text:
_I DON'T SPEAK GERMAN_ is a podcast about white nationalism in the United States, self-described as “a podcast confronting white nationalism one asshole at a time”[1] by its hosts Daniel Harper and Jack Graham.

History

Harper started the podcast after listening to _Fash The Nation_, and after the Unite the Right rally white nationalist movement occurred.[2]

Guests

-   Samantha Kutner
-   David Neiwert
-   CV Vitolo-Haddad
-   Emily Gorcenski
-   Betsy Phillips
-   Jason Wilson
-   Crash Barry
-   Corey Pein
-   Megan Squire
-   Ed Burmila
-   Rebecca Lewis
-   Hilary Sargent
-   Talia Lavin

Topics

-   Proud Boys
-   Traditionalist Worker Party
-   Christopher Cantwell
-   Tom Kawcyznski

Siege and Bowl Patrol

Episodes in September 2019 discussed _Siege_, a collection of neo-Nazi writings by James Nolan Mason, considered essential reading by the Bowl Patrol and The Base. The groups are adherents to its theory of accelerationism, which advocates for mass killings to create a white ethnostate. Harper also discussed Bowl Patrol's leader, Andrew Richard Casarez aka “Vic Mackey”,[3] who has a “penchant for trafficking in obscene rape and death threats".[4]

After Andrew “Vic Mackey” Richard Casarez and former Wisconsin congressional candidate Paul Nehlen (called “a vicious, horrible human being” by Harper) attempted to dox Harper and unintentionally found a similarly named individual in the same town of Dexter, Michigan, Bowl Patrol members began driving by this incorrect house, taking photos and discussing the house in video, to send threats to Harper. Days later, US Army soldier and Atomwaffen Division member Jarrett Smith was arrested in Fort Riley, Kansas, alleging he discussed bomb-making, sending bombs to CNN and Beto O'Rourke, and setting fire to Harper's house.[5]

In late October, a video was posted on Nehlen's Telegram channel, showing his Bowl Patrol patch and the incorrect Harper house. In late November, the incorrect Daniel Harper sent a Twitter direct message to the podcast host Daniel Harper, explaining that the incorrect house was previously owned by the incorrect Harper but they had sold the house to the Shea family. The incorrect Harper had also been forwarded a letter left at the house, clearly a threat to the podcast host Harper, referencing the Bowl Patrol and signed “the Cüm Bomber”.[6]

Black-clad members of The Base continued to visit the Shea house into mid-December, including taking flash photos of their house the same night as the Sheas came home with their newborn son, causing the Sheas to write to the podcast host Harper, asking him to publicly disavow the house and address. Harper was finally able to get a response from the FBI and the Washtenaw County Sheriff's Office, and two local newspapers wrote about the Shea house confusion in late December. The Sheriff's office described the details as “non-threatening photographs and statements” and indicating they had not connected Jarrett Smith to the other people casing the house, indicating they considered the case closed.[7][8]

Reception

The podcast was described as “uncomfortable” by _The A.V. Club_{{'}}s Anthony D. Herrera, who noted “what is most surprising about _I Don’t Speak German_ is just how much cringe comedy is involved in the lives of these racists”.[9]

Writing for _The Daily Beast_, Nick R. Martin said it “might be the most important podcast countering the white nationalist movement today.”[10]

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title: I Don't Speak German

question: What does the article say about what I Don't Speak German is?

answer: I Don't Speak German is a podcast about white nationalism in the United States, self-described as “a podcast confronting white nationalism one asshole at a time” by its hosts Daniel Harper and Jack Graham. The podcast is countering the white nationalist movement.

question: What does the article say about 'Siege'?

answer: Siege is a collection of neo-Nazi writings by James Nolan Mason. An episode of I don't speak German discussed it. The writings advocates for mass killings to create a white ethnostate. It is considered essential reading by the Bowl Patrol and The Base. Siege also discussed Bowl Patrol's leader, Andrew Richard Casarez aka “Vic Mackey”, who has a “penchant for trafficking in obscene rape and death threats".

question: What does the article say about the podcast's future?


split: test

text:
Today I have to wake up with you again. Mornings with you are worse than evenings because at least at night tomorrow is closer, and I have to spend today with you. I get tired of waking up with you, so I stopped sleeping as much.

i think we should shave it has been a while

We definitely should. For once, I agree with you. You look hideous.

i know

The shower is further away than I thought. It appears we're going to have to get up. We have to be somewhere in less than 3 hours, so if you would hurry we might make it.

