text:
FREE FLIGHT is a developing air traffic control method that uses no centralized control (e.g. air traffic controllers). Instead, parts of airspace are reserved dynamically and automatically in a distributed way using computer communication to ensure the required separation between aircraft. This new system may be implemented into the U.S. air traffic control system in the next decade. Its potential impact on the operations of the national airspace system is disputed, however.

Overview

Free flight is a new concept being developed to take the place of the current air traffic management methods through the use of technology. True free flight eliminates the need for air traffic control (ATC) operators by giving the responsibility to the pilot in command. This gives the pilot the ability to change trajectory in mid-flight. With the aid of computer systems and/or ATC, pilots will be able to make more flight path decisions independently. As in most complex systems, distributed yet cooperative decision making is believed to be more efficient than the centralized control characterized by the current mode of air traffic management.

History

Free flight began as an effort to become less dependent on the human factor and more dependent on the growing technology of its day. As airlines expanded their fleets in the 1960s, they increased the need for air traffic management (ATM). ATM created instrument flight rules (commonly known as “IFR”) to manage the growing numbers of aircraft. This helped control air traffic, but required a significant amount of time, effort, and resources to maintain IFR flight.

In 1968, the Federal Aviation Administration issued the High Density Airport Rule to reduce the number of aircraft in a given airport. Twenty years earlier Crocker Snow used television cameras to locate his position when flying an aircraft. He sent up signals to the aircraft so they could get a third person perspective of the aircraft’s surrounding. This idea worked but was too costly and was impractical. In the 1960s transponders removed the need to use television cameras.

Other problems that occurred in the air traffic industry were the OPEC fuel crises and the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) strike of 1982 resulting the firing of thousands of controllers by President Ronald Reagan. This showed how vulnerable air transportation was to economic forces.

The key components of free flight were identified in 1971 by United Airlines systems manager William Cotton, although the technology to implement it was not available for another two decades.[1]

In the 1970's the GPS satellite navigation system was deployed by the US Department of Defense and the aviation industry saw the opportunity to use GPS for potentially more efficient air traffic management capabilities through an increased use of this capability coupled with automation enabled by it.

In 1991 the International Civil Aviation Organization created the Future Air Navigation System Panel. The panel produced descriptions of satellite-based technology applications and their use in air traffic management. A larger role emerged for “user-defined trajectory” that became known as “free flight” by the mid-1990s.

The first hearings on implementing free flight were held in August 1994 by Representative Collin Peterson (D-Minnesota), chair of the House subcommittee with investigative jurisdiction over the FAA.[2]

In 1995 David Hinson, the FAA administrator, organized a task force to draw up detailed plans to implement free flight. The report, issued in October that year called for three phases;[3][4] phase I ended at the end of 2002, the others have not been started. A method and system for an automated tool to enable en route traffic controllers to optimize aircraft routes dynamically was patented by the NASA in 2001.[5]

True free flight applications exist only on a small scale in selected airspace operations where only the most well equipped aircraft operate, such as at high altitude by commercial airliners. There are many versions of free flight being conceived for the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NGATS). The free flight vision is expected to slowly emerge over the next 20–30 years as NGATS emerges from billions of dollars of development, testing, careful transition planning, training, and deployment of ground-based and airborne systems by all types of aircraft. Key elements of NGATS include the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) and what can be expected to be an ever-evolving, net-centric information application called the System Wide Information Management System or “SWIM”.

Regions

The regions are broken up into unrestricted, transition, and restricted.

Unrestricted
    In the unrestricted region there will be very little guidance from ATC since aircraft density will be low. Pilots will have a great deal of flexibility to exercise free flight in this area. However, it may become complicated when bad weather is calculated into the equation. Pilots may have to adjust their course to avoid inclement weather. In doing so other pilots attempting to avoid the conditions may cross path with each other. ATC will have to assist the pilots and guide them through this issue.

Transition
    Slightly restricted however pilots retain some flexibility to exercise free flight.

Restricted
    The freedom of the pilot has been restricted significantly.

Approaches of free flight

There are several approaches that free flight can move towards.

Airborne

In the airborne approach, the separation responsibility is entirely with the pilots, operating under self separation conditions. The pilot is responsible for detecting and resolving problems while in flight. Computers will help aid the aircrew in this matter. Information, such as weather reports or other aircraft position, is forwarded from ATC (or automated stations) to the aircraft so the pilots can decide the best course of action to take. The surveillance system can either be on the ground or on board the aircraft.

Problems with this method include complete surveillance information assurance, communication with different equipment, smaller aircraft incapable of carrying the equipment, and the possibility of a system malfunctioning. It is extremely difficult to have total assurance of all air traffic. If two aircraft flying with different equipment encounter each other, the equipment’s data will have to be sent to the receiving equipment as well as the normal information such as speed. Larger planes will have no problems with the equipment, but smaller aircraft will have problems communicating to each other if it lacks an essential component. Surely, if this was a one-on-one scenario, it would be easy to solve, but if multiple aircraft were involved, the difficulty of finding a solution compounds. Lastly, if a system fails or the software has a computer programming error, the aircraft and other aircraft will be flying blind.

Ground

All of the data are sent to ATC and pilot requests a particular flight path. Communication will be from aircraft to ATC instead of aircraft to aircraft.

In this approach the aircrew will not have the full situational awareness experience in the airborne approach. Aircrew will not be able to handle uncertainties or help out with the uncertainties in this approach. If one aircraft does not follow the directive ATC issues, the directive will have to be reissued and in turn increase the workload of ATM operators.

Mixed focus

Mixed focus approach which is a combination of both the airborne and ground approach. AOC initially sends route to aircraft and ATM. If the aircrew does not like the route, it sends the route changes to ATM and AOC.

Separation

Aircraft separation is divided up into the _protected zone_ and the _alert zone_. In the larger zone, called the _alert zone_, the system informs the aircraft through one of the three approaches that an aircraft is in the vicinity. It acts as a flag and merely alerts the aircrew. In the protected zone, the area must remain sterile of all foreign objects. It is the minimum distance anything can approach. The system should alert the aircrew before anything comes close to it, but if it manages to enter the protected zone, aircrew will take evasive maneuver to avoid a collision.

Conflict and detection method using center-TRACON automation system

Center-TRACON automation system (CTAS) receives data from aircraft trajectory, atmospheric model, aircraft performance, and other contributing factors. Based on the information it receives it will calculate the best trajectory though equations and logic. CTAS is currently being used on a small scale.

[1] Free Flight

[2]

[3]

[4] Final report of the RTCA Task Force 3, Free Flight Implementation. RTCA, Inc., Washington, DC, Oct 26, 1995 1

[5]

title: Free flight (air traffic control)

question: Why is free flight desirable?

answer: After Ronald Reagan eliminated air traffic controllers, it became clear that their jobs could be vulnerable. Free flight allows those positions to be eliminated. It uses computer systems to create a decentralized network which synchronizes all the planes in real time. This allows the pilots to make independent decisions, which are simultaneously communicated through the network to all other planes. Free flight has yet to be widely implemented.


split: test

text:
The sand had shifted from blinding white to the dull crimson of spilled blood. Bodies lay scattered about with little regard for anything even resembling burial rights. In the distance a crowd of thousands roared for more, more violence, more blood, and more death. But their screams meant nothing to the two men left standing. Their ears had long ago grown dull to the masses and their demands for unfettered carnage. These men were no longer fighting to entertain. The rules had been abandoned long ago when that…thing… had been released into the pit. This was no longer about spectacle, this was about survival. The horrid being would not stop until it had massacred all it laid eyes upon. It did not fight to please the
masses; it fought to feed its bloodlust.

It was clearly not human. That much had been certain from the start. The emperor claimed his men had found it in the deserts of Egypt, within a great metal structure that fell to earth. A flying tomb, he had called it, and within was a sarcophagus fit for the great kings of the Nile. But within there was no long dead Pharaoh. Only evil beyond imagination.

It stood at least 3 heads above even the tallest of men and possessed four arms that widened out into massive 8 fingered hands, each of them large enough to envelop a small child. Its head was elongated at the jaw and topped with an ornate headdress made of metal unlike any other, adorned with jewels that sparkled like the inky blackness of the midnight sky. The beast’s entire body was covered in such ornamentation, necklaces and bangles, jewelry beyond measure laid atop the decaying gauze bandages wrapped so tightly around every inch of its being. The bandages themselves were just as fascinating,
moving and shifting of their own
accord as if the beast were entangled in a nest of serpents. What little flesh could be seen was dark and shriveled, that of a corpse left in the sun for weeks on end.

