text:
__ Harvey Quinn last edited by AKAWiccan on 11/07/20 05:50PM __ View full history

Origin

Harvey McPhearson had a tough life in Michigan, he was picked on in grade school and landed in jail a few times. Then when he was "old enough he moved to Manhattan's West Side. That's where he met Harley Quinn and joined The Gang of Harleys.

Harley's motto is, "Be who you want to be." He also takes every opportunity to show off his body proudly and none of the other girls in the gang seem to mind.

Major Story Arcs

General Information

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Super Name                        | Harvey Quinn                      |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Harvey Quinn                      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Real Name                         | Harvey McPhearson                 |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Real Name                         |
|                                   | Real name for this character.     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Aliases                           |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Publisher                         | DC Comics                         |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Publisher                         |
|                                   | Publisher for this character.     |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Creators                          | Amanda Conner Jimmy Palmiotti     |
|                                   | Chad Hardin                       |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Creators                          |
|                                   | Creators of this character.       |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Gender                            | Male                              |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Gender                            |
|                                   | Gender of this character.         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Character Type                    | Human                             |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Character Type                    |
|                                   | Character type of this character. |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| First Appearance                  | DC Sneak Peek: Harley Quinn #1    |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Appears in                        | 38 issues                         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Birthday                          | n/a                               |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Birthday                          |
|                                   | Birthday for this character.      |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Died                              | None                              |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Issues Died                       |
|                                   | Issues where this character died. |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Powers                            | None                              |
|                                   |                                   |
|                                   | Character Powers                  |
|                                   | Powers of this character.         |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

-   Recent Movies

-   Teams
-   Friends
-   Enemies

Top contributors to this wiki

question: What does the text say about Harvey Quinn?

answer: Harvey Quinn is a DC Comics character who is proud of his body and believes in self-empowerment. Harvey's given name is Harvey McPhearson, who lived a tough life in Michigan before moving to Manhattan's West Side. Harvey met Harley Quinn there and joined a gang. Harvey Quinn appears in 38 issues.

question: What does the text say about Harvey Quinn's parents?


split: test

text:
*Loosely based on an event that happened to me today.*

The engines of my Cadillac let out a final roar as it dies down. I carefully open the door and slowly drag myself out of the car. I take a moment to observe my surroundings. I am standing on top of 'Sterling Cliff,' named after the man who discovered it. It's really a popular hangout spot for high schoolers like me (though I don't use it to hangout), but being that it's winter break, I seem to be alone for the time being. If you take the underpass off of route 20 and keep going straight until you see a **DO NOT ENTER** sign, you'd be where I am now. I dare not look down, though I wouldn't mind if an accident were to have me greet the rubble a few miles down. Today's been a rough day. I climb onto the roof of my car and let my legs dangle over the windshield. I fish my pockets for a cigarette to calm my nerves, but I find nothing. I always carry a vaporizer, however, in case I find myself in the situation I am in currently. They say these devices are supposed to be safer than cigarettes. I guess I'll choose the poison that kills me the slowest.

I take out the vaporizer from my breast pocket and fiddle with it as I look out into the sky. The sky glows with a red-orange hue, as if the sky has been set on fire. The clouds and rich colors permeating the sky coalesce to form a scene right out of a painting by Monet. Little stars soon appear to dot the sky, though they are enveloped by the large, dark clouds beginning to form. Though this beautiful scenery surrounds me, I feel nothing. There's a void in my life that needs to be filled, or so it seems. I take a long drag from my vaporizer. A deep exhale follows as I watch the strawberry flavored smoke rise up until it kisses the sky and disappears. Truly surreal. I feel something cold and wet hit my shoulder. Suddenly, a flurry of snow begins to descend upon me and the sky changes color accordingly to a depressing dark-blue color. Atleast the dreary weather matches my mood now.

I feel the snow melt on my dark, silky hair, which reminds me, I forgot to bring a jacket. I take another puff of my vaporizer and let the chemicals seep into my brain. I still don't feel anything, but I sense I'm more placid and lethargic than when I arrived here. I wish I could just curl up into a ball and sleep. Slowly the world will forget about me. I would never achieve success, but I would not experience failure. It's a fair trade-off to me. I could shirk my responsibilities and live on my own accord. There's too much uncertainty in my future. Too many expectations placed on me. I wish I could transcend this body and live amongst the stars.

I place the vaporizer to my mouth and inhale, letting the strawberry vapor dance on my tongue, and exhale once again. I see my smoke exit my cold lips and realize that it's stopped snowing. The clouds have parted to reveal a sky bespeckled with stars and a lone crescent moon. I remember when I was young, I used to chase the moon, thinking one day I could reach out and grab it for myself. I don't remember why I wanted it so bad though. Maybe it was so I could impress my peers during show-and-tell. Maybe it was because I knew a lifeless piece of rock would treat me better than those that have surrounded me my entire life. I let out a yawn as I'm ruminating and realize it's only the bright moonlight that's keeping me awake. I jump down the roof of my car and enter it. The car howls into submission, a noise matched only by the gust of wind outside, as I enter the key into the ignition and drive away home.

title: [RF] A Night Under the Stars.

question: What does the text say about vaporizers?

answer: The narrator always carries a vaporizer in case they're out of cigarettes. Additionally, they're supposed to be safer than cigarettes. The narrator sees the chemicals that seep into their brain to be a poison that kills them the slowest. The vaporizer they're smoking is strawberry flavored, and when they exhale smoke rises up into the sky.

question: Summarize everything relating to nature.

answer: The narrator is hanging out on a cliff and admiring the sunset, which glows a red-orange hue. The clouds and rich colors make the sky look like a Monet painting. As the stars fill the sky, dark clouds appear and it begins to snow. The dreary weather and snow soon stop, and the sky reveals more stars and a crescent moon. When the narrator leaves, he notes the howling wind.

question: Summarize how the narrator feels about themself.

answer: The narrator feels that there's a void in their life that needs to be filled because they feel nothing even as they are in beautiful surroundings. They note that they feel more placid and lethargic since arriving to the cliff, but still don't feel anything. They wish they could just sleep and have the world forget about them so that they could escape life's expectations and uncertainties. They reflect on how they used to chase the moon as a child. They wonder if their motives were laying in attention or because they believed they found comfort in the moon.

question: Summarize everything relating to the narrator's family.


text:
_THE AMAZING NEW ELECTRONIC POP SOUND OF JEAN JACQUES PERREY_ is a studio album by Jean-Jacques Perrey, released in 1968.

Track listing

SIDE ONE

1.  “Mary France” (Jean-Jacques Perrey, Andy Badale) – 2:49
2.  “The Little Ships” (Perrey) – 2:19
3.  “Island in Space” (Perrey, Badale) – 2:44
4.  “The Mexican Cactus” (Perrey, Eileen Davies) – 2:16
5.  “Porcupine Rock” (Perrey, Badale) – 2:18
6.  “The Little Girl from Mars” (Perrey, Stanley Krell) – 2:58
7.  “Mister James Bond” (Perrey, Badale) – 3:03

SIDE TWO

1.  “Frère Jean Jacques” (Perrey) – 2:39
2.  “Brazilian Flower” (Perrey, Davies) – 1:57
3.  “In the Heart of a Rose” (Perrey, Badale) – 2:43
4.  “The Minuet of the Robots” (Pat Prilly, Harry Breuer) – 2:18
5.  “Four, Three, Two, One” (Prilly, Breuer) – 2:34
6.  “Gypsy in Rio” (Prilly, Breuer, Gary Carol) – 2:02

title: The Amazing New Electronic Pop Sound of Jean Jacques Perrey

question: What genre is the album?

answer: Presumably electronic pop, as implied by the album's title (though the article does not confirm this).

question: Who is the artist of the album?

answer: Jean-Jacques Perrey

question: How many tracks does the album feature?

answer: 13

question: How many of the album's tracks were written by the album artist?

answer: 10

question: What is the longest track on the album?

answer: Mister James Bond

question: When was the album released?

answer: 1968

question: What label was the album released on?

answer: This information can't be found.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: An article for the 1968 album "The Amazing New Electronic Pop Sound of Jean Jacques Perrey". The article features a tracklist for the album.


text:
[Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont entered the race with a huge network of online donors, but his fund-raising has slowed in recent months.]

Credit...Elizabeth Frantz for The New York Times

-   July 2, 2019

WASHINGTON — Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont raised $18 million in the past three months, his presidential campaign said on Tuesday. The total was another display of his strength with small donors, but it also showed that his fund-raising had slowed since he began his campaign.

Mr. Sanders’s fund-raising total for April through June was roughly equal to what he raised in the first six weeks of his presidential bid, in February and March. It was also significantly less than the $24.8 million that Mayor Pete Buttigieg of South Bend, Ind.,collected in the past three months, an eye-popping sum that the Buttigieg campaign revealed on Monday.

Mr. Sanders received nearly one million contributions in the second quarter, his campaign said. The average donation was $18, and 99.3 percent of contributions were $100 or less, his team said.

The campaign did not specify the total number of people who donated, some of whom presumably made multiple contributions. But it said that 46 percent of its donors in the quarter had not previously given to Mr. Sanders’s 2020 campaign.

Mr. Sanders and Mr. Buttigieg are the first two Democratic candidates to disclose their fund-raising for the second quarter of the year, which ended Sunday. Their totals are likely to be among the largest in the field.

_[The Trump campaign and the R.N.C._ _said they had raised $105 million in the second quarter__.]_

After running for president in 2016, Mr. Sanders entered the 2020 race with a huge network of online donors, giving him a built-in advantage over his opponents in collecting small donations.

But Democratic voters have many more candidates to choose from this time around. Mr. Sanders has trailed former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. in national polling, and he faces stiff competition from Senator Elizabeth Warren of Massachusetts to win over voters on the party’s left flank.

Like Ms. Warren, Mr. Sanders is counting on small donations from huge numbers of grass-roots Democrats to power his campaign. He has spurned wealthy donors and is not holding high-dollar fund-raising events, though last month he held the first grass-roots fund-raiser of his campaign.

