Tony Reeves that Fred Krahe was given a position on the board of TNT after he retired from the police department.[13]

An investigation by New South Wales Corporate Affairs led to obstruction, fraud and conspiracy charges over secret Nugan Hand accounts. The charges were laid against multiple Nugan employees and family, including now ex-detectives Fred Krahe and Keith Kelly.[14] The charges against Krahe and Kelly were based upon their conduct reported at two rowdy Nugan Fruit Company board meetings in 1977. It was alleged the two had provided stock shares belonging to Frank Nugan to members of their own families, and also to some associates (described as drunken thugs), then brought them to a board meeting for a vote. This was an effort to outmanoeuvre a shareholder attempt to expand control of Nugan Fruit (in reaction to the legal advice of the board's independent auditor), by exploiting a complicated loophole in Australian corporate law regarding minority voting rights. They voted the company's insurance agents off the board, and fired the auditors. The minority shareholders cried foul, leading to the obstruction and fraud charges against Krahe. Kelly and Krahe claimed that they had merely been asked an unwelcome favour from Frank Nugan, and were unaware that what they had done was wrong. After a committal hearing before Clarrie Briese SM, the charges against Krahe and Kelly were dismissed. The two were awarded costs. Kelly's award totalled $17,500. The other defendants were committed for trial. Frank Nugan committed suicide before his trial in 1980.[15]

Shirley Brifman

A prostitute and police informant, Shirley Margaret Brifman (usually known as Marge), ran a brothel in a flat at Potts Point, with up to fifteen girls. Brifman was interviewed by senior New South Wales and Queensland police from July to October 1971. She gave recorded responses to 320 questions. She named 33 police officers from both states in connection with corruption; she claimed to have made more than $5000 a week in 1969. She made the following claims about Fred Krahe; that he:

-   collected protection money from an eastern suburbs abortion clinic and various brothels.
-   Framed the criminal Darcy Dugan.
-   Organized bank robberies, sometimes for bonds.
-   'Exchanged' criminals with a Queensland detective, so that the criminals could commit crimes in a state where they were unknown. One of the men was Donny “The Glove” Smith.
-   Brifman also claimed she was paying Krahe $100 weekly to protect her from standover men. She claimed the total amount was $20,000 over four years. She claimed that in 1969 he introduced her to Police Commissioner Norman Allan. Allan told her to continue her work as a madame and that anyone who bothered her would 'have to answer to him'.[16]

On 4 March 1972, Brifman was found dead in her flat in Clayfield, apparently having committed suicide by barbiturates. She had been due to appear in Sydney on 17 March, charged with procuring underage girls, including her own thirteen-year-old daughter. Brifman vehemently denied the charges. On 22 March, she was due to give testimony against a senior sergeant accused of perjury. There was no suicide note. No coroner's inquest was held, at the request of the Queensland police. In 1985, several police officers, who had served in the Sydney CIB in 1972, told David Hickie it was rumoured Krahe had gone to Brisbane and forced drugs down her throat with a tube, assisted by a Queensland policeman. Brifman's testimony regarding Krahe was tabled in March 1978 in the South Australian House of Assembly, by attorney-general Peter Duncan in a 64-page document containing Brifman's responses to the New South Wales police interviews in 1971.[17][18]

Legitimate Post-Retirement Employment

Krahe's stated occupation after retirement was as a private investigator. He worked as a Sydney crime scene consultant for The Sun newspaper in the late 1970s. He was allegedly on the board of Thomas Nationwide Transit (TNT).[19]

Defenders

Krahe's memory has had some defenders. One of Australia's prominent crime reporters of the time, Bill Jenkings, described his former source (and coworker at Fairfax Media) as a ‘clever investigator, who left no stone unturned in his quest to solve the most baffling of cases’, but that, ‘unfortunately, Krahe became far more famous for the crimes he was wrongly alleged to have committed himself'. Jenkings also refused to believe allegations about Krahe's reputed partner in crime Ray “Gunner” Kelly.[20] In a 1981 letter to the editor of the Sydney Morning Herald, Detective Ray Blisset (Queens Police Medal) wrote to express his 'disgust at the obituary tendered for former Detective Sergeant first Class Frederick Claude Krahe'. He went on to say that during the years he served in the police force he had worked side by side with Krahe, and knew him as a great investigator of crime, and that ‘as a detective he had no peer.’ Blisset showed little regard for the journalists who publicised allegations against Krahe, writing that they should, 'show respect for all the good he did and not rewrite scandalous rumours to satisfy some salacious minds'.[21]

Lenny McPherson himself, giving testimony in 1983 at the Juanita Neilsen inquest, told the court, ‘I didn’t like Fred Krahe. He arrested me hundreds of times. If I had any information (on him) I would be giving it to you'.[22] It was at this inquest that McPherson strongly denied telling two police officers, one Commonwealth, one New South Wales, that he’d heard that Krahe had murdered Mrs. Neilsen, an allegation that was quoted initially by journalists Barry Ward and Tony Reeves in an article in the National Times.

[1]

[2] David Hickie, _The Prince and The Premier_ (Angus & Robertson, 1985) p. 284

[3] David Hickie, _The Prince and The Premier_ (Angus & Robertson, 1985)

[4] James Morton, Susanna Lobez: _Gangland Queensland_ (Melbourne Univ. Publishing, 1 September 2012),

[5] James Morton, Susanna Lobez: _Gangland Queensland_ (Melbourne Univ. Publishing, 2012),

[6] “Sydney Morning Herald, 1 May 1973”

[7] “Sydney Morning Herald, 9 May 1989”

[8]

[9] Patrick Bellamy: “The Rise and Fall of Drugs Lord Robert Trimbole”

[10] John Jiggens (9 January 2013). The Banker & The Killer Kop: The Murder Of Don Mackay . Retrieved 24 February 2013.

[11] 9 January 2013. The Mystery Of Nugan Hand Bank: The Murder Of Don Mackay .

[12] The Crimes Of Patriots – A True Tale Of Dope, Dirty Money, And The Cia . Chapter Eighteen: Bernie Of Arabia. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

[13] Tony Reeves: _Mr Sin: The Abe Saffron Dossier_ (Allen & Unwin, 2007)

[14] Four men sought on fraud charges. _Canberra Times_, 29 May 1978, p.3. At Trove

[15] Apparent blackmail scheme _Canberra Times_ 12 August 1980, p.12. At Trove

[16] Andrew Keenan: _After the war, the parasites move in_ (Sydney Morning Herald, 23 September 1985)

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20] Bill Jenkings: _As Crime Goes By: The Life and Times of 'Bondi' Bill Jenkings_ (Ironbark Press, 1992)

[21] Ray Blisset, 'Disgusted' (letter), _Sun Herald_ 20 December 1981 p. 130

[22] Nancy Berryman: _Sun Herald_, 18 September 1983

title: Fred Krahe

question: Summarize Krahe's allegations of murder.

answer: Krahe had allegedly murdered a prostitute and a police informant named Shirley Brifman in 1972 after his corrupt relationship with her had been exposed. It is said that the main reason behind Krahe's retirement from police work was the whistle-blowing by Brifman. Further, Krahe was also rumored to have killed Detective Superintendent Donald Fergusson. Fergusson was killed by his own service revolver. He was under pressure from a prostitution investigation and rumored to have wanted to talk to the investigators.

question: Summarize everything related to Krahe's education.

question: Summarize Krahe's work as a criminal for hire.

answer: It was alleged that Krahe had become a criminal for hire after leaving the police force. There have been allegations suggesting that he was involved in the disappearance and presumed murder of Juanita Nielsen and Donald Mackay. Although in the case of Mackay, an author named John Jiggens claims that Krahe had used his Farifac Media connections to circulate a rumor that Mackay had not been murdered but had run away with a woman.


split: test

text:
KEVYN JAMES AUCOIN (;[1] February 14, 1962 – May 7, 2002) was an American make-up artist, photographer and author. In the 1990s, Aucoin was wholly responsible for the “sculpted” look of many celebrities and top models, including Whitney Houston, Cher, Madonna, Cindy Crawford, Tina Turner, Janet Jackson, and Naomi Campbell. He authored several industry-defining books with makeup techniques including facial contouring, which was relatively unknown in popular culture at the time, but pioneered and used in drag culture and stage makeup for decades prior.[2] Aucoin, often noted as being decades ahead of his contemporaries, is considered to be one of, if not _the_ greatest make-up artist of the modern age.

Early Life

Aucoin was born in Shreveport, Louisiana and grew up in Lafayette, Louisiana. Born to a teenage single mother, he was adopted as an infant by Isidore Adrian Aucoin and Thelma (née Melancon) Aucoin.[3] His three siblings, Carla, Kim, and Keith, were adopted as well.