The emperor had warned his favorite fighters that they would face the creature in the pit. Such an exotic beast was too good to be kept locked away. The people grew tired of Christians being fed to lions and tigers, but who could tire of a monster from beyond the heavens that had the strength of ten men and the passion of one hundred?

One By one the gladiators had filed out into the coliseum. Each had waved and shouted, trying to rile up the crowd, trying to draw the most attention and praise to himself. Eventually all were made to turn and face the mighty casket that stood upright in the center of the pit, rattling and thrashing, the beast inside making unholy such an unholy din. The handlers refused to open it themselves. The animals of China and the Dark Continent were one thing, but this creature knew no concept of loyalty or mercy, and the beast masters refused to let it prove this on anybody other than the fighters.

The first brave soul who opened the sarcophagus was swiftly punished. The beast’s bandages shot out from the inky darkness inside and grabbed his arms and legs, swiftly tearing him to pieces before dragging the torso in and slamming the lid shut once more. Moments later it emerged, the once pristine white gauze soaked in gore. More fighters tried to rush in, some managing to strike it with their swords before having their skull caved in by a strike from one of its mighty palms. Two more were strangled by the animate bandages, hung by their necks about the horrid thing while it used its limbs to face more pressing challengers. A brief spark of hope did appear when one man managed to catch the monster by surprise and stab at its chest,
causing it to fall to its knees in shock. The crowd roared with excitement as the warrior lifted his sword to take the beast’s head, but it took too long. The creature screamed with rage, the very sand on the ground around it whipping into the air and creating a furious gale that enveloped him. The sheer force of the coarse particles blasted flesh away from bone, and soon another corpse laid upon the ground, reduced to little more than a skeleton.

Two men remained standing against the creature. The first saw no victory, and promptly fell upon his sword in despair. The second however, had other ideas. The creature may not tire, and it may not be slowed by conventional attempts to wound, but it was old. Old and dry. Which meant that in theory, he reasoned, it could burn. Quickly he sprinted to the outer edge of the coliseum, making a bee line for the torches that brought light to the pit when it was enveloped by the shadows of the day. The gladiator grabbed a burning fixture and lobbed it, striking the beast in the center of the chest. A brief sound of surprise escaped its mouth before it was enveloped in flames, bandages and desiccated skin blazing like tinder. Once more the horrid thing dropped to its knees, but before it could truly die, something truly strange occurred. The sarcophagus, originally dormant at the center of the pit, flew open once more, and a violent wind pulled from within it with hurricane force. The beast was ripped from the battlefield, the raging fire dissipating as it was pulled back from whence it came and the lid slammed shut. The box no longer rattled and shook. It was done. For now, this was over. But as the gladiator heard the people cheer, and the emperor praise his bravery, something stuck within his mind. He could have sworn, that for the few moments before the sarcophagus closed…that within it he saw an ocean of stars.

title: [SF] Foreign Sands

question: What does the story say about the causes of bringing the beast to fight gladiators in the coliseum?

answer: The people grew tired of Christians being fed to lions and tigers and it seemed it would be more interesting if they fought the beast. The beast has the strength of ten men and the passion of one hundred. It was considered to be too good to be kept locked away so it had been released into the pit.

question: What does the story say about what happened to the beast?

answer: The beast fought gladiators. It killed many of them as it was much stronger than any man. However, a gladiator realizes that the beast is old and dry and that maybe it could burn. He takes a burning fixture and lobbed it, striking the beast in the chest managing to kill it.

question: What does the story say about the origins of the beast?


text:
Last night I felt very very sick. My tummy hurt and no matter how much water I drank I always felt so thirsty. I crawled into bed with my mommy so I could snuggle on her and cry, but I guess I was crying too loud because she picked me up and sat me outside her bedroom and closed the door. So I curled up where she set me down, and cried all night with no sleep. I woke up in the morning and saw my mom getting ready for work. I walked up to her and let her know how bad my tummy was hurting and how sick I felt. As she held me in her arms, she made a few phone calls and I heard the word "vet" mentioned.

She walked into the kitchen where my daddy was making breakfast and told him she was taking the day off to make sure I was okay. She started getting out breakfast for me and my sister. I was feeling really sick and grumpy, and I snapped and hissed and growled at my sister.Mommy was mad at me for doing that and locked me in the bathroom. After a few minutes she came in to check on me. I could tell she was mad, but all I could focus on was how bad my tummy hurt. I don't think Mommy understood, but she listened to me and within a few minutes she had me crated and ready to visit my doctor.

The doctor is such a scary place, but mommy and daddy were there so I felt safe. Lady Doctor came in to the little room and started petting me all over and looking in my mouth. She told mommy and daddy that I would need to stay for a couple more hours so she could run some tests. I saw mommy and daddy freeze, and look at each other sad and scared. After giving me pets and kisses, they left for what felt like forever. Lady Doctor stuck needles into me but it didn't hurt that bad. I was mostly just scared and wanted to go home.

When mommy and daddy finally came back, Lady Doctor talked to them. I could tell something was wrong because mommy and daddy were crying. They put me back into my crate and took me home. My parents were so sad. Mommy was crying all day, and I felt way too sick to try and make her feel better. I always could make her happy when she was sad, but But my mommy is so amazing,and even though she was really sad but today my tummy hurt too bad. I could tell she didn't mind too bad because she made me a plate of bacon all for me. Bacon is my absolute favoritest treat in the whole world. She seemed to know I was very very thirsty and she put water bowls in all of my favorite spots to lay down. Mommy and Daddy's friends came over to visit me. They seemed really sad too, but I couldn't help but feel loved as they gave me pets and kisses. I was the center of everyone's attention and loved it.

Mommy and Daddy stayed up all night hanging out with me, kissing me all over. They were actually being kind of annoying and waking me up from my sleep. But I could tell they just needed my love, so I flipped over and showed them my belly like they always loved.

In the morning, mommy and daddy gave me lots of snuggles. They made phone calls to someone saying they couldn't do something. They took lots and lots of pictures of me and even cut some of my fluffiest hair. They both gave me more kisses than I knew what to do with, and left the house for somewhere with me resting on my favorite tower feeling happy. My tower is next to the window, and I saw them taking pictures of me with the sun on my face. I love the sun, I love laying in its warmth by the window, it's my favorite. I'm so tired but my tummy hurts too bad for me to sleep.

Then something weird happened. Grandpa came over and put me in my crate. He brought me to a different Doctor. It was cold and smelled scary. I wanted my parents but was happy grandpa was there to pet me. The vet gave me some shots and suddenly I started to feel really really cold. Grandpa kept kissing me and calling me a good kitty. He was crying too, and I had never seen grandpa cry before. It was getting dark and hard to see, But my tummy didn't hurt anymore.

I was getting really sleepy, and I couldn't help but remember the first day I met mommy. She was a lot smaller than she is now. She was so happy to see me and take me home. From that day on we were bestest friends. Thinking about that made me all my cold spots get switched up with warm. Sleepily, I remembered the first time I met daddy, too. That wasn't so long ago at all, but daddy quickly became my favoritest person ever. It's getting harder and harder to think now. My tummy stopped hurting though. Now I can finally go to sleep.

&#x200B;

Thanks for reading!

title: [RF] Bestest Friends

question: What was wrong with the narrator?

answer: They have an unnamed medical problem.

question: What is the narrator?

answer: It is implied that they are a cat.

question: What happens to the narrator in the end?

answer: They are euthanized.

question: How many doctors does the narrator see?

answer: Two

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: An anthropomorphized cat acts out because it has a stomachache. The owners take it to the vet and they realize they have to put the animal down.


text:
PROVIDENCE — Bananas, pineapples and pears — thousands of them — stream across the docks on their way to supermarkets throughout the Northeast.

A crane unloads a shipping container of merchandise bound for CVS stores.

Used Toyotas hop a freighter for West Africa.

These are examples of the long-term vision, maybe decades away, that city and state officials have for a half-mile stretch of the Allens Avenue waterfront best known in recent years for strip clubs, zoning fights and failed redevelopment plans.

"A very small scrap operation and a series of dirt patches" is how Bill Fischer, spokesman for ProvPort Inc., describes the land his organization hopes to transform.

But first, Rhode Island voters would need to endorse the state's vision in November by approving the $20-million purchase of up to 25 acres of property of Allens Avenue waterfront to expand the city’s port.