it is cold and hard to move

Whiner. Excuses. It's already been an hour and if you don't hurry up, we'll never make it there. Why won't you move? It's already been two hours and if you don't hurry up, we'll never make it there. At least stay awake. It's already been 3 hours and I think we should go tomorrow.

liar

The shower is always the worst part with you. With your clothes on at least you are well hidden. The mirror in the bathroom always mocks you and you embarass me. Stop moving your arms they are far too long and not wide enough. Your a pathetic excuse for a man. You should have taken your chances as a woman. Your head looks out of place. Stop looking. We have to spend at least 5 minutes like this.

the water feels good and the sounds of it hitting the floor is loud enough to not have to pay attention to you i think i will stay here for a long time

---------------------------

i have to leave we're running out of water

About time. We have to eat. There's time left to run, go to the gym, learn an instrument or two, get a job, work that job, get a job, why don't you have a job? It's because you always look so awful. You should fix that. I'll fix it. But you ruin me. Look at the time? You had all that time to do all those things and you ruined it. It's your fault, not mine.

i know

I hate how people think it's my fault. Do you think it's my fault? I think people are only stay around me because of you. That is stupid. You are disgusting. I could take you out whenever I want.  Do you understand that?

i don't think you could i wish you could

Well I won't. How do you like that, you fucking bastard? You're fucking filth. How does it fucking feel that I will never do that? You're a piece of shit. I just want you to feel better but how can you feel better if you're a piece of shit? Ask someone to help you.

i don't want to do that again. i'm going to do that again.

That felt good. Did you see the way she looked at you? I think I got her. I think I made it work even with having to drag you around. Now you won't have to feel so bad. Ask her what she likes about you, and you in specific. Why did you do that? That's so fucking embarassing. She's lying too. Look at her, she couldn't possibly believe that and if she did I can't respect her.

i am lonely.

So am I. It's probably my fault. What time is it?

it is morning. mornings are the worst because at least at night tomorrow is closer and i have to spend today with you.

title: [SP] You and I Are In This Together

question: Summarize the author's feelings on the person they are addressing in this piece.

answer: They are disgusted and disappointed by the person whom they are addressing. They criticize "your" appearance and behavior, but mostly they are horrified that others see "you" and blame the author themselves for how much of a disappointment "you" are.

question: Summarize the plot twist.

answer: The author spends the entirety of the story criticizing an unnamed "you"-the story is focused on addressing this "you". They go about the inanities of their day, none of which they particularly enjoy, while dragging this "you" through their criticisms. Then at the end, with one sentence, it becomes abruptly apparent that "you" refers to the author themselves.

question: Summarize how the author got to this point of self-loathing with themselves.

question: Summarize the point of this story, if there is one.

answer: The point of this story is to emphasize what it looks like if one turns self-criticism and self-loathing outward and projects it onto someone else. It looks clearly, starkly mean and unchecked, as if they are unfairly ripping apart someone who has done nothing to offend and is simply trying to get through the day. The point seems to be that those harsh words-that inner dialogue-would sound awful if leveled at someone else, and actually, it also sounds awful to speak to one's self like that as well. The point may be, in conclusion, to be kinder and gentler to yourself.


text:
BONIFACE BEBI was a Mamili, or tribal king, of the Mafwe in Namibia,[1] from 1987 to 1999. Born in Linyanti, he succeeded Richard Muhinda in 1987, as the sixth recorded king of the Mafwe. After being involved in the Caprivi conflict, in which autonomy was sought for the Lozi people of the Caprivi Strip, he fled for Botswana, which granted him political asylum,[2] after which Denmark granted him and Mishake Muyongo political asylum.[3] His first-born child, Hoster Bebi, died in 2000; he lost a son while in Danish exile.[4]

He was succeeded by George Simasiku.[5]

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title: Boniface Bebi

question: Boniface Bebi was the king of?

answer: Boniface was the king of Mafwe in Namibia.

question: For how long did he rule his kingdom?

answer: He ruled Mafwe for twelve years.

question: Who was his successor?

answer: He was succeeded by George Simasiku.

question: Where did he seek asylum after the Caprivi conflict?

answer: After the Caprivi conflict, Botswana granted the king political asylum.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer:
Boniface Bebi was the king of the Mafwe, Namibia for twelve years. He was the sixth recorded king of the Mafwe.

After the Caprivi conflict, he was granted political asylum in Botswana. After which Denmark granted him and Mishake Muyongo political asylum.

Bebi was succeeded by George Simasiku.


text:
[Jo Palma, Architect]

JO PALMA is a Portuguese-Canadian architect and founder of PALMA.

