text:
Hadrian’s Wall is more than a hundred miles long, several meters thick and high
enough to present a formidable challenge to anyone who faces it. Every couple miles there is
a tower and every twenty miles a fort with more than a hundred soldiers. Cold is the first
thing that you notice when you get to this gods forsaken place. No matter how many layers
of hide and leather you have on, it still will get all the way down to the bones. Even the
boiling baths turn ice cold before one is able to forget himself in relaxation just for one
sweet moment. The commander of my legion said it would be a temporary position, just to
bring everything up to a standard; establish an order he said.

 “We need men like you Lucius, at the edges of Empire in order to bring heart of
Rome to those savage places. Britannia will not be another Gaul, it has to be an extension of
Rome itself. Its strategic value is too important. And in any case, how long would it take for
our finest to bring those brutes into the fold of obedience?”

In return I was promised what otherwise no centurion could have hoped for: My own
estate in my home province of Sicilia, large enough to grow my own grape and wheat. With
that there also came a profound elevation of class - you can only get so far without being
born noble. With compensation like this, I will change the future for my family generations
ahead. Maybe we will even take upon a family name, we would become somebody, thought
Lucius.

One of the veterans appeared behind the centurion, who was looking far ahead from
the ramparts of the wall. “Lucius, the scouting party just came back, nobody was spotted
within the vicinity of five miles. If you want to hear for yourself, they are having dinner, or
what is supposed to be dinner, right now” mumbled he.
Slowly turning his gaze away from the clearing and the further vast expanse of the
forest, Lucius looked at one of his men in the eyes and asked, “What are you saying?”
Turning his attention to the ground, Carbo responded. “The soil got frozen solid, we
haven’t received barley in more than two weeks. The cook literally is mixing shells from the
seeds together in some sort of a porridge, men hate it.”

The centurion slowly exhaled, frustrated with everything, he was not in the mood for
yet another issue, another headache that nobody will help him to resolve. “We still have
that salted mutton don’t we?”
“Do you mean officers’ salted mutton, centurion Lucius?”
“Well, it won’t be officers who will man the wall tonight and keep us from being slaughtered.
Give them all that we have left, let me worry about everything else.” Carbo turned around
and was about to execute his superior’s order, when he was asked, “Have you ever been to
the province of Sicilia?”
“I wish. I am from up north, and spent most of my life around three little villages, before
joining the legion.”
“The sun is hot for several months and during winter you still can do alright with a single
tunic. And the fruit ripens, as if the gods infused the sun itself in it, grapes are so heavy that
if you don’t harvest them shortly they drop on the earth and explode. When it is all over, you
should visit, it is worth the trip and time.”
Carbo nodded quietly with a perceptible smile on his face and with a formal salute of
hitting his fist against his chest, turned around and hurriedly went to the storage rooms to
give the appropriate orders. Hearing the sound of rushing feet, Lucius went back to staring
at the very same kilometer-wide clearing in front of the main gates, looking far away, as if he
was to see something he hasn’t seen in the past fifteen months.

The enemy, the native tribes of northern Britannia, the Picts, do not have any
culture, or understanding of what is proper military or organization. When they don’t launch
a surprise attacks on us, there is constant infighting between the clans from what we
understand. They absolutely cannot rival the Roman army and yet not a single legion came
back from the expedition further north. They just disappear like a morning mist that was
touched by sun. After several attempts to actively pacify the clans, we built this wall, which
is a testament as to how “easy” it is to take control of these animal-like people. “Oh, Gods
this is second Gaul, first we negate the enemy to the status of just a ‘brute’. Then we fight
and our soldiers die in thousands, and not even after a year we make peace, Gaul became a
province, brutes became citizens and then comrades.” He let out a sarcastic chuckle, “I wish I
could talk to those senators about their politics, and explain them a thing or two” thought
Lucius. Fifteen months of constant attacks on the wall, they want to destroy us who
arbitrarily drew a line on the map that wasn’t there a decade ago. And nobody is interested
enough in this edge of the civilized world to send a sufficient amount of good troops to stifle
them once and for all.

Lucius slowly took off his heavy helmet that had distinct plumage of white and red,
signifying his rank among the peers. It was getting dark fast, and the forest that lied ahead
was eerily quiet, not even the usual evening bird song was present. One particular trait of
Picts is that they enjoy frustrating their opponent, and do a show of force in front of us.
Often at the edge of the forest, just before clearing, one could hear them singing war-songs
and hitting their weapons together against each other. “Something Is wrong, tonight two
men each hundred paces should stand abreast, the best ones too,” thought Lucius.

With those thoughts he stepped away from the edge of the wall, and headed down
the stairs. In a courtyard there was a small, building with a visible dark smoke rising from the
top of the roof, it was the canteen. Reaching a heavy wooden double-door that was covered
with the metal studs for reinforcement, he leaned with his whole body against the left side
of it and it opened with an annoying creak. It was always dim inside of the canteen, for the
lack of the torches, that were being utilized elsewhere, but tonight it was nearly pitch black
inside. Only the dying fire in the central hearth was a visible source of light. After stepping
forward away from the door his foot landed on something soft, it was a hand of one of the
soldiers. Immediately the realisation began to sink in, that they must have scaled further
down the wall, away from the main fort. Cold metal went through the layers of clothing that
helplessly tried to keep him warm, and sunk right between his ribs. Lucius fell to his knees,
meanwhile the invader slowly walked around him. He was smiling with his rotten teeth and
tangled hair. That was the triumphant smile of a victor; he even used a Roman sword to
accomplish this execution.

“It would be a short posting, just to pacify the barbarians,” thought Lucius. He felt
the intense heat of the summer sun on his face and could smell the sweet scent of ripe fruit
carried by the wind. Lucius smiled back at the Pict warrior, and with the blood dripping from
his mouth he said, “I am home.”

title: [HF] The Wall

question: Who speaks to Lucius about his posting at Hadrian's Wall saying: "We need men like you Lucius..."?

answer: The commander of his legion.

question: What time period is the story set in?

answer: Hadrian's wall was active during the Roman times.

question: Who are the main characters of the story?

answer: Lucius, the centurion; Carbo, a veteran in his legion; and the enemy that killed him.

question: What are the major events of the story?

answer: Lucius is posted at Hadrian's wall. His men are hungry, Lucius orders that the salted meat be given to the men. He heads to the canteen to give a new order. He steps on the hand of dead soldier in the canteen and realizes that they must have scaled the wall further away. A sword is sunk between his ribs. Lucius says he is home as the last breath leaves his body.

question: Write a ~10 sentence summary.

answer: Lucius is a centurion posted at Hadrian's wall for a short time. He is offered an estate in Sicilia as reward. His men are hungry, the ground is frozen and they have not received barley. Lucius orders that the salted meat be given to the men to watch tonight. He feels uneasy and wants to increase the guard. He heads to the canteen to give his orders. The canteen is dark, he steps on the hand of dead soldier and realizes that the enemy must have scaled the wall further away. A sword is sunk between his ribs. His enemy walks around him to see his face as he dies. Lucius says he is home as the last breath leaves his body.


split: test

text:
TEHRAN – Ever since he defied Iran’s deep state in last month’s elections, it was only a matter of time until President Hassan Rouhani would be publicly reminded of his limitations.

The moment came on the morning of March 8, when the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) fired several ballistic missiles in a military drill, displaying wanton disregard for U.N. Security Council resolutions. The missile tests confirmed two things: First, Iran’s president, despite his proven ability to manipulate domestic politics to his advantage and win over public opinion, cannot curb the activities of the country’s most powerful military force. And second, there are organs of Iran’s revolutionary state that will do whatever they can to sabotage Rouhani’s nascent rapprochement with the West.

During the Feb. 26 election, Iranians opted for the optimistic message of mutual respect, outreach, and global trade offered by Rouhani and his reformist allies. They rejected the overly rehearsed, downbeat talk of American infiltration that is the mainstay of hard-line conservatives. Most crucially of all, however, the elections showed that the political war unfolding in Iran goes beyond parliament and other contested political institutions. The struggle now involves the very highest authority in the land.

The elections were not kind to Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, who had issued dire warnings about American attempts to influence the outcome. (Among Friday prayer leaders, all of whom follow sermon instructions that come from Khamenei’s office, one ayatollah even urged worshippers to elect MPs who have “Death to America” written on their foreheads.) It’s not just that the public voted out two of Khamenei’s top counselors from the Assembly of Experts, the body nominally charged with supervising the leader’s work. They also voted for reformists, a political movement whose leaders Khamenei has accused of seditious attempts to topple the regime during street protests in 2009. After years in isolation, the group has formed a coalition with so-called moderate conservatives sympathetic to Rouhani, boosting the president’s heft.

After the election, the IRGC, which reports only to Khamenei, decided to strike back. By reportedly writing “Israel Must Be Wiped Out” on two missiles used in a second day of tests on March 9, they moved to show that Iran’s regional security policies, controlled by the supreme leader, are not going to change.

“The IRGC is in effect saying: ‘You can have your parliament, and that’s it’,” a Western diplomat in Tehran said of the missile tests. Having conducted similar drills after the nuclear deal was struck last July, missile launches seem one of the few tools the IRGC have left.

Rouhani has yet to comment on the latest tests. When the United States first threatened sanctions in December over Iran’s ballistic missile program, he wrote to his defense minister urging him to intensify the program — a step seen as necessary to show he was not being bullied by the United States.

Far from ending Rouhani’s momentum following the election, this week’s projection of force by the IRGC has only highlighted the Islamic Republic’s precarious method of balancing the interests of rival factions. Iran’s president was unequivocal on the need for compromise when speaking on March 1, after it had become clear that reformists and moderates had gained almost as many parliamentary seats as their main opponents had lost.

“I hope we all learn a lesson. The era of confrontation is over. If there are some who think that the country must be in confrontation with others, they still haven’t got the message of 2013,” Rouhani said.