Aucoin was interested in makeup from the time he was a child,[4] and frequently did his sisters' makeup and photographed the results with a Polaroid camera—something he'd do throughout his career. Afraid to buy makeup, he would shoplift it. The guilt of stealing and fear of getting caught made him stop.[5]

He realized he was gay at age six.[6] His parents were unaware of their son's sexual orientation; his mother later said, “I didn't think Kevyn was a sissy; I just thought he was a gentle child.”[7] Years later, his parents became staunch advocates for LBGTQ rights, and started a chapter of P-FLAG in Lafayette.[8][9]

Aucoin was relentlessly bullied in school.[10] In one instance, a teacher spanked his bare buttocks in class, which Aucoin later regarded as sexual abuse.[11] The bullying escalated in high school. When he was chased by some classmates in a truck, he dropped out. He then enrolled in cosmetology school, to take a makeup class. Instead, his self-taught skills resulted in him becoming the instructor at age 18. [12]

Aucoin then worked in a small corner of an exclusive women's store in Lafayette. But women were uncomfortable with a man doing their makeup. His mother Thelma recalled, “It was $30 for a makeup lesson, and these were women who paid $3,000 for a dress, but they'd never let him.”[13]

In 1982, Aucoin moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, thinking a larger city could help build his career as a makeup artist.[14] He soon experienced the homophobia he'd endured in Lafayette. Kevyn and two male friends went to Godchaux's, a local department store, to browse the newest makeup. A security guard approached them and said “upstairs or downtown”-- meaning they could be taken to the store's security office or be arrested. All three men opted for the security office, where they were beaten by security personnel. Fearing for his life if he stayed in Louisiana, he moved to New York City with his then-boyfriend Jed Root, who sometimes posed as his manager.[15]

Career

The first year he was in New York, Aucoin did makeup on test models for free to build up his portfolio. He and Root were broke, living in an apartment that often had no heat. Word of his makeup skills began circulating, and he was contacted by _Vogue_.[16][17] For the next year and a half, he worked daily with Vogue photographer Steven Meisel.[18] In the three years following his first _Vogue_ shoot, he did a total of 18 more. In 1984, he collaborated on Revlon's Nakeds line, the first line based solely on skin tones.[19] However, his _Vogue_ cover shoot with emerging supermodel Cindy Crawford in 1986 skyrocketed his career. During 1987–89, he did nine _Vogue_ covers in a row, and an additional seven _Cosmopolitan_ covers.[20] At his peak, he would be booked months in advance and could command as much as $6,000 for a makeup session.[21] He became one of the best-paid celebrity makeup artists in history. Unlike most makeup artists at the time, he would refuse to do makeup on models he felt were too young.[22]

Aucoin's philosophy was that every woman is beautiful within, and makeup was simply his tool for helping her discover that beauty. He wrote a regular column about this philosophy for _Allure._ A comment he made in a 2000 column, calling members of the National Rifle Association “morons”, drew a record amount of mail and a few death threats.[23]

ULTIMA II

In 1983, Revlon hired Kevyn Aucoin, at the age of 21, as Creative Director for their prestige Ultima II line of cosmetics. A year later, Aucoin would launch _The New Nakeds_ (later renamed _The Nakeds_), a groundbreaking line that was a strong counterpoint to cosmetics available at the time. Says Linda Wells, editor of _Allure_ magazine, of the line: “It may not seem like it, but it was a powerful moment. Before, there were makeup lines for white women and others for black women. But he worked to design makeup for all skin tones. The idea was to empower a woman by revealing her natural beauty, and not to cover her up with layers of product.”[24][25]

The New Nakeds embraced a radically different aesthetic than the norm of the time: foundations that featured a yellow undertone, instead of pink or peach; eyeshadows, lipstick and blushes were brown-based, neutral tones that were free of the pastel, vivid, or sparkly colors.[26] Although Ultima II (and all of Revlon's beauty divisions) were in a decline at the time,[27] the New Nakeds resuscitated interest in the brand and helped re-establish Ultima II as a viable competitor in the prestige arena.

The colors, textures and finishes Aucoin created in the New Nakeds would serve as the most influential direction of the latter part of the century, and visible as brands MAC, Bobbi Brown, and Laura Mercier all launched with their version of the products Aucoin created years earlier.

Inoui Cosmetics

Later, Aucoin would work with Japanese cosmetics giant Shiseido on their Inoui line.[28] He would later be approached by both Vincent Longo and Laura Mercier to endorse their eponymous lines, but decided to launch his own brand, Kevyn Aucoin Beauty, in 2001 instead.

Celebrity Work, Writing, and Appearances

Aucoin worked with hundreds of celebrities, including Madonna, Whitney Houston, Cher, Liza Minnelli,[29] Janet Jackson[30] Tina Turner,[31] Gwyneth Paltrow,[32] Lisa Marie Presley,[33] Courtney Love,[34] and Vanessa L. Williams.

He began publishing his creations in books: _The Art of Makeup_, _Making Faces_, and _Face Forward_, two of which became _Time_ magazine best sellers;[35] _Making Faces_ debuted at number one.[36] The books featured celebrities, along with everyday people (including his mother), in makeup and costumes to resemble other celebrities. He transformed Celine Dion into Maria Callas; Lisa Marie Presley into Marilyn Monroe; Courtney Love into Jean Harlow; Christina Ricci into Édith Piaf; Hilary Swank into Raquel Welch; Winona Ryder into Elizabeth Taylor; Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins into Josephine Baker; and Martha Stewart into Veronica Lake, among others. _Face Forward_ was widely noted for introducing makeup sculpting and contouring to the general public for the first time.

Aucoin made appearances on _Good Morning America_ and _The Oprah Winfrey Show_.[37] He played as himself in an episode of _Sex and the City_ called “The Real Me” (Season 4, Episode 2), doing Carrie Bradshaw's makeup for a fashion show during New York Fashion Week. In addition, he appeared with Cher in “Gypsies, Tramps, and Weed” (Season 3, Episode 7) of _Will & Grace._

Aucoin was an interview subject (along with dancer Bill T. Jones and explorer Ann Bancroft) in _Oliver Button is a Star!_, a video reinterpretation of Tomie dePaola's children's book “Oliver Button Is a Sissy.”

In 1999 he received an honorary diploma from Harvey Milk High School for his support of gay and transgender youth.[38]

Personal Life

Aucoin eventually found his birth parents, and was able to personally meet them and his half-siblings.

He was in a long-term relationship with Eric Sakas, who remained a close friend after their breakup. Sakas later became president and creative director of Kevyn Aucoin Beauty.[39]

Aucoin began dating Jeremy Antunes in 1999. They married in Hawaii in 2000, in an unofficial ceremony since same-sex marriage was not legally recognized at the time. Aucoin's 15-year-old niece, Samantha, lived with them after Aucoin obtained legal guardianship. [40]

Death

In September 2001, after increasing amounts of back pain and headaches, Aucoin was diagnosed with a rare pituitary tumor. He had been suffering from acromegaly resulting from the tumor for much of his life, but it had gone undiagnosed. He underwent a successful surgery and had the tumor removed, but continued to experience pain.

Aucoin began taking increasing amounts of prescription and non-prescription painkillers to ease his physical and mental suffering. Antunes implored Aucoin to get help, and Aucoin made many attempts to recover, but could not stop the drug use entirely. Antunes went to Paris for a week to be alone. That same week, Aucoin's health rapidly declined and he was hospitalized.[41] Antunes' leaving Aucoin for what became the last week of his life created animosity between Aucoin's family and Antunes, resulting in Antunes being locked out of the home he shared with Aucoin.[42]

Aucoin died on May 7, 2002 at Westchester Medical Center in Valhalla, New York of kidney and liver failure due to acetaminophen toxicity, caused by prescription painkillers.[43][44] His mother Thelma died soon afterwards in October 2002, ostensibly from grief. Despite his instructions that his ashes be scattered in Hawaii, at the site where he and Antunes married, Aucoin's ashes are interred with his mother in Louisiana.[45]

The Kevyn Aucoin Beauty brand has remained in business since his death, and is still sold in multiple stores, including Bergdorf Goodman, Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom, Sephora, and Space.NK.

Posthumous Media

_Kevyn Aucoin: A Beautiful Life—The Success, Struggles, and Beauty Secrets of a Legendary Makeup Artist_ was published in 2003 by Atria Books and Simon and Schuster. The book was edited by Kerry Diamond and reviewed Aucoin's career through celebrity interviews, his beauty tips and techniques, and over 250 photographs.[46]

_Kevyn Aucoin: Beauty & The Beast In Me_, a documentary directed by Lori Kaye, features Aucoin's own personal videos taken throughout his life. It premiered as the documentary centerpiece at Outfest in July 2017 and had its TV debut on Logo TV on September 14, 2017. The film was also featured in the 125th anniversary (September 2017) issue of Vogue Magazine.[47]

_Larger Than Life: The Kevyn Aucoin Story_ is feature-length documentary directed by Tiffany Bartok._[48]_ The film focuses on the rise his career and the legacy he left behind. The film also highlights Aucoin's LGBTQ activism,[49] from his struggle to live openly as a young gay man in his hometown, to marrying his partner and creating a family of his own. It also addresses the issues behind Aucoin's untimely death. It premiered at the 25th Hamptons International Film Festival in October 2017, and its New York City premiere was featured in Doc NYC in November 2017. Aucoin's former partner, Eric Sakas, is an associate producer of the film.

In Popular Culture

The Tori Amos song “Taxi Ride” from her 2002 album _Scarlet's Walk_ is a partial homage to Aucoin. He made a cameo appearance in a fourth season episode (Episode 2: “The Real Me”) of the long-running HBO series Sex and the City. He was a major fan of the Comedy Central show Strangers With Candy and appeared in an episode alongside Amy Sedaris and Stephen Colbert as a funeral makeup artist (Season 2, Episode 4: The Goodbye Guy).