Early life

Jo Palma was born in Portugal, and served in the Portuguese Navy. He graduated with a bachelor’s degree from Victoria College and a Masters in Architecture from the University of Toronto.[1]

Career

[Cayan Tower in Dubai, designed by Palma] Jo Palma worked as an architect for the firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill.[2] In 2015 Palma joined the architecture firm Perkins+Will, where he served as the Regional Design Director, EMEA, working out of their London office.[3] He later founded the architecture firm PALMA.[4][5]

Buildings and projects

Over his career he has designed and masterplanned buildings on five continents in total. These projects have included mixed-use buildings, skyscrapers, government headquarters, residential complexes (like the Admirala Lazareva in St. Petersburg, Russia), transportation hubs (like the Dublin Airport New Terminal Expansion), civic institutions (like the Panama International Convention Center in Panama City), and community centers (like the Paulínia Smart Community in Paulínia, Brazil).[6][7] He has also helped to produce master plans for cities including Antalya, Turkey.[8]

Palma was the Chief Architect of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization headquarters in Brussels,[9][10] which opened in 2017.[11] He also the designed the Baltimore Tower in London, UK, and the Liansheng Financial Center in Taiyuan, China.[12] Palma is the designer of the Cayan Tower in Dubai, which is the tallest twisting tower in the world,[13] in addition to the city's Rolex Tower.[14] In 2018 Palma began designing The Miami Basel building in Miami, a thirty-six story mixed-use development.[15]

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title: Jo Palma

question: Where did Jo Palma get a Masters degree from?

answer: Palma received a Masters in Architecture from the University of Toronto.

question: What kinds of buildings has Palma designed?

answer: Palma has designed mixed-use buildings, skyscrapers, government headquarters, residential complexes, transportation hubs, civic institutions, and community centers.

question: What cities has Palma helped produce the masterplan for?

answer: Palma has helped produce master plans for Antalya, Turkey.

question: What project did Palma begin in 2018?

answer: In 2018, Palma began designing The Miami Basel building, in Miami, a 36 story mixed-use development.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article details the work of Jo Palma, a Portuguese architect who has designed buildings on five continents.


text:
Ê, Ê (e-circumflex) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, found in Afrikaans, French, Friulian, Kurdish, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Welsh. It is used to transliterate Ukrainian and Chinese.

Usage in various languages

Afrikaans

Ê is not considered a separate letter in Afrikaans but a variation of “e”. The circumflex changes the pronunciation of “e” to be (or if the succeeding consonant is either a dorsal or a liquid)

Chinese

In the Pinyin romanization of Standard Mandarin Chinese, _ê_ represents . It corresponds to Zhuyin ㄝ. The circumflex occurs only if _ê_ is the only letter in the syllable: _ề_ (; “eh!”). Without the circumflex, _e_ as, the only letter in the syllable, represents : _è_ (; “hungry”). Elsewhere, is written as _a_ (before _n_) or _e_ (at the end of a syllable), with the appropriate tone mark,: _xiān_ (; “first”), _xuǎn_ (; “to choose”), _xué_ (; “to learn”), _xièxie_ (; “thanks”).

In Pe̍h-ōe-jī, _ê_ is the fifth tone of _e_: _ê_ (; possessive, adjectival suffix).

French

Diacritics are not considered to be distinct letters of the French alphabet. In French, ê changes the pronunciation of _e_ from /ə/ to /ɛ/. It is used instead of “è” for words that used to be written “es”.

Friulian

Ê represents and .

Italian

Ê occasionally used to represent or in words like _fêro_ (they did).

Kurdish

Ê is the 7th letter of the Kurdish Kurmanji alphabet and represents /eː/.

Portuguese

In Portuguese, ê marks a stressed only in words whose stressed syllable is in an otherwise unpredictable location in the word: “pêssego” (peach). The letter, pronounced , can also contrast with é, pronounced , as in _pé_ (foot).

Tibetan

Ê is used in Tibetan pinyin to represent , for example Gêrzê County.

Ukrainian

Ê is used in the ISO 9:1995 system of Ukrainian transliteration as the letter Є.

Vietnamese

Ê is the 9th letter of the Vietnamese alphabet and represents . In Vietnamese phonology, diacritics can be added to form five forms to represent five tones of ê:

-   Ề ề
-   Ể ể
-   Ễ ễ
-   Ế ế
-   Ệ ệ

Welsh

In Welsh, _ê_ represents long stressed _e_ if the vowel would otherwise be pronounced as short : _llên_ “literature”, as opposed to _llen_ “curtain”, or _gêm_ “game”, as opposed to _gem_ “gem, jewel”. That is useful for borrowed words with a final stress like _apêl_ “appeal”.