The IRGC, clearly, are among those who haven’t got the message.

Since his inauguration in August 2013, Iran’s president has been a standard-bearer for his country’s most outward-looking citizens. He withstood withering attacks during the tortuous negotiations in securing the nuclear deal. Rouhani has had a bright start compared with the tenure of his predecessor, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, whose years in power are remembered by Iranians for being politically divisive and economically disastrous,. The 67-year-old Rouhani, after completing the “second step” of his administration by securing a parliament likely to work with the government rather than agitate against it, is now on course for the “third-step” — re-election in June 2017.

Rouhani’s aim is to give Iranians greater access to the jobs and economic opportunities they say they want. His gradual approach of securing the nuclear deal and eliminating its opponents from parliament will now be followed by a push on the economy. Privatization of state industries, starting with car production, a major industry in Iran before sanctions, is likely the next item on his agenda.

Broader political and economic reform will be impossible so long as Khamenei stands in the way. But Khamenei, who underwent prostate surgery in 2014, is reportedly ailing — and there’s a good chance his successor will be sympathetic to Rouhani’s broader agenda. The president’s allies were victorious in the recent election for the Assembly of Experts, which is responsible for replacing the supreme leader in the event of his death.

The elections have put Rouhani in a position to ensure that the agreement isn’t simply a one-off engagement with the West. It’s a development that lends fresh credence to President Barack Obama’s argument that Iranian politics could change markedly during the landmark nuclear deal’s 10-year duration. In that sense, the IRGC’s missile tests – they conducted similar launches after the agreement on the nuclear deal – appear more a confirmation of that group’s unease rather than an expression of its confidence. The force’s raison d’etre is to defend the revolution at all costs.

But 37 years since its foundation, voters showed that a cause does not make a country. Iran’s people are tired of conflict, and they want prosperity. A group of independents may ultimately hold the balance of power in Iran’s parliament – a coalition of conservatives, many of whom supported the nuclear deal, won 103 seats in the 290-member legislature, to the reformist List of Hope’s 95. (It will be a while yet before the complete makeup of the new parliament comes into view: Under Iran’s system, lawmakers must win 25 percent of the popular vote to be elected; in the 69 constituencies where that did not happen, run-off elections are scheduled for April.)

But the parliamentary faction most sympathetic to the IRGC’s views is weaker than ever, having lost about 90 seats compared with the previous election. Perhaps its best chance of maintaining influence will be if Ali Larijani, an independent conservative from the holy city of Qom, maintains his post as speaker of parliament. As a former commander in the IRGC who has held key posts across the Islamic Republic’s vast superstructure – he can boast of impeccable regime credentials. He won an endorsement on the eve of last month’s election from the country’s best-known military commander, Gen. Qassem Suleimani, who leads the IRGC’s Quds Force, the branch dedicated to foreign operations.

Larijani may face a challenge from Mohammad Reza Aref, a former vice president under reformist President Mohammad Khatami who headed the reformist list in the elections. Although it would be a prestigious appointment for Aref, Larijani showed during debates over the nuclear deal that he can build bridges across different factions. Aref, and his mostly unknown new MPs, cannot say that.

“Larijani has a far better relationship with the conservatives and is likely to be more successful at lobbying them to support Rouhani’s economic agenda than Aref would be,” a veteran Iran analyst said.

At the same time, Larijani could emerge as Rouhani’s most dangerous rival.

“I expect the new parliament to be under the control of moderates, and if Larijani manages them correctly, he can appear supportive of the government and the people, and he may become the new face the conservatives need for 2017,” said a friend of Larijani, referring to the next presidential election.

Though that vote is some time away, there is no breathing space for Rouhani. The president is acutely aware that Iranians have seen dreams of change dashed before, during the presidency of Khatami from 1997 to 2005. By 2000, Khatami had prematurely become a lame duck – hemmed in by the IRGC, which implicitly threatened a coup the previous year, when student protests shook the system. The Guardian Council also stopped Khatami’s reforms in their tracks, using its power to veto legislation even after it had been passed by MPs.

Ultimately though, last month’s election showed that the establishment’s efforts to marginalize reformists have their own limitations. About 11 years after he left office, Khatami – who is banned from being quoted in newspapers or having his picture published — used social media to urge voters to back the pro-Rouhani List of Hope, showing he cannot be silenced. His YouTube video, released five days before polling day, was seen by many as the turning point that persuaded doubters to cast a ballot.

Rouhani returned the favor following the election, referring to Khatami as “my dear brother” in public remarks carried live by state television, in seeming defiance of the official ban on mentioning the former president. A day later, the IRGC announced its missile tests.

As the IRGC’s latest provocation shows, the president will have his work cut out in delivering the change Iranians want. One of his top rivals will be the head of the judiciary, Ayatollah Sadegh Larijani — a hard-liner who years ago opposed Khatami’s reforms and issued the strongest attack on the pro-Rouhani ticket after the election results were published, accusing its leaders of colluding with foreign media to persuade the public to vote ultraconservatives off the Assembly of Experts.

Larijani, who was re-elected to the key body in the recent vote, has also been named among the contenders to replace Khamenei. As the man who heads a legal system that executes hundreds of people annually and locks up many others deemed opponents of the Islamic Republic, the judiciary chief represents a very different face of Iran.

There is good reason, however, to think that Rouhani will be more adept at countering his rivals than Khatami ever was. Unlike the former reformist president, the incumbent has held some of the most senior security posts in the Islamic Republic. His recent election victory, on the heels of the nuclear deal, helps him prove that he is not a one-trick pony, but a canny operator whose deeper links within the elite can yield results. It won’t be easy to change how the Islamic Republic operates, but Rouhani is better positioned than any of his predecessors to give it a shot.

Spencer Platt/Getty Images

question: What are the policies raised by the new Iranian President, Hassan Rouhani?

answer: Rouhani is determined to end Iran's policy of confrontation with other countries. He also aims to provide a wide access to citizens when it comes to jobs and economic security. Rouhani is hoping to achieve the by privatizing state industries and eliminating economic sanctions. He is also looking at political reform of some kind to allow for a more democratic process.

question: What are the obstacles faced by President Hassan Rouhani?

answer:
One of Iran's main military bodies, the Islamic Reolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), is refusing to follow the President's lead in avoiding confrontations with other countries. The IRGC fired several ballistic missiles in a drill, displaying a disregard for the U.N. Security Council resolutions.

Also, the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei is determined to stand in the way of Rouhani's economic and political reforms by influencing te IRGC and supporting local MPs whose ideologies are radically opposed to the President. More importantly is the influence of Ali Larijani, an independent conservative who is the speaker of parliament. If he continues to retain his seat and influence, he is sure to derail Rouhani's policies.


text:
I will not lie to you I have enjoyed both of them. Naked men and women dressing up in front of me, though rarely together. I have seen eight year as well as eighty year olds. No shame in admitting that. That ultimately is the purpose of me being made- the Mirror.

However I did not came here to tell you about my secret fantasies. The year is 1957. I have been standing in Bollywood’s famous director Mr. Johnny’s bedroom for 10 years now. He has made 3 films till now, all of them declared as a classic.

I have noticed that for the past 30 days he is getting depressed. That is because he cannot conceive a proper, firm idea about his fourth film. He has read tons of books, met with plenty of writers but still nothing has been able to fill that blank head.

At approximately 8 in the night today a well dressed man in a suit enters the room with Johnny. They both are smoking and happily talking with each other. It didn’t took me long to realize that that man was the Minister of Propaganda- Mr. Handa.

Their conversation went as follows.
Johnny- this time I want it to be different. I want to prove that films are much more than a 2 hour long audio visual story. I want it to have an effect on the viewers. I want to change how they live and think. And for this I need your help mr. handa

Handa- I see, I see. Everyone’s an idiot already. What do you wanna change about them? You want to them get stronger or what?

Johnny- quite the opposite handa saab. I want the masses to get sad, depressed and feel lonely almost each moment that they are awake. When they aren’t they should be given doses of unreal happiness in between so that they continue.

Handa- continue what?

Johnny- if there was just a way for people to get that dose of happiness not from their own but from others, then that I think would complete the film, if the only way to get that happiness was acceptance from others on their looks, their body then that would certainly put my plan into action.

Handa- I understand you but not completely. What do you have to gain out of it.

Johnny- I wanna test the breaking point of ugly people. How much can they bear before killing themselves. Maybe it could also help to reduce the population who knows!

Handa- lets go to the bar to discuss more.

I kid you not that was the beginning of something beautiful. The film went on to become a big hit. Had many remakes too.

Its 2018 now and I your humble narrator have witnessed the death of Johnny, his son and his son. In the next two minutes I will also witness the death of his great granddaughter by shooting herself with a gun in front of me.

Why?

Because her last 10 photos didn’t get enough likes on Instagram.

Somebody get the blood of that idiot off me please.

End

title: [RF] The Depressed Director

question: From whose perspective is the story told?

answer: The perspective of a mirror.

question: What is the story about?

answer: A classic moment from Bollywood history.

question: Why does the mirror express its disdain?

answer: Because the famous director's granddaughter commits suicide simply because she only got ten likes on instagram.

question: What is the theme of this story?

answer: Depression.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Told from the perspective of a mirror, this story discusses the saga of a depressed Bollywood director before he creates one of his most famous films, and then skips to the present, in which his great-granddaughter kills herself in front of the same mirror.


text:
JOHANN HEINRICH LAMBERT (, _Jean-Henri Lambert_ in French; 26 or 28 August 1728 – 25 September 1777) was a Swiss polymath who made important contributions to the subjects of mathematics, physics (particularly optics), philosophy, astronomy and map projections. Edward Tufte calls him and William Playfair “The two great inventors of modern graphical designs” (_Visual Display of Quantitative Information_, p. 32).