Books authored

-   _The Art of Makeup_, Harper-Collins Publishers. 1994. 176p. illus. ()
-   _The Art of Makeup_, Perennial Currents. 1996. 176p. illus. ()
-   _Making Faces_, Little, Brown. 1999. 160p. illus. (, )
-   _Face Forward_, Little, Brown. 2000. 175p. illus. (, )

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] (September 2003), “Kevyn Aucoin Master of Transformation”. _Biography_ 7 (9):54–59

[5]

[6] Kaye, Lori (June 11, 2002), “Man of a thousand faces”. _Advocate_, (865):57

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11] Aucoin, Kevyn. _Making Faces_. Little, Brown and Company: New York. 1999

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37] Aucoin, Kevyn; Cruz, Clarissa (May 24, 2002), “LEGACY”. _Entertainment Weekly_ (655):21

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44] Abel, Olivia (May 20, 2002), “Passages”. _People_. 57 (19):81

[45]

[46] (2003-12-23), “Kevyn Aucoin: A Beautiful Life (Book)”. _Advocate_ (905):50

[47] kevynaucoindocumentary.com

[48]

[49]

title: Kevyn Aucoin

question: What other reason is there for the Aucoin's family to disregard their son's will about his remains?

answer: Apart from Autunes's absence from Aucoin's side during his last hours, there is also the possibility that they are homophobic and do not approve of Aucoi's relationship with Antunes.

question: Is it possible for anyone to understand his or her sexuality at an early age, e.g. six years old (like Aucoin claims)?

answer: Highly unlikely.

question: What made Aucoin call the members of NRA morons?

answer: Unknown.


text:
You wake up.  You glance over at your alarm clock.  It’s flashing ‘6:23’ at you with its neon green lights, taunting you with the fact that you woke up 7 minutes earlier than your alarm.  You immediately begin having an internal argument that would rival the most heated presidential debate about whether you should go back to sleep or get up.  By the time you make a decision your alarm tells you it’s too late, laughing loudly at your indecision.  You shut it up with a quick smack of your hand.  At least you think you were quick: In reality you laid there listening to it go on and on for about 15 minutes.  Shit, you think, now you have to hurry to get ready or you’re going to miss the bus again.

You get up.  Despite the heavy hands of sleep trying to hold you down, you manage to get yourself out of bed to start Phase 1 of your everyday ritual: The Bathroom.  Pee, shower, brush your teeth, fix your hair, clips your nails, and put your contacts in.  As usual, you manage to clip your nails too short and poke yourself in the eye multiple times, but overall you get through Phase 1 efficiently.  This leads you into Phase 2: Getting ready for school.  You hate every outfit you pick out, but you do not have the luxury of time today so you throw something together.  Eh, good enough you tell yourself.  You throw all your books and folders into your backpack.  You wonder if you had history homework due today, but you don’t come to a solid conclusion.  That’s later-me’s problem you tell yourself, bringing out a little chuckle. Now on to Phase 3: Breakfast.  Mom has already left for work and Dad is still passed out on the couch, which he has barely left since he got laid off from his insurance firm a few weeks ago.  You try to be nice and not wake him up while you get yourself a granola bar and a bottle of water.  Normally you would have eggs or at least a bowl of cereal but not today.  Time is too busy keeping an eye on his watch and gleefully waiting to see if he beats you again today.  You refuse to let him win this time though, you think to yourself as you throw your shoes on.  You look at the clock as you get ready to leave. The hands point to 7 and 1, letting you know that you have about 4 minutes.

You leave.  You walk to the sidewalk, mapping out the route to the bus stop in your head and trying to figure out how long it usually takes you.  Once you reach the sidewalk you continue on at a leisurely pace, like a retired CEO with nothing to worry about except golf and whiskey.  Except you are 16, you have everything to worry about, especially that damn pimple on your cheek that has popped 3 times now.  It has gotta be at least 7:02 now you think to yourself, giving you that push to upgrade your stroll to a trot.  3 blocks, not too far.  You get to the corner and turn and there it is, that damned Twinkie on wheels that takes you to hell and back and back again.  Of course it’s fucking early today, you mutter under your rasping breath as you continue, breaking into a full on sprint. You hope Charlie the bus driver sees you.  But of course he doesn’t, he’s probably too high to see anything.  You’re not jumping to conclusions though, you picked up his little baggie of weed just last week when it fell out of his pocket.  He thanked you a million times then, but he probably won’t stop the bus for you now.  That hippie shithead.  The bus lazily drives by, ignoring you completely. Fucking a, here we go again.  Calm down, you tell yourself.  You know that you can still make it on time, or at least close enough, if you go home and get your bike.  Time has won this battle, but he sure as hell won’t win the war.

You start pedaling.  You can already feel beads of sweat dripping down your forehead.  Thankfully its already mid-April and has warmed up quite a bit.  If this was a few months ago you would have had a better chance winning the lottery than trying to bike through the aftermath of Illinois snowstorms.  Your attention snaps back to biking as a car slams on its breaks in front of you, blaring its horn.  You look at driver; of course it’s Mr. Peterson.  The guy already hates you, might as well add to the list.  You think about the time he caught you and your friends carving your initials into the giant statue on campus that looks like a dick.  And the time he caught you looking over at Katie’s answers during a test in U.S. History because you didn’t study.  How the hell are you supposed to remember that Rutherford B. Hayes was the 19th president?  Focus, you tell yourself, you are so close to school and time is sitting on the edge of his seat, counting down the seconds until he can pop the bottle of champagne in victory.  You see the school and people are still outside, making their way into the building.  Good, classes haven’t started yet.  You get to the building and throw your bike into the rack, not even bothering to lock it.  You run inside and sprint to your classroom.  You cannot be late again or you are going straight to the principle, your home room teacher’s words echo inside your head. You see it, room 107.  The bell hasn’t rung yet.

You sit down.  The bell rings seconds after you take your seat.  Time was so close to winning again today, but you came out victorious in the end.  Every dog has its day they say.  You can still feel the sweat running down your face, and at this point you figure it’s running down every part of your body.  What the hell was the point of showering today, you ask yourself as you struggle to catch that elusive full breath.  You know that deep breath that feels like you filled your lungs to capacity and settles you down?  Yeah that one.  Instead you are getting these breaths that feel like 95% capacity, just enough missing to make you notice and start feeling a little anxious.  Looks like somebody was running a little late this morning, a voice mockingly says behind you. It’s Mrs.  Hart, or ex-missus Hart since her dear husband divorced her earlier this school year.  That divorce has left her bitter and shitty and for some reason she has taken most of it out on you this year.  Oh well, you always tell yourself, going through divorce must be tough and you take the punishments she delivers.  You just smile at her comment and sit there quietly.  This is just the beginning of your school day, and you know it’s going to get worse.
You shamble through your school day.  You drag yourself class and casually talk to the few friends you have in between periods.  Eventually it is lunch time and you feel your stomach rumble, an 8.6 on the Richter Scale.  You go through the lunch line and get your generic lunch: Fried chicken, mashed potatoes, half a corn on the cob, and a brownie.  Eh, today’s meal sucks but you figure that you’ll eat it anyways.  You eat with a couple friends from class that you have never seen outside of school.  You talk about classes, books and random other stuff that you half listen to.  You feel something splash against the back of your leg.  You turn around and see them standing there, the person you have liked since middle school.  Your heart starts playing the drum beat of a heavy metal song and you can feel the heat creep up your face.  You got this, you tell yourself, boosting your confidence.  Unfortunately this confidence does not translate well into real life as you blurt out random words and stammer through a conversation with them. You even ask if they want your milk to replace theirs.  How awkward can you be?  They kindly decline and even talk with you for a minute before joining their friends, who all glare at you with those mischievous smiles on their faces.  It always looks like they’re waiting for somebody to fuck up so they can manipulate the story like a mound of dough and serve the fresh baked bullshit to everyone at school.  You make it through lunch and eventually to your last period with, guess who, Mr. Peterson.  As soon as you make eye contact with him, he shakes his head and looks away.  You aren’t sure if he’s pissed or not, but it’s best not to test him today.  Take out your homework and pass it to the front, he exclaims in his unusually loud voice.  Uh oh, you think, you forgot it at home and now it’s time for “later-me” to deal with this issue.  Mr. Peterson sighs as you tell him this and explains that maybe if you had more motivation and if you actually cared about anything in life, you wouldn’t always be running late and “forgetting” homework.  He actually made quotes with his hands.  You just nod at this, like always, and apologize and say you’ll bring it tomorrow.  He continues with class talking about the Roaring 20’s or something, you were barely listening.

You leave school.  You get to the bike rack. Your bike is gone.  You hang your head and get mad at yourself, fully realizing that it is your fault for not locking it.  Oh well, at least now you can actually take the bus.  You get on the bus and choose an empty seat closer to the front.  There aren’t many people on the bus today, probably because of how nice it is compared to how miserable the winter was.  The media referred to this past winter as “Snowmadgeddon”.  A little extreme, you think, but only just a little.  The bus ride is largely uneventful and feels like there’s no time at all until you are at your stop.  You walk down the street to your house, feeling the weight in your legs grow heavier and heavier with each step you take.  Today has drained you and you just wanna go lay in bed for a while.  You get home, parents nowhere to be found, and go straight to your bed.  As soon as you put your head to the pillows you feel the tears build up.  You normally do so well holding everything back, but it’s harder to keep the dam strong when you’re alone.  You keep thinking how you don’t think you can go through life anymore and that everything is so hard.  You think about the person you like and how they barely notice you and talk down to you, which is not even remotely true.  You overanalyze everything and think of the worst possible scenarios, like a pessimist at peak performance.  You continue crying and thinking until you feel your eyelids growing heavier and heavier and you slip down into a deep sleep.