Other

In Popido, a fictitious dialect of Esperanto made by Manuel Halvelik for use in literature, _ê_ represents . It is only used epenthetically to break consonant clusters, especially before grammatical suffixes.

Character mappings

Unicode encoded 5 pairs of precomposed characters (Ề / ề, Ể / ể, Ễ / ễ, Ế / ế, Ệ / ệ) for the five tones of ê in Vietnamese. Two pairs of the five (Ế / ế and Ề / ề) can also be used as the second and fourth tones of ê in Pinyin. The first and third tones of ê in Pinyin have to be represented by combining diacritical marks, like ê̄ (ê̄) and ê̌ (ê̌).

title: Ê

question: What does the article say about the letter Ê?

answer: Ê is a letter of the Latin alphabet, found in Afrikaans, French, Friulian, Kurdish, Norwegian (Nynorsk), Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Welsh. It is used to transliterate Ukrainian and Chinese.

question: What does the article say about how Ê is used in Indo-European languages?

answer: In French, ê changes the pronunciation of e. In Italian, Ê occasionally used to represent or in words like fêro. In Portuguese, ê marks a stressed only in words whose stressed syllable is in an otherwise unpredictable location in the word. In Ukrainian, Ê is used in the ISO 9:1995 system of Ukrainian transliteration as the letter Є.

question: What does the article say about how Ê is used in Serbian?


text:
This is an ex/crosspost from shortstorycritique I posted, not sure if its okay so please tell me if I'm doing something wrong.

This is my first short story, its a a rough draft, there's some more things I want to add.
I'd like to know whats good and whats bad please
Also any ideas in general.
I'm still not sure how to end it. I can rework the last half, I don't really like that part, I prefer the first half honestly.
Also I suck at grammar, so please help with any mistakes you find :)

Allan William’s cold eyes bore into his reflection. The very picture of death, the only reassurance of life being the slight tremble that silently shook throughout his body.

“I... there is reason to believe the culprit may have been of foreign decent” Noah spoke up, he could no longer bare the silent tension in the air.
“This must be a mistake, he was here... I saw him just moments ago” Allan replied firmly.
“...He’s been gone since noon-”
 “-There has to be a mistake, take me to the site, only I can confirm it myself”
“Something like that... The characteristics are unmistakable, I advise against you seeing it for yourself”

Allan’s eyes met Noah’s through the mirror and in that moment he could have sworn they were the very black of the coals from hell. They demanded compliance. They were the kind that could instil even the very king into docility.

~~~~

Keeping a steady fast pace, Allan strode purposefully towards the small wooden gate, Noah trodding behind. It stood precariously – almost pathetically against its two worn down supports poles. Allan launched it aside, seemingly indifferent to the severed wooden panels and shards collapsing to the ground. It hadn’t stood a chance.

Never faltering Allan made his way past the towering stone walls till he reached the end of the abandoned building and froze. The sun gazed down upon his back in a fiery defiance to the rising chill Allan felt throughout his body. Sure enough the familiar tussle of brown hair lay in a puddle crimson.
His gaze fixed, he slowly made his way towards the body, each step feeling like a million miles.  Stopping just inches away, blood pooling at his boots.
The body’s eyes stared at him in the same soulless way which reflected his own gaze. Crouching down he fondled the gold-plate necklace, identical to his own- meaningless now.
A long moment passed.
“I never knew a man could have this much blood” he finally murmured.
Stepping out of his trance, at last he started to notice his surroundings.

Mrs. Gerald stood solemnly against the stone wall, gazing into the woods as if she weren’t really there at all.
Noticing his transfixion on her, she decided now was her cue to speak.
“Obsidian. His hair as black as the devils heart. That was my first thought, although I only got a glance, I only needed one.”

Allan shot her a hard glare, not intending to be sinister, but menacing nonetheless. “The perpetrator--- You know who it is?”

“I do believe there is only one such anomaly out there with hair so black and eyes so blue.”

Allan shifted his position. He stared intently at his brothers gashed neck, fluid still oozing out of the open wound. Eyes, nose, mouth, everything so like his own, identical. He could practically taste the metallic  blood filling his mouth.
This was the closest he had ever come to seeing himself die. Which was too close.

A trembling anger quaked throughout his tense physique, simmering at boiling point.
Still he held a collected stance and voice, “Why?”

“I don’t know the details. I was quite far into the forest at first before I heard something. A loud ‘Halt!’ I started to move towards the clamour, but remained hidden throughout. I am under the impression Dominic approached your brother- approached Allon, intending to loot him of his valuables, this did not sit well with Allon though, who attempted to fight back. A man with a sword and a man with his fists are hardly an equal match. Whether the killing or not was planned is unbeknownst to me.

A dark fury reigned over Allan, each new word bringing on more hatred by the second, building up a string of intense animosity, with no one-nothing to release it on.

He turned around swiftly, marching with purpose but without destination. Noah had picked up the sword evidently used in the scuffle. He was observing it carefully, watching how the red tinted metal glistened in the sun. Snatching the blade off from his friend’s analytical eyes, he smoothed it across his palm, wiping the blood away, which might as well be his own.

“What do you plan to do with that Allan? ALLAN!?”

Ignoring his calls he strode fast towards his next destination. His long legs giving him vantage that he was practically jogging at a normal persons pace. As he heard footsteps and calls behind him, without so much as a peer or a peek he fastened his pace, so much so it wasn’t long before Noah was out of sight and out of mind.