Biography

Lambert was born in 1728 into a Huguenot family in the city of Mulhouse (now in Alsace, France), at that time an exclave of Switzerland.[1] Some sources give 26 August as his birth date and others 28 August.[2][3][4] Leaving school at 12, he continued to study in his free time whilst undertaking a series of jobs. These included assistant to his father (a tailor), a clerk at a nearby iron works, a private tutor, secretary to the editor of _Basler Zeitung_ and, at the age of 20, private tutor to the sons of Count Salis in Chur. Travelling Europe with his charges (1756–1758) allowed him to meet established mathematicians in the German states, The Netherlands, France and the Italian states. On his return to Chur he published his first books (on optics and cosmology) and began to seek an academic post. After a few short posts he was rewarded (1763) by an invitation to a position at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin, where he gained the sponsorship of Frederick II of Prussia, and became a friend of Euler. In this stimulating and financially stable environment, he worked prodigiously until his death in 1777.[5]

Work

Mathematics

[Illustratiom from _De ichnographica campi_ published in Acta Eruditorum, 1763] [_La perspective affranchie de l'embarras du plan géometral_, French edition, 1759] Lambert was the first to introduce hyperbolic functions into trigonometry. Also, he made conjectures about non-Euclidean space. Lambert is credited with the first proof that π is irrational using a generalized continued fraction for the function tan x.[6] Euler believed the conjecture but could not prove that π was irrational, and it is speculated that Aryabhata also believed this, in 500 CE.[7] Lambert also devised theorems about conic sections that made the calculation of the orbits of comets simpler.

Lambert devised a formula for the relationship between the angles and the area of hyperbolic triangles. These are triangles drawn on a concave surface, as on a saddle, instead of the usual flat Euclidean surface. Lambert showed that the angles added up to less than π (radians), or 180°. The amount of shortfall, called the defect, increases with the area. The larger the triangle's area, the smaller the sum of the angles and hence the larger the defect C△ = π — (α + β + γ). That is, the area of a hyperbolic triangle (multiplied by a constant C) is equal to π (in radians), or 180°, minus the sum of the angles α, β, and γ. Here C denotes, in the present sense, the negative of the curvature of the surface (taking the negative is necessary as the curvature of a saddle surface is defined to be negative in the first place). As the triangle gets larger or smaller, the angles change in a way that forbids the existence of similar hyperbolic triangles, as only triangles that have the same angles will have the same area. Hence, instead of the area of the triangle's being expressed in terms of the lengths of its sides, as in Euclidean geometry, the area of Lambert's hyperbolic triangle can be expressed in terms of its angles.

Map projection

Lambert was the first mathematician to address the general properties of map projections (of a spherical earth).[8] In particular he was the first to discuss the properties of conformality and equal area preservation and to point out that they were mutually exclusive. (Snyder 1993[9] p77). In 1772, Lambert published[10][11] seven new map projections under the title _Anmerkungen und Zusätze zur Entwerfung der Land- und Himmelscharten_, (translated as _Notes and Comments on the Composition of Terrestrial and Celestial Maps_ by Waldo Tobler (1972)[12]). Lambert did not give names to any of his projections but they are now known as:

1.  Lambert conformal conic
2.  Transverse Mercator
3.  Lambert azimuthal equal area
4.  Lagrange projection
5.  Lambert cylindrical equal area
6.  Transverse cylindrical equal area
7.  Lambert conical equal area

The first three of these are of great importance.[13][14] Further details may be found at map projections and in several texts.[15][16][17]

Physics

Lambert invented the first practical hygrometer. In 1760, he published a book on photometry, the _Photometria_. From the assumption that light travels in straight lines, he showed that illumination was proportional to the strength of the source, inversely proportional to the square of the distance of the illuminated surface and the sine of the angle of inclination of the light's direction to that of the surface. These results were supported by experiments involving the visual comparison of illuminations and used for the calculation of illumination. In _Photometria_ Lambert also formulated the law of light absorption (the Beer–Lambert law) and introduced the term _albedo_.[18] Lambertian reflectance is named after Johann Heinrich Lambert, who introduced the concept of perfect diffusion in his 1760 book Photometria. He wrote a classic work on perspective and contributed to geometrical optics.

The non-SI unit of luminance, Lambert, is named in recognition of his work in establishing the study of photometry. Lambert was also a pioneer in the development of three-dimensional colour models. Late in life, he published a description of a triangular colour pyramid (_Farbenpyramide_), which shows a total of 107 colours on six different levels, variously combining red, yellow and blue pigments, and with an increasing amount of white to provide the vertical component.[19] His investigations were built on the earlier theoretical proposals of Tobias Mayer, greatly extending these early ideas.[20] Lambert was assisted in this project by the court painter Benjamin Calau.[21]

Philosophy

In his main philosophical work, _Neues Organon_ (_New Organon_, 1764), Lambert studied the rules for distinguishing subjective from objective appearances. This connects with his work in the science of optics. In 1765 he began corresponding with Immanuel Kant who intended to dedicate to him the _Critique of Pure Reason_ but the work was delayed, appearing after his death.[22]

Astronomy

Lambert also developed a theory of the generation of the universe that was similar to the nebular hypothesis that Thomas Wright and Immanuel Kant had (independently) developed. Wright published his account in _An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe_ (1750), Kant in _Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels_, published anonymously in 1755. Shortly afterward, Lambert published his own version of the nebular hypothesis of the origin of the solar system in _Cosmologische Briefe über die Einrichtung des Weltbaues_ (1761). Lambert hypothesized that the stars near the sun were part of a group which travelled together through the Milky Way, and that there were many such groupings (star systems) throughout the galaxy. The former was later confirmed by Sir William Herschel. In astrodynamics he also solved the problem of determination of time of flight along a section of orbit, known now as Lambert's problem. His work in this area is commemorated by the Asteroid 187 Lamberta named in his honour.

Meteorology

Lambert propounded the ideology of observing periodic phenomena first, try to derive their rules and then gradually expand the theory. He expressed his purpose in meteorology as follows:

To obtain more and better data of meteorology, Lambert proposed to establish a network of weather stations around the world, in which the various weather configurations (rain, clouds, dry ...) would be recorded – the methods that are still used nowadays. He also devoted himself to the improvement of the measuring instruments and accurate concepts for the advancement of meteorology. This results in his published works in 1769 and 1771 on hygrometry and hygrometers.[23]

Logic

Johann-Heinrich Lambert is the author of a treatise on logic, which he called _Neues Organon_ (1764), that is to say, the New Organon. The most recent edition of this work named after Aristotle's _Organon_ was issued in 1990 by the Akademie-Verlag of Berlin. This contains one of the first appearances of the term _phenomenology_,[24] and one can find therein a very pedagogical presentation of the various kinds of syllogism. According to John Stuart Mill,

    The German philosopher Lambert, whose _Neues Organon_ (published in the year 1764) contains among other things one of the most elaborate and complete expositions of the syllogistic doctrine, has expressly examined which sort of arguments fall most suitably and naturally into each of the four figures; and his investigation is characterized by great ingenuity and clearness of thought.[25]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] W. W. Rouse Ball (1908) Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777) via Trinity College, Dublin

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9] .

[10] Lambert, Johann Heinrich. 1772. _Ammerkungen und Zusatze zurder Land und Himmelscharten Entwerfung_. In Beitrage zum Gebrauche der Mathematik in deren Anwendung, part 3, section 6).

[11]

[12] Tobler, Waldo R, _Notes and Comments on the Composition of Terrestrial and Celestial Maps_, 1972. (University of Michigan Press), reprinted (2010) by Esri: 1.

[13]

[14] Corresponding to the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection, there is a Lambert zenithal equal-area projection. _The Times Atlas of the World_ (1967), Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Plate 3 et passim.

[15]

[16] This paper can be downloaded from USGS pages.

[17]

[18]

[19] Lambert, _Beschreibung einer mit dem Calauschen Wachse ausgemalten Farbenpyramide wo die Mischung jeder Farben aus Weiß und drey Grundfarben angeordnet, dargelegt und derselben Berechnung und vielfacher Gebrauch gewiesen wird_ (Berlin, 1772). On this model, see, for example, Werner Spillmann ed. (2009). _Farb-Systeme 1611-2007. Farb-Dokumente in der Sammlung Werner Spillmann_. Schwabe, Basel. . pp. 24 and 26; William Jervis Jones (2013). _German Colour Terms: A study in their historical evolution from earliest times to the present_. John Benjamins, Amsterdam & Philadelphia. . pp. 218–222.

[20] Sarah Lowengard (2006) “Number, Order, Form: Color Systems and Systematization” and Johann Heinrich Lambert in _The Creation of Color in Eighteenth-Century Europe_, Columbia University Press

[21] Introduction to

[22] O'Leary M., _Revolutions of Geometry_, London:Wiley, 2010, p.385

[23]

[24] In his Preface, p. 4, of vol. I, Lambert called phenomenology “the doctrine of appearance.” In vol. ii, he discussed sense appearance, psychological appearance, moral appearance, probability, and perspective.