"Baby steps" are what Chris Waterson, general manager of Waterson Terminal Services, calls the first phase of expanding the port his company operates.

Looked at another way, city and state leaders want ProvPort to do for Allens Avenue what the Quonset Development Corporation is doing for the abandoned former Quonset Point Navy base in North Kingstown: turn underutilized land into a trade and employment hub.

"ProvPort is not a household name in Rhode Island," Fischer said. "But this has been a very successful economic generator for the state, and we want to continue on that success. If we want to grow, it is not going to happen without additional land."

Some 1,700 people work at ProvPort, and the organization predicts the expansion would add another 300 jobs.

Not coincidentally, ProvPort has hitched its state-backed expansion plan to an even larger proposed state investment in Quonset, where officials are asking for a $50-million state bond to repair piers at the Port of Davisville. The two bonds will appear as a package and pass or fail together on the upcoming ballot.

Not everyone is convinced ProvPort should stretch down Allens Avenue.

"Moronic," Allens Avenue property owner Patrick Conley calls the idea of expanding ProvPort south of Thurbers Avenue. "To bring an industrial waterfront so close to the city and hospital district, where there might be questions of air pollution and toxins emanating from industrial activity, is foolish."

Conley's own plans to redevelop part of the area as a commercial and entertainment center were foiled years ago by the Providence City Council's insistence that Allens Avenue remain purely industrial.

But even previous supporters of a mixed-use waterfront, such as Council President Luis Aponte, are getting behind a ProvPort expansion.

"I think a reasonable person could say the [current] activity down there is not the highest and best use on the Providence waterfront," said Aponte, who along with Mayor Jorge Elorza worked on the expansion plan. "This proposal allows us to attract businesses that are not currently in the state ... and will provide jobs and an investment in this corridor."

What is ProvPort?

In 1994, facing a budget crisis, then-Mayor Vincent A. "Buddy" Cianci Jr. turned to the more than 100 acres of city-owned industrial land at Fields Point to raise cash.

With the City Council's approval, he sold the land, which included the sleepy Municipal Wharf, for $16.5 million to an entity controlled by California financier Ray Meador, who agreed to manage the port.

The deal utilized some financial sleight of hand. Meador formed a nonprofit holding company called ProvPort to possess the land, then lease the property to the city-controlled Providence Redevelopment Agency, which issued tax-free bonds to pay the city and subleased the land back to ProvPort.

The "sale" would last for only 30 years, and then ownership would revert to the city. Port revenues were pledged to pay off the bond.

The upshot of the deal, which has been extended through 2036, is substantial city control over the port through the nonprofit ProvPort, while risk and income flow through to the for-profit operator, which has been Waterson Terminal Services since the port's longtime stevedore company merged with Meador's Public Asset Management in 2007.

Two of the five voting members on the ProvPort board are appointed by the city. The PRA approves ProvPort’s budget and has an ex-officio spot on the board.

Meador, whose projects included arranging the financing for the ill-fated Wyatt Detention Center, in Central Falls, was not a marine trade expert, and the early years of ProvPort did not go well. By 2000, the city had chipped in $1.3 million to cover bond payments when port revenues came up short.

While he doesn't endorse the practice of mortgaging city land to plug budget shortfalls, Elorza's chief of staff, Brett Smiley, said the public-private partnership with Waterson is "advantageous" for the city, which doesn't want to run the port itself.

And now, headed for November's ballot, there's the $20-million bond proposal that would make the state a full partner in the operation. Here's how it would work:

An entity representing the state, probably the Rhode Island Commerce Corporation, would negotiate with Allens Avenue property owners to acquire at least 15 acres from some combination of seven parcels. The two parcels closest to ProvPort, one home to the embattled Rhode Island Recycled Metals scrap yard and the other owned by Cumberland Farms, are at the top of the list.

Then the state would enter into a long-term lease arrangement with ProvPort, so the nonprofit could store cargo on the land while marketing it to prospective tenants.

Finally, the state would enter into a revenue-sharing arrangement for the new land similar to the city's arrangement with ProvPort. And it would get a seat on the ProvPort board.

The city receives 6 percent of the port's gross revenue (before bond payments or any other expenses). It also receives property taxes on ProvPort parcels as if they were owned by a private company. The taxes are paid by ProvPort on parcels it has not leased and by leaseholders on land they occupy.

Initially, city officials had proposed to retain control of the newly acquired land, even though the state would be putting up the money to buy it. To compensate the state, ProvPort offered the state 8 percent of the revenue generated on the expansion parcels, with another 4 percent going to the city. The state would receive a projected $400,000 a year.

But state officials, especially House Speaker Nicholas Mattiello, balked at giving up ownership of the land, which brought negotiations to a standstill until the final week of the legislative session.

City leaders "re-thought their position and there were 10 days left in the [General Assembly] session ... that started an avalanche of vetting where they wanted [Commerce Secretary Stefan] Pryor involved and we worked over the weekend," Fischer said. "We weren’t trying to slip something into the budget in middle of night. Do I wish this happened in February? Yes."

In the end, the city's precarious fiscal position made self-financing the expansion untenable and ProvPort said adding major new debt would make it uncompetitive. So Elorza and Aponte agreed to state ownership of the port expansion.

With the ownership question settled, there were two main facets to the pitch that convinced Pryor and Mattiello that the state bond was a good idea.

One is that ProvPort's business has outgrown its home on Fields Point.

The state bond isn't intended to build any new wharves or docks, but provide more space for cargo storage in the short term and attract new tenants interested in building facilities in the longer term.

On a recent morning, Waterson pointed to Deepwater Wind turbine tower sections standing on one corner of the wharf and a pile of crushed limestone on another as an illustration of the tight quarters at the port. A new cement terminal is slated to open this summer, which will add more traffic to the area.

ProvPort leases land to nine tenants, whose businesses include cement, auto exports, chlorine manufacturing, salt, scrap metal and petroleum.

In 2015, the port handled 1.3 million tons of cargo. The top commodity passing through the port was salt, followed by scrap metal, cement, coal and caustic soda (an ingredient in chlorine).

Of the $7.42 million in gross revenue ProvPort generated in 2015, a little more than half of it, $3.46 million, came from lease payments, while $3.43 million came from fees for security, dockage and use of the wharf. Waterson paid $519,000 to ProvPort for use of the new federally funded harbor crane.

Then there is the long-term vision that, outlined in a report by consultants Vickerman & Associates, would encompass up to 60 acres and involve three new vessel berths along Allens Avenue.

That vision looks to take advantage of a long-theorized expansion in the East Coast shipping market driven by the June 26 opening of an expanded Panama Canal.

Port officials expect the arrival of a new group of larger ships at the biggest East Coast ports to force smaller ships out to smaller ports, such as Providence.

Of particular interest to ProvPort, and highlighted by the Vickerman study, is the opportunity to import perishable foods to Providence, such as fresh fruit, if the port develops cold-storage warehouses.

Rhode Island is only one of the states scrambling to get a piece of this potential market, which has also been part of the pitch for further investment at Quonset.

Asked whether the state's proposed expansions of both ports might lead to competition between them, Quonset spokesman David Preston said Davisville remains focused on auto imports and Providence is targeting other markets.

Could the joining of the ProvPort and Quonset bond issues on the final night of the General Assembly’s session jeopardize both proposals in November?

"I don’t think it changes anything," Preston said.  "It is a great opportunity for Rhode Island to upgrade not one but two ports."

Massachusetts has committed $600 million to port improvement, including the $113 million spent to build New Bedford's Marine Commerce Terminal. Connecticut is investing $700 million over several years to improve ports at Bridgeport, New London and New Haven.

"We examined the claim ... that the port [in Providence] is running out of space and found it to be credible,"  Pryor said about why he vouched for the bond question.

"We also examined the claim that there is a great deal of variability and volatility in the port economy globally in part due to the expansion of Panama Canal ... [and] we found these arguments to be well grounded in facts and credible," Pryor said. "Other jurisdictions are making much larger investments."

Finally, there is Allens Avenue itself, an environmentally challenged and increasingly unproductive gateway to the city that has been a battleground in a generation of mayoral campaigns.

Having excluded all but industrial uses, and seeing little private investment in those uses, the city finds state intervention an attractive option.

Allens Avenue "was a legitimate point of disagreement during mayor's race," Smiley said, referring to Elorza's campaign against Cianci, who supported a mix of uses there. "It should be supporting the [marine] economy. There is only one 40-foot [deep] channel in Rhode Island and it is here."