~~~~~

Dominic had scrubbed himself raw until he wasn’t sure whose blood was on his skin anymore.
Entering his home he still felt dirty. Impure, whatever innocence he had left at 27 had been destroyed, by none other than himself.
Sitting down he shook and shook until he felt he had used up all his energy for a life time and hoped he would never wake up. His vision became blurry, starvation taking over.
A clatter sounded from outside, suddenly he feared the worst. Did anybody know what he’d done? Surely the body wouldn’t have been found so soon, the place he chose was completely deserted. Surrounded by trees and a road hardly touched. Although he swore the energy in him was completely depleted, suddenly a rush of adrenaline had him upright on his feet and he could have sworn his heartbeat echoed throughout the house. A whisper of a woman’s voice from outside was like the blessing of an angel.
As his wife and two daughters poured inside tears of relief threatened to spill, but he swore he wouldn’t let his kids see him weep. He had to be strong, at least for them.

With his heart rate still racing, silently he embraced his wife, surprising her for a man who rarely shows affection. His feelings sat on the brim of his eyes and his nose, but he kept them at bay because Dominic was a man of pride.

~~~~~

Finding an anomaly is not too hard, people notice anomalies and people talk. As Allan’s target destination gets closer, the bursting flames of his emotions begin to erupt.
Vengeance- No, justice, will be served.
Bursting into the doors, Allan is welcomed with the sight of a blissful family. This stirs up his wrath even more so, the insidious black of the family hair reminding him of his own darkened heart and eyes. In a split second Dominic looks up, his face instantly pale with pure terror, and a startled recognition. Then in a split second Allan seizes his body, the brim of the sword barely touching his neck and puts him in a secure hold, himself strategically placed behind him, Dominic’s life on the line.

Despite his shock at the development, before anyone else can utter a word, Dominic spouts warily “Y-You’re... alive?” In spite of his position a wave of relief pulsates through him.

“Guess, again, I suppose you’ve never heard of the William brothers”

As dread and realisation sinks in on Dominic’s side, horror and confusion beset his family.

“H-HELP! What is this!?” Clarissa shouts in terror.

“Leave Clarissa, NOW!” Dominic demands desperately.

Despite his effort the house remains still, fear being the biggest emotion, just next to wrath.

“I have come here for a well-deserved justice” Allan whispers menacingly, blind with rage.

Stroking Dominics neck with the blade of the sword, he creates a small slit.
“You know what they say, an eye for an eye...”

He grasps the ends of the sword tighter

“...A neck for a neck”

Shocking the household into silence he continues, pushing the blade a little further in.

“Give me one good reason why I should not kill you right now”.

Quivering under the blade, he swallows a hard knot in his throat.

“I...” thinking carefully he continues, “There is no good reason for you not to kill me, I am a guilty man, but I am a guilty man with a duty to provide for my family.
When a man is faced with tough times he resorts to bad decision making. I assure you I did not intend for this to happen!” choking back it takes all his will to persevere. “I just wanted to take a little something from a rich looking cove”.

“And instead you took his life” Allan added bitterly

“I did not expect him to fight back, I am lousy with a sword, it was a slip-up, an accident!”

Clarissa whimpered, shocked, in the corner of the room, hugging her children forcefully.

Their looks brought Dominic back to reality

“Regardless of my intentions, I am a guilty man, but know this, I have a responsibility. When you take my life, you essentially take the life of my wife, of my children... They are a divine innocence, a pure bliss, an oasis in a sea of black. By taking their lives from them and taking their innocence you are essentially making the world a dimmer place.

Allan stared at the petrified huddle, and he instantly knew what Dominic had said was true.

Slowly he released his tight grip and lowered down his sword.

Dominic instantly grabbed his neck, the small gash a testimony to his freedom. He was certain his fate was doom. For the first time in a long time Dominic wept. Wept because he was glad to be alive, wept because he loved his family, and wept because he was grateful for all god had given him.

Allan left the house irate and tired, but also with a sense of calm and serenity.

Wandering the roads Noah caught sight of him, looking rather dejected.

They walked together in silence, until Allan decided to sit down, Noah followed.

“My brother is dead you know Noah. If I can’t get my revenge then where is the justice in this? This is not justice, this isn't fair, where’s my eye? Where’s my tooth?”