Mr. Buttigieg, meanwhile, has vacuumed up big donations from donors on the traditional fund-raising circuit, in addition to bringing in money at grass-roots events and collecting online donations.

Mr. Buttigieg’s second-quarter haul was a coup for a mayor of a midsize city who was virtually unknown outside Indiana at the start of the year. But he has not yet translated his fund-raising prowess to polling success, consistently registering in the single digits in voter surveys.

_[__Sign up for our politics newsletter_ _and join the conversation around the 2020 presidential race.]_

The Sanders campaign’s second-quarter total is a tangible indication that its fund-raising has cooled somewhat, since the $18 million it said it raised is nearly identical to what the campaign reported for the first quarter — and that was accomplished in roughly half the time.

Faiz Shakir, Mr. Sanders’s campaign manager, attributed the high first-quarter number in part to a burst of momentum Mr. Sanders generated at the start of his campaign. “Every candidate has a bump when they announce, and we had a bump when we announced, and it is hard to sustain,” he said.

Mr. Sanders led the Democratic field in the first quarter with $18.2 million raised. He also transferred $2.5 million to his 2020 campaign in that quarter that he had previously collected. (Presidential candidates can make use of money they raised in past federal campaigns.)

Mr. Sanders transferred another $6 million to his presidential campaign in the second quarter and ended the period with roughly $30 million in cash on hand, Mr. Shakir said.

Mr. Shakir acknowledged that the $18 average donation for the second quarter was lower than the $27 average that Mr. Sanders’s 2016 campaign frequently trumpeted. But he attributed it to “what a working-class movement looks like.”

“It is a reflection that a lot of people are struggling out there,” he said, adding that Mr. Sanders’s core donors are often younger people and people with lower disposable incomes who work at companies like Amazon, Starbucks and Walmart.

Mr. Sanders’s approach of relying on small contributions from a big pool of supporters also allows him to continue asking those supporters for more money as the primary campaign unfolds — as opposed to candidates who rely on $2,800 checks from donors, the maximum amount that an individual can give for the primary. Mr. Sanders’s campaign said nearly 99.9 percent of its donors in the quarter can continue to donate.

Before the second-quarter deadline on Sunday, the Sanders team relentlessly reminded supporters that it was raising money very differently than some other campaigns.

In an email soliciting donations on Saturday, Mr. Shakir wrote that some of Mr. Sanders’s opponents were spending the weekend going from fund-raiser to fund-raiser, “holding expensive hors d’oeuvres with one hand while gobbling up fat checks with the other.”

“Some are going to raise ridiculous amounts of money that way,” he wrote. “Obscene amounts. You’ll see it soon.”

Another email later Saturday mentioned Mr. Biden, who is relying heavily on big donors, by name. Mr. Biden, who entered the race in late April, is expected to post a big number for the quarter; he suggested at a fund-raiser last month that his campaign had already brought in about $20 million.

The coming fund-raising total for Senator Kamala Harris of California is also expected to be strong, fueled by a combination of traditional fund-raising and online giving. Ms. Harris raised $12 million in the first quarter of the year, more than anyone except Mr. Sanders.

Her campaign said it raised more than $2 million online in the 24 hours after the start of Thursday’s Democratic debate, when Ms. Harris memorably confronted Mr. Biden over his opposition to school busing, and another $1.2 million online over the weekend.

The two dozen Democratic presidential candidates are competing for donations as President Trump is piling up money for his re-election effort. The Trump campaign and the Republican National Committee said on Tuesday that they had raised a total of $105 million in the second quarter.

question: What was unique about Bernie Sanders fundraising?

answer: In the past 3 months, Sanders has raised $18 million, all from small donations. While less than other candidates, 99.3% of his contributions were less that $100, with the average donation being $18.

question: How does this compare to Trump?

answer: Trump's campaign and the R.N.C. said they had raised $105 million in the second quarter.

question: Why is Sanders' network so strong?

answer: Because he ran for president in 2016, he entered the 2020 race with a very big network of online donors. He relies on these small donors, as he has spurned wealthy donors and doesn't hold big money campaign fundraising events, though he has held grass roots ones.

question: What does Sanders believe is his central purpose when it comes to fund raising?

answer: He believes the grass roots way is the best, and frequently made it known to his supporters that he was going to raise money in a very Bernie way. Sanders' campaign manager Faiz Shakir wrote of the grotesque amounts of money political candidates rake in at expensive dinner events, holding up expensive food in one hand and vacuuming up big checks in the other.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: Bernie Sanders has raised $18 million in the past three months of campaigning. He raises money in a very specific and unique way unlike other candidates, and relies almost entirely on small, grass roots donations. His average donation was $18, and 99.3% of donations were less than $100. He is relentless in insisting that he will continue to raise money this way, and has scorned the big money types of donations his competitors entertain. While his approach is admirable, he has raised less than some of his opponents, like Pete Buttigieg raising $20 million and Donald Trump claiming $105 million in the last quarter.


text:
_THE LONE FLAG: MEMOIR OF THE BRITISH CONSUL IN MACAO DURING WORLD WAR II_, a 2014 nonfiction English language book published by Hong Kong University Press, is a memoir by John Pownall Reeves, who from 1941 to 1946 served as the British consul residing in Macau.[1] He assisted British citizens and others during World War II, when Hong Kong, then a British territory, was invaded by Japan. At the time Macau was controlled by Portugal, which had not chosen a side in the war; Macau was not invaded by any party. Colin Day and Richard Garrett edited the published work, and the volume also includes an essay written by David Calthorpe about Reeves. It is a part of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Studies Series.[2]

Background

Reeves wrote his memoirs in 1946, starting his efforts while engaging in his “home leave”, and continuing whilst serving for the Foreign Office in Rome, Italy.[3] The writing ended in 1949.[4] Editor Day wrote that “It is quite apparent that he hoped for publication” and therefore Reeves wrote deliberately in a manner of “occasional vagueness”.[5] However the Foreign Office asked him not to publish the book to avoid complicating relations between the United Kingdom and Portugal, the Republic of China, and the United States in addition to standard Foreign Office rules against such matters.[6]

Day wrote that “It is believed that the main body of the memoir was hand-written and then typed by a secretary, probably in Rome.”[7] Calthorpe's partner created a Microsoft Word file using the text of the typed document. Wilhelm Snyman gave copies of the Word file to the editors of the published volume and also introduced the file to Macau itself.[8] The editors added the texts of various addenda into the body of the original document as the addenda stated where they were to be inserted.[9]

Day did consulting work for the Cultural Affairs Bureau of Macau and is the publisher of HKUP; he had previous work experience in the United Kingdom and the United States. Day first read the memoirs circa 2000 after meeting a South African academic who had copies of the documents.[10]

Contents

Bill Purves stated in a review published in the _Asian Review of Books_ that “Reeves’s account is less than half of the story” due to the desire of Reeves to be published.[11] Purves stated that therefore “Reeves’s presumably much more interesting anti-Japanese activities are alluded to only occasionally, and very, very indirectly.”[12]

Reception

Augustine Meaher, whose review was published by the University of Southern California USC US-China Institute, wrote that the book was an “excellent work for” historians and university students of all levels.[13]

Purves wrote “So don’t purchase this memoir for tales of hugger-mugger, but _The Lone Flag_ nevertheless gives an interesting picture of wartime life in a theatre which has previously received almost no attention.”[14]

[1]

[2]

[3] Day, page ix (PDF p. 6/67)

[4]  - Reprinted in the _Portuguese American Journal_

[5] Day, page x (PDF p. 7/67)

[6]

[7] Day, page xvii (PDF p. 14/67)

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

title: The Lone Flag

question: What is "The Lone Flag: Memoir of the British Counsel in Macao During World War II"?

answer: A nonfiction book.

question: When was it published?

answer: 2014.

question: Who is the author of this book?

answer: John Pownall Reeves.

question: When did he reside in Macau?

answer: 1941-1946.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: "The Lone Flag: Memoir of the British Counsel in Macao During World War II" is a memoir written by John Pownall Reeves.  From 1941 to 1946, Reeves served as the British consul residing in Macau, assisting British citizens and others during World War II, when Hong Kong, then a British territory, was invaded by Japan. Macau was controlled by Portugal, which had not chosen a side in the war; Macau was not invaded by any party. Reeves wrote his memoirs from 1946-1949, starting his efforts while engaging in his “home leave”, and continuing whilst serving for the Foreign Office in Rome, Italy.


text:
The 2020 PARIS–NICE was a road cycling stage race that was held between 8 and 14 March 2020 in France. It was the 78th edition of Paris–Nice and the fifth race of the 2020 UCI World Tour. The race was shortened on 13 March, removing the final stage, due to concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic.[1] The global health situation had already led to the withdrawal of several teams before and during the race.[2]

German rider Maximilian Schachmann won the overall classification after the race was ended following the seventh stage. Belgian Tiesj Benoot was second, Colombian Sergio Higuita third.[3]

Teams

Seventeen teams participated in the race, including twelve UCI WorldTour teams and five UCI Professional Continental teams. Several teams originally scheduled to take part in the race withdrew due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including , , , , , , and .[4][5][6] During the race, many riders and teams chose to pull out, including , , and defending world road race champion Mads Pedersen, due to various coronavirus-related reasons.[7][8] As a result, of the 136 riders who started the race, only 61 riders finished.