— panderson@providencejournal.com

(401) 277-7384

On Twitter: @PatrickAnderso_

question: What do city and state leaders want for Allens Avenue?

answer: City and state leaders want ProvPort to do for Allens Avenue what the Quonset Development Corporation is doing for the abandoned former Quonset  Point Navy base in North Kingstown: turn underutilize land into a trade and employment hub.

question: Describe the public-private partnership in place

answer: The city didn't want to manage the port alone, so they sold the land for $16.5 million for 30 years to an entity controlled by California financier Meador who agreed to manage the port. After 30 years ownership would revert to the city. Port revenues were pledged to pay off the bond. Substantial city control over the port through the nonprofit ProvPort was the upshot of the deal. Risk and income flow would go through the for-profit operator, Waterson Terminal Services. Two of the five voting members on the ProvPort board are appointed by the city. The PRA approves ProvPort's budget and has an ex-officio spot on the board. The public-private partnership with Waterson is "advantageous" for the city, which doesn't want to run the port itself.

question: How have politics been involved in the development of the port?

answer: Officials at all levels of government have been involved at one time or another. From city council and the mayor acting to sell the land for profit during a budget crisis, to state officials working out ownership of the land, to federal subsidizing of harbor cranes, all levels of government have been critical. In particular, Allens Avenue has been a legitimate point of disagreement during the mayor's race in the city.

question: What happens as the end of the thirty year period approaches? Will the port be shut down?


text:
CENSORSHIP IN NORTH KOREA ranks among some of the most extreme in the world, with the government able to take strict control over communications. North Korea is ranked at the bottom of Reporters Without Borders' annual Press Freedom Index, occupying the last place in 2017.

All media outlets are owned and controlled by the North Korean government. As such, all media in North Korea get their news from the Korean Central News Agency. The media dedicate a large portion of their resources toward political propaganda and promoting the personality cult of Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il[1] and Kim Jong-un. The government of Kim Jong-un still has absolute authority over and control of the press and information.[2]

History

Kim Il-sung (Leader from 1948-1994)

[Mural of Kim Il-sung outside Songdowon Hotel, Wonsan]

Kim Il-sung was born an ordinary man named Kim Sung-ju on April 15, 1912 at the peak of European and Japanese imperialism.[3] Kim Il-sung's rule was based on ruthless abuses, including frequent use of enforced disappearances and deadly prison camps to inflict fear and repress any voices challenging this rule.[4] Kim Il-sung's hardline views of limiting the freedom of expression of the North Korean people has been kept alive by current Supreme Leader and grandson of Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-un. Today, all local North Korean media outlets are run by the state. Radios and television sets are physically altered to only receive channels chosen by the state.[5]

North Korea's biggest economic, political and military benefactor under Kim Il-sung was the Soviet Union and Joseph Stalin reportedly handpicked Kim Il-sung, who was a fluent Russian speaker to lead North Korea.[6] To help consolidate power, Kim Il-sung launched the Concentrated Guidance Campaign; a massive ideological census and registration of the background and political purity of each and every North Korean. The Soviet influence in North Korea was endorsed under Kim Il-sung and the censorship seen in North Korea today began with the nationalization of major industries, labor reforms, seizure of privately owned land and a propaganda campaign to enhance Kim Il-sung's image in North Korean minds.[7]

1946-present: The Korean Central News Agency

[Propaganda in North Korea|left]

The Korean Central News Agency (KCNA) is the state news agency of North Korea that was established on December 5, 1946. The agency portrays the views of the North Korean government for other foreign powers and countries to consume. According to its website, KCNA “speaks for the Workers' Party of Korea and the government”. It is seen as the most influential news outlet in North Korea because its messages are geared toward foreigners and North Korea's population of 24 million people.[8]

It is the main, state-run news organization and is responsible for all news in North Korea and also distributes photos. Their content is available in Korean, English, Spanish and Japanese. From Jan. 1, 2011, the site also began offering video. The KCNA often broadcasts North Korean and pro-Kim propaganda. It has also reported fake achievements of North Korea, such as its space program and its standard of living as compared to the United States. It continues to label South Korea and the United States as “imperialists”.[9] The news agency acts as the nation's public relations and multimedia firm, with news that is not hard to tell from propaganda. South Korea's Ministry of Defence maintains a group of readers who try to interpret the significance of the news agency's output. Some themes the KCNA consistently cover include denouncing the actions of the United States and Japan as well as promoting the celebrity and personality of Kim Jong-un and Kim Jong-il. Their 2,000 employees are under strict watch to make sure they report in favor of their country.

Jang Song-thaek was considered the second most powerful figure in North Korea next to Kim Jong-un before he was executed because he was seen as a “counter-revolutionary” to the government. After his death in 2013, it is reported that 35,000 articles of Korean-language original reporting were deleted by the KCNA and his name was taken off every article in one of the outlet's biggest censorship crackdowns.[10]

Kim Jong-il (Leader from 1994-2011)

Kim Jong-il was made commander-in-chief and head of the military affairs commission by his father Kim Il-sung in the spring of 1994. Later that year in July, Kim Il-sung died of a heart attack and Kim Jong-il became the next member of the Kim Dynasty to rule North Korea.[11] Kim Jong-il upheld his father's authoritarian regime and strict censorship. He was known for using military propaganda to distract North Korean citizens from their lack of freedoms and access to outside information. Despite only giving citizens access to hyper-militarized government propaganda, many cell phones and DVDs were obtained illegally under Kim Jong-il.[12]

In 1983, Kim Jong-il's book _The Great Teacher of Journalists_ was translated into English. In this book, Kim Jong-il guides journalists to take the best pictures of their leader, study their leader's works, and instill loyalty to their leader in others. Kim Jong-il includes stories of his own remarkable feats in this book, detailing when he saved a reporter from death and when he edited someone's political essay to perfection.[13] In the eyes of Kim Jong-il, a journalist's purpose is not to report the truth, but instead to loyally praise their leader.

2004-2008: Cell phone ban

The North Korean government has implemented policies to prevent outside sources of information from reaching the people of North Korea. Starting in the 1990s when famine overtook the country, traders used cell phones as a means to illegally bring food and goods across the border.[14] Cellular devices were introduced in North Korea in 2002 only to be temporarily banned two years later.[15][16]

In December 2008 Orascom Telecom, an Egyptian company, introduced North Korea to Koryolink, a 3G network. Internet access is permitted only for foreign travelers or the elite.[17] By 2015, three million North Koreans had subscribed to Koryolink. Users of Koryolink must apply for permission to subscribe and are “subject to controls and surveillance by at least eight ministries and organizations between the party, state and army.” The network does not allow any access to international calls. Users sometimes will receive propaganda messages.[18]

In 2013, foreigners were granted 3G mobile phone Internet access by monthly data plan; the service could be implemented via USB modem or SIM Card.[19] Recently, with more government awareness of alternative access to external information, increased security measures to eliminate these resources have been enacted.[20] This includes higher border security where illicit cell phones gain access to China's mobile networks.[21]

These phones could be vehicles for releasing detailed news of harsh ruling within the country which is prohibited. Beyond punishment for those using phones within the country, danger exists for escapees spreading knowledge of the country's extreme laws. Text messages and cell phone photographs are sent to external journalists and activists in South Korea to spread knowledge of the conditions. Some North Koreans act as journalists and sources by sending information and sharing stories. Prominent news accounts surrounding Kim Jong-un's ankle surgery and his wife, Ri Sol-ju's 2012 pregnancy were released from these insiders.[22]

As social media and news applications via smartphone become the common thread of news outlets, North Korea pushes further curtailment. A tightly controlled cyberspace exists within the country where a small number of upper class citizens have access to an intranet, called Kwangmyong.[23] In contrast to the otherwise global World Wide Web, this independent resource provides communication between industry, universities, and government. It is used to spread information through chats and emails which are both monitored and filtered by the government, allowing only a select group of researchers, propagandists, and media workers to access state media and items which have been removed from the public's Internet.

Kim Jong-un (Leader from 2011-present)

[Kim Jong-un in March 2018]

Kim Jong-un rules with a heavy hand and has worked to consolidate power since becoming the supreme ruler of North Korea on December 28, 2011.[24] He ordered the execution of his uncle, Jang Song-thaek, and allegedly commanded the assassination of his half-brother, Kim Jong-nam.[25]

Kim Jong-un keeps North Korea under his surveillance through extreme censorship. As of April 2020, the regime has a press freedom score from the Press Freedom Index rankings (made by Reporters Without Borders) of 83.4, with 100 being the worst score, and is ranked last in global rankings of 180 countries.[26] North Korean journalists must belong to the ruling Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) and adjust their reportings to positively reflect Kim Jong-un's leadership. Foreign media are not welcomed and are often used as scapegoats by North Korean media.[27] Failure to follow strict guidelines as set forth by the WPK can lead to imprisonment, forced labor or death.[28]

Human rights violations in North Korea raise global concern. Kim Jong-un's regime is notorious for torture, mysterious disappearances and sexual violence. Each layer of the government is structured to expel potential political threats and disseminate the ideology of Kim Jong-un, and those who attempt to circumvent censorship face steep consequences.[29]

Radio and television censorship

Radio or television sets which can be bought in North Korea are preset to receive only the government frequencies and sealed with a label to prevent tampering with the equipment. It is a serious criminal offence to manipulate the sets and receive radio or television broadcasts from outside North Korea. In a party campaign in 2003, the head of each party cell in neighborhoods and villages received instructions to verify the seals on all radio sets.[30]

Because North and South Korea have used different analog television systems (PAL and NTSC respectively), it has not been possible to view broadcasts across the border between the two countries without problems in reception or additional equipment.[31]

According to the _Daily NK_, it is possible to broadcast news for North Korea through short-wave radio. Possessing a short-wave radio is against the law in North Korea, but the radios are allegedly confiscated and resold by corrupted agents of secret police.[32]

“A Quiet Opening: North Koreans in a Changing Media Environment,” a study commissioned by the U.S. State Department and conducted by InterMedia and released May 10, 2012, found that despite strict regulations and draconian penalties, North Koreans, particularly the elites, have increasing access to news and other media outside the state-controlled media authorized by the government. While access to the internet is controlled, radio and DVDs are common media accessed, and in border areas, television.[33][34] Up to one in two urban households own a Notel (also called Notetel), a portable media player made in China which has been popular in North Korea since about 2005 and was legalized in 2014, and has been credited with facilitating the extension of the “Korean Wave” (_Hallyu_, the increase of the popularity of South Korean pop culture internationally) into North Korea.[35][36][37]

As of 2011, USB flash drives were selling well in North Korea, primarily used for watching South Korean dramas and films on personal computers.[38]

Journalism

North Korea is ranked at the bottom of the Press Freedom Index rankings published annually by Reporters Without Borders. From 2002 through 2006, the country was listed as the worst in the world and from 2007 to 2016, it was listed second to last (behind Eritrea) of some 180 countries.[39][40][41][42] In 2017 and 2018, North Korea was ranked the worst again.[43] In 2019, it was rated second to last, above Turkmenistan.[44] In 2020, it was once again ranked last.[45]

To become a journalist in North Korea, one has to graduate from college. After an ideology review and a strict background check, the student is drafted by the college dean and the managers. The drafted journalist will normally go through a probation period of 4 to 5 years and is then stationed after an assessment.

In North Korea, journalism as a job is to guard, defend, and advocate for and defend both the party and party leaders. Since the role is defined as being a political activist and a fighter who can mobilize a crowd, a journalist in North Korea should be a true Kim Il-sung-ist and a fervent political activist, with a war correspondent spirit and political qualification. Journalists in North Korea are reeducated continuously.

The organization that takes charge of the reeducation of journalists in North Korea is the 'Chosen Reporter Alliance.' It is the strongest and the most systematized organization among the reporters and journalists' political idea education organizations. The organization trains journalists and reporters on philosophy, economics, world history, world literature, and foreign languages.

Arguing about the contradictions in the system of North Korea itself is considered treason and is treated as a major violation in North Korean society. Over 70 percent of reports of Korean Central Broadcasting are allotted for Kim's idolization and propaganda system. The rest of the reports are spent on blaming and predicting the collapse of the United States, Japan, and South Korea.

The reporters in North Korea spend their time writing flattering articles about the Kim Dynasty. Kim Jong-il used to punish the people who wrote from different point of view, saying “Words describe one's ideas.”[46]

After reeducation, a journalist who works for over 15 years and has made a major contribution is titled a 'distinguished journalist.'[47]

Internet policies

In 2006, Julien Pain, head of the Internet Desk at Reporters Without Borders, described North Korea as the world's worst Internet black hole,[48] in its list of the top 13 Internet enemies.[49]

Internet access is not generally available in North Korea. Only some high-level officials are allowed to access the global internet.[50] In most universities, a small number of strictly monitored computers are provided. Other citizens may get access only to the country's national intranet, called Kwangmyong.[51] Content on Kwangmyong is curated by Korea Computer Center.[52] Foreigners can access the internet using the 3G phone network.[53][54] However, the IT industry has been growing and Internet access is starting to increase within North Korea.[55]

The North Korean Ullim, an Android-based tablet computer available since 2014, has a high level of inbuilt surveillance and controls. The tablet takes screenshots of apps opened by the user and saves browsing history.[56]

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title: Censorship in North Korea

question: What does the text say about Fox News?

question: What does the text say about the level of censorship in North Korea?

answer: Censorship in North Korea ranks among the most extreme in the world and ranks at the bottom of Reporters Without Borders annual Press Freedom Index in 2017. All local media outlets are owned and controlled by the North Korean government, and they take strict control over communications. Radios and television sets are physically altered to only receive channels chosen by the state. The Korean Central News Agency supplies the news to all media in North Korea, dedicating a large portion of its resources towards political propaganda and promoting the personality cult of Kim Il-sung, Kim Jong-il, and Kim Jong-un. The government of Kim Jong-un has absolute authority over (and control of) the press and information.

question: What does the text say about Kim Il-Sung?

answer: Kim Il-Sung was the leader of North Korea from 1948 to 1994. He was born an ordinary man named Kim Sung-Ju during the peak of European and Japanese imperialism. Kim Il-Sung's rule was based on ruthless abuses, including frequent use of enforced disappearances and prison camps to inflict fear and repress challenges to his rule. He started the hardline view of limiting the North Korean people's freedom of expression, and it has been kept alive by the current Supreme Leader, his grandson, Kim Jong-Un. Fluent in Russian, Kim Il-Sung was reportedly handpicked by Joseph Stalin himself to lead North Korea. Kim Il-Sung launched the Concentrated Guidance Campaign to consolidate power. It was a massive ideological census and registration of the background and political purity of each North Korean. He endorsed Soviet influence in North Korea and censorship began with the nationalization of major industries, labor reforms, seizure of privately owned land, and a propaganda campaign to enhance Kim Il-Sung's image in North Korean minds.

question: Summarize what happened from 1994 to 2011.

answer: In the spring of 1994, Kim Il-Sung made his son, Kim Jong-Il, the commander-in-chief and head of the military affairs commission. Later that year, Kim Il-Sung died of a sudden heart attack, and Kim Jong-il became the next member of the Kim dynasty to rule North Korea as its Supreme Leader. He upheld his dad's authoritarian regime and strict censorship laws. He was known for using military propaganda to distract North Korean citizens from their lack of freedoms and access to outside information. Despite this, many cell phones and DVDs were obtained illegally under Kim Jong-Il. In 1983, he released his book entitled "The Great Teacher of Journalists", where he guides journalists on how to take the best pictures of their leader, study their leader's works, and instill loyalty to their leader in others. Cellular devices were introduced in North Korea in 2002 but banned two years later. In December 2008, Egyptian company Orascom Telecom introduced North Korea to Koryolink, a 3G network. However, internet access is only permitted to foreigners and the elite. Supreme Leader Kim Jong-Il died and was replaced by his son, Kim Jong-Un, on December 28, 2011. In 2003, a party campaign tasked each party cell in neighborhoods and villages to verify that the seals of all radio and TV sets were not tampered with. As of 2011, USB drives were selling well in North Korea, used for watching South Korean dramas and films on PCs. The country was either ranked at the bottom of the Press Freedom Index rankings published by Reporters Without Borders or second to the last from 2002 through 2011 and beyond. In 2006, the head of the Internet Desk at Reporters Without Borders described North Korea as the world's worst Internet black hole in the list of top 13 Internet enemies.


text:
The woman was sleeping poorly, even with the drugs and the alcohol she used, each night taking a little more, wondering (hoping) that she wouldn’t wake up. If it was an accident, then maybe her daughter could be ok. She didn’t know. She only knew that she was not, and had never been, strong enough to be in the world alone. She went to sleep fitfully at night, her head full of anger and sadness and hopelessness. This went on for several nights.

One night the woman had a dream. In this dream, the man and the woman were fighting and saying all manner of ugly things to each other. The woman, wanting the arguing to cease, to stop the madness and the fury, threatened to kill herself. This always put the man in saving mode. But in the dream (nightmare?) the man called her bluff, and the woman’s greatest fear came true. He didn’t care if she died. He told her to get on with it. He didn’t have time for her, he told her. His list of things he needed to do was too long, and she was something he needed to be able to cross off, once and for all. She crumpled to the floor and he left, off to finish Important Things.

Despondent, the woman knew it was finally time to let death collect her. She looked about her on the ground and noticed strange, red, glowing cubes. They looked evil and even though she did not know what they were she knew that if she ate them, they would kill her. She scrambled about the floor, grabbing at them until she had a handful. She looked at them, glowing red in her palm, and lifted her hand to her mouth.

As she did, she looked up and saw two children watching her - a young boy and a girl. She knew immediately that they were her children – her daughter, and the son that she had wanted but never had. She had never become pregnant again after the birth of her daughter, but she had secretly always wanted a second child. While her daughter favored her father in looks and manner, she had always wondered what it would be like to have a son that looked like her. She always felt like an alien in her own family, without anyone that tied her into their group. Her daughter and the Man got along so well, and she was an outsider. She knew her daughter loved her, but she didn’t feel like she belonged to these people. With every passing year after the birth of her daughter the feeling grew and after a long time she knew that she would never have that son. The man, who was always content and practical, did not know to wish for a son, for he was happy with his daughter.

The woman looked at the children, and as she did, she saw them looking at her hand holding the evil cubes glowing with death within it. Then one of them (she isn’t sure which) said, “May we have one, too?” in a tone that made it clear to her that they also knew what ingesting one of the cubes would mean.

It was too much. Should her children die too, because she suffered? At that moment, the ground crumbled beneath her. Because it was a dream, the ground was literally crumbling beneath her body until she was riding on a sea of grey rubble. She looked around and she could see artifacts from her life with the Man tumbling around in the whirlpool of the ground: unimportant things, symbols of domestic life, laundry, toys, their material trappings. She scrambled to find purchase but she was drowning in detritus. Then, she spotted a man. This man had a shovel over his shoulder. And this man was Magic.

He said to her, “I can stop this. I can change this. I can change the past, but it will also change the future. Do you want my help?”

Of course she did. She was lost, spinning, being tossed and beaten by her life crashing around her.

“Yes”, she said.

“I will help you. When I begin to dig, I will change the past. But remember, it will also change your future. A warning, once the magic begins, do not touch any of the items you see from your past life or things will be as they are now, and nothing will ever change.”

The man lifted the shovel from his shoulder, and began to dig.

As soon as the blade of the shovel broke the surface of the rubble, everything began to shoot straight up toward the sky in a vertical column. The rubble, the detritus, their worldly trappings. She was shooting upwards as well. She could barely get her bearings as she was tossed about in the tornado. As she spun she spotted her son, who was reaching for an orange shirt that he recognized. She yelled at him to stop and threw her body over him to stop him from grabbing it. They stayed frozen in this horrible whirlwind for an eternity until suddenly it was completely silent.

The woman opened her eyes. All was calm. Everything had disappeared and she was standing alone in a room that looked like a warehouse. All she could see of it was one corridor. She began to walk down the corridor, and as she did she felt that she was becoming younger. Although she could remember her past life, everything that she knew was beginning to fade the further she walked.

She didn’t know how she knew, but she felt like she was making her life’s journey again, from the beginning. As she walked a little further she met the Boy. And they walked together, and they fell in love. And although they weren’t doing anything but walking, the memories of their lives together were de-constructing and reforming. They understood as they walked along that they were falling in love – Love, this time. And it was wonderful. They were so overjoyed; they enjoyed life together, or had the memory that they did. They had the children they wanted, did the silly romantic things they wanted. They built the memory of an extraordinary life. The life they could have lived.

As they neared the end of this corridor, they approached a wall. And at the wall they turned right, and then right again, and began walking up this corridor, which ran parallel to the one they just walked down. Again, they didn’t know how they knew, but it seemed clear that the first corridor was the beginning of their journey, and they had just passed the middle section and were now continuing on with the second half. They walked up quite cheerfully, their newly formed memories making them excited for what the future held for them.

But as they walked further this path, it became clear that there was a hint of sadness to the memories being made here. They still loved each other, and were living extraordinarily, but something was permeating these events with sadness. They couldn’t see the end of path from where they were, and so continued on walking. As they came nearer to the end, they became sadder. It became apparent that there was a sign at the end of this corridor, as well as a set of doors.

When they got close enough, they could see the sign. It had a date on it. The date was the current date in this dream, and it had their names on it. Underneath the date there were the words “Marriage Terminated”.

Because this was a dream, and dreams are strange, the man and woman knew what they needed to do next. They had to walk out of the doors, and go their separate ways, with their new memories of a happy life led to accompany them. They looked at each other and were sad, but in this dream they had no choice but to walk through the doors.

The man and woman walked out the doors, turned in separate directions and left. The woman began to come out of her daze, and the gravity and strangeness of what just happened hit her all at once. She grieved for the loss of the happiness and joy she felt walking down that first corridor. She wondered what would happen if she walked back through those doors and walked backwards. Could she do it all again and somehow avoid the ending? Make a new one?

She walked back to the doors, pushed through them and was surprised to find the man already there! He was looking at a collage of pictures that had appeared in a long border above the door. She could tell that they were pictures of the journey that they had made in here, from beginning to end. She hadn’t noticed it when they passed through the doors on their departure, so it must have appeared after they left.

She looked at the long line of photos, travelling it with her eyes from start to finish. When she looked at the end of the border, she could see that the end of it was disintegrating. The ends were tattered and rolling up like old wallpaper, and it was peeling away from the wall. The photos were losing their color. And the damage was spreading further to the left, closer to the beginning of the photos. As it did, she noticed that the man had already seen that this was happening and was trying to stop it. He reached overhead and smoothed the ends with his hands. As he did, the damage was reversing itself. But as soon as he lifted his hands, the deterioration began again. He tried again and again to smooth it, and again and again it would continue to crumble to dust. The woman knew that the man was trying to stop the end from happening - that he had come to try to reverse things too.

But just as in real-life, the man’s efforts did nothing to reverse the damage. The woman wondered why he didn’t try harder; try something else, fight to stop it. Instead, he just kept smoothing and watching the damage fade and re-form, over and over again - never trying anything different, never fighting harder to make it stop.

Then the woman broke completely. Even in her dreams she ended up alone. And although she was completely undone by this reality, she didn’t cry or scream or fight. She was blank.

The man must have sensed something was very wrong, because he took one look at the woman and grabbed her in a fierce embrace against his chest. And he did everything that she always wished he had done in the waking world: fought to hold her when she pushed back. Didn’t let her speak. Fought to keep her with him. Only in dreams.

Then she cried. She cried so very hard, and he held her, and stroked her hair while she sobbed.  And as she cried she knew these tears wouldn’t keep him with her. She felt that their purpose was in lubrication, to make the separating of their lives together easier.

She cried and a strange thing happened. She woke up. Only the crying in her dream had been real. But unlike the dream, the man did not embrace her. He let her cry.

Are dreams truth? Is Magic? Was the dream proof positive that the man and woman had to live apart? The magic man did say that his magic would change the future. It didn’t in the dream. In the dream, despite all the extraordinary things that happened the man and woman still parted.  But the dream tears did become real tears. The magic man said that his magic would change the future.

Will this part hold true?

title: [RO] A Fragile Girl and a Boy (Part 2)

question: From what type of mental illness does the woman appear to be suffering

answer: The woman appears to be suffering from depression. She is abusing substances. Yet, still sleeps poorly. Her head is full of anger and sadness and hopelessness.

question: What happens in the woman's first dream?

answer: The woman and the man have a terrible argument. She threatens to kill herself. The man tells her to get on and do it. He has no more time for her and wants to cross her off his list of problems.

question: What did the magic man offer the woman?

answer: The magic man told the woman that he can change the past and that it will also change the future. The woman agrees to accept his help. The magic man warns her not to touch anything from her past life or nothing will change.


text:
Once upon a time, in a cold, vast and dark place we all know as Space, a friendship was born after a million light years.
Moon, who was always all alone up there, came across two twinkling stars.
“Oh, hello Mr. Moon,” greeted the Red Star. “May I ask why you are all alone up here?”

The Moon, just grateful to finally have someone to talk to, eagerly responded. “My Sun is never around so I have to be alone.”
The two twinkling stars were confused with the Moon’s answer but didn’t dare ask more. Instead, they both agreed to hang around with the Moon.
“Well then, Mr. Moon. If it’s alright with you, we could hang around so you don’t have to illuminate the Earth all alone anymore.” Offered the Yellow Star. The Moon was so delighted he couldn’t contain his joy. And so that night, the humans need not light up the lamp posts, for the moonlight’s enough of a guide for a walk to go home.

Night after night, the two twinkling stars stayed with the Moon and the three of them never failed to glow up the world during the evenings. The other stars and moons were so jealous, for the Earth was so lucky to have a team that is based on a cosmic friendship. Even the Big Black Hole spared them from the swallowing. “Hm. The universe could do with a little spark.” Said the Big Black Hole as he swirled through Space; eating dead stars. The Moon and the two twinkling stars continued to bless the Space with ethereal glow; dancing and prancing in the darkness of the Space, they bonded.

That day though, the Sun noticed how the Moon do not ask for light every single moment anymore. Suspicious, the Sun waited until the next eclipse to talk to the Moon. And so when they met, the Sun was blazing mad and said, “How dare you, Moon! How dare you!” The Sun was spouting fires and the Moon was so tongue-tied; clueless as to what made the Sun fume.

“Sun, I don’t know what I did but I must say that I am sorry.” With a trembling voice, the Moon uttered.

“How dare you call me ‘Sun’ when your world doesn’t even revolve around me anymore!” Cried the Sun.

“But I am not a world. I am the Moon and I must not revolve around you, my dear Sun.” Insulted with the Moon’s answer, the Sun gracefully orbited away but not without saying, “I am the center of everything! You will know that sooner than later.”

The two twinkling stars gave all their sparkles for the Moon to consume, and yet it still wasn’t enough. The Moon grew dimmer and dimmer and the humans, left with no choice, poisoned the Earth with too much electricity just to light up the night. Little do they know, the Sun was watching them intently from far away; getting angrier each day. The Sun thought, “How dare those little, stray stars! How dare them glow more than me!” For the Sun is the center of everything, isn’t it? How come the Sun still can’t have it all? And so it was decided, the two twinkling stars have to go.

Feigning sickness, the Sun intended to make the Moon worry and it was successful. The Moon came rushing to the Sun without waiting for the next eclipse. So the Space fell apart, destroying the order of everything.

“Oh, Sun, I was so worried! You know I can’t illuminate without you,” The Moon cradled the Sun. “For I am just living off of your light.” The Sun sighed but still basked in the surrounding comfort of the Moon. But the two twinkling stars shouted, “Moon! You have to go back! This is not the way it should be!” Around them, the Space started to deteriorate. But the Sun held the Moon even tighter. Together, they absorbed each other’s light, leaving the Space blanketed in darkness.

 The Big Black Hole, seeing that the Moon and two twinkling stars sparkling in harmony no more, decided that it was time. With no mercy, The Big Black Hole swallowed the two twinkling stars and looked at the Sun and the Moon and said, “Hm. The universe could do with a little spark.”

title: [FN] Heavenly Bodies

question: Summarize the primary source of tension in the story.

answer: The primary source of tension in the story is the Sun's arrogance, narcissism, envy, and unreliability. The Sun is big, powerful, and bullies the Moon because he knows the Moon relies on him for light. When two twinkling Stars befriended the Moon and helped illuminate the Earth at night, the Moon stopped asking the Sun for light. The Sun became angry, shouting that he is the center of everything so the Moon must revolve around him.

question: What role does the Big Black Hole Play in the story?

answer: The Big Black Hole swirls around Space restoring order and harmony. It swallows dead stars and can decide the fate of other heavenly bodies as long as they provided the universe with a little spark. When the Moon rushed to the Sun's side even if there was no eclipse scheduled, Space fell apart and was left in darkness. When the two twinkling stars weren't sparkling in harmony anymore, The Big Black Hole decided that it was time to swallow them up.

question: What does the text say about the Sun's reaction to the Moon's new friends?

answer: The Sun was angered that the Moon had two new star friends. He was the center of everything and demanded that Moon's world revolve around him. When the Moon stopped asking for light, the Sun became suspicious and angry. He saw that the Moon's two new twinkling star friends were shining bright so the Moon could use their light. The Sun was envious that the stars were shining brighter than him, and decided they had to go. He orchestrated a ruse that lured the Moob away from his place in space, destroying the order of everything. This caused The Big Black Hole to swallow the two Stars.

question: What does the story say about Space travel?


text:
WEEKEND ACTUALS (07/06-07)
01 (01) ¥698,878,600 ($6.5 million), -20%, ¥8,560,430,500 ($79.0 million), ALADDIN (Disney) WK5
02 (02) ¥393,607,900 ($3.6 million), -44%, ¥1,867,980,830 ($17.3 million), SPIDER-MAN: FAR FROM HOME (Sony) WK2
03 (---) ¥191,000,000 ($1.8 million), 0, ¥259,921,700 ($2.4 million), THE DINER (Warner Bros.) NEW
04 (03) ¥137,613,300 ($1.2 million), -39%, ¥1,258,815,100 ($11.5 million), THE FABLE (Toho) WK3
05 (06) ¥X81,522,900 ($751,000), +06%, ¥750,646,400 ($7.1 million), UTA NO PRINCE-SAMA THE MOVIE: MAJI LOVE KINGDOM (Shochiku) WK5
06 (04) ¥X76,141,000 ($702,000), -39%, ¥250,888,100 ($2.3 million), ANPANMAN: SPARKLE! PRINCESS VAN./LAND OF ICE CREAM (Tokyo Theaters) WK2
07 (---) ¥X70,000,000 ($645,000), 0, ¥104,487,500 ($960,000), THE DOCUMENTARY OF NOGIZAKA46 - II (Toho Video Division) NEW
08 (10) ¥X48,139,900 ($444,000), -04%, ¥195,459,890 ($1.8 million), THE JOURNALIST (Star Sands) WK2
09 (---) ¥X45,000,000 ($415,000), 0, ¥x80,000,000 ($740,000), FREE! ROAD TO THE WORLD - THE DREAM (Shochiku) NEW
10 (05) ¥X39,632,200 ($365,000), -49%, ¥2,708,601,100 ($25.1 million), GODZILLA: KING OF THE MONSTERS (Toho) WK6
11 (07) ¥X36,168,600 ($333,000), -46%, ¥940,141,300 ($8.8 million), MEN IN BLACK INTERNATIONAL (Sony) WK4
12 (11) ¥X35,279,500 ($325,000), -26%, ¥373,520,090 ($3.5 million), RASCAL DOES NOT DREAM OF A DREAMING GIRL (Aniplex) WK4
13 (13) ¥X32,269,000 ($297,000), -23%, ¥816,418,700 ($7.5 million), PROMARE (Toho) WK7

>ALADDIN repeats atop the box-office for a fifth-consecutive weekend, selling a further 468,000 admissions over the weekend to reach 5,986,400. The film continues to perform incredibly well, though it is showing signs of slowing down a bit now. It will become the #1 film of 2019 next weekend and remains on track to finish around ¥11/12 billion ($110 million), where both ALICE IN WONDERLAND and BEAUTY AND THE BEAST finished.

>SPIDER-MAN: FAR FROM HOME experiences a near identical (44% vs. 43%) second weekend drop that its predecessor had, which is fine. It's likely going to exceed ¥3 billion ($30 million), and as long as it can enjoy a sub-40% third weekend drop next week, it's probably going to reach ¥3.5 billion ($35 million). It'll probably become the highest-grossing Spider-Man film since the original trilogy, and depending on where it does finish, it'll either be the second or third highest grossing film in the MCU (only behind Endgame, and then possibly Infinity War).

>THE DINER debuted decently for Warner Bros., selling 132,000 admissions over the weekend frame across 317 screens, and sold 182,410 admissions since opening on Friday. Not bad, and even with mediocre legs, it should manage to just reach the ¥1 billion ($10 million) milestone.