“You know, if every man took an eye for an eye, we’d all inevitably end up blind.”

title: short story on justice

question: What does the story say about Allon?

answer: Allon was Allan's brother who is killed by Dominic. Dominic did not intend to kill Allon but to rob him. However, Allon fought back, and Dominic killed him accidentally as he is lousy with a sword.

question: What does the story say about why Allan decides not to kill Dominic?

answer: Allan decides not to kill Dominic because he realizes that if he kills him, his wife and children will also die.

question: What does the story say about Allan?

answer: Dominic killed Allan's brother Allon, and Allan decides to get revenge. When he meets Dominic, he changes his mind after a short conversation with Dominic. Dominic says he killed Allon accidentally. He is guilty, but he has to provide for his family. If he dies, his family will also die.

question: What does the story say about when Noah and Allan met?


text:
[1517352427956-1152827381.jpg]

ABOUT
GASFILES is a cloud storage project that uses blockchain technology. I think this is very revolutionary, where previously no cloud storage media used this technology. In addition, GASFILES provides unlimited, secure, and adopted private blockchain storage.

THE PROBLEM
With current digital storage / cloud storage:

1.  From the size of the limitations provided.
2.  Viewed from very personal data.
3.  See whether or not safe data is stored.
4.  Measure from the amount of costs incurred.

THE SOLUTION
GASFILES answered all that, There is no limit on size or quantity for storage and our platform focuses on privacy and security harnessing the power of modern Blockchain technology. Not having to rely on an external server or lease space from someone else’s machines we have very little overhead which means a huge price reduction for our customers.

FEATURES

THE GAS FILES PLATFORM IS VERY SIMPLE & SECURE

A user will sign up to the platform with a secure identifier with 2FA (2 factor authorization) much like you would at blockchain.com. The user now has access to the Gas Files blockchain.

MULTIPLE FILES SAFELY STORED ON THE BLOCKCHAIN.

The user can now select a file or multiple files simultaneously and upload. The actual file does not get uploaded to a server. At this point the file is convertered into a line of code and that data is safely stored on the blockchain. This blockchain is private! No-one else can convert your files or download it. If you have your settings set to private they will not even be able to see the file.

SHARE FILES LIKE A CRYPTO TRANSACTION

You can share selected files at any time just by selecting the files and adding the people you wish to send them to. This will be instant and work like a crypto transaction. In this case the users you send the files to will be able to access the file in the same way you can.

Simple to download original file

SIMPLE TO DOWNLOAD ORIGINAL FILE

To download a file off the private blockchain its as simple as uploading it on the blockchain. You simply choose the files (one or multiple) and select where you wish to save/download the file. The file/s is then converted and saved to your selected location.

THE BENEFITS
We can tell from the arrangement above, how GASFILES gives arrangements, since document stockpiling or advanced information has turned out to be a standout amongst the most in the most developing and gainful ventures on the planet today. In any case, document stockpiling or advanced information in its present frame has numerous constraints and is subsequently extremely costly. There are additionally different security issues Photographers or videographer who utilize 200gb more stockpiling documents for each day, which can not yet store everything on the present distributed storage media.

The Gas Files Platform is very easy. Users can log onto a platform with secure symbols with 2FA (2 factor authorization) just like you do on blockchain.com.Clients at present approach non-open Blockchain. The present client will choose a document or various records on the double and exchange. Certain documents are not transferred to the server. At present, the record is reawakened into a solitary line of code that protected data is put away in Blockchain. This blockchain is private! Nobody else will change over your records or exchange them. On the off chance that you’ve set your settings to non-open they won’t be prepared to see the record. You will share the chose record whenever by essentially choosing the document and adding the individual you need to send them. this can be a moment and working kind of crypto bunch activity. Amid this case, the client you are sending the document will be prepared to get to it similarly as you. To exchange documents from non-open Blockchain, it’s as simple as transferring it on Blockchain. You just select a document (at least one) and pick wherever you need to spare/download records. The record/s is then reawakened and spared to the area you pick.