You wake up.  You are engulfed in complete darkness.  You look for your alarm clock and it’s not there.  No chirping birds.  No sun rise.  No sound of cars driving by on the street.  Only the sounds of people moaning and crying all around you, with the occasional shout in some foreign language from the outside.  You feel the hard metal beneath you, with screws and ridges digging into your barely covered bones.  You try to rise up but the shackles on your feet hold you in place.  No internal struggle in this situation, your decision is made for you.  The memory of the day before is fading in your head; you try to remember Mr. Peterson or Mr. Peters, whatever his name is.  You think of the person you have been pining for since middle school, but their face is a blur.  You attempt to make a noise but your mouth is so dry that it hurts to even try.  You have no idea what is happening.

You remember.  Everything comes back in a flash.  You sitting at home with your parents and little sister.  Men bursting into your house with masks and guns.  Your dad bravely defying them to protect you, ending up with a bullet in his right eye that painted the wall behind him in a strange red and pink mosaic.  Your mom cries and curls up into a ball, the men slap her around and one of the bastards takes her upstairs.  Some of the other men pick you and your sister up, placing bags on your head, surrounding you in the darkness you would come to know oh so well.  The last thing you hear before you are thrown into the trunk of a car are the piercing shrieks of your mother during her final moments on this earth.

You squint.  The door to whatever-the-hell thing you are in opens to the outside world.  You see 3 man-like shapes coming towards you.  You try to scurry away, but once again those fateful chains hold you in place.  One of them grabs you, the other two grab skeletons on either side of you.  They might actually be living, breathing people but skeletons is a much better word to describe their current state.  You wonder if that’s what you look like too.  The men take the three of you outside into the street.  Not a street, a runway.  A runway of an old flight carrier, you figure, since all around you is the great nothingness of the ocean.  The men are not masked any longer, but they still carry their guns with them, ready to pounce on any enemy that might show themselves.  Good thing they got’em too because you might be able to fight them all and win if they didn’t.  You laugh painfully aloud, earning yourself a few quizzical looks.  You are being walked closer to the edge of the boat along a red line, leading to what looks like a bunker or dorm or whatever they would call it.  You look out over the infinite water, wondering if there’s anyone out there that even knows who you are, or better yet where you are.

You think back to your dream. Back to the life that you hated so much when you had it.  You wish you could have it back, but that wish is as empty as the horizon you are staring at.  You know in your heart that whatever course your life is on now is full of pain and misery and nothing else.  You come to a conclusion that you will not follow that course, boosting your courage.  Except unlike the dream, the courage translates into real life.  There is nobody that you like to make a fool of yourself in front of, no friends to glare at you and plan your demise.  No, there is only relief. You realize your shackles are gone, nothing holding you back anymore.  You smile at this realization. You break away from the men leading you down your life path to hell and run.  Time will not beat you this time, you will make the bus that will take you away from here.

You jump.

title: [RF] You Wake Up

question: What does the story say about the name of the school the narrator goes to?

question: Summarize the primary source of tension in the story.

answer: The primary source of tension in the story is the narrator hating his teenage life because he found everything difficult - school, making friends, fitting in, and finding love. Even waking up early, catching the bus to school, and showing up on time was always an uphill battle. His teachers were hard on him because he was always late and would always forget his homework. The narrator thinks he can no longer go through life if it was going to be this hard.

question: Summarize the story's plot twist.

answer: The plot twist is that 70% of the story was just a dream. The narrator was dreaming about his old life, the hardships of school, being a teenager, and fitting in. He hated his life and wanted to die at some point because he found it so hard. However, he wishes he had his old life back when he wakes up to his reality - a reality where his parents were murdered in their home and he and his sister were kidnapped by masked men. He's in a dark cage in shackles, clearly malnourished, on a ship surrounded by the dark ocean, not knowing where he was being taken.

question: Summarize the climactic event of the story.

answer: When the narrator wakes up from dreaming about his old life - the one he hated - he realizes that it was heaven compared to the hell he's currently in. He initially doesn't remember where he is because he's in complete darkness, but everything floods back. He sees his father die trying to protect them, hears the screams of his mother, and his own struggle as he and his little sister get taken by armed men in masks. He's in a cage and shackled. When he and the other prisoners were let out and led to another location, he realizes they are on an old flight carrier, destination unknown. Surrounded by water and darkness. Knowing his life will be full of misery and pain, the narrator, no longer in shackles now and with nothing holding him back, jumps off the ship.


text:
Acting White House chief of staff Mick Mulvaney admitted on Thursday that President Donald Trump withheld foreign aid in order to get Ukraine’s help in the U.S. election.

“We do that all the time with foreign policy,” Mulvaney responded when ABC News reporter Jon Karl pointed out that withholding funding from Ukraine “unless the investigation into the Democrats’ server happens” is a “quid pro quo.”

“Get over it,” Mulvaney added later. “There’s going to be political influence in foreign policy. ... That is going to happen. Elections have consequences.”

  "To be clear, what you described is a quid pro quo" -- Here's Mick Mulvaney casually admitting that Trump held up aid to Ukraine as leverage to get the Ukrainian government to investigate the 2016 election pic.twitter.com/ylz7BKEmKd

  — Aaron Rupar (@atrupar) October 17, 2019

Foreign policy negotiations often demand trading a move by one country with a policy change by the other. President John F. Kennedy resolved the Cuban Missile Crisis with the Soviet Union by agreeing to remove U.S. nuclear missiles from Turkey in exchange for the USSR pulling its nuclear missiles from Cuba.

What makes Trump’s exchange different is that the “favor” he asked of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky was a personal, political benefit. The insertion of personal gain is what makes it corrupt.

Mulvaney claimed that the Trump administration was withholding aid from Ukraine to coerce the country into investigating a supposed Democratic National Committee email server and alleged “corruption” in the 2016 election ― not former Vice President Joe Biden, one of Trump’s top political rivals heading into 2020. (Mulvaney’s claim is incomplete and misleading: Trump brought up both the DNC server and Biden in his call with Ukraine’s president.)

When Karl asked why the U.S. stopped the aid, Mulvaney said that Trump thought it was unfair that the European Union wasn’t doing more to help Ukraine.

Then Mulvaney referenced a debunked conspiracy theory that claims the DNC’s physical “server” is missing in a cover-up and that Crowdstrike, a private cybersecurity company hired to investigate Russia’s hack of the DNC’s servers, is framing Russia for election interference.

“Did [Trump] also mention to me in the past the corruption that related to the DNC server? Absolutely. No question about that,” Mulvaney told the reporter. “But that’s it, and that’s why we hung up the money.”

As The Daily Beast reported last year, the DNC’s so-called “server” is actually a system of 140 servers and none of the DNC’s machines are missing.

Speaking to reporters, Republican Sen. Lisa Murkowski of Alaska denounced efforts to “hold up” foreign aid for political reasons.

“You don’t hold up foreign aid that we had previously appropriated for a political initiative,” Murkowski said in response to questions about Mulvaney’s press conference.

  “You don’t hold up foreign aid that we had previously appropriated for a political initiative,” Murkowski says when asked about Mulvaney comments today

  She also says it’s not appropriate to hold G7 at Trump Doral

  — Igor Bobic (@igorbobic) October 17, 2019

Hours after the news conference, Mulvaney walked back his admission that the U.S. withheld Ukranian aid for political gain.

In a lengthy statement, he said the opposite of his earlier remarks: “There was absolutely no quid pro quo between Ukranian military aid and any investigation into the 2016 election.”

Mulvaney also wrongly blamed the media for “misconstruing” and putting a spin on the comments he made during the news conference, which was televised and streamed live to the public.

_Paul Blumenthal contributed reporting._

_This article has been updated with Mulvaney’s later comments denying he had said there was a quid pro quo over political help._

RELATED COVERAGE

-   Mick Mulvaney Walks Back Admission Of Quid Pro Quo In Trump's Ukraine Call
-   GOP Senator Breaks With White House Over Ukraine Quid Pro Quo
-   John Bolton Instructed Aide To Warn White House Lawyers About Rudy Giuliani: Reports
-   White House Adviser Considered EU Ambassador A National Security Risk: Report

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question: What does the article say about Mulvaney's statements regarding the foreign aid to Ukraine?

answer: Mulvaney said, in a live stream, that the foreign aid was kept from Ukraine unless they launched an investigation into the DNC servers. He called it a "quid pro quo" initially but later on, he contradicted his earlier statements - saying the media misconstructed his statements.

question: What does the article say about the outcome of the Ukrainian investigation?


text:
The HAWAIIAN HOARY BAT (_Aeorestes semotus_[1]), also known as _ŌPEAPEA_, is a species of bat endemic to the islands of Hawaii.[2][3] Whereas the mainland hoary bat is found throughout North and South America, the Hawaiian hoary bat is distributed only among the major volcanic islands of Hawaii, making it the only extant and native terrestrial mammal in the state.[4] The Hawaiian hoary bat was officially named the state land mammal of Hawaii in 2015.[5] It is a federally listed endangered taxon of the United States.[6]

Like many species of bats, Hawaiian hoary bats are brown in color. However they are distinguished by the silver coloration that ‘frosts’ the fur on their back, ears, and neck.[7] They typically weigh between 14 to 18 g (0.49 to 0.63 ounces), and have a wingspan of about 10.5 to 13.5 inches, with females being larger than males.[8] They are insectivorous, nocturnal, and forage and hunt using echolocation.[9] They are a solitary subspecies and roost individually rather than in colonies. They are found throughout a large range of different habitats - forests, agricultural fields, and areas populated with humans.[10] Due to their elusive and solitary nature, there is very limited knowledge on the ecology or life history of the bat. As of now, population sizes are unknown, which is problematic because this data is necessary for species recovery plans. Currently the Hawaiian hoary bat is listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act.[11]

Regarding conservation, the Hawaiian hoary bat faces a number of possible threats including: habitat loss, collisions with man-made structures such as wind turbines and barbed wire, impact of pesticides on primary food source, predation and competition with invasive species, and roost disturbance and tree cover reduction.

Description

[Hawaiian hoary bat with “frosty-hued fur”] The common name of the hoary bat was inspired by the hoary, or frosty, coloration of its coat. The Hawaiian hoary bat is distinguished by a silver tint along the brown fur of its back. More pronounced silver bands are found along the neck as the fur transitions to a yellowish brown along the face with the ears retaining a black edging around their perimeter. On average, these bats will weigh approximately and have a wingspan of approximately , making them one of the larger species of bats. There is a gender discrepancy in terms of size as females will typically be larger than males.[12] The Hawaiian name, _ōpeapea_ (“half-leaf”, also the shape of a traditional Hawaiian sail), refers to the outline of the bat's body, which is shaped like half a taro leaf.[13][14] [Depicts wingspan of the bat]

Ecology and behavior

Diet

The Hawaiian hoary bat is a generalist insectivore.[15] An insectivore is a species that preys on insects for its source of food. A generalist is a species that preys on a wide variety of, in this case, insects. The bat’s main source of food consists of moths (Lepidoptera) and beetles (Coleoptera), but also includes crickets, mosquitoes, termites, and many other insects. The bat’s preference toward moths causes them to be attracted to light, which results in bat environments encroaching into towns. A high proportion of bats can also be found feeding in pastures, where beetles are abundant due to the high amounts of dung excreted by cattle. Since these bats are generalist hunters, they have been known to prey on both native and invasive insect species. This protects crops from pest infestations.[16]

The diet of the Hawaiian hoary bat can fluctuate depending on its environment. The bats mainly forage for food on the edges of clustered forests, in open pastures, or above the canopy. Within open environments, moths consist of a high majority of their diet. In cluttered environments, the diet is distributed more evenly across multiple insect species.

Surveys indicate that the bat is opportunistic and can forage over many habitat types, including native and non-native vegetation and the open ocean.[17]

The Hawaiian hoary bat is a nocturnal hunter, usually hunting for food just before sunset and returning to its nest just before sunrise. Like other bats, they capture and eat their prey while still in flight. Bats do not have keen eyesight to spot their prey; rather, they use echolocation. By foraging using echolocation, the bats can catch their target while in flight. The bats’ flight patterns differ in accordance to the environment they are hunting in and the prey they are hunting. When hunting in open environments (i.e pastures or above the canopy) where larger prey is more abundant, they will fly faster with less maneuverability. When hunting in closed environments (i.e clustered forests) where smaller prey is more abundant, they will fly slower to allow for more maneuverability to catch their elusive prey. While foraging, bats can travel up to 12 miles in a night.[18] [Depiction of the mechanism of echolocation in bats]

The foraging activity of the Hawaiian hoary bat is most frequent on the islands of Hawaii, with additional activity on Kauai, Oahu, and Maui. No foraging activity is found on Molokai.[19]

Reproduction

The Hawaiian hoary bat follows a seasonal reproductive cycle. The pre-pregnancy months consist of November to April, after which breeding with a single mate occurs. The bats do not mate for life and will have a new mate each season. The pregnancy period begins in May and ends in June, when the lactation period begins. Fledglings are born at the end of August and will remain in the mother’s roosting nest until they become independent in 6 to 7 weeks. Mothers usually give birth to twins. This seasonal reproductive cycle causes a change in the habitat distribution of the bats. From pregnancy until fledgling birth, the bats will remain in lowland environments. As the mating season (and winter months) approaches, bats will move to highland environments. Changes in the habitat distribution of bats are linked to the energy abundance within an environment, influenced by temperature, rainfall, and food availability. While the bats are located on all the Hawaiian Islands, no breeding was observed on Niihau and Kahoolawe.[20]

Unlike some bats, the Hawaiian hoary bat is a solitary species meaning that it roosts individually rather than in a colony. The bats will remember their roosts and foraging locations and return to them repeatedly. The bats prefer to roost in forest vegetation less than 4.5 meters (15 feet) tall (Hawaiian hoary bat Guidance for Renewable Wind Energy Proponents). These bats are usually find roosting in a multitude of plants consisting of: Metrosideros polymorpha (most common Hawaiian tree), coconut palms (_Cocos nucifera_), kukui (_Aleurites moluccana_), kiawe (_Prosopis pallida)_, avocado trees (_Persea americana_), shower trees (_Cassia javanica_), pukiawe (_Styphelia tameiameiae_), fern clumps, Eucalyptus, and Sugi pine (_Cryptomeria japonica_).[21]

Habitat distribution

[Bat netting the Hawaiian hoary bat] The habitat distribution of the Hawaiian hoary bat is observed by detecting the frequency of the bat’s echolocation using acoustic detectors, as well as through bat netting and insect collection (to track foraging data). The Hawaiian hoary bat is located on all the Hawaiian Islands, but does not breed on Niihau and Kahoolawe. The habitat of the bat encompasses a wide range of altitudes and location types. This habitat ranges from sea level all the way to 2,288 meters (or 7,500 feet). The bats are found in landscapes including human populated areas, forests, agricultural fields, pastures, and even near mountain summits (almost 4,000 meters or 13,000 feet). During the warmer months, bats will travel to lowland environments where they will be more active. During the colder months, the bats will travel to highland environments where they will not be as active.[22]

Life history

Due to their elusive and solitary nature, there is little research on the life history of the Hawaiian hoary bat. In 2005 it was estimated that population size ranged from a few hundred to a few thousand bats, but this was based on incomplete and inadequate data.[23] As of January 2020, population sizes and estimates are still unknown. The breeding season of the bat consists of the pregnancy stage, which occurs from May to June, and the lactation stage, which occurs from June to August.[24] Mating occurs from October to November.[25] According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, females often give birth to twins, as seen in the mainland hoary bat species.[26] Based on one study, the average number of pups per one female that survives to weaning is 1.8.[27]

Historical and present range

_A.semotus_ occurs on all the major volcanic islands of Hawaii including Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Hawaii,[28] and that breeding populations have been noted in all except for Niihau and Kahoolawe.[29] The timing and origin of dispersal events of the Hawaiian hoary bat have not been studied in much detail. There is fossil evidence of the bats on the islands of Hawaii, Molokai, Maui, Oahu, and Kauai.[30]

According to the 1988 Recovery Plan, the populations were thought to be largest on the islands of Kauaii and Hawaii.[31]

Conservation

_Aeorestes cinereus_ (with _A. semotus_ listed as a subspecies) is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN.[32] Within the US, the Hawaiian hoary bat was first listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on October 13, 1970. An “endangered species” is any species or subspecies that is “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” The exact number of Hawaiian hoary bats was unknown, and the addition of the species to the list seems to have been precautionary.[33]

The United States Fish and Wildlife Service issued a recovery plan for the bat in 1988, with the goal of down-listing the bat from endangered to threatened status, and eventually to de-list it entirely.[34] Threats to the subspecies include deforestation and habitat loss, as well as indirect harm due to pesticide use.

Recovery criteria of the 1988 plan include:

-   determination of actual population status and habitat requirements
-   populations on Hawaii, Kauai, and Maui are stable or increasing for at least 5 years.[35][36]

In 2009, a 5-year-review was initiated for 103 species in Hawaii, including the Hawaiian hoary bat. In 2011, a summary and evaluation of the 5-year review determined that, due to lack of data on population size and trends, the species could not be down-listed nor delisted.[37]

In 2018 another 5-year review was initiated, but no summary or evaluation has been posted.

Threats

The Hawaiian hoary bat is a generalist distributed on all the major Hawaiian islands. Certain factors affect their population, almost all of which are anthropogenic. Biological factors, such as predation and competition, may affect the species but have not been studied at length at this time.

The largest contributor to bat mortality is collisions with man-made objects such as barbed wire fences, communication towers, and wind turbines.[38] Barbed wire fences are the leading cause of mortality. There are two proposed reasons that bats are attracted to wind turbines. The turbines may look like trees or the blades may resemble the flight pattern of another bat.[39] The state of Hawai’i has declared that by 2030, renewable energy will provide 70% of the state’s energy, and this will likely include an expansion of wind energy. This could increase the threat of wind energy, since more turbines could lead to more bat collisions.

The bats require treetops for roosting and thus habitat loss is a threat. With the clearing of trees for continued development in Hawaii, bats are unable to find places to reproduce. This is mainly caused by clearing for pastures, pineapple fields, and sugar cane farms. While they may use open areas to forage, not having enough pups will impact them. Tree trimming also affects new pups, as they may be unable to take flight.

Insects account for a large part of their foraging diet. Because of this, the increased use of pesticides threatens to decrease insect populations. This is problematic because insects are a major part of the bats’ food supply. However, citric acid used on invasive _Eleutherodactylus_ frog species was found to be unlikely to have a negative effect on the bats.[40] Beyond this, the use of pesticides is not well understood and requires further investigation.

Recordings from 1978 indicated that the bats may have been present on Kahoolawe Island, long devastated by bombing and the target of habitat restoration efforts.[41]

Current conservation efforts

The largest contributor to the listing of the Hawaiian hoary bat as endangered is a lack of information on the species.[42] Specifically, its range and population are not very well known.

A useful method of estimating the population is monitoring the bats' echolocation calls. Because this is the only known bat in Hawaii, any bat echolocation signals heard and recorded come from this subspecies,[43] and this monitoring method does not interfere with the animal.[44]

Acoustic monitoring is being used for tracking the species and better defining its range. This type of information has been used both in academic and industry-funded research projects. For example, a study was commissioned by Auwahi Wind Energy to maintain their permit.[45] Gathering information will contribute to either down-listing the species or to further efforts to conserve it. Studies have been completed as recently as January 2020 in cooperation with the USGS.[46] [Scientist monitoring a Hawaiian hoary bat]

In January 2020, the Hawaiian hoary bat Guidance for Renewable Wind Energy Proponents was updated.[47] This document provides a framework for the development of Habitat Conservation Plans (HCPs). Requirements for approval include minimizing bat death, determining impacts sufficiently, providing benefits to the species, and avoiding other specified impacts. It also states that the mitigation framework should be updated. This should happen, at a minimum, every five years. It also outlines recommendations in the following areas:

-   Habitat restoration
-   Land acquisition
-   Research as mitigation
-   In-lieu fee approaches

No current action for the Hawaiian hoary bat exists at the federal level. Generally, action is being taken at the state level involving many institutions including the University of Hawai’i.

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[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13] Frasher, H. R., et al. (2007). Hawaiian hoary bat inventory in national parks on the islands of Hawaii, Maui and Molokai. Technical Report 140. Pacific Coopertive Studies Unit. University of Hawaii at Mānoa.

[14]

[15] _Lasirus cinereus semotus_. Endangered Species in the Pacific Islands. USFWS Pacific. 2012.

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30] Tomich, P. Q. _Mammals in Hawaii_ (2nd edition). Honolulu, Hawaii: Bishop Museum Press. 1986.

[31]

[32]

[33] Fullard, J. H. (1989). `Ope`ape`a: Hawaii's elusive native bat. _Bats Magazine_ 7(3), 10-13.

[34] Recovery Plan for the Hawaiian Hoary Bat. USFWS. May 11, 1998.

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44] Fullard, J. H. (1989). Echolocation survey of the distribution of the Hawaiian hoary bat (_Lasiurus cinereus semotus_) on the island of Kaua'i. _Journal of Mammalogy_ 70(2), 424-26.

[45]

[46]

[47]

title: Hawaiian hoary bat

question: Summarize the Hawaiian hoary bat description.

answer: The Hawaiian hoary bat is brown in color with a silver coloration around its back, ears, and neck. The female is usually larger than the male. The Hawaiian hoary eats insects, they are nocturnal and roost individually rather than as a colony.

question: Summarize the Hawaiian hoary bat's general behavior.

answer: The Hawaiian hoary bat preys on a wide variety of insects like termites, mosquitos, beetles, and moths. Depending on the environment, there can be a big difference between what a bat in one location will eat when compared to another. The Hawaiian hoary bat is a nocturnal hunter, hence it loves to hunt after sunset and before sunrise. It also prefers hunting for flying insects, capturing them while in flight.

question: Why does the female Hawaiian hoary bat normally gives birth to two offspring?


text:
RANVIR SINGH (born 11 August 1977) is a British television presenter and journalist, she is the Political Editor for _Good Morning Britain_ and occasional presenter on ITV News.

Early life

Singh was born in 1977 in Preston, Lancashire into a Sikh family. Educated at Kirkham Grammar School, an independent school in Kirkham, Lancashire, she graduated from the University of Lancaster with a degree in English and Philosophy. She then gained a postgraduate qualification in journalism at the School of Journalism, Media and Communication, University of Central Lancashire in Preston.[1]

Career

Singh joined BBC Radio Lancashire in 2002, initially on work experience before being given a six-month contract. She then moved to BBC GMR, covering the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester.[2]

Singh joined the BBC North West regional news programme _North West Tonight_ in 2005 as a journalist and bulletin presenter.[3][4] Her first national presenting role came on Good Friday, 2006 when she co-presented _Manchester Passion_, a live BBC Three play that retold the last hours of Jesus Christ.[5]

On 10 September 2007, Singh joined long-serving presenter Gordon Burns as the main co-presenter on _BBC North West Tonight_. Former _BBC South Today_ sports editor Roger Johnson became Singh's co-presenter in October 2011 following Burns' departure.[6] While working on _North West Tonight_, Singh was also a regular presenter for late night and weekend breakfast shows on BBC Radio 5 Live.

Singh went on maternity leave from _North West Tonight_ on 18 May 2012. It was later announced that she would not be returning to the BBC but would be joining the ITV Breakfast programme _Daybreak_.[7] She made her first appearance on _Daybreak_ on 3 September 2012.[8]

In 2012, Singh occasionally reviewed the newspapers on _This Morning_.

In May 2014, Singh joined _Good Morning Britain_ as a features correspondent and news presenter with Susanna Reid, Sean Fletcher, Ben Shephard and Charlotte Hawkins.

Since May 2014, Singh has been a relief newscaster on various ITV News bulletins.

On 25 September 2014, Singh joined the factual ITV programme _Tonight_ as a reporter.

Since March 2015, she has guest presented numerous _Exposure_ specials.

From 2015 until 2016, Ranvir presented two primetime series for ITV called _Real Stories with Ranvir Singh_.[9]

In 2016 and 2017, Singh co-presented _The Martin Lewis Money Show_ alongside Martin Lewis.

In January 2017, it was announced that Ranvir had been promoted to Good Morning Britain's Political Editor.[10]

Since Summer 2017, Singh presented _Eat, Shop, Save_ for ITV.

In 2017, Singh was presenting _Good Morning Britain_ the day of the _2017 Westminster attack_ and garnered much praise for her ability to respond and react quickly to the developing story.  The _Good Morning Britain_ Team then went on to win a prestigious Golden Nymph Award in the ‘Live Breaking News’ category at the 59th Monte-Carlo Television Festival in 2019, beating CNN and Al Jazeera.

Singh's highlights at Good Morning Britain also include travelling around the world on board the RAF Voyager with the Prime Minister, with visits including China, Canada and inside the White House with President Trump, and live reporting from the ground as the Grenfell Tower fire unfolded.[11]

On 2 September 2020, it was announced that Singh would be taking part in the eighteenth series of _Strictly Come Dancing_. She was partnered with Giovanni Pernice.

From 6 September 2020, Singh co-presented ten episodes of ITV’s _All Around Britain_, a new weekly topical magazine series.[12][13]

Awards and honours

-   In November 2010, Singh was awarded “Best On Screen Talent” at the '' Royal Television Society’s'' North West Awards.[14]
-   In July 2013, Singh received an Honorary Fellowship from the University of Central Lancashire.[15]
-   In October 2015 she won Media Personality of the Year at the Asian Media Awards.[16]
-   On 20 January 2017 she was inaugurated as Chancellor of the University of Central Lancashire.[17]
-   On 9 December 2017, Singh received an honorary degree from Edge Hill University.[18]

Personal life

Singh is of Punjabi Indian origin. She lives in the Chilterns with her son Tushaan.[19]

Filmography

Television

  Year                   Title                                   Role                  Notes
  ---------------------- --------------------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------------------
  2005–2012              _North West Tonight_                    Presenter
  2012–2014              _Daybreak_                              Co-presenter          Also newsreader
  2012                   _This Morning_                          Newspaper reviewer    Occasional episodes
  2012—2014              _Lorraine_                              Newsreader
  2012, 2015             _All Star Family Fortunes_              Participant           2 episodes
  2013                   _University Challenge_                  1 episode
  2014–                  _Good Morning Britain_                  Political Editor      Also relief presenter
  _ITV Lunchtime News_   Presenter                               Occasional episodes
  _ITV Evening News_
  2014–2015, 2020–       _ITV News at Ten_
  2014–2016              _ITV Weekend News_
  2014–                  _Tonight_                               Reporter
  2015                   _Exposure: When Pregnant Women Drink_   Reporter              1 episode
  2015                   _The Chase_                             Participant           1 episode[20]
  2015—2016              _Real Stories with Ranvir Singh_[21]    Presenter
  2016—2017              _The Martin Lewis Money Show_           Co-presenter
  2017—                  _Eat, Shop, Save_                       Presenter
  2020                   _Loose Women_                           Guest presenter
  2020                   _All Around Britain_                    Presenter             10 episodes,[22] succeeded by Ria Hebden
  2020                   _Strictly Come Dancing_                 Participant           Contestant; series 18[23]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7] Ranvir Singh to leave _North West Tonight_ _Ariel_, BBC, 28 May 2012

[8] Kate Goodacre _Daybreak_ relaunch: Lorraine Kelly, Aled Jones start on September 3 Kate Goodacre, Digital Spy, 23 August 2012

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12] New Weekend commissions from ITV for Autumn ITV Press Centre, 7 July 2020

[13] _All Around Britain_ episodes itv.com

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22] New Weekend commissions from ITV for Autumn ITV Press Centre, 7 July 2020

[23]

title: Ranvir Singh

question: What does the text say about Sky News?

question: What does the text say about Ranvir Singh's personal life?

answer: Singh was born in 1977 in Preston, Lancashire into a Sikh family and is of Punjabi Indian origin. She was educated at Kirkham Grammar School, an independent school, and graduated from the University of Lancaster with a degree in English and Philosophy. She got her postgraduate qualification in journalism at the University of Central Lancashire's School of Journalism, Media, and Communication. Singh is lives in the Chilterns with her son Tushaan.

question: Summarize Ranvir Singh's career.

answer: Singh joined BBC Radio Lancashire in 2002 initially for work experience but was given a six-month contract. She then moved to BBC GMR, covering the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. In 2005, she joined the BBC North West regional news program "North West Tonight" as a journalist. Her first national presenting role came on Good Friday 2006 when she co-presented "Manchester Passion". From 2007 to 2011, Singh was the main co-presenter on BBC North West Tonight and a regular presenter for late-night and weekend breakfast shows on BBC Radio 5 Live. Singh made her first appearance on the ITV Breakfast Program "Daybreak" in September 2012. In 2014, she joined "Good Morning Britain" as a features correspondent and news presenter while working as a relief newscaster and reporter for ITV. From 2015 to 2017, Singh has had guest-presented "Exposure" specials, presented Real Stories with Ranvir Singh (ITV), co-presented the Martin Lewis Money Show, presented "Eat, Shop, Save" (ITV), and got promoted to the Political Editor of Good Morning Britain. In September 2020, she co-presented ten episodes of ITV's new weekly topical magazine series "All Around Britain".

question: What does the text say about the moment that defined Ranvir Singh's career?

answer: Singh was presenting Good Morning Britain the day of the 2017 Westminster attack. She was praised for her ability to react and respond quickly to the developing story. The Good Morning Britain team Singh was part of won the prestigious Golden Nymph Award in the "Live Breaking News" category at the 59th Monte-Carlo Television Festival in 2019, beating CNN and Al Jazeera.


text:
No More Than Four

Charlie Sacks was as sick as they come. He had taken to bed nearly three days ago and didn't say a word about it. The housemaid Martha waited on him hour to hour, pleasing him with an assortment of soups and teas. He took it presently and surprisingly enough, never did he miss a meal. While his stomach may have been in good order, the ailment seemed to lie in his nasal cavity. The man suffered from a clogged nasal chimney, due to a snot and spit build up, resulting in a whooping fever! Charlie, as a sturdy grown man, knew the only true remedy was a pampering spa and a warm bed. Martha had prepared a bath and Mr. Sacks found comfort in its bubbly waters. From the womb to the sack he did leap. Leaving the bath only to flounder back into bed. The fluffed feathers of his nest proved the greatest comforter, for it was in it's billows he could delve into the latest issue of StarExplorer in peace.

Alas, here is where I found him. A boy in his castle. With three loud knocks on their oakwood door, I made my presence known. Martha greeted me as I leaned against my wooden cane.

"Evening sir, mighty dark and rainy out there, what can I do for you?"

"I be but a humble traveller mum, on the eternal road, I come to beg you for bread."

"From where do you come, Traveller?"

"From the land beyond our own! Past the light and through the stone! In the forest, birds have flown, into the greatest deep unknown!"

"Where is that exactly?"

"Delaware, ma'am"

"Please step into the light, so I may gaze your face."

Indeed I followed her request and exposed myself to her. Every griping part of me. She no doubt reacted to my lame eye. The haggard mess of scarred skin will cause a double glance from anyone. I stood there, with the porch light bouncing off my darkened cloak, giving the softest exposure to my grey locks and twisted jaw. I knew I was something she had never seen before.

"Well, no sense having you out there, I invite you in for warmth and bread. Shall we?"

"Thank you, Ma'am"

"Dearie, call me Martha"

"Certainly"

At once, she invited me into the library, where I sat by the fire and indulged a few lines from a StarExplorer magazine. She was off into the kitchen to prepare me some bread and a bowl of something or other. The library was dark and civil. I admired the eclectic collection of novels and memoirs, as well as the embroidered chair in which I was placed. The leather had taken the shape of my body and I felt for a moment a grace of rest.

"You're meal, sir"

"Remarkable, Martha, you were able to put all that together in the short time I was here?"

"No sir, I happen to be mending another weary soul."

"There is another in this house?"

"Yes, the owner of the estate, Master Charlie Sacks."

"Whatever is wrong with the poor devil?"

"Doctor says it's a nasal buildup, sounds awful, like a dying rodent at times"

"Martha, would I be able to speak with Master Sacks? I feel I have a remedy in my possession that he would find most intriguing."

Three flights of stairs we took, all winding and weaving through the museum of his halls. From floor to floor, the walls displayed paintings from eras I had yet to see. I felt compelled to ask what Martha made of it.

"Paintings", I remarked.

"Oh yes, the Master collects. He has gone all over the world to find these paintings. Some he had to risk life and limb for. The floor below us holds the ones with pretty ships in them. Ships at port saying goodbye to the folk waving on the dock. Ships battling the raging squalls of the open sea. Ships a plenty. The floor we're on now will have your bones shivering."

"Ma,am?"

"This is his gothic collection. Everyone from Dorian Grey to The Oval Portrait hangs here. Let's just say we scurry past this part. Shall we?"

I could see her distress. For most of the men and women that hung here were depicted in death. My good eye gazed on scenes of immurement, bloodied ruins of genocide and twisted feasts of cannibalism. I shuddered as I glimpsed a familiar face burning in the fires of a witch hunt.

The last floor presented a welcomed change in the form of landscapes. As we crossed the hall to Sacks bedroom, I was treated to views of mountain ranges and auburn fields of apples.

Martha gently opened the door and announced us to the figure laying in bed.

"Master Sacks, we have Mr…"

"Crypt, Ernie Crypt. Master Sacks, I've come seeking shelter from the storm. As it turns out I found a little bit more. I heard of your ailment and I have a remedy that can promise you better. A rare chance for me to pay back such a hospitable welcome."

The silence made me wonder if he was resting eternally. At last he spoke, "Bring it to me and leave it on my nightstand."

With a nod to Martha I lurched over to his bedside and from my cloak retrieved a sack of cherry tomatoes.

"These are picked from a place I doubt even you've been, Mister Sacks. Please I will leave the bag here, but I warn you, only four tomatoes shall you eat before sunrise. Any more, will have you. Indeed, save them for tomorrows light."

"Tomatoes? Is this a folly?"

"None, sir, trust me. You will be surprised by natures touch."

"Very well then, be gone with you."

As I exited to the hallway, I left him with four words of remembrance.

"No more than four".

Martha allowed me to finish my meal and then filled my canteen with water, gave me a dry towel and then saw me on my way. I was eager to go, not because I held distaste for Martha's company, but because I knew sunrise would be here in a matter of hours and I wanted a good distance behind me when it came.

Within an hour, Master Sacks gave in to my gesture. Two tomatoes he took at first reach. He was surprised to find that he was soon sitting up and stretching his arms to and fro. He thought better then to over do it, so he settled back in with his magazine. A few more hours past and still the nagging taste of a tomato sat on his tongue. He had never tasted one so rich and rationed that he would still be under his four tomato limit. He settled that he deserved one more at least. The third one was in his mouth in a flash and the result was so tremendous that he threw the covers onto the floor and wreathed around his bedsheets stretching and yawning. The slumber was fading behind him and he soon felt fit to stand up. Yet something stayed him. He was thinking of his knowledge of medicine.

"My doctor always said, finish the bottle or it won't work." He reasoned quietly.

By the time he was chewing his fourth tomato, Sacks was walking down the hall to fetch a cup of milk.

"Heavens, sir, a change of winds?" Martha gasped as Sacks entered the kitchen.

"Martha it seems our weary traveller spoke truth. Those tomatoes did a wonder on my senses. I feel fit enough to read in the dignity of my own library. First, I shall like a glass of milk."

"Certainly, sir, I'll bring it right in."

Master Sack's toes wiggled around the fire heat as he sunk into his chair. A few adjustments were made until he felt the familiar shape again. Martha came in and left a tall glass of milk on the table beside him. She left him to read StarExplorer. A wonderful serial involving flying machines in space and men with laser guns finding lost princesses. The adventure had pulled him in for nearly an hour when he was distracted to see, inside the pocket of his house coat, the sack of tomatoes.

"A wonder." he thought.

As he continued to read, he thumbed the ripe, round tomatoes almost unaware of his habit. It took only a few minutes before another tomato was out of the sack and into his mouth. Half expecting to feel superhuman, Sacks was distraught to find that a cold chill instantly cascaded through his bones. The impact caused him to drop his magazine onto the floor. As he reached down to pick it up, a searing pain shot through his lower back. He tried to scream, but only gasped, for his breath was failing him. Sweat was accumulating and as he wiped his brow he felt only wrinkles of elderly skin. He willed himself a sip of milk. When he lay the glass back on the table he saw a line of red smearing down the side of the glass. Could his mouth be bleeding? He flustered over to the mirror to inspect. Yet the startling sight of his ghost and the ripe taste of tomato stopped him. A vision of auburn apple fields and infinite galaxies filled his eyes. Master Sacks fell to the floor. The old boy was dead.

No doubt Martha discovered him within the hour. Her shriek would be heard by no one. For the estate stands miles from anyone wishing to hear. No doubt she would take to the door to look for the strange traveller who had seemingly betrayed them. Yet she would not find him, only a discarded cane. For a cane is used by lame eyed old gypsies, not those who ride with fresh eyes into the eternal sunrise.

end.

title: No More Than More

question: What illness is Charlie Sacks suffering from?

answer: He is described as suffering from a nasal buildup, clogging his nasal cavity and causing a fever as well.

question: Who is the narrator?

answer: They initially appear to be a humble traveller, with scarred skin, a twisted jaw and a lame eye, looking generally deformed and elderly. However, it is implied that this appearance is a disguise or an illusion, and that they are a powerful gypsy with supernatural powers. They are able to provide a magical remedy for Charlie Sacks's illness and are implied to have links to witches.

question: What does Charlie Sacks's house looks like?

answer: His estate is implied to be quite large, with a dark library and several flights of stairs. Throughout the long hallways there are lots of paintings Charlie Sacks has acquired, and the gothic collection that the narrator asks Martha about is considered frightening.

question: What is, if any, the moral of the story?

answer: The moral would be that moderation and obeying the laws of the supernatural is crucial. The narrator instructs Sacks to eat no more than four tomatoes. The first four cure Sacks, but then Sacks eats a fifth and dies from it.


text:
The UZDOLJE KILLINGS was the mass murder of at least ten Croatian Serb civilians from the village of Uzdolje, near Knin on 6 August 1995 by members of the Croatian Army (HV) in the aftermath of Operation Storm.

Background

By March 1991, tensions between Croats and Serbs escalated into the Croatian War of Independence.[1] Following a referendum on independence that was largely boycotted by Croatian Serbs,[2] the Croatian parliament officially adopted independence on 25 June.[3] The Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK) declared its intention to secede from Croatia and join the Republic of Serbia while the Government of the Republic of Croatia declared it a rebellion.[4] Between August 1991 and February 1992, the RSK initiated an ethnic cleansing campaign to drive out the Croat and non-Serb population from RSK-held territory,[5] eventually expelling as many as 250,000 people according to Human Rights Watch.[6] Croatian forces also engaged in ethnic cleansing against Serbs in Eastern and Western Slavonia and parts of the Krajina on a more limited scale.[7] On 4 August 1995, the Croatian Army (HV) launched Operation Storm to retake the Krajina region which was completed successfully by 7 August.[8] The Operation resulted in the exodus of approximately 200,000 Serbs from Krajina while those Serbs who were unable or unwilling to leave their homes, primarily the elderly, were subjected to various crimes.[9] The ICTY puts the number of Serb civilians killed at 324.[10]

Killings

On the morning of 6 August 1995, three men with automatic rifles drove to the hamlet of Šare and into the village of Uzdolje, finding eight people, the oldest of whom was Djudjija Beric, 79 years old.[11] Seven of them were killed near the Knin - Drniš road, while the surviving witness, who was injured, managed to escape into the forest.[12] The other victims were Milica Sare, Stevo Beric, Janja Beric, Krsto Sare, Milos Cosic, Jandrija Sara and 73-year-old Sava Sare, who was killed on her porch afterwards.[13]

In the nearby hamlet of Vrbnik, unknown Croatian soldiers also killed 61- or 62-year-old Lazo Damjanic and 28-year-old Predrag Zaric.[14] Days after Operation Storm, ten other civilians were also killed in surrounding villages.[15]

Legal proceedings

The killings in the village were included in the ICTY's indictment of former Croatian general Ante Gotovina.[16] In the appeal of the trial of Gotovina et al which acquitted Gotovina and Mladen Markač, the ICTY ruled that there was insufficient evidence to conclude the existence of a joint criminal enterprise to remove Serb civilians by force.[17] The Appeals Chamber further stated that the Croatian Army and Special Police committed crimes after the artillery assault, but the state and military leadership had no role in their planning and creation.[18]

Though no one has been held responsible for these crimes, the Zagreb-based NGO Documenta - Center for Dealing with the Past filed a criminal complaint to the Croatian state attorney’s office in 2017.[19]

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title: Uzdolje killings

question: Summarize the aim of Operation Storm.

answer: Operation Storm, which was executed by the Croatian Army on August 4–7, 1995, aimed to retake the Krajina region from the Serbs. They accomplish this by forcing thousands of Serbs to leave their homes.

question: Summarize the conflict between Croatia and Serbia in the 1990s.

answer: The Republic of Serb Krajina (RSK) wants to secede from Croatia and join the Republic of Serbia. However, the Croatian government sees this as an act of rebellion. RSK expels Croats and non-Serbs away from the territories they hold. In the same way, the Croatian forces engage in ethnic cleansing to drive out the Serbs. Croatia's Operation Storm results in mass murder in the village of Uzdolje.

question: What does the text say about the justice given to the mass murder victims of the Croatian Army?

answer: The 10 Croatian Serb civilians killed by the Croatian Army in 1992 during Operation Storm were not given justice because the ones who did it were freed from their charges for lack of evidence. However, in 2017, Documenta—Center for Dealing with the Past filed a complaint to the Croatian state attorney's office.


text:
MAY ZEGZEG is a river of the Nile basin. Rising in the mountains of Dogu’a Tembien in northern Ethiopia, it flows southward to empty finally in Giba and Tekezé River.[1] thumb|upright=1.5|The May Zegzeg (MZZ) river in the radial drainage network of Dogu’a Tembien

Characteristics

It is a confined river, locally meandering in its narrow alluvial plain, with an average slope gradient of 43 metres per kilometre. With its tributaries May Sho'ate and May Harena, the river has cut a gorge.[2] Jointly with adjacent May Be’ati River, this river is the source of Rubaksa River. [Coming from the north (left), May Zegzeg receives May Be’ati River and becomes Rubaksa River]

Flash floods and flood buffering

Runoff mostly happens in the form of high runoff discharge events that occur in a very short period (called flash floods). These are related to the steep topography, often little vegetation cover and intense convective rainfall. The peaks of such flash floods have often a 50 to 100 times larger discharge than the preceding baseflow.[3] The magnitude of floods in this river has however been decreased due to interventions in the catchment. At Habdi Luqmuts and on other steep slopes, exclosures have been established; the dense vegetation largely contributes to enhanced infiltration, less flooding and better baseflow.[4] Physical conservation structures such as stone bunds[5][6] and check dams also intercept runoff.[7][8]

Boulders and pebbles in the river bed

Boulders and pebbles encountered in the river bed can originate from any location higher up in the catchment, including the following lithological units:[9]

-   Phonolite plugs
-   Upper basalt
-   Interbedded lacustrine deposits
-   Lower basalt
-   Amba Aradam Formation
-   Antalo Limestone
-   Quaternary freshwater tufa[10]

May Zegzeg Integrated Catchment Management Project

As part of outreach accompanying research in Dogu'a Tembien, the May Zegzeg Integrated Catchment Management Project was set up in 2004 in the catchment of the May Zegzeg River by researchers in cooperation with ADCS, a local NGO. The project included the implementation of conservation techniques to increase water infiltration and conserve the soil. The objective was to improve the livelihood of the communities of Harena, Hech'i and Addi Qolqwal as well as to demonstrate and promote global catchment management in the district.[11] The results of the implementation of site-specific conservation techniques aimed at increasing water infiltration and conserving soil were particularly monitored in the headwaters at May Sho'ate: dry masonry stone bunds,[12] check dams in gullies,[13] and the set-aside of degraded rangelands which resulted in exclosures.[14]

Natural boundary

Over its full course, this river constitutes the border between[15] Mika'el Abiy (at the west) and Ayninbirkekin municipalities (at the east)

Trekking along the river

Trekking routes have been established across and along this river.[16] The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files.[17]

-   Trek 12, runs parallel to the river on the eastern bank, from May Sho'ate to Rubaksa

In the rainy season, flash floods may occur and it is advised not to follow the river bed. [18]

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[17] https://www.openstreetmap.org/traces/tag/nyssen-jacob-frankl

[18]

title: May Zegzeg

question: What are the characteristics of the May Zegzeg?

answer: It is a confined river, locally meandering in its narrow alluvial plain with an average slope gradient of 43 meters per kilometer.

question: What are the trekking routes along the river?

answer: Trekking routes have been established across and along this river. The tracks are not marked on the ground but can be followed using downloaded .GPX files.


text:
Terry Crews testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee Tuesday morning.

He told lawmakers at Capitol Hill that he declined a role in “Expendables 4” after being pressured by AVI LERNER, the film’s producer, to drop a sexual assault lawsuit against his former talent agency, WME. The actor alleges WME agent ADAM VENIT sexually assaulted him in 2016.

Lerner was sued for sexual harassment, hostile work environment and gender discrimination by a woman.

“It was a project I had to turn down,” Crews told the Senate Judiciary Committee. “Abusers protect abusers and this is one thing I had to decide whether I was going to draw the line.”

READ: Terry Crews’ Sexual Assault Case Against Adam Venit Gets Rejected

The actor was one of three people called to testify at a hearing about the Sexual Assault Survivors’ Bill of Rights.

CHAIRMAN CHUCK GRASSLEY (R-Iowa) asked Crews if he faced retaliation after coming forward with details on the assault. The actor and former NFL player said he wanted to against Venit but feared it could derail his career.

“As a black man in America, you only have a few shots at success, you only have a few chances to make yourself a viable member of the community,” Crews said.

“The assault lasted only minutes, but what he was effectively telling me while he was holding my genitals in his hand was that he held the power, that he was in control,” Crews said in the statement.

At another point, he said, “Hollywood definitely has been a problem area, simply because so many people view this as a dream. And what happens is, someone has power over these dreams… And what happens also is that you get tricked into thinking that this type of behavior is expected, that it’s part of the job, that this harassment, abuse, even rape is part of your job description.”

His appearance on Capitol Hill was in partnership with Rise, a group founded by rape survivor AMANDA NGUYEN, who testified alongside Crews. Nguyen was instrumental in the Sexual Assault Survivors’ Bill of Rights being signed into law in 2016.

Source: _Deadline_

[]

Ivie Ani

Ivie is a Nigerian-American, native New Yorker, and journalist covering culture. Usually on-air, on deadline, and on point. @ivieani

question: When was the article written?

answer: Sometime after 2016

question: Who is the subject of the article?

answer: Terry Crews

question: Who testified along with Crews?

answer: Amanda Nguyen

question: Who was the chairman of the committee that interviewed Crews?

answer: Chuck Grassley, a Republican Senator from Iowa

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Terry Crews testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee about his experience as a sexual assault survivor.