[25] J. S. Mill (1843) A System of Logic, page 130 via Internet Archive

title: Johann Heinrich Lambert

question: Summarize Lambert's biography.

answer: Lambert was born in the city of Mulhouse. He left school at 12 to work and continued to study in his free time. While traveling through Europe, he met established mathematicians. He published his first book on optics and cosmology and later got invited to a position at the Prussian Academy of Sciences .

question: What advancement did Lambert bring in the field of map projection?

answer: Lambert was in fact the first mathematician to discuss the properties of conformality and equal area preservation. He published seven new map projections in 1772.

question: Summarize Lambert's philosophical work.

answer: Lambert's main philosophical work is Neues Organon in which he discusses the rules of distinguishing subjective from objective appearances. He began corresponding with Immanuel Kant in 17655 who intended to dedicate to him the Critique of Pure Reason but the work was delayed.

question: What does Lambert's book Neues Organon narrate?

answer: Neues Organon is Lambert's philosophical work which contains one of the most elaborate and complete expositions of the syllogistic doctrine and also studies the rules for distinguishing subjective from objective appearances.


text:
The frequency used in military testing could be harmful to some animals

DEAR EARTHTALK: IS IT TRUE THAT MILITARY SONAR EXERCISES ACTUALLY KILL MARINE WILDLIFE?
 _-- John Slocum, Newport, RI_

Unfortunately for many whales, dolphins and other marine life, the use of underwater sonar (short for sound navigation and ranging) can lead to injury and even death. Sonar systems—first developed by the U.S. Navy to detect enemy submarines—generate slow-rolling sound waves topping out at around 235 decibels; the world’s loudest rock bands top out at only 130. These sound waves can travel for hundreds of miles under water, and can retain an intensity of 140 decibels as far as 300 miles from their source.

These rolling walls of noise are no doubt too much for some marine wildlife. While little is known about any direct physiological effects of sonar waves on marine species, evidence shows that whales will swim hundreds of miles, rapidly change their depth (sometime leading to bleeding from the eyes and ears), and even beach themselves to get away from the sounds of sonar.

In January 2005, 34 whales of three different species became stranded and died along North Carolina’s Outer Banks during nearby offshore Navy sonar training. Other sad examples around the coast of the U.S. and elsewhere abound, notably in recent years with more sonar testing going on than ever before. According to the nonprofit Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), which has campaigned vigorously to ban use of the technology in waters rich in marine wildlife, recent cases of whale strandings likely represent a small fraction of sonar’s toll, given that severely injured animals rarely make it to shore.

In 2003, NRDC spearheaded a successful lawsuit against the Navy to restrict the use of low-frequency sonar off the coast of California. Two years later a coalition of green groups led by NRDC and including the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), the League for Coastal Protection, Cetacean Society International, and Ocean Futures Society upped the ante, asking the federal courts to also restrict testing of more intense, harmful and far ranging mid-frequency types of sonar off Southern California’s coastline.

In filing their brief, the groups cited Navy documents which estimated that such testing would kill some 170,000 marine mammals and cause permanent injury to more than 500 whales, not to mention temporary deafness for at least 8,000 others. Coalition lawyers argued that the Navy’s testing was in violation of the National Environmental Policy Act, the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the Endangered Species Act.

Two lower courts upheld NRDC’s claims, but the Supreme Court ruled that the Navy should be allowed to continue the use of some mid-frequency sonar testing for the sake of national security. “The decision places marine mammals at greater risk of serious and needless harm,” says NRDC’s Joel Reynolds.

Environmental groups are still fighting the battle against the sonar, lobbying the government to curtail testing, at least during peacetime, or to at least ramp up testing gradually to give marine wildlife a better chance to flee affected areas. “The U.S. Navy could use a number of proven methods to avoid harming whales when testing mid-frequency sonar,” reports IFAW’s Fred O'Regan. “Protecting whales and preserving national security are not mutually exclusive.”

CONTACTS: NRDC, www.nrdc.org; IFAW, www.ifaw.org.

EARTHTALK IS PRODUCED BY E/THE ENVIRONMENTAL MAGAZINE. SEND YOUR ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS TO: EARTHTALK, P.O. Box 5098, Westport, CT 06881; earthtalk@emagazine.com. Read past columns at: www.emagazine.com/earthtalk/archives.php. EARTHTALK is now a book! Details and order information at: www.emagazine.com/earthtalkbook.

question: What does the article say about the use and types of military underwater sonars?

answer: Sonar systems are developed to detect enemy submarines. The article mentions low-frequency sonar and more intense mid-frequency types of sonar.

question: What does the article say about how the use of underwater sonar can hurt marine wildlife?

answer: Sonar systems generate slow-rolling sound waves topping out at around 235 decibels. Whales swim hundreds of miles, rapidly change their depth (sometime leading to bleeding from the eyes and ears), and even beach themselves to get away from the sounds of sonar. The use of underwater sonar can lead to injury and even death. For example, in January 2005, 34 whales of three different species became stranded and died along North Carolina’s Outer Banks during nearby offshore Navy sonar training. Navy documents estimated that the testing would kill some 170,000 marine mammals and cause permanent injury to more than 500 whales, and deafness for at least 8,000 others.

question: What does the article say about what the U.S. Navy did to prevent hurting marine wildlife?


text:
The CHICKASHA CHIEFS was the final and a primary name of the minor league baseball teams based in Chickasha, Oklahoma. Playing between 1904–1952, Chickasha teams played as members of the Southwestern League (1904), Western Association (1920–1921), Oklahoma State League (1922) and Class D Sooner State League (1948–1952).

History

Minor league baseball in Chickasha began when Chickasha briefly had a team in 1904. The SHAWNEE BROWNS of the Southwestern League moved to Chickasha, Oklahoma on June 30, 1904. The team became the CHICKASHA INDIANS and continued play in the Southwestern League. However, the franchise returned to Shawnee, Oklahoma on August 3, 1904. The franchise then disbanded on September 5, 1904.[1][2][3]

Baseball returned in 1920, when the CHICKASHA CHICKS began play in the eight-team Western Association. The Western Association had just reformed after a two-year hiatus. Other 1920 league members were the Drumright Drummers, Enid Harvesters, Fort Smith Twins, Henryetta Hens, Okmulgee Drillers, Pawhuska Huskers and Springfield Merchants.[4][5]

In their first full season of play, the Chickasha Chicks finished 52–72 (7th) in the 1920 Western Association.[6]

The Chickasha Chicks won the 1921 Western Association Championship. The Chicks finished 74–74 (5th overall) in the regular season and captured the first-half pennant. In the playoff Finals, the Chickasha Chicks defeated the Fort Smith Twins 4 games to 3 to claim the 1921 championship.[7][8][9]

Chickasha left the Western Association to join the newly formed Oklahoma State League in 1922 and won their second straight championship. Other charter members of the six–team 1922 Oklahoma State League were the Clinton Bulldogs, Duncan Oilers, El Reno Railroaders, Guthrie, Oklahoma and Wilson Drillers.[10][11]

Playing in the new league in 1922, the Chickasha Chicks finished 55–55 (3rd) in the regular season. They qualified for the playoffs by winning the first half championship with a 33-17 record.[12] In the second half, however, shaky finances and dwindling attendance during a losing streak caused the team to miss payroll and forfeit several games, culminating with a league takeover of the franchise. The team was renamed the “Orphans” and forced to play its remaining schedule on the road.[13][14][15] Despite limited success over the remainder of the regular season, the team defeated the Clinton Bulldogs in the playoff finals, 4 games 0, to claim the 1922 championship.[16] After the 1922 championship season the franchise folded.[17][18]

In 1948, the Chickasha Chiefs began play in the Sooner State League. The Chiefs and Ada Herefords were expansion teams in the league as it expanded from six–teams to eight–teams after forming in 1947. The other 1948 Sooner State League members were the Ada Herefords, Ardmore Indians, Duncan Cementers, Lawton Giants, McAlester Rockets, Pauls Valley Raiders and Seminole Oilers.[19][20]

Chickasha qualified for the playoffs in 1948. The Chicks finished 73–63 (4th) in the regular season. In the playoffs, the McAlester Rockets defeated the Chickasha Chiefs 3 games to 1. The Chiefs 1948 attendance was 35,640, an average of 524 per game.[21][22]

Returning to the playoffs in 1949, the Chickasha Chicks finished 78–61 (3rd) in the regular season. In the 1949 playoffs, the Lawton Giants defeated Chickasha 3 games to 0. The Chicks 1949 attendance was 59,306, an average of 853.[23][24]

The 1950 Chickasha Chiefs finished 80–59 (3rd) in the Sooner State League regular season. Qualifying for the playoffs, the McAlester Rockets defeated the Chiefs 3 games to 0. The 1950 season attendance was 43,759 (3rd in the league).[25][26]

In 1951, the Chickasha Chiefs used five managers in finishing 46–94 (7th) in the Sooner State League. The 1951 season attendance was 21,107.[27]

The Chickasha Chiefs returned to the Sooner State League playoffs in 1952. The Chiefs finished 78–62 (3rd) in the 1952 regular season. In the playoffs, the Pauls Valley Raiders defeated the Chickasha Chiefs 3 games to 1. Season attendance: 27,494, an average of 393.[28][29]

the Chickasha Chiefs folded after the 1952 season and were replaced by the Gainesville Owls in the 1953 Sooner State League. Chickasha hasn't hosted another minor league baseball team.[30]

The ballparks

The Chickasha Chiefs played at MEMORIAL PARK, also referred to as BORDEN PARK. Borden Park burned in August 1950 and was rebuilt for the following season.[31][32] The ballpark had a capacity of 1,700 (1950) and 2,500 (1952). Borden Park, which is now called Elliott Field and is used for high school baseball, was located at 200 North 19th Street.[33]

From 1920 through May 1921, the Chickasha Chicks played at UNIVERSITY PARK.[34] University Park, which had previously hosted exhibition games featuring Hall of Fame pitcher Walter Johnson, was located at the terminus of the street railway line near present-day Shannon Springs Park.[35][36][37]

In the middle of the 1921 season, the Chicks moved to a newly constructed ballpark named GRADY FIELD. The new ballpark was located on East Choctaw Avenue, just east of the viaduct that carries that road over the railroad tracks, where the Grady County Fairgrounds are now located. University Park was demolished immediately upon completion of the new field.[38][39][40]

The 1904 Chickasha Indians played at ROCK ISLAND BALL PARK.[41] This facility was built at the site of the former Rock Island stockyards, south of the Rock Island Railroad machine shop and the Crystal Ice Company plant, on land donated by the railroad.[42][43][44][45] The location was half a block east of South First Street, along the railroad tracks between East Minnesota and East Dakota Avenues.[46]

Notable alumni

-   Ed Cole (1950)
-   Mike Cvengros (1921)
-   Camilo Pascual (1951) Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame
-   Ned Pettigrew (1920, MGR)
-   Pete Runnels (1949) 5× MLB All-Star, 2× AL batting champion (1960, 1962), Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame
-   Guy Sturdy (1921)

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title: Chickasha Chiefs

question: Summarize the successes of the Chickasha baseball teams.

answer: The first Chickasha baseball team that won a trophy was Chickasha Chicks who won the 1921 Western Association Championship. Despite a league takeover after a series of losses in the next season in a new league (Oklahoma state league), they managed to win it before the franchise folded. Chickasha Chiefs started to play in 1948 in the Sooner State League. They made the playoffs four times until they folded in 1952.

question: What does the article say about Chickasha NBA teams?


text:
     I walked home a little slower that night. It had been the hardest day I ever imagined I could experience. Nobody can explain to you how sickening it feels to lose someone you love. My family was waiting for me back at home, but I didn’t want to see them. I didn’t want to be surrounded by other people’s sadness with my own built up so deeply. Wearing a very well made, black suit, shined shoes, and tie, I took a turn into a small clearing at the front of a dark wood that lead to the rear of my home. Watching only my feet, I made my way carelessly through the trees. I hadn’t been through here since I was a kid. This place used to send chills down my spine, something bad.
     Wandering aimlessly for what might have been just a couple minutes. Wait… How long have I been moving? I checked my watch and sighed with relief. It hadn’t even been fifteen minutes since I turned under the canopy of branches and leaves. No… I shook my wrist as if it would jump start the dead still second hand on the face. It had stopped. I lifted my head to peer ahead. Nothing… I can’t see anything. I started home around midday! Are the trees really so thick above me that the sunlight cannot come through? Turning around, I tried to make out a trail that I’d have made in the many fallen leaves as I walked. Not that I could see more than a few feet behind, either, but it seemed I had just suddenly appeared in the spot that I stood. Not a single leaf seemed like it had to tumble out of the way of my dragging feet. No wonder I stopped coming here as a kid. I suppose if I’ve been walking for as long as I think I have, I can’t be too far from my neighborhood. I’ll just keep moving. I took two steps and stopped, clapping a hand to my forehead and smiling… “Other way, you dummy” I said with a soft laugh. Turning on my heel, I carefully made my way again.
     What the… was that a firefly? Perhaps twenty feet ahead of me a glimmer of golden light flickered just long enough to catch my eye. I stared ahead, not moving. I wanted to see if it would show again. -FLASH- It was further but straight ahead of me. I joked that it would lead me out of here and with a new sense of playful hope, I stepped quicker after it. I counted. Every nine steps… -FLASH- I rolled my shoulders back and straightened my posture. A very uneasy feeling was building up in my chest, like the air was getting heavier and thicker in my lungs. With a nervous chuckle I called out “where are you leading me, little fairy?!” I don’t know why I waited for an audible answer, but I did. No sound. The tight feeling in my chest had spread to my throat and the hairs on my neck stood as straight as I was. I had to follow that light! It was leading me out… It had to be… it was just too insane. I couldn’t move, my knees felt like stones and my feet couldn’t be felt at all. NO! The light was going to leave me here! I was starting to panic and -FLASH- I instantly unlocked and bolted after the light. I needed to be as close to it as I could!
     Clambering through a small arch of twisted vines and branches I came into a huge clearing. I couldn't see it but I could feel its expansiveness. The trees climbed fifty feet high, at least, and reached out to each other, grasping their limbs together like lover’s laced fingers, refusing to be parted and enveloping the entire clearing in darkness. I looked back at the tiny archway that I climbed through and gasped loudly, stumbling backwards. There was no opening, but now a huge steel gate. I pushed on the gate... It didn't budge. There was no latch, no hinge, no way to open it. Shoving it harder and kicking it out of fear and anger, it didn't even shake. I stepped back, tears of frustration forming at the corners of my eyes and I looked around. Stretching out from either side was a dirty stone wall, twice my own height, which wrapped around the entire tree line. This shouldn't be happening... I cant be here right now... I need to get out... I pressed my hand to the wall and followed it around the entire outline of the pitch black prison. Searching for an opening or uneven stones that I could climb, though I had no feeling of hope in my efforts. My fingers fell on metal again. I had come back to where I started. I laid my forehead against the gate and the steel turned a dull golden color. I gasped and spun around in time to see that same golden light fade from the center of the field.

     -FLASH- That damned light! It brought me here! I peered into the darkness waiting for it to show again. Waiting... My eyes squinted trying desperately to see in the unyielding darkness... -FLASH- There! I started towards the light. This time it did not move away from me, the closer I got. Instead it began to illuminate the wooden door of a large two floored house, old and weathered with many rooms judging by the number of windows that I didn’t care to count. GOOD! Maybe somebody lived here and they could help me get home, or at least out of these damned woods! I stepped up to the porch and stopped... listening... I could see no lights from the inside and did not hear any voices. Maybe they were asleep. It seemed late, after all. I swallowed hard and knocked loudly on the door. I could hear the knock echoing throughout the house, it seemed to be moving from room to room as slowly as possible. It was a little unnerving, but I listened... no voices... no footsteps... I bit my lip lightly and knocked again even harder. Again the sound took its time moving around the entire house as if my knock was checking every room, itself, for any sign of life. I listened... no voices... no footsteps... of course there is no one here... why would this night get any easier for me? Turning to walk away, a sound finally came to life. The door swung open with a fast creek and there stood a short man. He held a single candle in his hand, up by his face. The light flickered and reflected off his pale, stone serious face. “I'm really sorry to wake you, sir. I'm.. I don't know where I am or even how I got here, to be honest. Do you have a phone, or could you please let me out of your gate and point me in the direction of the town?” The man stood silently and statue-like. “Again, I'm so sorry to bother you this late, but I really need help. Honestly I'm a bit frightened and I need help getting out of this forest. Will you please...” Without a word or even acknowledging me, he turned and walked slowly back into the house, leaving the door open. I made a sour face but stepped through the threshold anyways, following the small candle light into the entrance hall and up a wide staircase. His light stopped next to what appeared to be a doorway to one of the rooms on the second floor.

    With every step I took, I became more and more self-conscious  of the loud echo my footfalls made. Making my way down the hallway to meet the man standing at the door to one of the bedrooms. I asked if he wanted me to go inside but again he did not move. Coming into the doorway, from across the room, I saw a window... daylight! There was daylight coming in through the window! I looked back at the man... where did he go? Turning to look for him, I could not even spot the candle light in the solid darkness of the house. When I moved I made the entire house tremble in sound and echos, but I didn't hear anything and he was gone from right next to me. I could feel the warmth of the daylight on the back of my neck and suddenly that was all I could think about. I needed to see what was in that room and moved inside. As soon as I stepped through I froze... I... I can't.... move... move you idiot! -FLASH- My right foot stepped forward... -FLASH- My left stepped in front of my right. Every time that little light lit my path, I was able to take another step toward the window. Finally coming to the window I pressed my face to it and my breath caught deep in my throat. That's my street! But.. my neighbor's house, too! Where the hell am I? How am I seeing this? I looked back over my shoulder and it seemed that no other windows in the house were letting in any kind of light. What is this place?

    I was suddenly able to make out the object that made up the room. There was a wide bed against the north wall, the foot of the bed pointing towards the center of the room. Along the wall, parallel the bed, was a long dresser with many picture frames lined on top of it. -FLASH- It came from under the bed. Again, every time the golden light escaped from under that bed, I was drawn forward. Making my way around to the bedside closest the dresser. I could see the picture frames each had a single person in them. All dressed in very nice, but very old styled clothes... their faces... I couldn't quite make out their faces. I couldn't tell if it was the darkness messing with my eyes or if they were scratched out or blurred. It made me uneasy... It made me... tired... I was so tired... My body felt heavy and my eyes burned with the desire to just be closed. Slowly I sat on the bed's edge, swung my feet up and laid my head on the pillows, instantly falling asleep.

    As I slept, I dreamed. I dreamed that I was watching myself lay in this strange bed, asleep. I heard a noise... no... I felt the noise... I felt an enormous fear that swelled up inside of me as a tall figure swept through the door to the room. I don't know how, but it was even blacker than the darkness it moved through. It had long, thin arms and legs and moved unnaturally gracefully. Behind it came another, smaller but just as terrifying... and another... and another... Nine all together. The same number of picture frames that sat directly behind each one of them along that dresser as if they were assigned to each one. They moved around the bed and in perfect unison inched closer to my lifeless body. -FLASH- The golden light lit the room again, but this time it did not fade. It came from under the bed but grew brighter. It continued to grow, forming a kind of barrier around the bed frame and stretched up to the ceiling. The dark figures reached out to me but to my surprise were unable to press passed the light. It was so incredibly brilliant but did not light the entire room, only where the barrier existed. The creatures in the room did not stop trying to penetrate the light, hungrily clawing at it to get to me.