Why Should I Invest In GasFiles ?
ICO has become a big business. The reason is because the possibility of blockchain technology is endless and people want to jump ship while the industry is gaining serious momentum.

The average 13000000 ICO returns to investors by 2017. That’s huge! Of course they are a lot of bad in that group. So what can be great ICO with amazing products? The sky is the limit …

We know the power behind what we create at GasFiles and know our future will be great !!!

The solution Very, very simple
A powerful file storage platform built with blockchain technology. Blockchain allows us to create a secure and secure private file storage platform with unlimited storage and no restrictions.

TOKEN GASFILES SALES
Token GASFILES is the ERC20 token on the Ethereal Blockchain. GASFILES token sales will fund development and Sales of GASFILES tokens starting on February 9, 2018 and ending on March 9, 2018 or when 10,000 ETH sales are achieved (Hardcap). Total token inventory is 100,000,000. Each GAS token will be priced at 0.0008 ETH at the start of the token sale.

Total supply: 100,000,000 GAS
Supply Token sales: 60,000,000 GAS
Soft Cap: 1,000 ETH
Hard cap: 10,000 ETH
Exchange Rate: 1 GAS = 0.0008 ETH = $ 0.68 USD
Each GAS token will be priced at 0.0008 ETH, with a bonus depending on the purchase period.
Bonus is determined as follows:
30% bonus for first 24 hours.
20% bonus for the first week.
Bonus 10% until 02 March 2018.
There will be no bonus for ICO’s last week. Token will be transferred at once after the token sale expires.

Allocation of Token GasFiles

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Budget allocation

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RoadMap

[15173544595451698763563.jpg]

Author:

Profile: https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?action=profile;u=994438;sa=summary

Eth : 0x44d86c22BE3671e37f0B7D84CC7f38DAA4F7AD99

question: What is GASFILES?

answer: A digital cloud storage project that uses blockchain technology.

question: What is the solution GASFILES offers?

answer: No limit on size or quantity for storage and the platform focuses on privacy and security harnessing Blockchain technology.

question: How does the user sign up to the platform?

answer: With a secure identifier using 2-Factor Identification, 2FA.

question: How do you download a private file?

answer: Simply upload it to the blockchain.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: GASFILES is a new kind of cloud storage that uses Blockchain technology. It is able to store a great deal more information than traditional cloud service providers, and the platform has privacy and security using blockchain technology.


text:
UPDATE (JULY 17, 2018): Peach & Lily's in-house skin-care collection has been live on peachandlily.com for less than 24 hours, and one of the five new products has already sold out — and it did so within mere _minutes_ of the launch.

Anyone looking to purchase the Super Reboot Resurfacing Mask right now will be greeted with a purple "This item is sold out! Notify me when available" button where the peach "Add to bag" button briefly was. According to the Peach & Lily team, what made so many people jump at the chance to buy it is that it's so good at "de-gunking" skin through gentle resurfacing. In fact, Peach & Lily founder Alicia Yoon, who suffers from eczema, says this is the first chemical peel gentle enough for her to use.

And it probably didn't hurt that Peach & Lily's Instagram account posted a video right before the launch featuring a video of the mask gleaming in its jar. It's truly hypnotizing.

If you've got your heart set on snagging a Super Reboot Resurfacing Mask for yourself, don't worry — Peach & Lily is working on getting it back in stock, and you can be one of the first to know of its triumphant return by clicking on the aforementioned "notify me" button.

UPDATE (JULY 16, 2018): After nearly two months, the wait is finally over: Peach & Lily's in-house skin-care collection, announced in late May, makes its official debut today. And while it may be small, the demand for the line is expected to be mighty, considering two of the products already flew off virtual, pre-sale shelves.

Those two already-popular products are collection's hero formula, Glass Skin Refining Serum, and the Original Glow Sheet Mask, which sold out on both peachandlily.com and QVC.

Peach & Lily is also launching the Super Reboot Resurfacing Mask, a wash-off formula that gently exfoliates; Matcha Pudding Antioxidant Cream, a free-radical-fighting moisturizer, and Pure Beam Luxe Oil, which provides fatty acids and antioxidants to reinforce skin's protective barrier. Each product in the collection averages about $40, except for the Original Glow Sheet Mask, which is available individually for $6 and in a set of 20 for $79.

In addition to its promise of effectiveness, the Peach & Lily skin-care collection has also sworn off many of the ingredients that turn shoppers off, including animal fats, detergents, mineral oil, parabens, petrolatum, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