UCI WORLDTEAMS

-   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -

UCI PROFESSIONAL CONTINENTAL TEAMS

-   -   -   -   -

Route

  Stage   Date       Course                                         Distance   Type   Winner
  ------- ---------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------- ------ ----------------------- --------------------
  1       8 March    Plaisir to Plaisir                                        []     Hilly stage
  2       9 March    Chevreuse to Chalette-sur-Loing                           []     Flat stage
  3       10 March   Chalette-sur-Loing to La Châtre                           []     Flat stage
  4       11 March   Saint-Amand-Montrond to Saint-Amand-Montrond              []     Individual time trial
  5       12 March   Gannat to La Côte-Saint-André                             []     Flat stage
  6       13 March   Sorgues to Apt                                            []     Hilly stage
  7       14 March   Nice to Valdeblore La Colmiane                            []     Mountain stage
  8       15 March   Nice to Nice                                              []     Medium mountain stage
  Total

  : Stage characteristics and winners[9]

Stages

Stage 1

8 March 2020 — Plaisir to Plaisir, [10]

  --- ---
  |   |
  --- ---

Stage 2

9 March 2020 — Chevreuse to Chalette-sur-Loing, [11]

  --- ---
  |   |
  --- ---

Stage 3

10 March 2020 — Chalette-sur-Loing to La Châtre, [12]

  --- ---
  |   |
  --- ---

Stage 4

11 March 2020 — Saint-Amand-Montrond to Saint-Amand-Montrond,  (ITT)[13]

  --- ---
  |   |
  --- ---

Stage 5

12 March 2020 — Gannat to La Côte-Saint-André, [14]

  --- ---
  |   |
  --- ---

Stage 6

13 March 2020 — Sorgues to Apt, [15]

withdrew before the start of stage 6, following concerns surrounding the coronavirus outbreak.[16]

  --- ---
  |   |
  --- ---

Stage 7

14 March 2020 — Nice to Valdeblore La Colmiane, [17]

  --- ---
  |   |
  --- ---

Stage 8 (cancelled)

15 March 2020 — Nice to Nice, [18]

Following stage 5, the decision was made to cancel stage 8 in order to limit the exposure of staff and riders during the coronavirus outbreak.[19]

Classification leadership table

+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Stage   | Winner  | General | Points  | Mountai | Young   | Teams   |
|         |         | classif | classif | ns      | rider   | classif |
|         |         | ication | ication | classif | classif | ication |
|         |         | []      | []      | ication | ication | []      |
|         |         |         |         | []      | []      |         |
+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+
| 1       | Maximil | Maximil | Maximil | Jonatha | Cees    |         |
|         | ian     | ian     | ian     | n       | Bol     |         |
|         | Schachm | Schachm | Schachm | Hivert  |         |         |
|         | ann     | ann     | ann     |         |         |         |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 2       | Giacomo | Sergio  |         |
|         | Nizzolo | Higuita |         |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 3       | Iván    | Giacomo |
|         | García  | Nizzolo |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 4       | Søren   | Maximil |         |
|         | Kragh   | ian     |         |
|         | Anderse | Schachm |         |
|         | n       | ann     |         |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 5       | Niccolò |
|         | Bonifaz |
|         | io      |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 6       | Tiesj   | Nicolas |         |
|         | Benoot  | Edet    |         |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 7       | Nairo   | Tiesj   |
|         | Quintan | Benoot  |
|         | a       |         |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| 8       | _Cancel |
|         | led_[20 |
|         | ]       |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+
| Final   | Maximil | Tiesj   | Nicolas | Sergio  |         |
|         | ian     | Benoot  | Edet    | Higuita |         |
|         | Schachm |         |         |         |         |
|         | ann     |         |         |         |         |
+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+

Final classification standings

  Legend
  -------- ---------------------------------------------------- ---- ------------------------------------------------------
  []
  []
  []

General classification

Points classification

Mountains classification

Young rider classification

Teams classification

Notes

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

title: 2020 Paris–Nice

question: Why was stage 8 canceled?

answer: Coronavirus concerns.

question: What does the text say about the April event?


text:
"Sir? This is the last stop for this train. Do you want to get off here?"

So I dozed off for who knows how long.

Thanking the train attendant, I hastily shove the Palahniuk book into my worn out CaPerro handbag. The train, which was awfully vacated from the start, is now quietly empty. There is one old guy dressed in cargo green still sitting in his seat at the end of cabin two. He seems to be asleep, and the attendant makes her way to wake him up. Did I look like that before she woke me up? I don't know. I don't think I'd like to bother her for such a trivial matter, either.

The sky is painted a somber grey. It's still drizzling lightly outside, so I put on my leather beret and tighten my jacket straps. As the soles of my shoes crunch on the damp ground, the smell of rain soaking in caresses me and my footsteps softly.

I once learned from a book that the smell is called petrichor. And like that smell, your smile under the two-year-old August rain still mystifies what's left of me until this day.

Apr 11, 2012.

title: Why the smell of rain is so dear.

question: Who is the narrator addressing?

answer: Possibly a lover

question: Who is the narrator?

answer: That information can't be found

question: Where does the story take place?

answer: On a train somewhere on a rainy day

question: Who asks the narrator whether they want to get off?

answer: A train attendant

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: A train attendant wakes the narrator and tells him that they are at the last stop. The narrator gathers his things and leaves the train. He thinks about the smell of the rain and then tells his intended reader that their smile still mystifies him.


text:
ADAM LEAVY (born 21 September 1995) is an rugby union player. He plays for the Ireland national rugby sevens team as a forward.

Leavy debuted for the Ireland sevens team at the Exeter leg of the 2017 Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series.[1] Leavy represented Ireland at the 2018 Paris Sevens, helping Ireland notch wins against core teams Australia and Spain to finish in seventh place. Leavy played for Ireland at the 2019 Hong Kong Sevens qualifier, helping Ireland win the qualifying tournament and gain a place as a core team for the 2019-20 World Rugby Sevens Series.[2] Leavy also played at the 2019 London Sevens, helping Ireland secure wins against core teams England, Scotland, and Canada to finish in sixth.[3]

Leavy has also played rugby fifteens. As a schoolboy, Leavy played rugby for Saint Michael’s College.[4][5] Playing as a wing, Leavy was a member of the Connacht Rugby academy and also played for Lansdowne in the All-Ireland League.[6][7]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

title: Adam Leavy

question: Who is Adam Leavy?

answer: Adam Leavy is the forward for the Ireland National Rugby Sevens team.

question: When did Adam Leavy debut?

answer: In 2017, Adam Leavy played for the first time for the Ireland Sevens Team at the Exeter leg of the Rugby Europe Sevens Grand Prix Series.

question: How did Leavy get his start in rugby?

answer: He started playing rugby for Saint Michael's College.

question: How did Leavy contribute to the London Sevens in 2019?

answer: Leavy helped secure wins against core teams England, Scotland, and Canada to finish in sixth.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Adam Leavy, forward of the Ireland National Rugby Sevens team has helped the team secure wins against core teams England, Scotland, and Canada to finish in sixth in 2019. He started playing Saint Michael's College before joining Ireland in the Exeter Leg of the 2017 Rugby Europe Grand Prix Series.


text:
This is among my first attempts at writing short stories, so advice and criticism are much appreciated!

Johnny Hall was sprawled on his bunk bed, listening to the heavy rain drops on the train’s sheet metal roof and a faint guitar in another wagon. His former squad mate, now cell mate– Dan Burns, was playing solitaire on the shoddy wooden end table in the other corner of the room. It was kind enough that the handlers had given them a deck of playing cards... too kind for a bunch of no-good dirtbag invaders. This was not an ordinary train, and they were not ordinary prisoners.

The door to the coupe opened, letting in the evening chill. It was pitch black outside. A Russian soldier walked in and laid his heavy backpack on the table by the door:

“Feeling energized, comrade specialist?”– he asked Burns, who didn’t even look at the newly arriving handler:

“The train is five hours away from Houston. There– you’ll be interrogated and, hopefully... recruited.”

“Forget that, Ivan.”– Dan answered briefly, looking into the soldier’s eyes: “No amount of tea and *Pirogi* will make me give away my command!”– he followed with a grin.

“Well that’s a shame... the war *IS* over. You are now officially considered terrorists and government obstructions! If I were you I’d use the chance to land myself in the new government! And you– comrade specialist... you are presented with such an opportunity.”

“Better shoot us on spot.”– Hall joined the conversation.

“It’ll come to that eventually, don’t worry.”– the Russian squatted beside the cell bars:

“But if I were you I’d play nice. I don’t see how your command would even vouch for you! They’re all terrorists, and so are you! And if you don’t abide, you’ll be dead terrorists by dawn!”– the soldier stared Hall in the eyes. Hall stared back.

The rain got heavier. The sheet metal roof sounded like it was being banged on. The guitar in the other wagon faded away:

“The lads were so happy we captured you two that they’re probably too drunk to even play the guitar now.”– the handler chuckled:

“If you were my soldiers, you’d be there with the others– enjoying the victory! *but nooo*, you’d rather die for a failed government that couldn’t even-“– he couldn’t finish the sentence.

A sound Hall and Burns knew too well just resonated in their heads...

*flashbang*

The prisoners got on the floor and covered their ears.

“What the-“– the Russian exclaimed.

*bang*

*bang*

*thud*

“Would you look at that! Two more *meat-shields* for my squad of *terrorists*!”

Hall knew the voice too well– Colonel Bertram Reeves. He opened his eyes and got up from the floor. The colonel was wearing a waterproof rain poncho under a decked out load bearing harness, and a compact set of night vision goggles. In his hands– a decked out specialist AK-12. He picked up the keys to the cell and tossed them to Burns:

“Open it up, Burns, we have to get off this fucking train! Hall– you get the dead guy’s AK.”

The cell door opened. Burns hugged his commander and exclaimed:

“All hail the mighty god-emperor Reeves– the savior of the unbroken and the bringer of doom upon the invader menace!”

“It’s nice to see you too, kid! Now... can you still drive?”

“Yessssir! What are we driving?”

“A trio of Ural motorcycles is waiting in the cargo carriage. Modded to the bone."

"Urals? Not bad, but I heard the clutches are a nightmare to work."– said Hall, putting the dead Russian’s load bearing harness on.

"Don’t worry, we’ll spend most of the journey in 5th gear!"– the colonel fired back with a tone of pride and military spirit:

"The rain is pretty loud, and no one on board knows that the two rear guard carriages are knocked out. Let’s move quickly and get to the cargo bay!"

The three walked out of the prisoner carriage and prepared to breech the next one. The colonel gave a signal to Hall, who was the only one armed of the two captured specialists. Then, he opened the door and threw a flashbang.

*bang*

"Breech!"– the two soldiers moved into the coupe and mowed down a dozen of stunned enemies with controlled bursts:

"Clear! Burns, get a gun!"– Reeves shouted.

Burns picked up a Saiga 12 shotgun from the floor and decked himself out with a scavenged harness, while his two squad mates reloaded their weapons and finished off the injured foes.

"Next!”

They walked out of the carriage and into the next. Same drill, flashbangs flew in and enemies collapsed onto the floor. No one heard the shots in the deafening storm and rattle of the train tracks, so the trio had the element of surprise on their side. One by one, clearing out all the enemies on their way, the party reached the cargo carriage:

“Voila!”– the colonel pointed at three motorcycles in the midst of weapons and other military equipment, pulling out a detonator and a plastic charge from his harness:

“Hall, plant this in the munitions storage! Let’s see how easy it is for the Russkies to get to Houston on a burning train!”

Hall took the charge and planted it in the pile of boxes with RPG-7 grenades, then came back to the three motorcycles and sat on the one beside Burns. Colonel Reeves unhinged the barn door on the side of the carriage and a wall of hail and rain covered their faces. Next, Reeves pulled the brake lever next to the door and the train violently came to a halt in the span of several seconds. Alarms went off in every carriage:

“Just in time, Ivan!”– Burns chuckled.

The trio revved their motorcycles and, one by one, jumped out of the carriage. Hall felt the wind blowing in his face, the stiff suspension recovering from the brutal jump, the nightmare-inducing clutch that was barely even working, and the angry roar of the engine– the magnificent sound that he grew up with! This was freedom!

“Blow it up!”- Reeves shouted once the bikes were half a mile away from the train.

Hall pressed the detonator. The train erupted in flames, throwing up clouds of toxic smoke and debris. Burns looked at the whole thing with the burning passion of a child, crying out loudly:

“Whoooooo! The war ain’t over yet! The war ain’t over!”

*To be continued?*

title: [RF] The War ain’t over yet!

question: Summarize the events that led to escape of Johnny Hall and Dan Burns as well as the the blowing up of the train.

answer: Hall and Burns had been imprisoned by the Russians and transported on a train to be interrogated. One of the Russian soldiers called both men terrorists and implored them to cooperate with the government. He told them that is their only hope of being recruited. As the Russian soldier spoke, a flashbang got off and the prisoners got on the floor, covering their ears. Entered Colonel Bertram Reeves, an acquaintance of Hall and Burns. He told both prisoners they have to get off the train. He told the men there are a couple of Ural motorcycles in another carriage they need to make their escape. The three men raided the train's armory and picked some guns. From there, they went from carriage to carriage, killing the Russians until they got to the motorcycles. They mounted them and drove off as they blew the train to smithereens.

question: Which country was Hall and Burns fighting for?


text:
The AVERAGE YOUNG AMERICAN MALE, also known as the AVERAGE AMERICAN MAN and the AMERICAN ADONIS, was a 22-inch plaster statue sculpted in 1921 by Jane Davenport Harris as a composite model for the eugenics movement in the United States.[1] The statue was exhibited at the Second and Third International Congresses of Eugenics in 1921 and 1932, respectively, as a visual representation of that which eugenicists considered to be the degeneration of the white race.[2][3] While the statue received mixed responses from contemporary critics, it inspired the creation of additional composite statues as propaganda for the eugenics movement throughout the mid-twentieth century.[4]

Conception

Created in 1921, the figure was based on anthropometric measurements taken from 100,000 white U.S. Army recruits. Body measurements of drafted and demobilized American soldiers were commissioned by the Office of the Surgeon General and documented by Charles Davenport and Albert G. Love.[5] The data collected was then averaged by Davenport's daughter Jane in order to create the final composite statue.

Eugenic Ideals

Such anthropometric studies had been used by eugenicists since the late nineteenth century to analyze various criminal, professional, and racial types of people. They were often represented visually through composite photography,[6] one example of which was Francis Galton’s composite portraiture. In the instance of the Average Young American Male, the use of sculpture as a medium allowed for three-dimensional examination of average body types.[7]

Although the data had been collected from World War I soldiers, wartime effects on the men's physique were not discussed. Instead, the depicted decline in the average American male's body was attributed solely to biological inheritance and immigration.[8] Henry Fairfield Osborn, co-founder of the Galton Society, delivered a speech alongside the exhibition that included the “Average Young American Male” statue, in which he encouraged the men in the room to realize that they were “engaged in a serious struggle to maintain our historic republican institutions through barring the entrance of those who are unfit to share the duties and responsibilities of our well-founded government.”[9]

Exhibition

The composite statue was exhibited both the Second and Third International Eugenics Congresses held at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, for the primary purpose of explaining the need for eugenic measures to a general public.[10]

Second International Eugenic Congress

The exhibition in 1921 included a poster titled _What is Eugenics?_ followed by this definition:

  “that science which studies the inborn qualities – physical, mental, and spiritual – in man, with a view to their improvement. Nothing is more evident in the history of families, communities, and nations that, in the change of individuals from generation to generation, some families, some races, and the people of some nations, improve greatly in physical soundness, in intelligence and in character, industry, leadership, and other qualities which make for human breed improvement; while other racial, national, and family stocks die out – they decline in physical stamina, in intellectual capacity and in moral force" (Laughlin 1934, 13).[11]

In order to illustrate the above eugenic idea of racial degeneracy, the exhibit included a pair of composite statues. At one end of the hall stood “The Average Young American Male, 100,000 White Veterans, 1919” and at the other stood “the Composite Athlete, 30 Strongest Men of Harvard.” [12] In her analytical essay “The American Adonis,” Mary Coffey wrote that the contrast between the healthy, idealized body of the composite Harvard athlete and the pudgy stomach and flaccid muscles of the average young American male provided a persuasive visual representation of the eugenic notion that the national white body was degenerating as a result of ill-advised race mixing with inferior European stocks.[13]

Third International Eugenic Congress

The first time the sculpture was shown, its juxtaposition with the composite sculpture of a Harvard athlete highlighted the degeneration to the Nordic body type caused by race mixing with “less evolved” white racial strains.[14] In 1932, however, at the Third International Eugenic Congress, eight years after the passage of the Immigration Restriction Act, the statue was a stand-alone exhibit. Its interpretation during this Congress had shifted to a sign of the degeneracy of the average American male resulting from differential birthrate. Coffey proposes that this shift in interpretation of the sculpture paralleled a shift in eugenicist focus from immigrants being primarily responsible for race degeneracy to white, middle-class, educated women who were having fewer children as being the main cause of national genetic decline.[15]

Criticism

It was widely agreed that Davenport's sculpture revealed that the average white male's physical fitness was far from ideal. Journalists criticized his pudgy stomach, slouching posture, heavy hips, and undefined muscles and interpreted the statue as a symbol of American degeneracy.[16]

The concept of composite statuary was also criticized by reviewers who denounced Davenport's statue as bearing no resemblance to life and a piece that does not deserve artistic merit. Because it was created using statistics, many art critics argued that the statue was not a true portrait of the average American and denounced it as a purely imaginary figure.[17]

In 1932, writing for the _New York Times_, art critic Edward Alden Jewell asked rhetorically, “What is a work of art and what is a work of science?”[18] His response to the sculpture included criticism of the growing authority of science to quantify and represent man over and against aesthetic canons of ideal beauty. Jewell referred to a conflict between the “Masterpiece” and the “Modeled Chart.” He wrote that since the Average American Male statue was created on the basis of data, or “two-dimensional charts,” collected from 100,000 “doughboys,” he cannot be considered a work of art.[19]

Legacy

Despite criticism in 1921 during its first exhibition, the sculpture remained on display through the Third International Congress of Eugenics and inspired the creation of additional composite statues by various artists over the next couple decades, meant to further the eugenic agenda and represent different racial types.[20]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

title: Average Young American Male (1921)

question: What is the Average Young American Male?

answer: A sculpture.

question: When was the Average Young American Male created?

answer: 1921.

question: What movement is the Average Young American Male associated with?

answer: Eugenics.

question: How tall was the sculpture?

answer: 22 inches.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article is about the Average Young American Male, a sculpture associated with the eugenics movement.


text:
The CLEVELAND, AKRON AND COLUMBUS RAILROAD (nicknamed the “Blue Grass Route of Ohio”[1]) was a railroad company in the U.S. state of Ohio. It connected its namesake cities and served as a vital link for later parent Pennsylvania Railroad to connect between Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio.

History

The company was formed through a reorganization of the Cleveland, Mount Vernon and Delaware Railroad on December 7, 1881, as the Cleveland, Akron and Columbus Railroad.[2] It was rumored in 1881 that the line might become part of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad system, as officials of that company had made visits to the property at the time.[3] The reorganization became effective on December 31, 1885, with the first trains running under the new name on January 1, 1886.

Rumors of control by the Pennsylvania Railroad floated in the mid-1890s,[4] with control of the CA&C ultimately gained in 1899. The CA&C merged with the Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley Railroad in 1911. Passenger services on the line ended on December 14, 1950.

Notes

Footnotes

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Cleveland, Akron and Columbus Railroad

question: When was the company founded?

answer: December 7, 1881

question: When did the Pennsylvania Railroad take control?

answer: 1899

question: When did passenger services end on the line?

answer: December 14, 1950

question: What state did the company serve?

answer: Ohio

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The Cleveland, Akron and Columbus Railroad was a railroad company that served Ohio from its founding in 1881 until its acquisition by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1899. Passenger services on the line stopped in December 1950.


text:
SABRINA LEFRANÇOIS (born 22 November 1980) is a French former pair skater. With Nicolas Osseland, she placed fourth at the 1997 World Junior Championships, 12th at the 1997 European Championships, and 17th at the 1998 Winter Olympics. She later competed with Jérôme Blanchard and won the 2004 French national title.

Programs

(with Blanchard)

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Season                | Short program         | Free skating          |
+=======================+=======================+=======================+
| 2003–2004             | -   Gotan Project     | -   Once Upon a Time  |
|                       |                       |     in America        |
|                       |                       |      by Ennio         |
|                       |                       |     Morricone         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| 2002–2003             | -   Valse Triste      | -   Romeo and Juliet  |
|                       |      by Jean Sibelius |      by Sergei        |
|                       |                       |     Prokofiev         |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+

Results

With Blanchard

            INTERNATIONAL
  --------------------------------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
                Event
            World Champ.
           European Champ.
          GP Cup of Russia
             GP Lalique
           GP Skate Canada
            Karl Schäfer
              NATIONAL
            French Champ.
    GP = Grand Prix; WD = Withdrew

With Osseland

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| INTERNATIONAL                                                         |
+:=====================================================================:+
| Event                                                                 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Winter Olympics                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| European Champ.                                                       |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| INTERNATIONAL: JUNIOR                                                 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| World Junior Champ.                                                   |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| JGP Slovakia                                                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Blue Swords                                                           |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| NATIONAL                                                              |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| French Champ.                                                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  J. = Junior level; JGP = Junior Series (Junior Grand Prix)           |
| WD = Withdrew                                                         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+

title: Sabrina Lefrançois

question: What competitions did Sabrina Lefrancois participate in?

answer: She placed fourth with Nicolas Osseland at the 1997 World Junior Championships, 12th at the 1997 European Championships, and 17th at the 1998 Winter Olympics. She later won the 2004 French national title with Jerome Blanchard.


text:
	Once upon a time there was a retard.  I called him Richard.  Richard was the name of the person for the part he played.  He was fat and that smell of a shirt that was packed away in your grandpa’s basement for ten years, then worn by your father for a week straight camping, without showering, was the smell that lingered after he‘d sneak up on you from behind and put you in a head lock and give you a noogie.
	He mowed lawns all day and all summer long.  His suspender held up his blue jeans just past his bellybutton.  A creased, foamy, netted hat sat on the top of his head, tilted up.  His t-shirts were stained yellow under his armpits.  Sometimes he wouldn’t wear a hat and his head would be freshly shaved and bald on top.
	The Tavern opened up at eleven, so if you worked lunch, the shifts began at ten.  Brew a pot of coffee.  Smoke a couple cigarettes.  Put on some music that you won’t be able to listen to when the seventy-year olds come in and ask you if you can pick out all the diced carrots in the chicken noodle soup.  Then, grab a stack of place mats and napkins and start setting the tables.  By the time you get to the silver ware, the other employees will start showing up.  Get the specials from the cook.  Write them on the board.  You’ll either have fifteen to spare or no time and that will depend on more than one variable.
	When then open sign is turned on, you won’t have much to do.  That is the time you should order food.
	At twelve, the construction workers will file in-in groups of three.  Their big, steel-toed boots will leave trails of red clay and dirt all over the bar.  At this same time, you’ll see a bike roll up, with a trailer carrying a lawn mower.  This is Richard.  He balances his bike by putting one peddle at the lowest possible point.  Then his bike balances on the peddle at a eighty-five degree angle.  You’ll never see his bike tip over.
	After he gets off his bike, he hikes up his pants and stomps into the bar.  The back door swings open and everything freezes for a moment.  His head shifts from side to side to side to side.  And his eyes are an extension of his head.  He talks to a few regulars then there is at least six inches of fat between him and the bar .  I am hosting and serving and Chelsea is bartending.
“Hey ah, Chelsea.”
Says Richard.
“Yes Richard.”
Responds Chelsea.
“Do you have any lunch specials my dear?”
“Yes we do Richard.  We have a Reuben or a Chicken Salad Sandwich.”
“Well then,  I guess I’ll take a burger, medium rare, with a few fries.”
“Alright Richard.  I’ll send that right in.”
Seeing there is fifteen minutes before his food will be ready, he walks over to me.
“Stahl, what are you up to?”
“Working hard Richard.”
I’d take another drag off my cigarette and look into the lounge.  The lounge would be empty.
“How about eighteen holes of golf?”
“Sure Richard.”
I’d hand him a few bucks and he’d get down on his knees and insert the money into the video game.  I wouldn’t always have the patience to play a game with Richard.  Sometimes I’d have work to do.  Or no money.  Then I’d suggest Chris as a partner.  Or Jay, who was my boss but he’d use the same excuse every time.
“Can’t.  Hurt my hand.”
	Once the money was in the machine, the music would begin playing and we would pick the color of our golfer.  At this moment, his eyes would widen and he’d have all the enthusiasm of a child on Christmas day.
“Oh man, Stahl, I am going to kick your butt!”
He’d say.
“Oh yeah?”
“Yeah.”
If he'd have had to gone to sleep, he would of been staring at the ceiling all night long.
	We would pick a course and begin playing.  Birdies were relatively easy to achieve.  Eagles were a bit more difficult.  And a hole in one was rare.  I didn’t want to beat him but I always did.  A birdie received a,
“Tweet, tweet, tweet.”
From Richard.
An eagle was louder, deep down in his throat and involved the flapping of his wings as if he were trying to fly away.  There was no signature sound for a hole in one.  I believe he’d  just yell real loud and give you a high five.
“That calls for O’ Doul’s.  I’ll take two and double fist’em and get rowdy and go to work tomorrow at the store all red-eyed so Laurie says, ‘What the hell did you do last night?  And I'll say I was double fisting O' Doul's.’”
Rarely did he hint at drinking Jager.  Or about a time, when he’d be plastered, starting bar fights and grabbing woman’s breasts.  One year though, while working the party, at Arnie’s beach, pouring beers for everyone, he began pouring them for himself as well.  And no one noticed because they convinced him along time ago that  O’Doul’s has alcohol, which isn’t exactly a lie.
	Usually his food would be done before our round, then it would get cold.  When we finished, I would say,
“Good game Richard.  What you up to now?”
“Well, I already moved Carol’s lawn.  Now I have to go mow Jerry’s and Johnnie’s lawn.”
“Work hard Richard.”
	Lunch ended at three and dinner began at five.  Richard would be back at five.  He’d put his order in and see if he could get another eighteen holes in.  I’d tell him,
“Once a day, Richard, once a day.”
Then he’d ask a few others who would refuse his offer.  He’d ask me again and I’d say,
“No.”
One more circle and try with me before he’d just start talking.
“What have you been up to Stahl?”
“Work and play, Richard.”
“Well, are you working hard?”
“Always do.”
I’d go behind the bar and pour him a double, cherry coke with extra grenadine.  His eyes became dilated and wouldn’t focus.  (Although his eyes never really did focus.)  His laugh and talk became more nervous and furtive.  Overall, he’d become more jittery and bounce off the walls while talking to everyone.  You could see him walk up to a tourist couple.  Pull out his business card.  Put his arm around one of them and talk like he’s known them his whole life.  Then five minutes later, you see their minds turning, thinking is this guy normal.  I’d place the drink on the napkin.  His eyes would lighten up.
“God you are the best, Stahl.”
“Thanks Richard.”
“No, thank you.  You know I love you because you’re crazy and we make it fun.”
“I know.”
He’d slam his beverage in about seven seconds and I’d make him another.
	By now it would be five fifteen.  You would go back and make sure no one had come to dine.  The restaurant would be empty.  Your fellow employees would be sitting on their asses.  It would be very motivating.  You could go have another cigarette, you could go read by the host desk, or you could go talk to Richard some more.  And that is what you’d do.  You would walk through the wait station, behind the front bar, back to the back bar and the only remnants would be an empty glass sitting on a soggy napkin.  You could look out the window and see his bike drifting slowly away.
	The following day Richard would be in at the exact same time.  He would nearly say the exact same things.  And days would come  and months would go.  Tourists would visit and leave.  More tourists would visit and leave.  The island would freeze, then thaw and everyone would continue living like always, except Richard because, one hot and humid August day, when his lawn mower broke down and he thought his life was worthless, he took a twelve gauge and blam, blam, there was a big hole through his head.  He was a good man.

title: Richard

question: What are the negative things the story says about Richard?

answer: The narrator thinks Richard is a "retard". He is fat and smells bad. His t-shirts are stained yellow under his armpits. Eventually, Richard kills himself.

question: What does the story say about food?

answer: When the seventy-year olds visit the tavern, they ask the narrator to pick the diced carrots out of the chicken noodle soup. When Richard shows up, he inquires about the lunch specials, which are a Reuben or Chicken Salad Sandwich. He orders a burger and fries.

question: What does the story say about Richard's family?


text:
-- Years

-- Months

-- Days

-- Hours

-- Minutes

-- Seconds

 Until Nano emissions are offset by a forest

Nano is cryptocurrency with instant transactions and zero fees, on this website you'll find live data related to the environmental impact of the Nano network. Contributing here, to plant new trees, is the perfect way for anyone to help reduce this impact. The countdown timer indicates when the planted trees from this project will have offset all emissions of the Nano network.

_Psst. If you're new to Nano, now would be a great time to check out the introduction video at nano.org_

Not all currencies are equal

Early cryptocurrencies require a process called mining, they're inefficient and use a huge amount of electricity per transaction.

Nano uses a technology called block lattice and doesn't require mining. This means Nano is extremely efficient and uses a tiny amount of electricity.

Electricity per transaction

Nano
0.112 Wh

Bitcoin
950 kWh

We have a huge head start

Without taking any action, Nano is orders of magnitude greener than minable cryptocurrencies.

The Nano network has been operating since 4th october 2015, and because it's so efficient it has a relatively small carbon footprint so far.

This carbon footprint can be offset by planting trees, which absorb CO2 from the atmosphere. Once the trees have offset the Nano emissions then Nano will be carbon neutral, and a truly green cryptocurrency.

Let's make it happen!

This is a community funded project, not officially linked to Nano. Nano do not have a community fund.

All contributions, no matter how small, will be spent on planting trees in the Reforestum Genesis Project, Spain.

Nano will be exchanged and used to purchase an area of new forest. The trees will then absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, reducing the countdown for Nano to become 100% green.

Contribute now

Reforestum

[]

Reforestum is a startup that was funded by Kickstarter and Indegogo. With their app you can purchase an area of land that they will reforest. Read more about Reforestum on the Reforestum website.

Reforesting is the perfect way to offset the Nano network's emissions, because as the network grows its rate of CO2 emissions will increase, and as the forest becomes more established its rate of CO2 capture will also increase.

This green curve on this graph shows the amount of CO2 that will be absorbed by the Nano forest over the next 25 years. The dotted grey line shows the CO2 emissions to date from the Nano network. The point at which these lines cross is when the Nano network will become green, and carbon neutral.

In the contribute section, use the slider or manual entry to see the impact that your contribution will have. Scroll back to this graph to see what it will look like after you've completed your contribution.

Contribute

By contributing, you agree that you have read the disclaimer

-   There is currently another payment pending of NANO, please make a payment of NANO so that your completed payment can be confirmed.
-   Transfer NANO to
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Milestones

1.  February 25, 2018
    The idea was born

    Inspired by /u/CanadianVelociraptor’s post on reddit, The entire Nano network is so efficient that, operating at 7000tps, it can be powered by a single wind turbine. Chats with Nano users on reddit and discord helped with calculations and development. Thanks folks!

2.  March 27, 2018
    Poll for Nano node operators.

    A poll asking node operators about their server specs was shared on reddit. Over 5% of Node operators completed the poll, providing essential data for approximating node power consumption.

3.  April 19, 2018
    Project launch

    Website is launched, and shared on Reddit and in Nano discord chat.

4.  May 3, 2018
    91 sqm of new forest

    The first contributions have been transferred to Reforestum, 91 square meters of forest are now doing their thing!

Calculations

Nano network blocks

Each block in the Nano network requires a Proof of Work task. This task can take a few seconds for a device to process (depending on processor power), and is a measure that is in place to protect against spam transactions.

    P (Watts) * t (hours) = E (Watt hours)

    100 * 1/3600 * 2 = 0.0555Wh

The energy used by all blocks to date is calculated by multiplying the power for a single PoW task by the total number of blocks.

    0.0000555kWh * 33116274 = kWh

Nano nodes

A Nano node is a device is running Nano software, and is generally running 24/7. Nodes are required for the network to function, more nodes mean better network performance and improved decentralisation.

Each day a snapshot of the number of running nodes is taken. This is used to calculate the node accumulative uptime. For example, if 1 node was running on day 1, 5 nodes on day 2 and 18 nodes on day 3 we would make the following calculation.

    1 * 24 + 5 * 24 + 18 * 24 = 576hours

In reality, the numbers are much higher, with the previous snapshot showing 318 active nodes. The current approximation for accumulative uptime is 18094907 hours

An approximation of an average node has been made based on this poll of node operators: What server do you use for your Nano node?

Power consumption for an average node was calculated to be 26W. From this, the energy used by all nodes to date can be calculated.

    0.026kW * 18094907h = kWh

CO2 emissions

Total network energy is approximated as the sum of the energy required for the blocks and nodes. For simplification, energy associated with other parts of the network has been ignored e.g. the internet connection of devices and nodes.

    kWh + kWh = kWh

An estimation of CO2 emissions has been, based on the conversion factor of 0.2795kgCO2/kWh from EU figure 2014

There is room for refinement with this estimation, as this conversion factor is unlikely to accurately represent global emissions.

    kWh * 0.2795kgCO2/kWh = kgCO2

CO2 offset

Reforestation was chosen as the method of CO2 offset. Newly planted trees capture CO2 over their lifetime. Initially, young plants capture little CO2, but over time, the CO2 capture vastly increases. The perfect match to offset a growing Nano network.

Reforestum was selected as best way to plant the forest. The process is straightforward and they provide a clear formula for CO2 capture over time. The formula was re-arranged and is used to calculate the time required to for an area of forest to capture a given amount of CO2.

The Nano network will be carbon neutral at the point in time when the CO2 offset matches the CO2 emissions. The network will be carbon negative and have a positive impact on the environment when the CO2 offset exceeds the CO2 emissions.

FAQs

-   How long will it take for Nano to be green?

    Honestly, I'm not sure! It partly depends on the growth of the Nano network, but most importantly this project depends on the Nano community to contribute.
    Use the sliders to see the impact of your contribution, every contribution, no matter how small, will make a difference!

-   Are your calculations accurate?

    Significant effort has been made to ensure the figures on this website are as accurate as possible.
    The number of NANO network blocks are live. In the calculations section, where rounding and assumptions have been made they have been detailed.

-   What happens as the rate of NANO transactions increase?

    As the NANO network becomes more established the rate of transactions are likely to increase. The rate of CO2 emissions of the network will increase, meaning the time remaining to becoming carbon neutral may be extended.

-   Why is a forest a good way to offset the CO2 emissions of the Nano network?

    Starting from when the forest is planted, as time passes and the trees age and the capacity for the forest to absorb CO2 increases. This is a good match for the network, as the CO2 emissions will increase over time.

-   What is the target amount of forest?

    The aim is for CO2 absorption of the forest to match or exceed the CO2 emissions of the Nano network. When this happens, the countdown timer will reach zero. For the network to be carbon neutral within 10 years msq is required.

-   What is the payment process?

    I am accepting NANO contributions. At the end of each month, the NANO for that month will be exchanged to EUROs and used to make a purchase from Reforestum.

-   What is Reforestum, I have lots of questions?

    Check out the Reforestum website and their FAQs page.
    If you can't find answers to your specific questions, then please use their contact form.

-   Can I see the size of the NANO forest on Reforestum?

    Yes, head over to the Reforestum app, click _My Forests_ then the _Picos de Europa_ in Spain, then _Reforesters_ to see isnanogreenyet.com on the leaderboard.

    They will be introducing profile pages in the future, once a profile page is setup for isnanogreenyet.com the link will be available here.

Contributors

This project wouldn’t be possible without you! Many thanks:

Davey 1771 NANO   regfaker 2 NANO   George 1 NANO   Anonymous 0.897215 NANO   Bryan 5 NANO   DanielBairdEriCCooper 3 NANO   Anonymous 1 NANO   Anonymous 50 NANO   Periostracum 5 NANO   nafobet.com 1 NANO   Anonymous 5 NANO   Anonymous 0.3 NANO   Vanguard 0.5 NANO   ShillerNANO 0.000001 NANO   Arran 1 NANO   USER-35077 2 NANO   Nate 2 NANO   ChrissyG1 5 NANO   Jasper 1 NANO   burnaDLX 0.6 NANO   Anonymous 15 NANO   Bodes 1 NANO   Anonymous 0.1 NANO   Nanorai 2 NANO   Anonymous 3 NANO   Luke 1 NANO   Mush 0.5 NANO   Anonymous 0.01 NANO   EarthDay Special 0.56 NANO   Mahid 5 NANO   Anonymous 1 NANO   Anonymous 0.9 NANO   Anonymous 3 NANO   www.mitz.xyz 1.3 NANO   cypressbreeze 1 NANO   liveto107 1 NANO   hanzyfranzy 1.186484 NANO   Anonymous 1.00642 NANO   Anonymous 0.000331 NANO   Colmy 5 NANO   Roman 1 NANO   Jiikuy 0.01 NANO   Goggen 1.337 NANO   BANANO 3.5 NANO   Nikitas 1 NANO   Anonymous 11 NANO   NanoThings 1 NANO   Gregor 1 NANO   gr0vity 1 NANO   Anonymous 0.0001 NANO   Tom 0.001 NANO   Davey 0.5 NANO

Total raised to date: 1922.208551 NANO

A note from me (Davey)

Hi, if you made it this far, thanks for reading about the project, hopefully you’ll be inspired to get involved. I’m excited about the potential of Nano and I hope you are too! If you’re not sure why you should trust a random internet guy to buy a frorest with your Nano, that’s understandable. Feel free to get in touch with me on Reddit (u/davey1211) or Nano Discord (davey#9988) and I’ll try and answer any questions you might have. Let’s make this happen!

Cheers,
Davey

P.S. Let’s strive for more, this project shouldn’t be an open and closed case. As a community, we can surpass this project’s target of a carbon neutral Nano network and hit carbon negative status. That means we’ll have an overall positive impact on the planet. So, if you have a Nano sized initiative in mind, I urge you to make it a reality!

Disclaimer

By contributing, you are giving Nano to me, Davey Brown. I am not acting as a bussiness, and I offer no legal warranty of any service. I am not affiliated with Nano.org
You have my word that 100% of all contributions will be used to fund purchases with Reforestum. Details of the purchases and area of forest will be available to view on this website and an overview will be avialable on the isnanogreenyet profile page at the Reforestum website. I do not ship anything to contributors and all contributions are non-refundable.

Privacy Policy

If you enter your name during the contribution process, then your name will be stored on the isnanogreenyet server and will be associated with the contribution that you make. This is so that your name can be shown in the contributor section of the site. If you prefer, you may leave the name field empty, your contribution will be marked as anonymous, and your name will not be stored on the server.

For each contribution, the Nano transaction ID and sender address is stored on the server. This is for ease of handling any queries after a contribution has been completed. This is not considered sensitive data as it is available to view publically on Nano block explorers.

Data is not shared with third party companies.

To modify or delete your data please contact me on Nano Discord (davey#9988) and quote your contribution ID.

question: What does the article say about Nano?

answer: Nano is a cryptocurrency with instant transactions and zero fees. Nano uses a technology called block-lattice and doesn't require mining so it is extremely efficient and uses a tiny amount of electricity. Nano is greener than minable cryptocurrencies. The Nano network has been operating since 4th October 2015. Readers' contributions will be spent on planting trees that will then absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, reducing the countdown for Nano to become 100% green. The entire Nano network is so efficient that it can be powered by a single wind turbine.

question: What does the article say about CO2 absorption?

answer: Trees absorb CO2 from the atmosphere carbon footprint made by the Nano network can be offset by planting trees, and Nano would become 100% green. Initially, young plants capture little CO2, but over time, the CO2 capture vastly increases. The Nano network will be carbon neutral at the point in time when the CO2 offset matches the CO2 emissions. The network will be carbon negative and have a positive impact on the environment when the CO2 offset exceeds the CO2 emissions. The author of the article is not sure how long will it take for Nano to be green.

question: What does the article say about the cost of planting?

question: What does the article say about why Nano is better than the other cryptocurrencies?

answer: Nano is a cryptocurrency with instant transactions and zero fees. It doesn't require mining so it uses a tiny amount of electricity. The other cryptocurrencies require mining and they are inefficient and use a huge amount of electricity. Nano is greener as it has a relatively small carbon footprint so far. Moreover, this carbon footprint can be offset by planting trees, which absorb CO2 from the atmosphere.


text:
SARAH BEKESSY is an Australian interdisciplinary conservation scientist with a background in conservation biology and experience in social sciences, planning, and design. Her research interests focus on the intersection between science, policy, and the design of environmental management. She is currently a professor and ARC Future Fellow at RMIT University (Melbourne, Australia) in the School of Global, Urban and Social Studies.[1] She leads the Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Research Group (ICON Science).[2][3]

Education

Sarah Bekessy started her post-secondary education at University of Queensland in Queensland, Australia where she attained a Bachelor of Science (Hons).[4] Bekessy completed her doctorate (1999 – 2003) at the School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, where she studied approaches for the conservation of threatened Monkey Puzzle Tree.[5][6]

Career

Following her PhD, Sarah Bekessy was a research fellow with the University of Melbourne (funded by David Yencken, the Australian Collaboration) where she studied sustainability and policy. Before joining RMIT University in 2004, Bekessy held a research fellowship with the Canadian Forest Service, where she worked on landscape modelling for evaluating forest management strategies.[7][8][9] Bekessy has been with RMIT University as a lecturer and professor in the School of Global, Urban and Social Studies since 2004, and teaches specialized courses in sustainability, urban, rural and regional planning,[10] and conservation biology, as well as various courses on environmental practices. She has supervised a number of graduate and post-graduate students.

Bekessy is involved in a range of interdisciplinary research, including her ARC Future Fellowship titled ‘Socio-ecological models for environmental decision making’. She also has an ARC Linkage project entitled ‘Designing green spaces for biodiversity and human well-being’.[11] She is the convener of ICON Science, a group of researchers working to better understand and manage societal and natural environment interaction, seeking methods to solve real world problems,[12] regardless of what discipline these solutions originate from.

In addition to her academic role, Bekessy engages actively in consulting projects, and has worked on projects with the Commonwealth Department of the Environment and the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, among others. Bekessy is a member of the Editorial Board of _Conservation Letters_[13] and _Natural Resources Modelling_[14] and a past member of the editorial board of _Conservation and Society_.

Collaborations

Bekessy's research is high impact, interdisciplinary and collaborative, and helps create highly applicable solutions for environmental problems, conservation, and urban planning. She helps bring “the people” into the conservation discussion and investigates social and political aspects of conservation decision making.[15] Her group brings together experts in social science, ecology, physics, psychology and many other disciplines.[16]

Bekessy is a project leader in the Threatened Species Recovery Hub (Theme 6),[17] and a theme leader in the Clean Air and Urban Landscapes Hub[18][19] of the Commonwealth Environment Science Program.[20] She also acted as a theme leader for the ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (2012–2018;[21]), and is a chief investigator with the Horizon2020 Urban GreenUP[22][23] and the UN Habitat:[24] Enhancing urban resilience to climate change impacts and natural disasters. Bekessy is also a member of the Environmental Decision Group and a member of the Green Building Council Expert Advisory Committee for Biodiversity and Ecology.[25]

Research contributions

Bekessy's work contributes to the development of collaborative solutions for conservation. Bekessy has published work on nature-based solutions for cities, such as urban pop-up parks for insect biodiversity[26] and wildlife gardening,[27] conservation of natural features, biodiversity[28] and threatened species in cities.[29] She has also published on technical and policy issues surrounding biodiversity conservation, including the integration of conservation and land-use planning in urban landscape design, the use of market-based instruments for biodiversity conservation, such as biodiversity banking[30][31] or nature off-setting,[32] population modelling,[33] and climate change adaptation.[34] Bekessy's work has included commentary on institutional change for sustainability and sustainability education,[35] as well as science and conservation communication,[36] including the impact of messaging to influence human behaviour,[37] targeting high impact behaviour.[38] Bekessy's work has contributed to the efforts toward “re-enchanting people with nature”[39] and has been instrumental in the development of programs to reconnect children to everyday nature, biodiversity and cultural heritage.[40] She is an advocate for increased transparency[41] and evidence in biodiversity conservation strategy development,[42] and for increasing and improving collaborative[43] and interdisciplinary solutions for the environment.

Bekessy's team has been involved in research to help shape future policy designed to improve landholder participation in, and collaboration on, private land conservation schemes.[44] Some examples that Bekessy's team have helped influence include Greenfleet bio-carbon plantings,[45] and reverse auctions in Western Australia.

During her career Bekessy has published over 100 articles and conference proceedings, over a dozen book chapters, and has co-authored three books,[46] including the children's book _The Little Things that Run the City: 30 amazing insects that live in Melbourne!_ which was produced as part of the development of the City of Melbourne Urban forest[47] and Nature in the City[48] Strategies[49] and has been used by children in Melbourne during Nature Play Week[50] and in schools around Melbourne.[51]

Research impacts

The application of Bekessy's work on the preservation of biodiversity in cities has included working with Green Building Council, to develop a green star rating system for biodiversity in building, leading to the Biodiversity Sensitive Urban Design (BSUD) protocol.[52] The protocol received an A+ from The Industry News and Analysis blog “Sourceable’s Living Infrastructure Report Card” in 2016.[53] Bekessy and her team have contributed to biodiversity plans for local, state, and international agencies. She has also worked with urban developers on projects such as Fisherman's Bend, Melbourne.[54] They continue to improve the development of biodiverse cities through their research, such as the application of ecological principles that can increase biodiversity in cities through “more-than-human” planning  and the designing of actions that can help multiply biological diversity.[55]

ICON Science and Bekessy's work has also informed scenarios for the future of Cumberland Plain Woodland, in Sydney, Australia.[56] Her team has been involved in strategic assessments including those done in Melbourne and their recently completed, _‘Reimagining the Australian Suburb: planning for biodiversity in the urban fringe’_ (funded by the  Myer Foundation[57]), may help inform the creation of new grassland reserves and guide development planning for the avoidance of important grassland features and their protection in urban fringe areas.[58][59] Work by Bekessy and her team was used in the development of the City of Melbourne Urban Forest and Nature in the City Strategies,[60] including a biodiversity connectivity plan, and surveys of insect biodiversity in the City of Melbourne.[61]

Public roles

Bekessy sits as a board member of Bush Heritage Australia,[62] an independent not-for-profit that purchases and manages land, in partnership with Aboriginal people, for the protection of important landscapes and native species.[63] She is also an Urban Scholar with the United Nations Global Compact – Cities Programme,[64] as well as a member of the reference group for Victoria's Biodiversity Strategy.[65][66]

Notable awards and honours

In 2015 Bekessy was awarded the Vice-Chancellor's Research Award from RMIT University,[67] and in 2016 was a Banksia Foundation Award Finalist, Biodiversity Sensitive Urban Design.[68] She has also received the Brian Robinson Fellowship for Environmental Sustainability (2005).

Selected publications

-   Garrard, G. E., Williams, N. S. G., Mata, L., Thomas, J., & Bekessy, S. A. (2018). Biodiversity Sensitive Urban Design. _Conservation Letters_, _11_(2), e12411. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12411[69]
-   Gordon, A., Simondson, D., White, M., Moilanen, A., & Bekessy, S. A. (2009). Integrating conservation planning and landuse planning in urban landscapes. _Landscape and Urban Planning_, _91_(4), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.12.011[70]
-   Hardy, M. J., Bekessy, S. A., Fitzsimons, J. A., Mata, L., Cook, C., Nankivell, A., ... Gordon, A. (2018). Protecting nature on private land using revolving funds: Assessing property suitability. _Biological Conservation_, _220_, 84–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.01.026[71]
-   Selinske, M., Cooke, B., Torabi, N., Hardy, M., Knight, A., & Bekessy, S. (2017). Locating financial incentives among diverse motivations for long-term private land conservation. _Ecology and Society_, _22_(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09148-220207[72]

Recent publications

-   Backstrom, A. C., Garrard, G. E., Hobbs, R. J., & Bekessy, S. A. (2018). Grappling with the social dimensions of novel ecosystems. _Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment_, _16_(2), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1769
-   Butt, N., Shanahan, D. F., Shumway, N., Bekessy, S. A., Fuller, R. A., Watson, J. E. M., ... Hole, D.G. (2018). Opportunities for biodiversity conservation as cities adapt to climate change. _Geo: Geography and Environment_, _5_(1), e00052. https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.52
-   Guerrero, A., Bennett, N., Wilson, K., Carter, N., Gill, D., Mills, M., ... Nuno, A. (2018). Achieving the promise of integration in social-ecological research: A review and prospectus. _Ecology and Society_, _23_(3). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-10232-230338
-   Kidd, L. R., Bekessy, S. A., & Garrard, G. E. (2019a). Evidence Is Key for Effective Biodiversity Communication. _Trends in Ecology & Evolution_, _34_(8), 693–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.010
-   Kidd, L. R., Bekessy, S. A., & Garrard, G. E. (2019b). Neither Hope nor Fear: Empirical Evidence Should Drive Biodiversity Conservation Strategies. _Trends in Ecology & Evolution_, _34_(4), 278–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.018
-   Kidd, L. R., Gregg, E. A., Bekessy, S. A., Robinson, J. A., & Garrard, G. E. (2018). Tweeting for their lives: Visibility of threatened species on twitter. _Journal for Nature Conservation_, _46_, 106–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2018.10.001
-   Mata, L., Garrard, G. E., Fidler, F., Ives, C. D., Maller, C., Wilson, J., ... Bekessy, S. A. (2019). Punching above their weight: The ecological and social benefits of pop-up parks. _Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment_, _17_(6), 341–347. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2060
-   Meiklejohn, D., Bekessy, S., & Moloney, S. (2018). Shifting practices: How the rise of rooftop solar PV has changed local government community engagement. _Cogent Environmental Science_, _4_(1), 1481584. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2018.1481584
-   Parris, K. M., Amati, M., Bekessy, S. A., Dagenais, D., Fryd, O., Hahs, A. K., ... Williams, N. S. G. (2018). The seven lamps of planning for biodiversity in the city. _Cities_, _83_, 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.06.007
-   Selinske, M. J., Garrard, G. E., Bekessy, S. A., Gordon, A., Kusmanoff, A. M., & Fidler, F. (2018). Revisiting the promise of conservation psychology. _Conservation Biology_, _32_(6), 1464–1468. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13106
-   Wintle, B., Kujalah, H., Whitehead, A., Cameron, A., Veloz, S., Kukkala, A., ... Bekessy, S. (2019). Global synthesis of conservation studies reveals the importance of small habitat patches for biodiversity. _Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America_, _116_, 909–914.

References and links

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[12]

[13]

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[17]

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[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]  UN-Habitat|website=unhabitat.org|access-date=2019-11-15}}

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28] Bekessy S, Gordon A, Nelson A. Nurturing Nature in the City. Steering Sustainability. Melbourne, Australia: NATSEM Research Centre of AHURI, Melbourne; 2007. p. 120–57.

[29]

[30]

[31]

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[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56] Gordon A, Langford W, Bekessy S. Modelling the growth of Sydney and the impacts on the Cumberland Plain Woodland. Report prepared for the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities; 2011 p. 22.

[57]

[58]

[59]  UN Global Compact|last=|first=|date=|website=www.unglobalcompact.org|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65] Kusmanoff A, Selinske M, Mata L, Bekessy S, Gordon A, Garrard G, et al. Submission on Victoria’s new biodiversity strategy: Protecting Victoria’s Environment – Biodiversity 2036. 2016 p. 6.

[66]

[67]

[68] Banksia Foundation. 2016 Banksia Sustainability Awards - Australia’s Sustainability Success Stories. Australia: Banksia Foundation; 2016.

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

title: Sarah Bekessy

question: Where is Sarah currently working?

answer: Sarah is currently working as a professor and ARC Future Fellow At RMIT University.

question: What degrees does Sarah hold?

answer: Sarah holds a Bachelor of Science (Hons.) and a doctorate from the School of Botany, University of Melbourne.

question: What was Sarah's doctoral research about?

answer: Sarah studied the approaches for the conservation of the threatened Monkey Puzzle Tree.

question: What did Sarah do the preserve biodiversity in the cities?

answer: She worked with the Green Building Council to come up with a green star rating system for biodiversity in building, leading to the BSUD protocol. She has also worked with urban developers on projects such as Fisherman's bend.

question: Write a ~7 sentence summary.

answer:
Sarah Bekessy is an Australian interdisciplinary conservation scientist. She currently works as a professor and ARC Future Fellow at the RMIT University in Melbourne. Sarah has a doctorate from the School of Botany, University of Melbourne.

In 2004, she held a research fellowship with the Canadian Forest Service, working on landscape modeling for evaluating forest management strategies. Along with her academic role, she also engages in consulting projects.

Her work contributes to the development of collaborative solutions for conservation.

In 2015, Bekessy was awarded the Vice-Chancellor's research award from RMIT University.


text:
_Vorvong and Sorvong_ () is a long tale of the Khmer oral tradition about two Khmer princes who fall into disgrace and, after a series of ordeals, regain their status. Vorvong and Sorvong was revealed to a Western audience for the first time when it was put into writing by Auguste Pavie at the beginning of the 20th century.

Plot

[_Vorvong and Sorvong_ Tale illustration. Khmer 19th century drawing.] Two princes, Vorvong and Sorvong, brothers, are mistakenly expelled from the royal court by their father the king. Separated from each other, they wander for a decade while facing incredible hardships and vicissitudes including defeating a giant in a cave, suffering the betrayal of the hermit Vorvongby, using magic rings and crystal balls, and repeated interventions by the gods. Finally, they are rejoined to do battle against their wicked stepbrother in a dramatic attempt to enlighten the king to the injustice they suffered, restore their titles, and bring peace and harmony to the kingdom.[1]

Origin

An oral tradition of Khmer folklore

Khmer folklore has a rich and varied oral tradition. There are many popular legends, tales and songs of ancient origin about mythical heroes, heroines and ghosts. These were not put into writing until the 19th and 20th centuries. Before then they had been memorized and told for generations.

The oral-tradition legends were often extremely long stories in rhyming verses. The heroes were mostly princes and supernatural beings and the scenarios were often connected to the palaces and the monasteries. One important purpose of these legends and stories handed down for centuries was to transmit norms and values. Most stories emphasize the peaceful resolution of conflicts.

Vorvong and Sorvong is one of the oral traditions of the Khmer folklore of unknown origin, apart from its geographical origin in Phnom Sruoch District, Kampong Speu Province, where two mountains bare their names.

As is often the case in Khmer buddhism, the two heroes are considered boddhisatvas, earlier incarnations of the buddha, and as such they find themselves represented in various monasteries.[2]

The hills of Kirirom National Park

There are two hills in Kirirom National Park — Phnom Sruoch District and Kampong Speu Province —which were named in honor of the two heroic princely brothers, Vorvong and Sorvong. The name _“Kirirom”_ which means “Happy Mountain” name was given to the area by King Monivong in the 1930s to the mountain which were named Vorvong and Sorvong before then.

== Translations ==

First translation in Thai by future King Ang Duong around 1860

During his residence in Thailand, Ang Duong composed poetry, authored and published classical Cambodian literature and historical works and later promoted the enactment of a comprehensive reformed legal codex and participated in the artistic development of Khmer classical dance.[3][4] He translated the Cambodian folktale _Vorvong and Sorvong_ into the Thai language as a birthday present for Thai Crown prince Mongkut.

Translation in French by Auguste Pavie in 1903

Auguste Pavie, a French civil servant, obtained the folk legend version he wrote down from an “Old Uncle Nip” in Samraongtong District. The story was put into writing in Battambang.[5]

First English translation in 2019

This first English translation was published in a full color edition featuring 51 illustrations in 2019. It was translated from the French by Marie-Helene Arnauld, with Jim Mizerski and Joel Montague providing the introduction and commentary.[6]

Adaptation for theatre

In November 2006 the _Legend of Vorvong and Sorvong_ was enacted in dance form by the Royal Ballet of Cambodia to celebrate the French-Cambodian relations on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the visit in France of King Sisowath, the 40th anniversary of the visit of the General de Gaulle in Phnom Penh but also the visit of State of King Norodom Sihamoni in november 2006 in Paris.[7]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] Pavie, Auguste, _Contes populaires du Cambodge, du Laos et du Siam._ Paris: Leroux, 1903.

[6]

[7]

title: Vorvong and Sorvong

question: What is Vorvong and Sorvong?

answer: It is an oral tale about two Khmer princes.

question: What is the plot of the tale?

answer: Two Khmer princes are mistakenly expelled from court by their father the king, after a series of ordeals, they battle against their wicked stepbrother and regain their status.

question: When were many of the legends, tales and songs of Khmer folklore put into writing?

answer: They were put into writing in the 19th and 20th centuries.

question: What was one of the most important purposes of the legends?

answer: One of the most important purposes of the legends was to teach norms and values.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Vorvong and Sorvong is an oral tale about two Khmer princes; it is one among many in the Khmer tradition. One of the most important purposes of the legends was to teach norms and values.


text:
’MARTEINN EINARSSON (died 7 October 1576) was bishop of Skálholt from 1548 to 1556. He was the second Lutheran bishop and was directly involved in the Icelandic Reformation.

Early life

Marteinn was born in Staðarstaður on the Snæfellsnes peninsula to the poet Einar Ölduhryggjarskáld and Ingiríður Jónsdóttir. Marteinn's family had a tradition of serving as priests. His father, Einar, was a priest in Staðarstaður from about 1500 until his death in 1538, and Ingiríður's brother, , had served as bishop of Skálholt from 1491 to 1518. Marteinn's siblings included the sheriffs and Brandur Einarsson, known as Gleraugna-Pétur and Moldar-Brandur respectively, as well as a sister, Guðrún, the wife of the magistrate Daði Guðmundsson.

Marteinn spent nine years studying in England, where another of his sisters lived after marrying an Englishman, before returning to Iceland to work as a merchant in Grindavík.

Bishop

In 1533, Marteinn became a priest, serving in Staðarstaður after his father's death. He was an early supporter of the Reformation, and in 1548, Marteinn was elected bishop of Skálholt after the death of Gissur Einarsson, the first Lutheran bishop in Iceland. [1] Despite an effort by the Catholic bishop Jón Arason, the primary opponent of the spread of Protestantism in Iceland, to have named bishop instead, Marteinn was consecrated in Denmark as bishop of Skálholt on 7 April 1549.[2]

Upon his return to Iceland that summer, Marteinn was arrested by Jón's sons, Ara and Björn Jónsson, who detained him at Ara's farm at Möðrufell. Marteinn remained detained until after the Battle of Sauðafell in 1550, where Daði Guðmundsson defeated Jón Arason, ending organized Catholic resistance to the Reformation, at which time he formally took control of the bishopric of Skálholt.[3]

In 1555, Marteinn published the first Icelandic hymnal, _Lítið Psálmakver_.[4] Marteinn served as bishop until 1557, when he resigned in protest of claims by the king decision to appropriate church tithes.[5] He returned to Staðarstaður where he served as a priest until his retirement in 1569.

Personal life

Marteinn was married to Ingibjörg, whose father's name is unknown. They had four sons and two daughters. Marteinn lived out his retirement in where he published a collection of psalms and was considered a good painter, although none of his paintings are known to survive.[6] He died in 1756.

Fiction

Marteinn appears in Ólafur Gunnarsson's 2003 historical novel _Öxin og jörðin_ (translated into English as _The Ax and the Earth_), which is set amid Jón Arason's struggle against the Icelandic Reformation.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

title: Marteinn Einarsson

question: When did Marteinn Einarsson live?

answer: He lived in Skalholt in Iceland during the 16th century. He was a key figure in the Lutheran Reformation. He died in 1576.

question: Where did Marteinn study?

answer: He spent nine years studying in England, where another of his sisters lived after marrying an Englishman.