    -FLASH- I awoke in the bed. My eyes opened and I felt rested... at ease. The dream came rushing into my mind and I sat up quickly. Everything was still dark, but I could move! I could move my body without that damned light! Quickly sliding off the bed I ran from the room, down the stairs, and out the front door. The gate sat wide open and bolted through it, taking a sharp right along the wall. I ran towards the side of the house that the window allowing sunlight through, was on. In just seconds I burst through the treeline and stood on a sidewalk. My street! I spun back to look at the dark forest that I had finally escaped... nothing... there was nothing there. Only a few sparse trees in a bland field behind some park. But I... Where... Turning back up the sidewalk, I could see my own home and completely bewildered I made my way towards it. Dragging my feet, lost in thought. That light lured me into that terrible place. Why... no wait... That light... It saved me. I was already caught in that curse the moment I stepped into that forest and that light stayed with me. It kept me safe and protected me from whatever was in that house. I smiled and thanked the little golden light, under my breath. -FLASH- I started and looked up and laughed, it was just my porch light coming on. I stood at the doorway and I listened. This time I could hear voices, and hurried footsteps from children. I was home... and so was my family... waiting for me... I smiled and entered the house to warm faces... I was home.

title: [MF] "The Light"

question: Explain how the narrator's perspective of the golden light changed over time?

answer:
The narrator just lost a loved one. He was sad and took a walk into a nearby forest. However, he found himself lost after a few minutes into his walk. He also noticed the forest was dark though it is around midday. The narrator soon spotted a golden light and proceeded to follow it, hoping it would lead him to a safe place or better still, back home. The light, however, led him to a large clearing, a place with a large gate he could not get through.
After many frustrating moments, the light transported him to a place where he would sleep. When he woke up, the narrator found himself in his own room. He was relieved and, in retrospect, thanked the light for leading him back home.


text: Stupid me. 6 years ago, I owned a desktop which I only used for....nothing except for burning CDs.  I lived in a town with ridiculously expensive internet subscription. Even though if it were cheap, the Internet would be of no use to me. Back then, I was totally clueless on how computer works. I owned an MP3 player, which i constantly transferred incompatible format of audio, which usually don't play, and that's the only thing I used the Desktop for. A year passed, nobody touched the PC (MP3 got stolen). One day, I went home with a classmate of mine, and he showed me a game on his PC. Really weird game: You could do whatever you like in the game: it was GTA vice city. I was blown away by the graphics (kinda like play station 2's), and the idea of the game. I "borrowed" the disk, and went back home, hoping to install it on my dust-covered desktop. The next day was Saturday. I pushed the power, it beeped, and the power indicator on the desktop blinked, but screen displayed nothing. I called my friend who said I should try it on a different display. So I hauled it to an Internet cafe nearby. The guy in charge helped me connect it to one his monitors (after paying for an hour), but nothing, the same result. He said the RAM ought to be changed. I've heard the term RAM once or twice during "computer class" (where they only taught us how to type  and use paint). After hearing the that they are quite expensive, I went back home with my junk. Months passed. Obviously, I can't afford a RAM, and asking my parent for the money will be a waste of time. Thankfully, my parents decided to go on a trip, and I was left with a substantial sum for provisions. I had totally forgot about playing that awesome game with the PS2-like graphics. My friend came over and we fucked almost half of the sum on fast food and pirated-movies. Eventually, my friend spotted the dust-eating desktop, and alerted me. The next day, He helped dismantle it, and yanked off the defective RAMs. We took off for the computer complex. We spent almost an hour negotiating cost, and finally paid. He handed us two similar looking RAM without any protective cover. He uttered nothing after the transaction. We took off with both RAM smashing each other inside the pocket of  my three-quarter short.  We finally got home, but had no power. So we waited, uncertain of when they might bring it back. Three hours later, they finally did. WE rushed towards the still dismantled system and we place both RAM in. Without screwing back the case, I ecstatically pushed the power button: nothing, same blinking indicator.  We repeatedly pulled and placed the RAM on its slots while the desktop was plugged in. After countless "pull and put," we decided to head back the guy who sold us the defective RAM. We argued for hours and we decide not to live his store. He ignored us, and attended to other costumers. It's was almost 7pm, we had to leave in shame.

title: [NF] Stupid me

question: Did the narrator start playing GTA?

answer: No

question: Did the narrator manage to repair his desktop in the end?

answer: No

question: Did the store clerk exchange the faulty RAM in the end?

answer: No

question: Where did his parents go for their trip?

answer: Information not found.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator has a desktop but is not really using it for anything. One day he goes to his friend's house and sees that he's playing GTA. He borrows the game but when he wants to install it on his desktop he notices that his desktop stopped working, He tried it with another monitor but nothing. He wanted to change the RAM but was scammed.


text:
MICHAEL OLUNGA (born 26 March 1994) is a Kenyan professional footballer who plays for Japanese club Kashiwa Reysol and the Kenya national team as a forward.

Club career

Early career and Gor Mahia

While still a student at the Upper Hill School, Olunga began his career with the Liberty Sports Academy in the Nairobi County League. He scored 32 goals for the side during the 2012 season, helping them finish the season unbeaten and earn promotion to the Nairobi Provincial League.[1][2] He made headlines when he scored seven goals in a single match helping his team to an 8–0 win.[3]

Initially reported to be attending trials in France, Olunga signed for Kenyan Premier League side Tusker on a one-year loan deal from Liberty on 19 December 2012.[4]

After finishing the 2013 season with two goals for Tusker, Olunga was loaned to fellow Premier League side Thika United for another year,[5] before joining Gor Mahia before the beginning of the 2015 season.[6] He finished the season as the club's top scorer in the league with 19 goals to help the side win a record 15th league title without losing a single match, including the second goal in a 2–0 win over Muhoroni Youth on their final league match of the season.[7]

Djurgården

On 17 February 2016, Olunga joined Swedish side Djurgårdens IF on a four-year contract, after joining the team's pre-season training camp on trial.[8][9] He scored his first two goals for Djurgården on 8 August 2016 against IFK Göteborg in a 3–1 win.[10] He was also named man of the match[11] and Djurgården coach Mark Dempsey praised him for his match winning heroics.[12] In the next match Olunga scored once again in the 2–2 draw versus IF Elfsborg at the Tele2 Arena.[13][14] On 27 August, he scored the match-winning goal against Gefle with a volley in the 86th minute. In the last 12 games of the Allsvenskan Olunga scored 12 goals which earned him a fifth place in the Allsvenskan top scorer table.[15] He was nominated for Newcomer of the year in Swedish football by a jury of Allsvenskan coaches and Swedish journalists as well as the coaches of the Swedish national teams. The prize later went to Alexander Isak.

On 10 November 2016, Kenyan football site Soka reported that Djurgården had turned down offers on Olunga from La Liga side Betis, Lokeren, Belgium champions Club Brugge and Swedish champions Malmö FF.[16]

Guizhou Zhicheng

In 2017, Olunga joined Chinese club Guizhou Zhicheng.

Girona (loan)

On 1 September 2017, Olunga was loaned to La Liga side Girona FC, for one year.[17] On 13 January 2018, he made his La Liga debut against Las Palmas scoring a hat-trick in the span of 22 minutes during a 6–0 win, becoming both the first Kenyan player and the first Girona player to score a hat-trick in La Liga.[18]

Kashiwa Reysol

On 10 August 2018, Olunga joined Japanese club Kashiwa Reysol.

On 24 November 2019, he scored eight goals for Kashiwa in a 13–1 victory over Kyoto Sanga.[19] Olunga finished the season with 27 league goals as Kashiwa finished the J2 season as champions and won promotion to the first division.[20]

In J1 League play on 26 July 2020, Olunga scored a hat-trick against Vegalta Sendai; the match finished in a 5–1 victory.[21]

International career

Olunga made his debut for the Kenya national team in a friendly against Seychelles at the Stade Linité in Victoria on 28 March 2015.[22] He scored his first goal for the _Harambee Stars_ in a friendly against South Sudan which resulted in a 2–0 win. On 27 July 2019, during the 2019 AFCON Olunga scored a double to complete a comeback against Tanzania.

International goals

[23]

    _Scores and results list Kenya's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Olunga goal_.

  No    Date               Venue                                             Opponent   Score   Result   Competition
  ----- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------- -------- ------------------------------------------
  1.    7 June 2015        Amahoro Stadium, Kigali, Rwanda                              2–0     2–0      Friendly
  2.    30 May 2015        National Heroes Stadium, Lusaka, Zambia                      1–0     1–2      2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
  3.    7 October 2015     Stade Anjalay, Belle Vue Maurel, Mauritius                   5–2     5–2      2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
  4.    13 November 2015   Nairobi City Stadium, Nairobi, Kenya                         1–0     1–0      2018 FIFA World Cup qualification
  5.    22 November 2015   Addis Ababa Stadium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia                   2–0     2–0      2015 CECAFA Cup
  6.    25 November 2015   Awassa Kenema Stadium, Awassa, Ethiopia                      1–1     1–1
  7.    4 October 2016     Stade des Martyrs, Kinshasa, DR Congo                        1–0     1–0      Friendly
  8.    23 March 2017      Kenyatta Stadium, Machakos, Kenya                            1–0     1–1
  9.    26 March 2017                                                        1–0        2–1
  10.   2–1
  11.   10 June 2017       National Stadium, Freetown, Sierra Leone                     1–2     1–2      2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
  12.   5 October 2017     Basra Sports City, Basra, Iraq                               1–2     1–2      Friendly
  13.   27 March 2018      Stade de Marrakech, Marrakesh, Morocco                       2–3     2–3
  14.   14 October 2018    Moi International Sports Centre, Nairobi, Kenya              1–0     3–0      2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification
  15.   15 June 2019       Centro Deportivo Santa Ana, Madrid, Spain                    1–0     1–1      Friendly
  16.   27 June 2019       30 June Stadium, Cairo, Egypt                                1–1     3–2      2019 Africa Cup of Nations
  17.   3–2
  18.   14 November 2019   Borg El Arab Stadium, Alexandria, Egypt                      1–1     1–1      2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification

  : List of international goals scored by Michael Olunga

Personal life

Olunga studied geospatial engineering at the Technical University of Kenya and pursued a Bachelor of Engineering degree. For this reason, he is regularly known as “The Engineer” by Kenyan football fans.[24] He has stated that he looks up to Dutch striker Robin van Persie as a role model.[25]

Honours

Club

TUSKER FC

-   Kenyan Super Cup: 2013
-   KPL Top 8 Cup: 2013

GOR MAHIA

-   Kenyan Premier League: 2014, 2015
-   Kenyan Super Cup: 2015
-   KPL Top 8 Cup: 2015

KASHIWA REYSOL

-   J2 League: 2019

Individual

-   KPL Player of the Year: 2015

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]  Goal.com|access-date=13 January 2018|language=en}}

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

title: Michael Olunga

question: What does the text say about Tokyo, Japan?

question: What does the text say about Michael Olunga's personal life?

answer: Michael Olunga was born on March 26, 1994, and studied at Upper Hill School in Nairobi. He studied geospatial engineering at the Technical University of Kenya and pursued a Bachelor of Engineering degree. His educational background led to his nickname "The Engineer" by Kenyan football fans. Olunga says he looks up to Dutch striker Robin van Persie as a role model.

question: What does the text say about Olunga's early career?

answer: Olunga started his career with the Liberty Sports Academy in the Nairobi County League during the 2012 season, scoring 32 goals and helping his team stay unbeaten. He signed with the Kenyan Premier League side Tusker on a one-year loan deal from Liberty on December 19, 2012, finishing 2013 with two goals before he was loaned to Thika United for another year. Olunga joined Gor Mahia before the start of the 2015 season and was the league's top scorer with 19 goals.

question: What does the text say about Olunga's career after Guizhou Zhicheng?

answer: Olunga was loaned to La Liga side Girona FC for one year on September 1, 2017. He made his La Liga debut against Las Palmas in January 2018, scoring a hat-trick in the span of 22 minutes during a 6-0 win, becoming the first Kenyan and Girona player to score a hat-trick in La Liga. On August 10, 2018, Olunga joined the Japanese club Kashiwa Reysol. He scored eight goals for Kashiwa in a 13-1 victory over Kyoto Sanga on November 24, 2019. He finished the season with 27 league goals as Kashiwa finished the J2 season as champions and won promotion to the first division (J1). Olunga scored a hat-trick against Vegalta Sendai in July 2020.


text:
Super Dan climbed in through the police commissioner's fourth floor office window."You called?" he said with a cocky grin."Yes Dan Man, we need your help and also some of your assistance." said the police commissioner."Hey, hold on! I'm Super Dan, not Dan Man." "Oh," the police commissioner chewed on a finger nail, "the chief inspector and I thought you called yourself Dan Man. We've always called you Dan Man - haven't you noticed previously until up to now?""You have a large 'D' on your chest." pointed out the chief inspector of crime, as he moved a handheld magnifying glass in and out over said 'D'."Well, that's because 'S' is already in use." said Super Dan."Say what?" said the police commissioner."It's being used and basically, is ruled out forever now." said Super Dan."It is?" said the chief inspector, "that's sad.""Yes, well, whatever, a 'D' is what it is" said Super Dan."For Super Dan?" said the chief inspector."That's right." said Super Dan."Not Dan Man." said the police commissioner."No.""Dan Man sounds alright though, don't you think?" said the chief inspector."Look," said Super Dan, his patience coming all unravelled, "anyway - what did you want me for? First I saw a 'P' projected into the night sky - the next minute it was slowly turning around clockwise to form a 'd' in lower case." Super Dan frowned in an obvious manner, "You need to be careful about that, you could have ended up with Pee Man.""We know, we switched it around as soon as we noticed." said the police commissioner."Believe me, you do not want Pee Man turning up unannounced." said Super Dan."Yes, yes," the police commissioner wiped an anxious white handkerchief across his perspiring forehead "for sure - we know Dan Man, we know.""Anyway, now that I am here," said Super Dan, hands on hips, "what is the mission?""Your mission tonight Dan Man, take it or leave it," the police commissioner pulled down on the hem of his waistcoat and pushed his chin forward, "is to fly past every circular intersection roundabout within the county and each bed sheet daubed with birthday greetings that you find, you are to remove - and dispose of in a responsible manner.""Well, okay, fly no, bicycle yes, I accept." said Super Dan."Eliminate these eyesores, this plague upon our land, promise you will not fail us." said the chief inspector."You have my word." said Super Dan."Er-umm, Dan Man," the police commissioner said, "you've laddered your tights."
Two evenings later...
On this occasion, Super Dan rang the front door bell."Dan Man!" cried the chief inspector, ushering Super Dan quickly inside and up the oak banister staircase."Yes! I am here again - and you did it again didn't you, a 'P' and then a 'd'. You really must be much more careful, one of these days you are going to have Pee Man arrive.""Yes - yes, we know - we know." said the chief inspector.They clambered up the next three flights of stairs in silence, until they reached the office where the police commissioner had been waiting, pacing backwards and forwards impatiently."So, what is it this time?" Super Dan said."Dan Man, you remember the task we set you the other night?" said the police commissioner."Y-es, indeed I do." Super Dan said, sashaying his cape over a shoulder with pride."Well what's all this we hear about the makeshift, roadside shrines being cleared away?" said the police commissioner."As well as the birthday bed sheets? We-ll," said Super Dan, "It just seemed a natural extension for the mission, two birds with one stone. I cycled past them at first, barely giving them a second look, but as I got more and more into the bed sheet job, I found I couldn't stop myself.""DAN MAN! You shouldn't have done that!" the police commissioner and chief inspector chorused together (only fractionally out of sync)."..." Super Dan came speechless."Earlier today we received instructions from the lord city mayor, telling us to tell you to go back and reinstate all the makeshift roadside shrines you've taken down." said the police commissioner."What?! Are you serious? Why exactly?" said Super Dan."He wouldn't say - even when pressed to tell. He just wants it all put back." said the chief inspector."How am I going to be able to do that? I can't remember what where went!" said Super Dan."What went where?" cut in the police commissioner, rubbing his thumb across the stubble on his chin."Yes, that as well. If I try to put the makeshift roadside shrines back together, the bereaved families and friends are bound to notice they won't look anything like how they remembered them. I mean - I didn't take any photos as a record, I just tore them down and shoved all the rubbish into black bin bags.  How can you expect me to do this?" said Super Dan."Well Dan Man, you are just going to have to try your best, or..." said the police commissioner."Or what?" said Super Dan."If you do not carry out your instructions successfully, then you'll just have to wait and see what the consequences are."Both the police commissioner and the chief inspector of crime folded their arms across their own chests in a pugnacious fashion, throwing back their heads in loud and demeaning laughter, not stopping until their cheeks ached, as Super Dan hurriedly exited the building.
to be continued...

title: [HM] Birthday Bed Sheets (923 words)

question: Who is Super Dan?

answer: Super Dan seems to be some sort of superhero that works with the police department.

question: What did Super Dan do wrong?

answer: He ripped down all the roadside memorials, in addition to removing the  birthday signs.

question: How much money does Super Dan make?


text:
“Mom..” a boy cried.
“Is it okay if I’m the only one that love you in this world..”
His mother, with a loving smile says” I would be so happy, that I couldn’t stop smiling”

I woke up. In the end, it was just a sweet dream. A dream that perhaps , I wish to stay forever. I got up, did my daily morning routine, kiss my father and go to school. Oh, I also bring my camera with me wherever I go. Not the hipster one! Just the regular simple camera type. You know, to capture the moment. Still an amateur though. Though it was a give I got from a dear friend of mine.
	A few moments stepping out, I notice a man. Perhaps he is waiting someone as he showed no sign of haste. The man turned. A trace of smile slid on his face. Pretentious postmen, I presume to myself. A letter and a box were given for a few signatures and the man left. Puzzled, I took the package not knowing what inside.
	Before my clever assumption flow, I was stunned. The letter senders were under the name Alexa, my childhood friend. I stood there for too long not sure what I’m doing exactly. Somehow I came back to my senses and impatiently went back to open the box. Inside it, were full of memories of Alexa. Her photobook, novels and deep down was her diary. With a large word spell “No Reading”.
	I was dumbfounded, what on earth she was thinking sending me this.  Still , the notion of her secret in my hand excites me . After taking everything outside the box a simple note was left underneath everything. It says “Read the letter first you dumbass!”. “Okay , okay . Seriously , like literally, she could order me around whether she around or not” . Wondering, I read her letter quietly in the depth of the silent living room.
“God, bless you for the beautiful moment we shared . Many times I once wondered , if you still have the thought of my existence at all.  I wish you were, if not then you weren’t. “Got a chase last night” the story I wrote, nobody knew but I couldn’t care less. It caught your attention though , and more and more you surprised me. Till one letter that make me fell for you. HARD.  Everytime I read your letter, that joke always catch me .Liar, told me to catch me even I was a storm. Hahaha, how do you intend to do that? I want to kiss you in the same time kick you.
God, blessed you with patient and I hope you are patient now as you reading this. I have come to realize that I love you .And my love still stabs me through the brain. I couldn’t find myself forget you. Like the way the wind hit you, you couldn’t help but face it. So much that this feeling is unconsciously conscious of you. I know I’m maybe exaggerating a little but I couldn’t help it.
Maybe I should end this letter here, for nobody knows what to expect in the near future but do me favor, let me go away.
						                                                          Alexa”
Huh, this is all to sudden. I reread it gazillion time again making sure what I read perfectly justify what I understood. Not long enough after that I found her picture, sick in the photobook. Each one shows her journey fighting cancer. I couldn’t believe she hid the fact that she was sick from me. More and more picture, more and more droplet of water stream down my cheek. I couldn’t hold it much longer after the last of her picture, smiling so brightly in the midst of dying.
Finally, I realize. Moments in life seems to go by fast and takes a long time one to realize, the best of it went by soundlessly. In the end, I kept her diary untouched.

title: [RO] Shutterbugs

question: Who are the main characters in the story?

answer: The narrator and his childhood friend, Alexa.

question: What arrives in the mail?

answer: A box sent from Alexa containing her photobook, novels, her diary, and a letter arrives in the mail.

question: What is the relationship between the characters?

answer: They were childhood friends. She came to realize that she loved him.

question: How does the main character feel?

answer: He is very sad to discover she was dying from cancer and hid it from him.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator is getting ready to leave for the day when the mail carrier drops a package off for him. He sees that its from his childhood friend, Alexa, so returns inside to open it. He discovers a letter, photobook, novels, and her diary. He reads the letter that indicates Alexa realized she is in love with him. He looks through the photobook and discovers that she is dying from cancer. He is sad and decides not to read the diary.


text:
CURRITUCK COUNTY ()[1] is the northeasternmost county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,547.[2] Its county seat is Currituck.[3] The county was formed in 1668 as a precinct of Albemarle County and later gained county status in 1739.[4] The name is “traditionally said to be an Indian word for wild geese; Coratank.”

Currituck County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Area. It is in the northeastern section of the state and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Currituck Sound, Camden County, Dare County and the Commonwealth of Virginia. Currituck Court House, mentioned as early as 1755, was the name of the county seat. Today the words “Court House” have been dropped and only Currituck is used as the town name.

History

Currituck County was created in 1668 from Albemarle County, North Carolina

Politics, law and government

Politically Currituck is a typical “Solid South” county. It voted more than eighty percent for every Democratic candidate between 1920 and 1948. Currituck never voted Republican until, after voting for American Independent George Wallace in 1968, turning decisively to Richard Nixon in 1972. Since then, Currituck has become a powerfully Republican county. The last Democrat to carry Currituck has been Jimmy Carter in 1980, and at the 2016 election Hillary Clinton received less than a quarter of the county's vote.

The county is run by elected county commissioners, and Currituck County is a member of the Albemarle Commission regional council of governments. The Board of Commissioners banned further solar farms in February 2017.[5]

  Year                               REPUBLICAN                                  DEMOCRATIC                                  THIRD PARTIES
  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
  style=“text-align:center;” |2016   style=“text-align:center;” |72.3% _9,163_   style=“text-align:center;” |23.0% _2,913_   4.7% _593_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2012   style=“text-align:center;” |66.3% _7,496_   style=“text-align:center;” |31.5% _3,562_   2.2% _246_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2008   style=“text-align:center;” |65.2% _7,234_   style=“text-align:center;” |33.7% _3,737_   1.2% _131_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2004   style=“text-align:center;” |67.0% _6,013_   style=“text-align:center;” |32.4% _2,909_   0.6% _54_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2000   style=“text-align:center;” |60.8% _4,095_   style=“text-align:center;” |38.5% _2,595_   0.7% _49_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1996   style=“text-align:center;” |45.5% _2,569_   style=“text-align:center;” |40.3% _2,277_   14.2% _799_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1992   style=“text-align:center;” |41.3% _2,188_   style=“text-align:center;” |36.5% _1,935_   22.2% _1,174_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1988   style=“text-align:center;” |61.0% _2,443_   style=“text-align:center;” |38.8% _1,555_   0.2% _8_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1984   style=“text-align:center;” |63.2% _2,885_   style=“text-align:center;” |36.6% _1,668_   0.2% _9_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1980   style=“text-align:center;” |44.1% _1,668_   style=“text-align:center;” |52.3% _1,980_   3.6% _138_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1976   style=“text-align:center;” |32.1% _954_     style=“text-align:center;” |67.3% _1,999_   0.6% _17_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1972   style=“text-align:center;” |66.7% _1,578_   style=“text-align:center;” |30.3% _718_     3.0% _71_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1968   style=“text-align:center;” |14.1% _363_     style=“text-align:center;” |28.7% _738_     57.2% _1,471_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1964   style=“text-align:center;” |33.7% _741_     style=“text-align:center;” |66.3% _1,455_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1960   style=“text-align:center;” |21.9% _464_     style=“text-align:center;” |78.1% _1,651_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1956   style=“text-align:center;” |25.5% _488_     style=“text-align:center;” |74.5% _1,425_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1952   style=“text-align:center;” |22.0% _414_     style=“text-align:center;” |78.0% _1,471_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1948   style=“text-align:center;” |9.5% _130_      style=“text-align:center;” |83.6% _1,144_   6.9% _94_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1944   style=“text-align:center;” |18.1% _231_     style=“text-align:center;” |82.0% _1,049_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1940   style=“text-align:center;” |6.2% _102_      style=“text-align:center;” |93.8% _1,532_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1936   style=“text-align:center;” |7.3% _128_      style=“text-align:center;” |92.7% _1,625_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1932   style=“text-align:center;” |3.8% _69_       style=“text-align:center;” |96.0% _1,759_   0.2% _4_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1928   style=“text-align:center;” |11.7% _166_     style=“text-align:center;” |88.3% _1,253_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1924   style=“text-align:center;” |7.1% _52_       style=“text-align:center;” |91.2% _670_     1.8% _13_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1920   style=“text-align:center;” |7.9% _86_       style=“text-align:center;” |92.1% _1,000_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1916   style=“text-align:center;” |8.4% _87_       style=“text-align:center;” |91.5% _945_     0.1% _1_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1912   style=“text-align:center;” |0.9% _6_        style=“text-align:center;” |97.8% _622_     1.3% _8_

  : PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS RESULTS[6]

Geography

[Pine trees are common in Currituck County, like these in Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge.] [The Old Currituck Jail] According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (50%) is water.[7]

Currituck County includes the northern communities of North Carolina's Outer Banks, separated from mainland Currituck County by the Currituck Sound.

National protected areas

-   Currituck National Wildlife Refuge
-   Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge (part)

Adjacent counties

-   City of Chesapeake, Virginia - north
-   City of Virginia Beach, Virginia - north
-   Camden County - south and west
-   Dare County - south

Major highways

-   -   -   -   -

Demographics

As of the census[8] of 2010, there were 23,547 people, 6,902 households, and 5,204 families residing in the county. The population density was 70 people per square mile (27/km²). There were 10,687 housing units at an average density of 41 per square mile (16/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 90.3% White, 5.8% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. 3.0% of the population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race.

There were 6,902 households, out of which 33.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.60% were married couples living together, 9.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.60% were non-families. 19.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the average family size was 2.98.

The age distribution was 25.30% under the age of 18, 6.70% from 18 to 24, 30.50% from 25 to 44, 25.40% from 45 to 64, and 12.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 98.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.50 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $40,822, and the median income for a family was $46,382. Males had a median income of $32,619 versus $22,641 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,908. 10.70% of the population and 8.90% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 16.10% are under the age of 18 and 8.90% are 65 or older.

Communities

Census-designated places

-   Moyock
-   Coinjock

Other unincorporated communities

-   Aydlett
-   Barco
-   Carova Beach
-   Corolla
-   Currituck (county seat)
-   Grandy
-   Gregory
-   Harbinger
-   Knotts Island
-   Jarvisburg
-   Mamie
-   Maple
-   Point Harbor
-   Poplar Beach
-   Poplar Branch
-   Powells Point
-   Shawboro
-   Sligo
-   Spot
-   Waterlily

[Map of Currituck County with municipal and township labels]

Education

Currituck County Schools are governed by a five-member, elected Board of Education. The following schools are located in the county:

-   Central Elementary School
-   Currituck County High School
-   Currituck County Middle School
-   J.P. Knapp Early College High School
-   Jarvisburg Elementary School
-   Knotts Island Elementary School
-   Moyock Elementary School
-   Moyock Middle School
-   Shawboro Elementary School
-   W.T. Griggs Elementary School
-   Jarvisburg Christian Academy

Notable people

-   Dennis Anderson, driver of the Grave Digger monster truck.
-   Emerson Etheridge, congressman and Southern Unionist
-   Joseph P. Knapp, publisher, philanthropist and namesake of the J.P. Knapp Early College High School.

[1] Talk Like A Tarheel , from the North Carolina Collection's website at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved 2013-02-05.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

title: Currituck County, North Carolina

question: What does the text say about South Carolina?

question: What does the text say about Currituck County, North Carolina?

answer: Currituck County is the northeasternmost county in the U.S. state of North Carolina bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Currituck Sound, Camden County, Dare County, and the Commonwealth of Virginia. Its county seat is Currituck. The county was created in 1668 as a precinct of Albermarle County and later gained county status in 1739. Currituck County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Area. Currituck County is a member of the Albemarle Commission regional council of governments and is run by elected county commissioners. County schools are governed by a five-member, elected Board of Education.

question: Summarize the most important facts about Currituck County.

answer: Currituck is traditionally said to be an Indian word for wild geese, Coratank. Currituck Court House, mentioned as early as 1755, was the name of the county seat. Currituck County includes the northern communities of North Carolina's Outer Banks, separated from the mainland by Currituck Sound. Fifty percent of the county's total area is water. The county has National protected areas Currituck National Wildlife Refuge and a part of the Mackay Island National Wildlife Refuge. Pine trees are common in the county. Notable people from Currituck County include monster truck driver Dennis Anderson, publisher/philanthropist Joseph P. Knapp, and congressman Emerson Etheridge. Currituck County is a typical "Solid South" county. Currituck voted more than 80% for every Democratic candidate between 1920 and 1948. After voting for Independent George Wallace in 1968 and turning to Richard Nixon in 1972, Currituck has become a Republican county. The last Democrat to carry Currituck was Jimmy Carter in 1980.

question: What does the text say about Carrutick County demographics?

answer: As of the 2010 census, there were 23,547 people, 6,902 households, and 5,204 families residing in the county. The population density was 70 people per square mile. The racial makeup was 90.3% White, 5.8% Black or African American, 3.0% Hispanics or Latinos of any race, 0.5% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.9% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. The median age was 38 years distributed as 25.30% under the age of 18, 6.70% from 18 to 24, 30.50% from 25 to 44, 25.40% from 45 to 64, and 12.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median income for a household in the county was $40,822, and the median income for a family was $46,382. The per capita income for the county was $19,908. 10.70% of the population and 8.90% of families were below the poverty line.