_This post originally appeared on May 24, 2018:_

Korean beauty retailer Peach & Lily has established itself as one of the must-shop websites for emerging and beloved K-beauty brands like Saturday Skin, Femmue, and Mizon. With the exception of its CVS collaboration, Peach Slices, however, the company hadn't ventured into making its own products. Until now, that is.

The brand posted three simple videos to Instagram announcing the arrival of Peach & Lily's very own skin-care collection, starting with a serum. "🎉✨WE’RE OVER THE MOON EXCITED✨🎉 Introducing...Peach & Lily skincare! ✨🎉" the caption of the first video reads. "We’ve been quietly developing this dreamy line for you for two years. We set out to create a skincare line that gives you everything: proven results, clean and safe formulas, fresh ingredients, decadent textures. Results, delight and safety. 💫 We launched our site seven years ago without fanfare or a big party, instead we launched with the most important thing in focus: connecting with you. It only felt right to share about this launch — our most passionate endeavor yet at Peach & Lily - the same way we did on day one. An earnest, pared-down message that keeps you in the focal point, always."

The caption goes on to say that the full collection will launch in the summer, but the second video's caption announced a pre-sale for the very first product, called Glass Skin Refining Serum. "A breakthrough formula that delivers translucent, poreless, radiant, refined skin. That elusive glass skin is now yours." Well, it's not yours _yet_. The $39 serum — called a "revolutionary cocktail of peach extract, niacinamide, East Asian mountain yam, madecassoside, peptides, and hyaluronic acid" in its description — is already sold out. However, you do have the option of being notified when orders are being taken again.

A third video encourages fans to follow Peach & Lily founder Alicia Yoon for a behind-the-scenes look at product development and insight into how the collection started. She shares some of those details on peachandlily.com, explaining her research began two years ago when her sister told her she was pregnant.

question: What does the text say about Peach & Lily products for men?

question: What does the text say about the Super Reboot Resurfacing Mask?

answer: The Super Reboot Resurfacing Mask is one of the five new Peach & Lily products that were recently launched. It sold out within minutes of launching. The Super Reboot Resurfacing Mask is a wash-off formula good at "de-gunking" skin through gentle exfoliating (resurfacing). Peach & Lily did a great job of marketing the product on Instagram, which was probably part of the reason why it sold out fast.

question: What does the text say about Peach & Lily?

answer: Peach & Lily is a Korean beauty retailer that was founded by Alicia Yoon. It has established itself as one of the must-shop websites for emerging and beloved K-beauty brands like Saturday Skin, Femmue, and Mizon. The company recently launched a new in-house skincare collection that includes the Super Reboot Resurfacing Mask, Glass Skin Refining Serum, and Pure Beam Luxe Oil.

question: What does the text say about Peach & Lily's brand and skincare line?

answer: Peach & Lily set out to create a skincare line that gives customers proven results and decadent textures. The company only uses fresh ingredients and safe formulas to ensure safe results that delight. Peach & Lily also promises the effectiveness of their products. They have sworn off many of the ingredients that turn shoppers off, such as animal fats, detergents, mineral oil, parabens, petrolatum, phthalates, and synthetic fragrances.


text:
[]

On May 10, 1869, Leland Stanford (founder of Stanford University) hammered a ceremonial, golden spike to complete the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States, connecting together the Central Pacific Railroad from the west and the Union Pacific Railroad from the east. Each hammer stroke was transmitted around the nation by telegraph operators as a real-time click, in what might have been the world’s first mass-media event. When the final stroke had fallen, telegraph operators kicked off nationwide celebrations with a simple message: “DONE”. ¹

The long-awaited railroad completely changed the landscape of travel in the United States. Prior to its completion, travelers only had two options to go from coast to coast, and both could take more than four months. ² ³ They could travel by wagon and brave the wilderness, the elements, and treacherous mountain crossings, or they could hook around South America by ship, at a time when scurvy – a painful and often deadly disease, now known to be caused by vitamin C deficiency, that inflicted those at sea – was still not quite understood. ⁴ With the railroad’s completion, travel time from San Francisco and New York dropped down to a mere week. ