text:
[Sigmund Freud, founder of Psychoanalysis.]

FREUD'S SEDUCTION THEORY () was a hypothesis posited in the mid-1890s by Sigmund Freud that he believed provided the solution to the problem of the origins of hysteria and obsessional neurosis. According to the theory, a repressed memory of an early childhood sexual abuse or molestation experience was the essential precondition for hysterical or obsessional symptoms, with the addition of an active sexual experience up to the age of eight for the latter.[1]

In the traditional account of development of seduction theory, Freud initially thought that his patients were relating more or less factual stories of sexual mistreatment, and that the sexual abuse was responsible for many of his patients' neuroses and other mental health problems.[2] Within a few years Freud abandoned his theory, concluding that the memories of sexual abuse were in fact imaginary fantasies.[3]

An alternative account that has come to the fore in recent Freudian scholarship emphasizes that the theory, as posited by Freud, was that hysteria and obsessional neurosis result from _unconscious_ memories of sexual abuse in infancy.[4] In the three seduction theory papers published in 1896, Freud stated that with all his current patients he had been able to uncover such abuse, mostly below the age of four.[5] These papers indicate that the patients did not relate stories of having been sexually abused in early childhood; rather, Freud used the analytic interpretation of symptoms and patients' associations, and the exerting of pressure on the patient, in an attempt to induce the “reproduction” of the deeply repressed memories he posited.[6] Though he reported he had succeeded in achieving this aim, he also acknowledged that the patients generally remained unconvinced that what they had experienced indicated that they had actually been sexually abused in infancy.[7] Freud's reports of the seduction theory episode went through a series of changes over the years, culminating in the traditional story based on his last account, in _New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis_.[8]

Freud’s seduction theory

On the evening of April 21, 1896, Sigmund Freud presented a paper before his colleagues at the Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in Vienna, entitled “The Aetiology of Hysteria”. Using a sample of 18 patients—male and female—from his practice, he concluded that all of them had been the victims of sexual assaults by various caretakers. The cause of the patient's distress lay in a trauma inflicted by an actor in the child's social environment. The source of internal psychic pain lay in an act inflicted upon the child from outside.[9] This led to his well-known ‘seduction theory’.

The medical journals of that time did not report Freud's lecture. In the _Wiener klinische Wochenschrift_, published weekly in Vienna, on May 14, 1896, three papers were reported from the April 21 meeting (p. 420). Two of the papers were reported in the usual manner. Invariably, the practice was to give the title of a paper, a brief summary of its contents, and an account of the ensuing discussion. But in the citation of the last paper, there was a break with tradition. The report reads as follows: _Docent Sigm. Freud: Über die Ätiologie der Hysterie_ (Sigmund Freud, lecturer: On the Aetiology of Hysteria.) There was no summary and no discussion.[10] Freud published it a few weeks later in the _Wiener klinische Rundschau_.[11]

On the other hand, Freud had no trouble publishing three papers on the subject in a matter of months. Doubt has been cast on the notion that the occurrence of child sexual abuse was not acknowledged by most of Freud's colleagues. It has been pointed out that they were skeptical about Freud's claims of one hundred percent confirmation of his theory, and would have been aware of criticisms that his suggestive clinical procedures were liable to produce findings of doubtful validity.[12]

Freud's seduction theory emphasizes the causative impact of nurture: the shaping of the mind by experience. This theory held that hysteria and obsessional neurosis are caused by repressed memories of infantile sexual abuse.[13] Infantile sexual abuse, the root of all neurosis, is premature introduction of sexuality into the experience of the child. Trauma creates affects and thoughts that simply cannot be integrated. The adult who had a normal, non traumatic childhood is able to contain and assimilate sexual feelings into a continuous sense of self. Freud proposed that adults who experienced sexual abuse as a child suffer from unconscious memories and feelings incompatible with the central mass of thoughts and feelings that constitute his or her experience. Psychic disorders are a direct consequence of experiences that cannot be assimilated.[14] Unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse was a necessary condition for the development of certain disorders, hysteria in particular. But another condition had to be met: There had to be an unconscious memory of the abuse.[15]

Freud’s reported evidence for the seduction theory

Freud had a lot of data as evidence for the seduction theory, but rather than presenting the actual data on which he based his conclusions (his clinical cases and what he had learned from them) or the methods he used to acquire the data (his psychoanalytic technique), he instead addressed only the evidence that the data he reportedly acquired were accurate (that he had discovered genuine abuse). He thought that the community could not yet handle the clinical case stories about sexual abuse. He did not want to present these stories before the seduction theory had become more accepted.[16] Freud made several arguments to support the position that the memories he had uncovered were genuine. One of them was, according to Freud, that the patients were not simply remembering the events as they would normally forgotten material; rather they were essentially reliving the events, with all the accompanying painful sensory experiences.[17]

On two occasions Freud wrote that he would be presenting the clinical evidence for his claims,[18] but he never did so,[19] which some critics have contended means that they have had to be taken largely on trust.[20] Freud's clinical methodology at the time, involving the symbolic interpretation of symptoms, the use of suggestion and the exerting of pressure to induce his patients to “reproduce” the deeply repressed memories he posited,[21] has led several Freud scholars and historians of psychology to cast doubt on the validity of his findings, whether of actual infantile abuse, or, as he later decided, unconscious fantasies.[22]

Abandonment of ‘seduction theory’

Freud did not publish the reasons that led to his abandoning the seduction theory in 1897–1898. For these we have to turn to a letter he wrote to his confidant Wilhelm Fliess dated 21 September 1897.

1.  First, he referred to his inability to “bring a single analysis to a real conclusion” and “the absence of complete successes” on which he had counted.
2.  Second, he wrote of his “surprise that in all cases, the _father_, not excluding my own, had to be accused of being perverse" if he were to be able to maintain the theory; and the “realization of the unexpected frequency of hysteria… whereas surely such widespread perversions against children are not very probable.”
3.  Third, Freud referred to indications that, he argued, the unconscious is unable to distinguish fact from fiction. In the unconscious there is no sign of reality, so one cannot differentiate between the truth and the fiction invested with feeling.
4.  Fourth, Freud wrote of his belief that in deep-reaching psychosis, unconscious memories do break through to the conscious, “so the secret of childhood experiences is not disclosed even in the most confused delirium.”[23] (In the same letter Freud wrote that his loss of faith in his theory would remain known only to himself and Fliess,[24] and in fact he did not make known his abandonment of the theory publicly until 1906.[25])

The collapse of the seduction theory led in 1897 to the emergence of Freud's new theory of infantile sexuality. The impulses, fantasies and conflicts that Freud claimed to have uncovered beneath the neurotic symptoms of his patients derived not from external contamination, he now believed, but from the mind of the child itself.

There were some serious negative consequences of this shift. The most obvious negative consequence was that a limited interpretation of Freud's theory of infantile sexuality would cause some therapists and others to deny reported sexual abuse as fantasy; a situation that has given rise to much criticism (e.g. _The Freudian Coverup_ by social worker Florence Rush). However, without the rejection of the seduction theory, concepts such as the unconscious, repressions, the repetition compulsion, transference and resistance, and the unfolding psychosexual stages of childhood would never have been added to human knowledge.[26]

An alternative view involves the recognition that the notion of unconscious mental processes was commonplace before Freud started writing on the subject.[27] Moreover, the skepticism of almost all non-Freudian psychiatrists and psychologists towards Freud's psychosexual stages of childhood is that it is not consistent with much of current informed opinion.[28]

[1] Masson (ed.) (1985), p. 187; Jones, E. (1953). _Sigmund Freud: Life and Work_. Volume 1. London: Hogarth Press, p. 289; Clark, R. W. (1980). _Freud: The Man and the Cause_. Jonathan Cape, p. 156.

[2] Jahoda, M. (1977). _Freud and the Dilemmas of Psychology_. London: Hogarth Press, p. 28; Clark (1980), p. 156; Gay, P. (1988). _Freud: A Life for Our Time_, Norton, pp. 92-94.

[3] Jahoda (1977), p. 28; Gay (1988), p. 96.

[4] Masson (ed.) (1985), pp. 141, 144; Garcia, E. E. (1987). Freud's Seduction Theory. _The Psychological Study of the Child_, Vol. 42. Yale University Press, pp. 443-468; Schimek, J. G. (1987). Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review. _Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association_, xxxv: 937-65; Israëls, H. and Schatzman, M. (1993). The Seduction Theory. History of Psychiatry, iv: 23-59; McCullough, M.L. (2001). Freud's seduction theory and its rehabilitation: A saga of one mistake after another. _Review of General Psychology_, vol. 5, no. 1: 3-22.

[5] Masson (1984), pp. 276, 281; Garcia (1987); Schimek (1987); Israëls & Schatzman (1993); Salyard, A. (1994), On Not Knowing What You Know: Object-coercive Doubting and Freud's Announcement of the Seduction Theory, _Psychoanalytic Review_, 81(4), pp. 659-676.

[6] Schimek (1987); Smith, D. L. (1991). _Hidden Conversations: An Introduction to Communicative Psychoanalysis_, Routledge, pp. 9-10; Toews, J.E. (1991). Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and for Our Time, _Journal of Modern History_, vol. 63 (pp. 504-545), p. 510, n.12; McNally, R.J. (2003), _Remembering Trauma_, Harvard University Press, pp. 159-169.

[7] Masson (1984), p. 273; Paul, R. A. (1985). Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Critical Examination of Masson's "The Assault on “Truth”, _Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology_, vol. 8, pp. 161-187; Garcia (1987); Schimek, (1987); Eissler, (2001), pp. 114-116.

[8] Schimek, (1987); Israëls & Schatzman (1993); Salyard, A. (1994); Esterson, A. (2001).

[9] Gay, P. (1988). Freud: a life for our time. New York: W. W. Norton

[10] Masson (1984), p. 6.

[11] Masson (1984), p. 11.

[12] Robinson, P. (1993). _Freud and his Critics_. University of California Press, p. 114-115; Borch-Jacobsen (1996), _Neurotica: Freud and the Seduction Theory_, _October_, 76, Spring 1996, MIT, pp. 15-43; Esterson, A. (2002).

[13] Masson (ed) 1985, pp. 141, 144; Schimek (1987); Smith (1991), pp. 7-8.

[14] Mitchell, S.A., & Black, M.J. (1995). Freud and Beyond: a history of modern psychoanalytic thought. Basic Books, New York

[15] Freud, _S.E. 3_, 1896a, pp. 151-152; 1896b, p. 166, 1896c, p. 211.

[16] Masson, J. M. (1984). The assault on truth, Freud’s suppression of the seduction theory, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York

[17] Gleaves, D.H., Hernandez, E. (1999). Recent reformulations of Freud’s development and abandonment of his seduction theory. History of psychology, 2 (4), 324-354.

[18] Esterson, A. (2001).

[19] Robinson, P. (1993), p. 107; Esterson (2001).

[20] Smith, (1991), pp. 11-14; Triplett, H. (2005). The Misnomer of Freud's “Seduction Theory”, _Journal of the History of Ideas_, 2005, University of Pennsylvania Press.

[21] Schimek (1987); Eissler (2001), pp. 114-116.

[22] Cioffi (1998[1974]), pp. 199-204; Schimek (1987); Salyard (1994); Esterson (1998); Eissler (2001), pp. 107-117; Allen, B. P. (1997). _Personality Theories: Development, Growth and Diversity_, Boston: Allyn & Bacon, pp. 43-45; Hergenhahn, B.R. (1997), _An Introduction to the History of Psychology_, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks.Cole, pp. 484-485; McNally, R.J. (2003), _Remembering Trauma_, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 159-169.

[23] Masson (ed.) (1985), pp. 264-266; Masson (1984), pp. 108-110; Israëls and Schatzman, (1993).

[24] Masson (ed.) (1985), p. 265; Masson (1984), p. 109.

[25] Israëls and Schatzman (1993); Esterson, A. (2001).

[26] Joyce, P.A. (1995). Psychoanalytic theory, child sexual abuse and clinical social work. Clinical social work journal, 23 (2), 199-214

[27] Ellenberger, H. F. (1970), _The Discovery of the Unconscious: The History and Evolution of Dynamic Psychiatry_, New York: Basic Books; Altschule, M.D. (1977), _Origins of Concepts in Human Behavior_, New York: Wiley, p. 199.

[28] Alan A. Stone (1995), “Where Will Psychoanalysis Survive?”, American Academy of Psychoanalysis. http://harvardmagazine.com/1997/01/freud.whole.html; “Freud is Widely Taught at Universities, except in the psychology department”, New York Times, 25 November 2007. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/25/weekinreview/25cohen.html?pagewanted=print

title: Freud's seduction theory

question: What does the text say about abandonment?

answer: Only a few years after Freud developed his seduction theory, he abandoned it. A letter to Wilhelm Fliess dates this abandonment to 1898-1898. Freud kept this abandonment to himself and Fliess until 1906. The text also cites a resource called, "Recent reformulations of Freud's development and abandonment of his seduction theory."

question: In what way does the text speak of fantasies?

answer: Fantasies are referred to almost like daydreams, as figments of the imagination. At another point, fantasies are an operation of the unconscious mind. Freud's theory on fantasies originating in a child's mind was controversial because sexual abuse was easily dismissed as fantasy. The text also cites a resource called "Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review."

question: What does the text say about the total number of Freudian scholars?


split: test

text:
f it in a place where there couldn’t be more than two keys twenty-five miles around. He hadn’t found them fit enough or good enough to want to know their names, and believed himself too good to tell them his. They looked at his skin and saw it was as black as theirs, but they knew he had the heart of the white men who came to pick them up in the trucks when they needed anonymous, faceless laborers.

_

Fuck ’em. Who were all these people roaming the world trying to kill him? His own father had tried while he was still in his mother’s stomach. But he’d lived. And he had lived the last year dodging a woman who came every month to kill him, and he had lain just like this, with his arm over his eyes, wide open to whatever she had in her hand. He’d lived through that too. Then a witch had stepped out of his childhood nightmares to grab him, and he’d lived through that. Some bats had driven him out of a cave–and he’d lived through that. And at no time did he have a weapon. Now he walked into a store and asked if somebody could fix his car and a nigger pulled a knife on him. And he still wasn’t dead. Now what did these black Neanderthals think they were going to do? Fuck ’em. My name’s Macon; I’m already dead. He had thought this place, this Shalimar, was going to be home. His original home. His people came from here, his grandfather and his grandmother. All the way down South people had been nice to him, generous, helpful. In Danville they had made him the object of hero worship. In his own home town his name spelled dread and grudging respect. But here, in his “home,” he was unknown, unloved, and damn near killed. These were some of the meanest unhung niggers in the world.

CHAPTER 11

When he was breathing almost normally, he began to wonder what he was doing sitting in the middle of a woods in Blue Ridge country. He had come here to find traces of Pilate’s journey, to find relatives she might have visited, to find anything he could that would either lead him to the gold or convince him that it no longer existed. How had he got himself involved in a hunt, involved in a knife-and-broken-bottle fight in the first place? Ignorance, he thought, and vanity. He hadn’t been alert early enough, hadn’t seen the signs jutting out everywhere around him. Maybe this was a mean bunch of black folk, but he should have guessed it, sensed it, and part of the reason he hadn’t was the easy, good treatment he had received elsewhere. Or had he? Maybe the glow of hero worship (twice removed) that had bathed him in Danville had also blinded him. Perhaps the eyes of the men in Roanoke, Petersburg, Newport News, had not been bright with welcome and admiration. Maybe they were just curious or amused. He hadn’t stayed in any place long enough to find out. A meal here, gas there—the one real contact was the buying of the car, and the seller needing a buyer would naturally be friendly under those circumstances. The same thing held when he’d had to have those elaborate repairs. What kind of savages were these people? Suspicious. Hot-tempered. Eager to find fault and despise any outsider. Touchy. Devious, jealous, traitorous, and evil. He had done nothing to deserve their contempt. Nothing to deserve the explosive hostility that engulfed him when he said he might have to buy a car. Why didn’t they respond the way the man in Roanoke did when he bought the car? Because in Roanoke he did not have a car. Here he had one and wanted another, and perhaps it was that that upset them. Furthermore, he hadn’t even suggested that he would trade the old one in. He had hinted that he would abandon the “broken” one and just get another. But so what? What business was it of theirs what he did with his money? He didn’t deserve …

It sounded old._ Deserve._ Old and tired and beaten to death. Deserve. Now it seemed to him that he was always saying or thinking that he didn’t deserve some bad luck, or some bad treatment from others. He’d told Guitar that he didn’t “deserve” his family’s dependence, hatred, or whatever. That he didn’t even “deserve” to hear all the misery and mutual accusations his parents unloaded on him. Nor did he “deserve” Hagar’s vengeance. But why shouldn’t his parents tell him their personal problems? If not him, then who? And if a stranger could try to kill him, surely Hagar, who knew him and whom he’d thrown away like a wad of chewing gum after the flavor was gone—she had a right to try to kill him too.

Apparently he thought he deserved only to be loved—from a distance, though—and given what he wanted. And in return he would…what? Pleasant? Generous? Maybe all he was really saying was: I am not responsible for your pain; share your happiness with me but not your unhappiness.

CHAPTER 12

Milkman smiled, remembering Pilate. Hundreds of miles away, he was homesick for her, for her house, for the very people he had been hell-bent to leave. His mother’s quiet, crooked, apologetic smile. Her hopeless helplessness in the kitchen. The best years of her life, from age twenty to forty, had been celibate, and aside from the consummation that began his own life, the rest of her life had been the same. He hadn’t thought much of it when she’d told him, but now it seemed to him that such sexual deprivation would affect her, hurt her in precisely the way it would affect and hurt him. If it were possible for somebody to force him to live that way, to tell him, “You may walk and live among women, you may even lust after them, but you will not make love for the next twenty years,” how would he feel? What would he do? Would he continue as he was? And suppose he were married and his wife refused him for fifteen years. His mother had been able to live through that by a long nursing of her son, some occasional visits to a graveyard. What might she have been like had her husband loved her?

And his father. An old man now, who acquired things and used people to acquire more things. As the son of Macon Dead the first, he paid homage to his own father’s life and death by loving what that father had loved: property, good solid property, the bountifulness of life. He loved these things to excess because he loved his father to excess. Owning, building, acquiring–that was his life, his future, his present, and all the history he knew. That he distorted life, bent it, for the sake of gain, was a measure of his loss at his father’s death.

As Milkman watched the children, he began to feel uncomfortable. Hating his parents, his sisters, seemed silly now. And the skim of shame that he had rinsed away in the bathwater after having stolen from Pilate returned. But now it was as thick and as tight as a caul. How could he have broken into that house–the only one he knew that achieved comfort without one article of comfort in it. No soft worn-down chair, not a cushion or a pillow. No light switch, no water running free and clear after a turn of a tap handle. No napkins, no tablecloth. No fluted plates or flowered cups, no circle of blue flame burning in a stove eye. But peace was there, energy, singing, and now his own remembrances.

CHAPTER 13

“You think because he doesn’t love you that you are worthless. You think because he doesn’t want you anymore that he is right–that his judgment and opinion of you are correct. If he throws you out, then you are garbage. You think he belongs to you because you want to belong to him. Hagar, don’t. It’s a bad word, ‘belong.’ Especially when you put it with somebody you love. Love shouldn’t be like that. Did you ever see the way the clouds love a mountain? They circle all around it; sometimes you can’t even see the mountain for the clouds. But you know what? You go up top and what do you see? His head. The clouds never cover the head. His head pokes through, because the clouds let him; they don’t wrap him up. They let him keep his head up high, free, with nothing to hide him or bind him. Hear me, Hagar?” He spoke to her as he would to a very young child. “You can’t own a human being. You can’t lose what you don’t own. Suppose you did own him. Could you really love somebody who was absolutely nobody without you? You really want somebody like that? Somebody who falls apart when you walk out the door? You don’t, do you? And neither does he. You’re turning over your whole life to him. Your whole life, girl. And if it means so little to you that you can just give it away, hand it to him, then why should it mean any more to him? He can’t value you more than you value yourself.”

_

question: Summarize everyone who is trying to kill the narrator.

answer: According to the narrator, his father tried to kill him before he was born, and a witch from his nightmares tried to kill him. A woman tries to kill him every month, and someone pulled a knife at him at a store. Even some bats tried to kill him in a cave.

question: Summarize everything to do with Milkman.

answer: In chapter 12, Milkman reminisced about Pilate, his mother, and his father. He thinks about the relationship between his father and his mother, and he thinks about his similarities to his father. He watches the children, and begins to feel uncomfortable and shameful about his past.

question: Summarize everything to do with Pilate.

answer: The narrator is looking for traces of Pilate's journey. He looks for relatives and other things to lead him to gold. Milkman reminisces about Pilate and her house, and is regretful about stealing from her house.


text:
The MONTANA REPUBLICAN PARTY (MTGOP) is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Montana. The state party is led by Chair, Debra Lamm (Livingston) and Vice Chair, Terry Nelson. The National Committeeman is Errol Galt (Martinsdale) and the National Committeewoman is Betti Hill (Helena).[1] The headquarters of the Montana GOP is located in Helena, Montana. The party is a private corporation organized of political organizations including political action, advocacy, and interest groups.

Bowen Greenwood was hired as Executive Director in 2010.[2] He was replaced by Chris Shipp in December 2014.[3]

Current party officers

  Office                    Name              County
  ------------------------- ----------------- ---------------
  Chair                     Debra Lamm        Park
  Vice Chair                Terry Nelson      Ravalli
  Secretary                 Cynthia Johnson   Pondera
  Treasurer                 Mike Hopkins      Missoula
  Assistant Treasurer       Gilda Clancy      Lewis & Clark
  National Committeeman     Errol Galt        Meagher
  National Committeewoman   Betti Hill        Lewis & Clark

Current elected officials

The Montana Republican party controls one of the six statewide offices and holds majorities in the Montana House of Representatives and Senate. It also holds one U.S. Senate seat and the state's at-large congressional district.

Member of Congress

U.S. Senate

-   Steve Daines

U.S. House of Representatives

-   Greg Gianforte

Statewide offices

-   Superintendent of Public Instruction: Elsie Arntzen
-   Attorney General: Tim Fox
-   State Auditor: Matt Rosendale
-   Secretary of State: Corey Stapleton

Legislative leaders

-   President of the Senate: Scott Sales
-   Senate Majority Leader: Fred Thomas
-   Speaker of the House: Greg Hertz
-   House Majority Leader: Brad Tschida

Members of the Montana Senate

  District   Senator   Residence |-   1   Chas Vincent   Libby |-   2   Dee Brown   Hungry Horse |-   3   Keith Regier   Kalispell |-   4   Mark Blasdel   Kalispell |-   5   Bob Keenan   Big Fork |-   6   Janna Taylor   Polson |-   7   Jennifer Fielder   Thompson Falls |-   9   Rick Ripley   Wolf Creek |-   14   Jerry Black   Shelby |-   15   Jim Peterson   Buffalo |-   18   John Brenden   Scobey |-   19   Donald Steinbeisser   Sidney |-   20   Keith Bales   Otter |-   22   Taylor Brown   Huntley |-   23   Kelly Gephardt   Roundup |-   25   Roy Brown   Billings |-   28   Jeff Essmann   Billings |-   29   Daniel McGee   Laurel |-   30   Robert Story, Jr.   Park City |-   31   John Esp   Big Timber |-   34   Vacated [4]   Bozeman |-   35   Gary Perry   Manhattan |-   36   Debby Barrett   Dillon |-   39   Terry Murphy   Cardwell |-   42   Dave Lewis   Helena |-   44   Rick Laible   Victor |-   45   Jim Shockley   Victor
  ---------- --------- -------------- --- -------------- ---------- --- ----------- ----------------- --- -------------- -------------- --- -------------- -------------- --- ------------ ------------- --- -------------- ----------- --- ------------------ ------------------- --- ------------- --------------- ---- ------------- ----------- ---- -------------- ------------ ---- -------------- ----------- ---- --------------------- ----------- ---- ------------- ---------- ---- -------------- ------------ ---- ---------------- ------------ ---- ----------- ------------- ---- -------------- ------------- ---- -------------- ----------- ---- ------------------- -------------- ---- ---------- --------------- ---- ------------- ------------ ---- ------------ -------------- ---- --------------- ----------- ---- -------------- ------------- ---- ------------ ----------- ---- ------------- ----------- ---- -------------- --------

Members of the Montana House of Representatives

  District   Representative   Residence |-   1   Steve Gunderson   Libby |-   2   Chas Vincent   Libby |-   3   Dee Brown   Hungry Horse |-   5   Keith Regier   Kalispell |-   6   Bill Beck   Whitefish |-   7   Jon Sonju   Kalispell |-   9   Scott Reichner   Bigfork |-   10   Mark Blasdel   Somers |-   11   Janna Taylor   Dayton |-   13   Pat Ingraham   Thompson Falls |-   14   Gordon Hendrick   Superior |-   17   Russell Bean   Augusta |-   18   Ross Cook   Great Falls |-   19   Mike Milburn   Cascade |-   24   Brian Hoven   Great Falls |-   27   Llew Jones   Conrad |-   28   Roy Hollandsworth   Brady |-   29   Edward Butcher   Winifred |-   30   Dave Kasten   Brockway |-   34   Wendy Warburton   Havre |-   35   Wayne Stahl   Saco |-   37   Walter McNutt   Sidney |-   39   Lee Randall   Broadus |-   43   Duane Ankney   Colstrip |-   44   William Glaser   Huntley |-   45   Tom Berry   Roundup |-   46   Ken Peterson   Billings |-   47   Dennis Himmelberger   Billings |-   50   Tom McGillvray   Billings |-   53   Elsie Arntzen   Billings |-   55   Cary Smith   Billings |-   56   Don Roberts   Billings |-   57   Penny Morgan   Billings |-   58   Krayton Kerns   Laurel |-   60   David Howard   Park City |-   61   Joel Boniek   Livingston |-   67   Gordon Vance   Bozeman |-   68   Scott Sales   Bozeman |-   69   Ted Washburn   Bozeman |-   70   Michael More   Gallatin Gateway |-   71   Bob Wagner   Harrison |-   72   Jeffrey Welborn   Dillon |-   77   Scott Mendenhall   Clancy |-   83   Harry Klock   Harlowton |-   84   Mike Miller   Helmville |-   87   Ron Stoker   Darby |-   88   Bob Lake   Hamilton |-   89   Gary MacLaren   Victor |-   90   Ray Hawk   Florence |-   100   Bill Nooney   Missoula
  ---------- ---------------- -------------- --- ----------------- ---------- --- -------------- ---------- --- ----------- ----------------- --- -------------- -------------- --- ----------- -------------- --- ----------- -------------- --- ---------------- ------------ ---- -------------- ----------- ---- -------------- ----------- ---- -------------- ------------------- ---- ----------------- ------------- ---- -------------- ------------ ---- ----------- ---------------- ---- -------------- ------------ ---- ------------- ---------------- ---- ------------ ----------- ---- ------------------- ---------- ---- ---------------- ------------- ---- ------------- ------------- ---- ----------------- ---------- ---- ------------- --------- ---- --------------- ----------- ---- ------------- ------------ ---- -------------- ------------- ---- ---------------- ------------ ---- ----------- ------------ ---- -------------- ------------- ---- --------------------- ------------- ---- ---------------- ------------- ---- --------------- ------------- ---- ------------ ------------- ---- ------------- ------------- ---- -------------- ------------- ---- --------------- ----------- ---- -------------- -------------- ---- ------------- --------------- ---- -------------- ------------ ---- ------------- ------------ ---- -------------- ------------ ---- -------------- --------------------- ---- ------------ ------------- ---- ----------------- ----------- ---- ------------------ ----------- ---- ------------- -------------- ---- ------------- -------------- ---- ------------ ---------- ---- ---------- ------------- ---- --------------- ----------- ---- ---------- ------------- ----- ------------- ----------

Platform

The Montana Republican Party Platform was adopted June 16, 2012 and can be viewed in its entirety on the Montana Republican Party website.[5]

Conventions

According to Party Bylaws, conventions that are held within the state. The State Platform convention, which meets once every even-numbered year between the primary and general elections, the purpose of this convention, is to adopt a state platform. There is a State Delegate Convention, which meets every presidential year prior to the Republican National Committee; during this convention they elect the delegates and alternate delegates to the Republican National Convention. Then there is the State Officer's Convention, which meets in June each odd-numbered year, this is when the state chairman and state vice chairman are elected. These conventions are given notice by convention calls and they give notice to all meetings or conventions. There is a quorum for any business actions and are entitled to vote thereat, in person, or by proxy, and weighted votes are not considered. Proxies are allowed except when selecting delegates for the national convention. Voting is an individual basis and are only for people entitled to vote at the conventions. The Parliamentary practice is Roberts' Rules of Order, it governs all conventions and meetings and allows the State Chairman to appoint a parliamentarian for any State Central Committee meeting or convention.[6]

Committees

State Central Committee is made up by the County Chairman, State committeemen and committee women, and Finance Chairman for each county. This committee is the governing body the Montana GOP and makes up all the rules and policies for the state party. State Executive Committee is made up of many members such as State Chairman, Vice Chairman, National committeeman and committeewoman, statewide elected federal and state officeholders, elected Republican Public Service Commissioners, the highest ranking Republican leader from state Senate and House of Representatives, and many other Republican groups or Clubs within Montana. The main purpose of this committee is to execute policies and programs of the Montana GOP between the State Central Committees. The terms of these members last as long as the Chairman's term and can also end by resignation or removal. County Central Committee is found in each county in Montana and only consists of elected or appointed committeemen and committeewomen from each precinct of the county and hold officer for two years. The committee elects County Chairman and Vice Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer, State and Congressional committeeman and committee woman, Finance Chairman, and anything else that seems important. It can adopt its own rules and come up with a County Executive Committee that executes the counties rules and policies. There are also other committees such as the Rules Committee. The members are appointed by the Chairman and they consider or recommend rules and rule changes. Any other special committee such as the Rules Committee can be appointed by the Chairman if needed.[7]

Elected officers

Chairman is the leader of the Party and is responsible of the hiring and firing of any employees. The Chairman can appoint all committees except the Executive Committee. The Chairman has the power of supervision and management. The Chairman also works with the Treasurer to make sure the right resources are provided. Vice Chairman performs all the duties assigned by the Chairman. Secretary keeps the minutes for all meetings and anything assigned by the Chairman. Treasurer controls the financial record keeping and practices of the party. Assistant Treasurer is there to become familiar with the responsibilities of the Treasurer and will perform any duties assigned by the Chairman and Treasurer.[8]

Appointed officers

Executive Director is appointed by the Chairman after approval from the Executive Committee. The main duty is to preserve all permanent records of the State Central Committee and any other duty assigned by the Chairman. Finance Chairman is appointed exactly like the Executive Director. The main duty of this officer is to raise funds for the Republican Party.

General Counsel is also appointed the same way as the first two officers. The main duty of the General Counsel is to advise the Chairman, State Central Committee, and all other officers and committees on all legal matters. The General Counsel is licensed to practice law within the state.

There can be other types of officers that are appointed by the Chairman. These types are only appointed if needed for a particular purpose.[9]

Nominations

The State Central Committee will appoint a nominee to fill a vacancy for a party candidate and the person who receives the most votes is the nominee. If one or two Congressional Districts for the state need to be filled, a committee appointed by the County Central Committee will make the appointment and the person with the most votes wins the nomination. The votes entitled to the certain members shall be weighted by comparing the Republican primary vote in each county and the Republican primary vote for the office being voted for. For each two percent or less of the total vote, there are four votes awarded to the county. Anything higher than two percent will be awarded an extra vote. The delegates at the meetings will divide the votes to each county and then the delegates will individually cast their votes.[10]

Voting trends

[Montana Presidential Election Results by County, 2008]

Montana is considered to be a moderately Republican state.[11] There is a small percentage of Hispanic and African American votes. There is a significant number of votes from the Native American population as well.[12] In the last ten presidential elections Montana has voted Republican, except in 1992.[13] Republican presidential candidate John McCain won Montana in 2008 with 49.43% of the total statewide vote over Democrat Barack Obama who received 47.17%, a 2.4-percent margin of victory.

As of 2015/2016 the Montana Senate has a Republican majority with twenty-nine of the fifty seats and a majority in the Montana House of Representatives with fifty-nine of the one hundred seats.[14]

Historical figures

Benjamin Potts

[Benjamin F Potts] Potts was a Republican Governor of Montana Territory who worked with Democrat political and business leaders to sustain a successful program of financial responsibility and economy of government during a boom period in Montana's territorial era. He was the longest serving territorial governor in U.S. history.[15]

Wilbur F. Sanders

Sanders was a lawyer, Civil War veteran that was considered to be known as the essence of Montana Republicanism.[16]

Jeannette Rankin

[Jeannette Rankin] Rankin was a Republican from Montana and was also an important figure with the women's suffrage movement. Her efforts were rewarded when Montana gave women the right to vote in 1914. In 1916 she was the first woman to be elected to Congress. During her term in Congress she voted against U.S. entry in World War I. She left Congress in 1919 but was reelected in 1940. Once again she voted for peace and opposed U.S. entry in World War II.[17]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] , Montana Republican Party Platform.

[6]

[7] , Montana Republican Party Bylaws.

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11] 1

[12] 2

[13] 3

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17] Hirshcmann, Kris. “Montana: The Treasure State”. Milwaukee: World Almanac Library, 2003.Print.

title: Montana Republican Party

question: Summarize all of the background information for the Montana Republican Party.

answer: The Montana Republican Party is the affiliate of the Republican Party in Montana. The state party is led by Chair Debra Lamm and Vice Chair Terry Nelson. The National Committeeman is Errol Galt. The headquarters of the Montana GOP is located in Helena, Montana.

question: How many members of the Montana Republican Party are currently elected?

answer: The Montana Republican party controls one of the six statewide office and holds majorities in the Montana House of Representatives and Senate. It also holds one U.S. Senate seat and the state's at-large congressional district.

question: Who are the historical figures of the Montana Republican Party?

answer: Benjamin Potts was a Republican Governor of Montana Territory who worked with Democrat political and business leaders to sustain a successful program of financial responsibility and economy of government during a boom period in Montana's territorial era. He was the longest serving territorial governor in U.S. history. Wilbur F. Sanders was a lawyer, Civil War veteran that was considered to be known as the essence of Montana Republicanism. Jeannette Rankin was a Republican from Montana and was an important figure with the women's suffrage movement. Women in Montana were given the right to vote in 1914. In 1916, she was the first woman to be elected to Congress.


text:
FRANCIS WOODS (28 January 1889 – 5 January 1951) was a New Zealand cricketer who played first-class cricket for Canterbury between 1913 and 1927.

Frank Woods was a middle-order batsman who occasionally kept wicket. His best performance was against Auckland in 1925-26, when he scored 124 not out (the only century in the match) and 76.[1] He was selected to keep wicket for South Island against North Island in 1921-22.[2]

[1]

[2]

title: Frank Woods (cricketer)

question: Who did Francis Woods play for?

answer: He played for Canterbury.

question: What was Woods' best performance?

answer: It was against Auckland in 1925-26.

question: What was Woods' role on his teams?

answer: He was a middle-order batsman.

question: When did Woods stop playing?

answer: He stopped playing in 1927.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article details Francis Woods, a New Zealand cricket player who played for Canterbury between 1913-1927.


text:
AMERICANMUSHROOMS.COM SITE INDEX
about • mushroom basics • coolest mushrooms • edible mushrooms • 1,046 mushroom photos! • HOME • lawn & garden mushrooms • mushroom links • medicinal mushrooms
morel mushrooms • mushroom I.D. • mushroom photography • mushroom show • music • mushroom odors • psilocybin mushrooms • schedule • store • tiniest mushrooms • toxic mushrooms

 BEAR'S HEAD TOOTH MUSHROOM and equally delectable sibling species
SCIENTIFIC NAME: _HERICIUM AMERICANUM, H. CORALLOIDES, H. ERINACEUS,_ ETC.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 IMPORTANT NOTICE
 THE TEXT ON THIS WEBPAGE REGARDING
EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOMS
IS AS IMPORTANT TO YOUR SAFETY AS THE PHOTOGRAPHS!
 IF IN DOUBT, THROW THE MUSHROOM OUT!

 I assume responsibility for the accuracy of information provided at AMERICANMUSHROOMS.COM regarding edible wild mushrooms. However, I cannot assume responsibility for the integrity of your use of the information I present here regarding edible wild mushrooms. It is up to you to exercise your own best judgement in the event that you choose to consume edible wild mushrooms. Specifically, it is encumbent upon you to read all the text presented here that relates to the particular edible wild mushroom species involved to ensure that you have effectively ruled out dangerous poisonous/toxic wild mushrooms. _HURRIEDLY COMPARING WILD MUSHROOM SPECIMENS TO PHOTOGRAPHS OF KNOWN EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOMS IN HOPES OF DETERMINING THAT THEY ARE INDEED THE EDIBLE SPECIES CAN READILY BE FATAL!_

  KEEP IN MIND THAT SOME OF THESE PAGES INCLUDE PHOTOGRAPHS OF POISONOUS MUSHROOMS WHICH RESEMBLE EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOM SPECIES; AGAIN, READING THE ACCOMPANYING TEXT AND APPLYING THAT INFORMATION IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL TO YOUR SAFETY!

  Note that even with some of the best, safest, most popular edible wild mushroom species, it is possible for an individual human being to have an allergic reaction to a particular species. This happens with the grocery-store button mushroom _(Agaricus bisporus),_ it happens with edible wild morel mushrooms, and it happens with strawberries.

  It is also possible for illness to result from consuming mushrooms that are decaying, contaminated by pollution, or otherwise not in good condition. Before perusing the section of this Webpage that presents photographs of and text about edible wild mushrooms (and some of their toxic "look-alikes"!), you MUST read _"THE MYCOPHAGIST'S TEN COMMANDMENTS,"_ which explains several hazards and provides advice on how to avoid those hazards.

  Most importantly, be doubtful and be skeptical: Use the mushroom's description to

seek evidence that the mushroom you've found is NOT the edible wild mushroom species whose photograph it resembles!
  –DAVID FISCHER, Author of _EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOMS OF NORTH AMERICA_ (1992, Univ. of Texas Press)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

[The best mushroom books are available in the AmericanMushrooms.com Bookstore]

[]          []          []          []          []

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 BEAR'S HEAD TOOTH MUSHROOM and equally delectable sibling species
SCIENTIFIC NAME: _HERICIUM AMERICANUM, H. CORALLOIDES, H. ERINACEUS,_ ETC.

 [Image - Photo of Bear's-head Tooth mushroom (Hericium americanum)]
Bear's-head Tooth mushroom _(Hericium americanum)._

 The BEAR'S-HEAD TOOTH MUSHROOM _(Hericium americanum,_ SEE PHOTO, ABOVE) and its sibling species are some of my favorite mushrooms for several reasons, not the least of which is their wonderful and rich flavor when broken into nuggets, baked until they're about one-half their size before baking,* then dipped into melted garlic butter… absolutely delightful! Some people prefer this mushroom lightly sauteed, which does leave it considerably more tender. Folks say the taste is very "seafoody," reminiscent of lobster. I don't think that's far off the mark, but it is truly a unique flavor, so I shan't waste words trying to explain it.
     * -- Keep an eye on them to ensure they don't get dried out!

  I shall, however, warn that you'll be disappointed with specimens that aren't fresh—by which I mean still _growing_ when picked—once they have ceased growing, sometimes even after being picked and stored in the refrigerator, they become bitter with an unpleasant aftertaste.

  The great news is that these delicious fleshy fungi are among the safest, most unmistakable of all of North America's species of edible wild mushrooms: If it looks like a cluster of white fungal icicles hanging off a decaying log, stump, or dead tree trunk, and it seems very fresh, bake it (or fry it slowly in a mix of butter and oil) and enjoy!

  Distinguishing between the species is a little tricky, but it doesn't matter to the chef, as they're all quite good. Hericiums are also common, in part because they fruit on a number of different kinds of deciduous trees, particularly beech, maple, birch, oak, walnut, and sycamore, from the later part of summer through autumn. Sometimes a dozen or more specimens can be found on a single large dead tree trunk each year for several years in succession.

  Unfortunately, Hericiums often grow quite high up on dead tree trunks, which can make harvest difficult—or even dangerous! And many wild-picked specimens harbor bugs, sawdust-like bits of decayed wood, or both. Fortunately, these mushrooms are easily cultivated (see the FUNGI PERFECTI Website).