>And finally, a quick mention for PROMARE, which is still hanging around just outside the Top 10. This near-limited release (121 screens) anime film only opened to about ¥65 million, which was pretty disappointing, but due to a strong audience reception, it developed excellent legs (its seventh weekend is down 50% versus its opening!) and will probably reach the ¥1 billion ($10 million) milestone. And it's never expanded. Very notable performance here, even if Toho does decide to pull it before reaching that mark.

question: Summarize what the text says about Aladdin?

answer: The text says that Aladdin topped the bo-office for the fifth-consecutive weekend. The movie sold 468,000 admissions bringing the total for the weekend to 5,986,400. The film will probably become the number one film of 2019 by next weekend.

question: Who directed Spider-man: Far from Home?

question: Summarize what the text says about The Diner?

answer: The movie debuted recently for Warner Bros. It sold 132,000 admissions over the weekend across 317 screens. The movie might manage to just reach the $10 million milestone.

question: What does the article say about Promare?

answer: Promare is an anime film that opened at about ¥65 million which is a little disappointing. But thanks to the strong audience reception, the movie will probably reach the $10 million mark.


text:
use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --> | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | burial_place = | burial_coordinates = | monuments = | nationality = | other_names = | siglum = | citizenship = United States | education = | alma_mater = University of Rochester | occupation = | years_active = | era = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = Long tenure with the U.S. Census Bureau | notable_works = | style = | home_town = | net_worth = | height = | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | criminal_charges = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | mother = | father = | relatives = | family = | callsign = | awards = | website = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | signature = | signature_size = | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} NORMAN K. BROWN (born )[1][2] is an American man who has worked on seven consecutive United States Censuses. Brown began working for the United States Census Bureau as a temporary employee in 1960 at age 24, returning every ten years thereafter for a few weeks to months through to the 24th United States Census of 2020, by which time he was 84 years of age.[3]

Originally from New York, Brown graduated in chemistry from the University of Rochester and, in 1960, relocated to San Francisco prior to the 18th United States Census.[4] Seeking part-time work, he applied for a position as an Enumerator with the United States Census Bureau and was assigned to canvass San Francisco's Nob Hill neighborhood for a six-week period of employment.[5] Following his stint with the Census Bureau, Brown was hired as a grant writer within the office of the Mayor of San Francisco, but returned to work on the U.S. census every ten years thereafter.[6] Between 1960 and 2020 he held a variety of temporary positions with the Census Bureau including as a partnership assistant, crew leader, field manager and office supervisor.[7][8][9] During the 24th United States Census in 2020, then aged 84 years, he served as a supply and recruiting clerk.[10] In addition to his work on the every-ten-year census, Brown also assisted with the 1995 field test done in preparation for the 22nd United States Census in 2000.[11][12] According to Brown, he has been known by the moniker “Mr. Census”.[13]

Between the periods of his work on the decennial census, Brown was variously employed as a photographer with the _San Francisco Sun-Reporter_, as a stringer for United Press International, as an apartment manager, a film projectionist, a cabinet maker, and a sales clerk at Sears.[14][15] From 1964 to 1982, excepting leaves of absences he took to work on the 19th United States Census in 1970 and the 20th United States Census in 1980, he managed a youth jobs program for the City of San Francisco.[16]

Brown is married and has ten children.[17]

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title: Norman K. Brown

question: What is the significance of Brown's work?

answer: The text places significance on Brown's work for the United States Census. Brown had multiple other jobs across his lifetime, but returning to the Census Bureau every decade to work on the decennial national census seven times is the reason this wiki entry exists.

question: Summarize the life of Norman K. Brown's wife.

question: What does the text say about the parameters for an entry?

answer: The structure provides for paramaters including birth date, death date and circumstances, relationship status(es), family members, associated organizations, education, nationality, citizenship, and reason for renown.

question: Summarize Brown's roles with the Census Bureau.

answer: Brown has worked in the following roles for the US Census Bureau: enumerator, partnership assistant, crew leader, field manager, field tester, office supervisor, and supply and recruiting clerk.


text:
[SpaceX Redmond office]
SpaceX’s Redmond office is the center for its satellite operations. (GeekWire Photo / Kevin Lisota)
The first test satellites for SpaceX’s global internet constellation are being prepped for launch — three years after SpaceX CEO Elon Musk unveiled the project in Seattle.

The prototype spacecraft, known as Microsat 2a and 2b, are reportedly to be included as secondary payloads on a Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, due for launch on Feb. 21. The primary payload is a 3,000-pound Spanish radar observation satellite called Paz.

SpaceX conducted a static-fire test of the Falcon 9, which makes use of a previously flown first-stage booster, at Vandenberg today. The test involved briefly firing up the booster’s rocket engines as a rehearsal for liftoff.

Paz is due to be launched into a 319-mile, nearly pole-to-pole orbit — but SpaceX’s satellites could eventually go higher to test a Ku-band radio communication system in concert with an array of ground stations.

SpaceX has given the lead role for development of the satellite network to a team headquartered in Redmond, Wash.

Documents filed with the Federal Communications Commission indicate that ground stations will be housed at SpaceX facilities in Redmond and Brewster, Wash., as well as at the company’s headquarters in Hawthorne, Calif., and facilities in McGregor and Brownsville in Texas. Another ground station is to be placed at Tesla’s headquarters in Fremont, Calif., which Musk heads as CEO.

SpaceX says it will also be testing satellite communications with receiving terminals built into mobile vans.

The company’s business plan calls for putting thousands of communication satellites in orbit, with limited service starting by 2020. The satellite constellation, informally known as Starlink, eventually would provide low-cost internet access on a global scale.

SpaceX has kept mum about many of the details relating to Starlink. Outside observers have had to piece together most of the information from required government filings and from insider forums such as NASASpaceflight.com and Reddit r/SpaceX.

It’s no secret why: In a 2016 FCC filing, Patricia Cooper, SpaceX’s vice president for satellite government affairs, explained that the process of building a satellite system is “highly proprietary and may take several years to finalize, during which time the operators hold details as highly confidential for obvious competitive reasons.”

SpaceX’s main competitor is OneWeb, which has built up alliances with Airbus and other heavy-hitters to put its own satellite internet constellation in orbit. There are still more rivals on the horizon, ranging from Boeing and SES O3b to ViaSat, Telesat and LeoSat.

OneWeb expects to launch its first test satellites later this year, and go into operation on a limited basis next year to satisfy the terms of a license it has with the International Telecommunications Union. Its launch partners include Amazon billionaire Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin, British billionaire Richard Branson’s Virgin Orbit, and Europe’s Arianespace.

Having an ITU license serves as an advantage for OneWeb, but SpaceX is catching up quickly, on the development front as well as the regulatory front. And Musk has said that a profitable satellite operation is crucial to SpaceX’s Mars settlement vision.

Here’s what Musk said in Seattle, back in 2015:

  “Over time, to build a full version of the system, we’re talking about something that would be $10 or $15 billion to create, maybe more, and then the user terminals, would be at least $100 to $300 depending on which type of terminal. This is intended to generate a significant amount of revenue, and help fund a city on Mars. So in looking in the long term, and saying what’s needed to create a city on Mars, well, one thing’s for sure: a lot of money. So we need things that will generate a lot of money.”

UPDATE FOR 10:43 A.M. PT FEB. 17: This report has been updated to reflect SpaceX’s decision to reschedule launch from Feb. 17 to Feb. 21. An initial postponement to Feb. 18 was made “to allow for additional time for pre-launch systems checks,” SpaceX said in a tweet. An additional postponement now calls for launch to take place no earlier than 6:17 a.m. PT Feb. 21:

  Team at Vandenberg is taking additional time to perform final checkouts of upgraded fairing. Payload and vehicle remain healthy. Due to mission requirements, now targeting February 21 launch of PAZ.

  — SpaceX (@SpaceX) February 17, 2018

question: What does the text say about the locations SpaceX operates out of?

answer: They have several locations they operate out of. The mentioned places in the text include their Redmond office, which is the center for their satellite operations, Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, which is a launch location for their Falcon 9 rocket, Brewster, Washington, Hawthorne, California, and more facilities in McGregor and Brownsville in Texas. Another ground station is to be placed at Fremont, California, where Tesla's headquarters is.

question: What are the long-term plans of SpaceX?

answer: The longest-term plan of SpaceX is to found a colony on Mars. The colony is expected to cost a lot of money, and Elon Musk wants to fund it with the profits from the satellite internet service SpaceX will be founding, called Starlink. Starlink is expected to offer limited services in 2020 and ramp up from there, putting thousands of communication satellites in orbit eventually. The first test satellites for Starlink are among the topics discussed in the article, and they will be launched soon.

question: What does the text say about how cool or uncool Elon Musk is?