 [Image - Photo of Comb Tooth mushroom (Hericium coralloides)]
Comb Tooth mushroom _(Hericium coralloides)._

 The scientific names and the common names have gotten confused "from book to book," and from Website to Website, after solid taxonomic research by the Canadian department of agriculture's DR. JIM GINNS (demonstrating that we were misusing the European species names _ramosum_ and _coralloides)_ was complicated by some mushroom field guides clinging to the previous species delimitations. Here are the "Ginnsian" species concepts used in _EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOMS OF NORTH AMERICA__:_

  BEAR'S-HEAD TOOTH _(H. americanum,_ SEE FIRST PHOTO ABOVE—downward-pointing spines half an inch or more in length and grouped in bundles; specimens generally fairly compact overall but with numerous branches revealed when the specimen is sliced, only found east of the Rockies.
COMB TOOTH _(H. coralloides,_ SEE PHOTO JUST ABOVE)—spines mostly under half an inch in length that are at best inconsistently downward-pointing; specimens much more branched than compact.
BEARDED TOOTH _(H. erinaceus,_ SEE PHOTO BELOW)—lacking branches, it is a cluster of downward-pointing spines growing from a solid central wad of whitish fungal tissue. Only found east of the Rockies, most common farther southward, usually on wounds of living trees, especially oak.
_HERICIUM ABIETIS_ looks similar to the Bearded Tooth, but grows only in the Rocky Mountains and westward. Unlike the other Hericiums, it grows on conifers and is a noteworthy parasite (it causes Yellow Pitted Rot of better than half a dozen species of hemlock, fir, and spruce).

 THERE'S A LOT MORE INFORMATION ABOUT THE BEAR'S HEAD TOOTH MUSHROOM
AND OTHER CHOICE EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOM SPECIES IN MY BEST-SELLING BOOK,
_EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOMS OF NORTH AMERICA._

 [Image - Photo of Bearded Tooth mushroom (Hericium erinaceus)]
Bearded Tooth mushroom _(Hericium erinaceus)._ Photo by Kathie Hodge.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 AMERICA'S BEST, SAFEST
EDIBLE WILD MUSHROOMS!

 HEN OF THE WOODS (also known as MAITAKE or SHEEPSHEAD MUSHROOM)
SCIENTIFIC NAME: _GRIFOLA FRONDOSA_

 BEAR'S HEAD TOOTH MUSHROOM and equally delectable sibling species
SCIENTIFIC NAME: _HERICIUM AMERICANUM, H. CORALLOIDES, H. ERINACEUS,_ ETC.

 GEM-STUDDED, PEAR-SHAPED, and GIANT PUFFBALLS
SCIENTIFIC NAMES: _LYCOPERDON PERLATUM, L. PYRIFORME, LANGERMANNIA GIGANTEA_ AND OTHERS

 THE SULPHUR SHELF or CHICKEN MUSHROOM
SCIENTIFIC NAME: _LAETIPORUS SULPHUREUS_

 THE SHAGGY MANE MUSHROOM
SCIENTIFIC NAME: _COPRINUS COMATUS_

 THE YELLOW and BLACK MORELS
SCIENTIFIC NAMES: _MORCHELLA ESCULENTA_ AND _M. ELATA_

 THE BLACK TRUMPET and HORN OF PLENTY MUSHROOMS
SCIENTIFIC NAMES: _CRATERELLUS FALLAX_ AND _C. CORNUCOPIOIDES_

 THE SWEET TOOTH or HEDGEHOG MUSHROOM
SCIENTIFIC NAMES: _HYDNUM REPANDUM_ AND _H. UMBILICATUM_

------------------------------------------------------------------------

AMERICANMUSHROOMS.COM SITE INDEX
about • mushroom basics • coolest mushrooms • edible mushrooms • 1,046 mushroom photos! • HOME • lawn & garden mushrooms • mushroom links • medicinal mushrooms
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 TO CONTACT DAVID FISCHER, SEND AN E-MAIL TO…
[to contact David Fischer, send an e-mail to 'mycology@aol.com']

 Copyright � 2006, 2007 by David W. Fischer. All rights reserved.

question: What makes mushroom consumption such a perilous venture?

answer: Because a lot of people who consume mushrooms do not buy from stores but prefer to pick them in the wild. These can cause problems, especially when people pick the wrong mushrooms or eat ones with poison or nasty bugs.


text:
The hat hung on the new and polished coat rack. The book sat somewhere on top the t.v. stand in the bedroom. The scissors laid between the bread knife and can opener in the cutlery drawer. He was poised underneath the array of suits and coats that belonged to someone other than himself.

The suits were much different than the ones he wore. They were unkempt and wrinkled. The dark brown hair of a woman stuck to the jackets, likely a wife or a mistress. The job was like his others; simple but time consuming. He waited patiently although his back ached and the balls of his feet were sore. His stomach spoke to him and he remembered that he had not eaten in the morning.

The rim of the hat was crisp like an apple. The pages of the book were thick like the tree it was made from. The blades of the scissors were as sharp and piercing as a wolf’s cry to the moon.

He thought about what the man would look like, probably like all the other men he’d killed. He’d be average of height with a paunch from the gourmet restaurants he frequented. He most likely would have a receding hairline and a nose that protruded absurdly from his face. He’d be nothing like the man that sat in his closet now awaiting his return.

The intruder was in fact very different than the man he imagined he was preparing to kill. Although he was in his late forties, he was extraordinarily fit. He had a full head of hair and a face that was pleasant to any eye. His mother always told him he was wasting a good face in his line of work. She said there was no sense in hiding a face like his.

He mostly agreed with her. He knew he was charming and admirable, and he used it as his advantage. Of course it wasn’t just his looks that got him where he was. He was smart and skilled. He often marveled at his own wit and talent. It was something that he earned, that he worked hard for. He knew he was good at what he did.

He’d never failed at a mission, and they all went exactly as he’d planned. Never once did he think that a mission would go against his plan; he didn’t allow that kind of thinking. He thought that if he doubted his skill, then the doubt would become true. It had been an hour now since he arrived. He’d waited sixteen hours for an ambush before; he could handle this.

He smelled the lavender scent of a woman’s perfume. It stunk mostly on the grey suit to his left. It did not bother him that the man had a woman he loved, it made the mission much more enjoyable.

The hat was lined with a grey silk. The book was bound in a royal blue cloth. The handle of the scissors was slightly cracked.

As he still patiently waited for the man's return, he began to think about his own closet and his own array of suits. The coats that he wore varied in purpose. Some he wore to dinner and parties. Those were his expensive suits, the very nice ones.Others he wore specifically for missions and nothing else. Those suits were as plain as suits get; he could never be noticed while on a mission. His suits also varied in color. A man that wore the same color each day could be spotted easily.

He realized yet again how different his victim could be from himself. As he examined the suits in the closet again (having nothing better to do), he noticed that the coats and pants were mostly grey. In fact there was not one suit in the whole closet that wasn’t some shade of grey. What a boring and stupid man he thought. Although he spent much time criticizing and examining the color of the suits, he failed to note that they were tailored to a small size and somewhat peculiar style. Unbeknownst to him, his adversary would not in fact have an extended stomach from the gourmet food he often ate. No, quite the opposite.

Within the closet he spotted a purple hand bag. It instantly reminded him of a woman he’d been with before. She was a reporter for a local newspaper. It was after he won gold at his first college track meet, that she came to write a story about him. He adored this woman, but he didn’t know why. Was it only because she wanted to write about him and marvel at his talent? It was different now that he’d become a part of the shadows. It was only he who could marvel at his own talent. He became slightly insane when he took the oath of silence that all spies do. There was no one to tell his story of valiance and bravery.

He himself took on the responsibility of writing for a time. The worn leather bound journal always sat in his coat pocket. The cover had rips and tears, something he planned to fix and re-bind. Inside it contained stories of his missions; unedited and uncensored. He wrote in great detail about every man he killed and woman he seduced. He wrote about every day including on the days that he wasn’t on a mission. Often he would read back his stories and smile as he did. He was so fond of himself.

It did worry him some; he lost the journal on a cruise last year. He worried because the stories were accounts of both sides. You see he was a man that liked to keep his options open. He didn’t work for just one person, but many. And some of those people were the exact opposite of allies. He enjoyed deceiving others, and he knew he was good at it. For five years his double life had been kept a secret, and he was confident it would stay that way for years to come.

He then again found himself thinking about the man he waited to kill. He wondered how the man would react as he saw a stranger in his closet. Would his wife be with him? Would his children cry? Of course he did not truly know if the man had children or not. His sources were never precise and constantly changing. There was no direct contact with his source so occasionally they’d become hard to track. Some of the men he worked for would mask their message in a woman’s voice.

This time particularly, the woman only told him an address and a price, and the price was good. He wasn’t given a name. It was better that way;if he didn’t know a name then the murder would be much easier to deny. He was told his victim was coming back from a long plane flight. That’s why he chose his position in the closet. The man would come home and busy himself with putting his suitcase away. The mess would be easy to conceal, the noises would be muffled and unheard within the deep closet.

He sat for uncountable hours in his poised spot beneath the suits. He ran his hands through his hair, and it was clear he needed a cut. He thought about the last time he went to the barber shop. The woman snipped aimlessly at his hair. The feel of his hair falling onto his neck made him shiver and itch. He looked in the mirror when she was finished, and he realized that she’d done a horrible job. The sides were too short and the front as well. He was too kind to show his dissatisfaction; she was such a beautiful woman. Although she was very attractive, he did not tip her at the door. He thought a woman was mostly only good for a haircut, and she did a horrible job at that..

He remembered entering a store afterward as he looked for something to cover his head. All the while the smell of lavender soap traveled to his senses. He donned a brown chapeau as he exited the shop. As he walked home he remembered just how much he hated having his head covered.

He was beginning to wonder if his man would actually show, he was becoming impatient. He imagined that the man’s plane was probably delayed. He’d go to a pay phone and call his source. Of course waiting didn’t bother him. But if he could avoid waiting a whole day on a man, he prefered that. He contemplated his options. He could continue to wait and starve within the closet, or he could make a quick escape, and come back later while the man was sleeping.

He stood silently as he decided to take the chance to leave. The closet was feeling cramped, and he desperately needed to walk. He was confident that he’d be able to improvise with a new plan. He just needed a few minutes to get to the phone and back.

The house was silent. He exited the closet slowly as he began to stretch his legs. The twin size bed that hugged the wall was lightly made. He passed the dresser and arm chair as he left the room. He eyed the ornate handles of the brown cupboards and drawers. The sleeve of a hanging beige jacket brushed his as he slipped through the side door. A distant pattering noise skipped through the house, but he was too distracted to notice it. “Just to the pay phone and then right back.” He said to himself not so silently.

The book smelled like fresh glue. The scissors clicked against the other cutlery. The hat was still damp from the morning’s rain.

He walked down the cobble path in the back yard. He looked the other way as he passed the vast and varied garden. He easily maneuvered over the fence. He did so without ripping his suit. He smiled as he finished the feat and landed on the ground. He took the careful precaution of exiting through the backyard, as the neighbors would throw a suspicious eye to a stranger leaving through the front.

He walked for ten minutes as he found his way to the main road. He looked constantly ahead for a close pay phone, but he didn’t see any in the near distance. He hoped the man did not arrive home while he was gone. He had no experience attempting a live entry while his victims were awake. Although he didn’t worry much for he knew that his skill would pull through for him.

The book sat heavily inside the deep pocket. The scissors were tucked beneath the cuff. The hat sunk lightly on top of the brown head of hair.

Across the street he spotted a small payphone. He eyed the moving traffic on the street. Was it worth it? He had troubles finding a moment to cross. He waited patiently remembering his oath to stay unseen during his mission. No running he thought. He shoved his hands into his empty pockets trying to hide his frustration.

As he finally crossed the road, a woman entered the small booth before him. He was indeed becoming more and more impatient. He wondered how long she would take, he knew how women were with phone calls. They could take hours on the phone if they had the money for it.

The woman’s call was over in two minutes and six seconds exactly, he counted. It was not long for a woman's call, but he knew he could do shorter. He stood in front of the booth as he waited for the her to exit. As she turned toward him he couldn’t help but feel like he recognized her somehow.

“I need to make another call, but you can go while I count my change.” She offered as she exited the booth.

He nodded and entered the booth, knowing he’d heard her voice somewhere before. He fished some coins from his wallet and pushed them into the machine. He nervously pressed the numbers as he thought about the woman that waited outside the booth. He sent a glance at her as he listened to the rings. She delicately fished nickels and dimes out of her purple handbag. He contemplated offering her some of his quarters, but he didn’t have enough.

His source did not pick up. He punched the number in the phone and tried again. He watched as the woman stuffed her handbag into the large pocket of her beige coat. She waited patiently as he tried the call again. He was nervous as he felt that something was not quite right. His sources always answered.

“Just one more try.” He said nervously to the woman.
He eyed the number pad once more and punched in the digits again. A stray brown hair twisted within the telephone cord. The small box smelled of lavender perfume. He felt as if he was going insane, like he was the one being spied on.

He looked back at the woman who wore a silk lined hat. He saw her dark brown locks and examined again her long beige coat. He turned back nervously to face the phone. He heard six rings, but still no answer. He hung the phone in defeat, facing his new found anxiety. He turned to find the woman standing in the doorway, blocking his escape.

“I’m sorry, do you think I could borrow a quarter?” She asked pleasantly.

He turned to the phone again and retrieved the one last quarter he sat on top of the machine. He stared at the phone for a slight moment.

“It’s really fine if you need it.” The woman continued.

He knew that voice, but from where? He continued to look at the phone and remembered his call early yesterday morning. He had received a call offer for this job, from a woman that his source had hired. In his mind the voices seemed identical. Could she be that woman? If so what was she doing there? Maybe she was attempting to send him a message. He truly did not need help to finish the mission. He was baffled that his sources thought so.

“Listen. You can go home, I don’t need any help.” He told the woman as he handed her the coin.

“Excuse me?” She asked.

“If my sources sent you, tell them I don’t need any help. I can do the mission on my own.” He said after a short pause
The woman placed the coin in her purple hand bag and then shoved her hand into the pocket of her beige coat. He knew he had seen that coat before. Below the bottom of the coat peeked the pant legs of a light grey suit. She laughed quietly before looking back at the man.

“What are you laughing about?” He asked furiously.

“I wasn’t sent by your sources, I’d rather cut my fingers off than help them.” She said in a stark tone.

“What do you know about my sources?” He asked defensively.

“I know that they want you to kill a man. You’ve been waiting at his house all morning, you’re bloodthirsty.” She said stroking his ego.

“How do you know about the man I’m going to kill?” He asked tensely.

The woman laughed generously from the remark. She breathed heavily to show her great amusement. He hated being laughed at.

“What?” He demanded.

“I am the man you are going to kill.” she said

He paused, horror stricken from the realization. How had he been so stupid?

The silver scissors protruded absurdly from his neck. The hat covered his lifeless face. And his own incriminating journal hung heavily with its new, royal blue cover in his coat pocket.

title: [MF] Lavender

question: What does the story say about the protagonist's job?

answer: The protagonist is a professional killer and is good at what he does. He does not work for just one person, but many. He enjoys deceiving others. He is smart and skilled and had never failed at a mission, until now. He is killed by the person he was going to kill.

question: What does the story say about the journal?

answer:
The protagonist wrote stories of his missions in a journal. He wrote in great detail about every man he killed and woman he seduced. Often he would read back his stories and smile as he did. But he lost the journal on a cruise last year.
It is implied that the woman found the journal. She kills him and puts his journal in his pocket.

question: What does the story say about the woman's family?


text:
WASHINGTON (AP) — Secretary of State Mike Pompeo argued Thursday for a more limited U.S. view of global human rights advocacy based on the principals laid out by America’s Founding Fathers, a suggestion critics assumed meant stepping away from more modern concepts such as support for women and the LGBQT communities around the world.

Pompeo, speaking in Philadelphia, singled out property rights and religious freedom as “foremost” principals in a speech that elsewhere complained about the “proliferation” of protections in international agreements related to human rights.

“We are forced to grapple with tough choices about which rights to promote and how to think about this,” he said. “Americans have not only unalienable rights, but also positive rights granted by governments, courts and multilateral bodies. Many are worth defending in light of our founding; others aren’t.”

Pompeo on Thursday released a report produced by the Commission on Unalienable Rights, which he tasked last year with conducting a broad review of U.S. human rights policy, arguing at the time that it had “lost its bearings.”

Before its release, many human rights groups were skeptical of the commission, whose chairwoman was conservative legal scholar Mary Ann Glendon, a former U.S. ambassador to the Holy See.

Pompeo noted that the report emphasizes property rights and religious liberty. “No one can enjoy the pursuit of happiness if you cannot own the fruits of your own labor. And no society can retain its legitimacy or a virtuous character without religious freedom,” he said.

The report did not produce any specific recommendations and steered clear of endorsing policy proposals. But experts who parsed it for direction noted, for example, that it referred to abortion and same-sex marriage not as rights but “divisive social and political controversies.”

Critics such as Sen. Bob Menendez, the ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said the report would damage the United States’ reputation as a champion of human rights around the world by narrowing the scope of who deserves protection.

“As feared, Secretary Pompeo used his speech to insinuate a hierarchy of rights where property rights and religious liberty are ‘foremost’ rights and some rights are not ‘worth defending,”’ said the New Jersey Democrat.

Critics also faulted the makeup of the commission, saying it was weighted with conservatives, and the public did not have sufficient opportunity to weigh in on its findings before the report’s release.

“As was clear from the start, Secretary Pompeo’s Commission on Unalienable Rights was designed to challenge the international consensus with a narrow view of human rights, that among other things would leave LGBTQ people even more vulnerable to violence and discrimination,” said David Stacy, government affairs director of Human Rights Campaign.

Pompeo also took aim in his speech at demonstrators “pulling down statues” and “desecrating monuments,” in echoes of President Donald Trump’s recent speech at Mount Rushmore. The secretary of state said it was an attack on the people who fought for the rights laid out in the Declaration of Independence.

He also criticized The New York Times for its 1619 Project, an award-winning explanation of the persistent legacy of slavery in the United States.

“America is fundamentally good and has much to offer the world because our founders recognized the existence of God-given unalienable rights and designed a durable system to protect them,” he said. “But these days I must say even saying America is fundamentally good has become controversial.”

question: Summarize why Secretary Mike Pompeo called for a more limited view of global human rights.

answer: Pompeo stated that some rights are worth defending and others aren't. This is in reaction to the increase of public awareness and support for women's rights, LGBQT communities, and other modern concepts.


text:
It was unusual for the two of them to meet under these circumstances, but they had preferred it this way. As soon as it was possible to do so, George Carville had vanished into an unobserved lift on the 50th floor of London's Shard, retreating out of the building through a discrete trade exit at the end of an underground tunnel some tens of metres away. Raising his collar, he faced the ground and walked briskly, anonymously, into the embrace of the night.

He had smoked two cigarettes and was about to leave when Nathan Cohen arrived to meet him at the centre of London Bridge. Mutely, Carville offered him his carton of cigarettes. Cohen took one, lit it and inhaled deeply before contorted his face into a scowl.

"Full strength?" He groaned, glaring at the glowing tobacco.

"You're a grown-up now," Chided Carville, with a humourless voice but an imperceptibly slight smile. "You ought to smoke like one."

"I ought not to smoke." He inhaled again before acknowledging the question that Carville had not asked. "I apologise for my lateness. But you must remember, surely? It wasn't that long ago for you. I skimmed the reports they threw at me, I shook hands with the cloying throng. I wrote the Letters of Last Resort."

"How was that?"

"The Letters? Humbling."

"Yes. They are."

Cohen blew smoke into the night, and looked silently at Carville for a time. "What did you write?"

"I can't remember specifically."

"That's not true."

"No, it isn't. But I'd rather not say. Those words have been scarred into my brain these last seven years, but that's been my burden to bear. Now you get the chance. When you're where I am, you'll know that it's best for those words to die with you."

They were silent for a few minutes more. A night bus trundled past, and the occasional morose traveller shuffled closely behind their backs. But the two of them took no notice, staring into the churning black river beneath them.

"You're not normally this melancholy. Although I suppose under the circumstances it's understandable."

"What circumstances are those?" Carville seemed genuinely curious, and Cohen suddenly felt an abiding discomfort.

"Well, you know. The results."

"Best news I've had in weeks."

"George..."

"I'm serious, Nat. I'm not trying to soothe any latent guilt you're storing up."

"I don't have any."

"You're too soppy not to. But it really is a relief. I'm looking forward to five years as a lightweight."

"Remember when we were lightweights?" Cohen was smiling now.

"Always."

"It feels like so long ago."

"It was."

"Will we ever have that again? Committee hearings on absolutely nothing, constituents storming into our offices to bitch and complain about stuff we've never heard of, the stupid late-night scheming. I miss it already." His last sentence was spoken quietly, almost involuntarily. He thought sounded pained, or awed, or sanguine. He sounded a combination of the three.

"I intend to get all that back within a few months. You'll have to wait longer, of course."

"Yeah. I'm starting to wonder if I made the right choice."

"I'm wondering the same about the electorate." Carville chuckled.

"Speaking of the electorate, I think I've stolen too many minutes of my life from their claws this morning."

"Morning? God, it's 4:15."

"I need to go, George."

Carville smiled as a jaded man would smile at a dying loved one. "I know you do. Good luck, Nat."

Cohen's eyes were ringed with circles and heavily lidded. Taking one last survey of the skyline, he replied in a forcibly deadpan monotone. "And to you, George. I'll see you soon."

Cohen walked quickly away with his head held low. Partly by necessity, partly to disguise the emotion that had overcome him. Carville stayed for a few minutes more alone. He reasoned that nobody would seek much from an outgoing Prime Minister until morning and that his aides would handle the press appropriately. Turning his buzzing phone off, he slouched over the rail of London Bridge as the first tinges of pink started to rise alongside the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral. He smoked, and he thought of the words he had written seven years ago to be read deep in the bowels of the ocean.

At 4:32, he abruptly stood and walked away.

title: Concession [RF]

question: What's the relationship between Cohen and Carville?

answer: Information not found

question: What did Carville write in the letters of last resort?

answer: Information not found

question: What results are they talking about?

answer: Information not found

question: What did those results say?

answer: Information not found.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Cohen and Carville meet on London Bridge. They smoke a cigarette while talking about work.


text:
The AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL ON DRUGS (ANCD) describes itself as “the principal advisory body to Government on drug policy and plays a critical role in ensuring the voice of the community is heard in relation to drug related policies and strategies.” The Council occupies a unique position by virtue of its role in enhancing the partnership between the government and the community. It has pivotal advisory, advocacy and representative functions, with a significant role to provide government Ministers with independent, expert advice on matters related to licit and illicit drugs.[1]

It was chaired by Dr John Herron.[2]

History

In 1998, the Prime Minister established the ANCD as part of the Commonwealth Government's response to reduce the harm caused by drugs in Australia.[3]

In 2004, NATIONAL INDIGENOUS DRUG AND ALCOHOL COMMITTEE (NIADC) was established by The AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL ON DRUGS (ANCD) specially provide the most suitable and efficient solution for ANCD to solve the problems of Indigenous drug and alcohol in Australia.[4]

The AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL ON DRUGS (ANCD) were renamed as AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL ADVISORY COUNCIL ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS(ANACAD).[5]

Role

THE AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH has listed a number of roles of THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL COUNCIL ON DRUGS:

1.  The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) provided confidential suggestion to support Australian Government on:

-   Present and coming up drug use trends.
-   Verified prime concern of National significance.
-   Drug abusing problems of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.

2. Suggesting the implementation and evaluation strategies of policies and practices that provide temporary demonstrable benefits; and continuing strategies that affects alcohol and other drug channels.

3.  Providing advices and supporting Australian Government’s dedication to the new Drug Strategy and frameworks.

4.  Counselling on Drugs prevention education activities through National Drugs campaign.

5.    Reporting directly to the Minister of Health responsible for drug policy.

6.     Providing yearly reports to Prime minister

7.     Engaging Indigenous expert on drug uses issues.[6]

Members

The ANCD members involve experts with experience relating to drugs.[7]

  Position[8]   Name[9]                                     Start Date[10]   End Date[11]
  ------------- ------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------------------
  Chairman      Mrs. Kay Hull                               1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Duputy        Professor. Steve Allsop                     1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Dr. Robert Ali                              1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Mr. John Rogerson                           1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Dr. Diana Egerton-Warburton                 1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Ms. Jo Baxter                               1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Mr. Frank Quinlan                           1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Detective Superintendent Anthony Fleming    1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Dr. James Fitzpatrick                       1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Associate Professor James Ward              1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Ms. Rebecca Lang                            1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Dr. Nicole Lee                              1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Mr. Jack Nagle                              1 January 2018   31 December 2020
  Member        Adjunct Associate Professor Pattie Hudson   1 January 2018   31 December 2020

Sub-Committee

National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol Committee (NIADC)

Excessive drug use causes related harm to Indigenous Australians. Strategies to address these significant problems are the key focus of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander supplementary action plan, was approved by the Council of Ministers for drug strategy.

In 2004, The Australian National Council on Drugs established National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol (NIADC) as a part of Federal Government specifically provides advice to ANCD to solve the drug issues of indigenous in Australia.

National Indigenous Drug and Alcohol (NIADC) plays an important role in ensuring that Indigenous Australians have a voice in the development of policies and programs that affect their communities. NIADC provides high-quality and independent advice to the government through consultation feedback and the expertise of its members to help Indigenous Australians tackle alcohol and other drug problems,[12] and funding for indigenous treatment and related support services[13]

In December 2014, NIADC was defunded and closed their website. The NIADC website contents were archived by ATODA website.[14]

Support and Treatment

The problematic drug uses impact the parents, carers and other family members of youth substance abusers. There are three key supports for family members of youth abusers:

Support intercessions for family members of youth with difficulty on substance use.

Behavioural exchange systems training (BEST)

The BEST program includes Family Therapy and Behaviour Therapy.[15] The aspects of this program are to improve parents of young substance abusers' emotional wellbeing, and focus on addressing the relationship between responsibility and shame.[16]

According to the previous work on their parents, researchers recognised most parents blame themselves by their drug – abusing kids. Secondly, adolescents' behaviours determine their parents emotional state and Well – Being. This Program concentrated on understanding and changing the interaction between young people and their parents which depended on young people's behaviour and parents’discernment on their behaviour and their relationship.[17]

The BEST program is a nine-week curriculum, was designed for the child aged between 12–24 years old, consist of eight weekly meetings.[18]

The first four weeks of the program focused on challenging parents to take different views of the relationship between parents and young people. The separation of adolescent development tasks is emphasized to encourage parents to reduce their sense of responsibility for solving adolescent behavioural problems. It has been assumed that, in turn, parents' distress may be reduced. The remaining four weeks tasks are based on the principle of the Behaviour Therapy, aims to reduce drug misuse by bringing out their responsible behaviours.[19]

Parent coping skills training

Parents' coping skills training program was designed based on coping with the perspective of tension and parents' response to substance abuse in adolescents can help improve parents' own psychological function and reduce young people drug abuse. This program was designed for the youth drug abusers (aged between 12–21 years)' parents.[20]

The parent coping skills training program is an eight - week group training program designed for educating parents on common problems arising from drug abuse among adolescents.[21] The Topic discuss in the sessions were: replacing negative thoughts with positive thoughts, accurate information of drugs; communication points; use of positive and negative consequences; development of internal rules; issues related to young people’s treatment and post-treatment that can help parents.[22]

The standard problem - solving model is used to discuss Parent Situation Inventory, an inventory of typical problems faced by parents of youth substance abuser, in groups. In this model, problems are identified and alternative solutions are proposed and evaluated. Group facilitators will role play with parent volunteers and encourage parents to do the role-play of situations.[23]

Family- based interventions for treatment of young drug abusers

Family systems theory

This theory defines the personal functioning and one's main relationship environment, family are interrelated. Functional difficulties are conceptualized according to recurring patterns and the order of interactions between family members.[24] Generally, drug abuse among adolescents is considered to related to their family members, their communication and interaction.[25] The focus of this treatment on changing the pattern on parental interaction that allows, continues, or encourages problematic drug abuse behaviour. Thus, the young people’s behaviour is discerned family members in all their simultaneous interaction.[26]

Cognitive behaviour theory family-based interventions

Cognitive Behaviour Theory (CBT) has been comprised in the traditional Family – Based interventions to defined that youth problematic drug abuse based on the family members behaviour. From this perspective, drug abuse is seen as a conditional behaviour, whether substance abuse may be directly imitated and reinforced by other family members, or whether parents are tolerant of young people's initial attempts at drugs. For this perspective, the treatment of adolescents' substance misuse appears again in the family, especially in skills training to manage the behaviour in the family. Thereby, conditions and behaviours that are compatible with drug use decrease with the strengthening of conditions incompatible with drug abuse.The focus of treatment on emergency administration training to enhance minimise material, abuse, and various other skills training.[27]

Multi-dimensional family treatment interventions for youth drug abusers

Multi-dimensional family therapy (MDFT) was created for improving the ability of adolescents and their families in risk behaviours and multiple functional areas. It has been tested in different environments and different populations, and has proved to be effective.[28] Multi-dimensional family therapy is a comprehensive, developmental/ ecological, family based multi-component and phased intervention,[29] it addresses the internal aspects, including the adolescents who abuse drugs for coping with their stress, the parenting practices of parents, other substance -abusing family member in home, conflicts between young people and parents, the development and persistence of drug abuse and other related issues. This treatment directly affects both parents and adolescents’s functioning via social systems, such as school, occupation, peer networks, anti – social and substance abuse.[30]

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations

Alcohol and other Drugs (AOD) treatment is an integral part of a multifaceted approach to reducing the impact of Drug use harms on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders and their communities.[31]

Indigenous family treatment program

The uses of Indigenous Family coping model are supported by Centacare NT. This program aimed at reducing the drug – abusing harm and harm on family experiencing. Family -Based Interventions provide enormous potential for reducing the Drug use harm.[32]

The treatment was designed to reducing the drug use harm by

-   Recognising the needs of families in AOD treatment stress-related issues
-   Educating families dependent on Drug use
-   Recognising the mental health issues of both drug abusers and family members.[33]

Yeaca Dhargo Family Project

was supported by Kurbingui Youth Association in the Outer Northern Brisbane – Sillmere, Sandgate, Bracken Ridge, Aspley, Nundah and Banyo, QLD.[34] to deal with youth substance abuser in Indigenous Family.

This Family supporting program includes:

-   Education on types, signs and effects of drugs
-   Young people and drugs, the scope of drug abuse and the cycle of change
-   The changing role of parents

[1]

[2]

[3] Launch of the Australian National Council on Drugs - March 1998 , ANCD]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]  Atoda|url=http://www.atoda.org.au/archived-nidac-website/%7Caccess-date=2020-10-31%7Clanguage=en-US}}

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]  Former Ministers and Parliamentary Secretaries|url=https://formerministers.dss.gov.au/15109/helping-families-affected-by-drug-abuse/%7Caccess-date=2020-11-01%7Cwebsite=formerministers.dss.gov.au}}

title: Australian National Council on Drugs

question: What does the article say about the purpose of the Australian National Council on Drugs?

answer: The Australian Council on Drugs (ANCD) is an advisory body on drug policy and works to ensure the community's voice is heard in relation to drug-related policies. It was formed to reduce the harm caused by drugs. The ANCD observes the drug use trends and keeps track of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. It provides annual reports to the Prime Minister. In its interactions with the people, the ANCD offers family therapies and support.

question: What does the article say about how the ANCD helps families?

answer: The Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) offers behavioral exchange systems training (BEST) which includes family therapy and behavioral therapy. The BEST program concentrates on understanding the interaction between drug-abusing children and their parents to reduce abuse. Additionally, they teach parents coping skills to improve their psychological function. They offer cognitive behavioral therapy and multi-dimensional family therapy as well. The ANCD also has a special therapy program for indigenous families.

question: What does the text say about the therapy methods?

answer: The behavioral exchange systems training program includes family therapy and behavior therapy. The program focuses on understanding and changing the interactions between parents and kids, aiming to improve the dynamics that can cause a continuation of abusive behavior. This is achieved through teaching the parents how to cope, replacing negative thoughts with positive ones, how to communicate, how to use positive and negative consequences, and developing internal rules. The functional difficulties in the family dynamic are analyzed with regard to recurring patterns to treat the ones causing negative behavior. Cognitive behavior therapy-based and multi-dimensional family treatment interventions are utilized to these ends.


text:
PETER LÖSCHER (born 17 September 1957 in Villach, Austria) is an Austrian manager and former president, Global Human Health at global pharmaceutical company Merck & Co. He was appointed chief executive officer (CEO) of Siemens on 20 May 2007 as the successor of Klaus Kleinfeld, and was selected to take on the new position on 1 July 2007.[1] As of 2017, Löscher remains as the only CEO to be hired from outside the conglomerate in the 170-year history of Siemens.[2]

Early life and education

Peter Löscher graduated from Gymnasium Villach/Austria in 1978 and got a master's degree at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. Later he attended but did not obtain a degree from an MBA program at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, and attended the six-week Advanced Management Program (AMP) at Harvard Business School. In 2007 he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Engineering from Michigan State University.[3]

Career

[The President of Russia Vladimir Putin and Peter Löscher in 2010.] [Peter Löscher, President and CEO of Siemens, with Maria Bartiromo, the television journalist, at the FT CNBC Davos Nightcap, 26th January 2012.] From 1988 until 2000 he worked for the German pharmaceutical company Hoechst in Spain, Japan, Great Britain and the United States. After Hoechst merged with Rhone-Poulenc he stayed at Aventis until 2002.[4] He then joined Amersham, which was taken over by General Electric. In 2006 he became a member of the executive board of the US pharmaceutical company Merck[5].

Löscher became the first CEO of Siemens AG to be appointed from outside the company in 2007.[6] Under Löscher, Siemens spun off its Osram lighting unit and sold its half of a joint venture with Nokia that supplied equipment for mobile telecommunication networks.[7] In 2012, he earned 8.7 million euros.[8] In late 2012, he initiated efforts to save 6 billion euros ($7.7 billion) over the following two years.[9]

In his capacity as CEO, he accompanied Chancellor Angela Merkel on various state visits, including to China in 2012.[10]

Following a series of missteps under his leadership, including a late delivery of high-speed ICE trains for German national railroad Deutsche Bahn and delays in completing offshore wind turbine projects,[11] he was replaced by Joe Kaeser (Josef Käser) as CEO and left Siemens in July 2013,[12] four years before the end of his contract.[13]

Under the terms of his pay-off of 17 million euros from Siemens,[14] Löscher was obliged not to work for a “significant competitor” of the company until September 2015. In 2014, he was hired by Russian billionaire Viktor Vekselberg to serve as chief executive of Renova Management (RMAG), which oversees his international industrial holdings, including stakes in Sulzer and in Oerlikon.[15] He left Renova in 2016, amid disagreements with Vekselberg.[16]

In Munich, Löscher shares an office with Ann-Kristin Achleitner, Paul Achleitner, Michael Diekmann and Joachim Faber.[17]

Other activities

Corporate boards

-   Salesforce, Member of the Advisory Board on Europe, the Middle East and Africa (since 2020)[18][19]
-   Philips, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2020)[20]
-   Telefónica Germany, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2020)[21][22]
-   Doha Venture Capital, Member of the Board of Directors
-   Telefónica, Independent Member of the Board of Directors (since 2016)[23]
-   Sulzer, Chairman of the Board of Directors (since 2014)[24]
-   TBG AG, Member of the Board of Directors (since 2013)[25]
-   OMV, Chair of the Supervisory Board (2016-2019)[26][27]
-   Deutsche Bank, Member of the European Advisory Board (2011),[28] Member of the Supervisory Board (2012-2017)[29]
-   Munich Re, Member of the Supevisory Board (2009-2014)[30][31]

Non-profit organizations

-   Asia-Pacific Committee of German Business (APA), Chairman (2010-2014)
-   Siemens Stiftung, Chairman of the Board of Trustees (2008-2014)

Personal life

Löscher speaks German, English, French, Spanish, and Japanese.[32] He and his Spanish-born wife have three children. According to an interview in the _New York Times_, Löscher was the captain of the volleyball team at high school and college.[33]

[1] Merck Announces Resignation of Peter Loescher, President, Global Human Health

[2] Spiegel Online, 21 May 2007 “Peter Löscher, an Outsider, Named New CEO”

[3] Siemens

[4] Nicola Leske (20 May 2007), Merck's Loescher to be Siemens' first outsider CEO _Reuters_.

[5]

[6]

[7] Jack Ewing (28 July 2013), Siemens to Oust Chief After String of Setbacks _New York Times_.

[8] Chris Bryant (27 November 2013), Loescher to get €17m pay-off from Siemens _Financial Times_.

[9] Maria Sheahan (8 November 2012), Siemens to sharpen its game with $7.7 billion of savings _Reuters_.

[10] Christian Geinitz (4 February 2012), Besuch der Kanzlerin: China will Europa nicht aufkaufen _Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung_.

[11] Jack Ewing (28 July 2013), Siemens to Oust Chief After String of Setbacks _New York Times_.

[12]

[13] Jack Ewing (27 July 2013), Siemens CEO to leave following profit warning _Reuters_.

[14] Chris Bryant (27 November 2013), Loescher to get €17m pay-off from Siemens _Financial Times_.

[15] Chris Bryant and Arash Massoudi (18 September 2014), Ex-chief poses dilemma for Siemens _Financial Times_.

[16] Sven Clausen (18 April 2016), Peter Löschers Trennung von Oligarch Vekselberg: Matschschlacht um Ex-Siemens-Chef Löscher _Manager Magazin_.

[17] Henning Peitsmeier and Klaus Max Smolka (22 May 2017), Die geheime Machtzentrale in München _Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung_.

[18] Salesforce Appoints Advisory Board to Support Growth in EMEA Salesforce, press release of 26 May 2020.

[19] Tanja Kewes (1 June 2020), Ex-BMW-Chef Krüger arbeitet nun für kanadischen Pensionsfonds _Handelsblatt_.

[20] Philips to nominate Feike Sijbesma and Peter Löscher as members of the Supervisory Board Philips, press release of 17 December 2019.

[21] Telefónica Deutschland Holding AG: Peter Löscher soll Mitglied des Aufsichtsrats von Telefónica Deutschland werden Telefónica Germany, press release of 17 February 2020.

[22] Neuer Job für Peter Löscher _Manager Magazin_, 18 February 2020.

[23] The Board of Directors of Telefónica approves the appointment of José María Álvarez-Pallete as Executive Chairman Telefónica, press release of 8 April 2016.

[24] Peter Löscher reelected as Chairman of Sulzer’s Board of Directors, Sulzer, press release of 4 April 2018.

[25] Christian Teevs (3 February 2013), Peter Löscher: Siemens-Chef überwacht Milliarden-Imperium von Thyssen-Erben _Der Spiegel_.

[26] Hans-Peter Siebenhaar (14 September 2018), Ex-Siemens-Chef Löscher tritt bei OMV als Chefaufseher ab _Handelsblatt_.

[27] Peter Löscher announced his resignation as Chairman of the OMV Supervisory Board at the Annual General Meeting 2019 OMV, press release of 14 September 2018.

[28] 2011 Annual Report: Advisory Boards Deutsche Bank.

[29] Axel Höpner, Yasmin Osman and Hans-Peter Siebenhaar (14 March 2017), Ex-Siemens-Chef zieht sich aus Deutschland zurück _Handelsblatt_.

[30] Munich Re: Consistent risk management pays off in the crisis Munich Re, press release of 22 April 2009.

[31] Munich Re: Changes on the Board of Management and proposals for election to the Supervisory Board Munich Re, press release of 19 March 2014.

[32] Nicola Leske (20 May 2007), Merck's Loescher to be Siemens' first outsider CEO _Reuters_.

[33]

title: Peter Löscher

question: Summarize the conditions that formed the foundation for Peter to leave Seimens.

answer: Two major projects encountered what appears to be significant delays. The first project is for the deliver of high-speed ICE trains for Deutsche Bahn. The second is for offshore wind turbine projects. Due to these, Peter stepped down from the position of CEO for Siemens.

question: What qualifications does Joe Kaser have which served as the reason why he was chosen to step in and replace Peter Löscher as CEO?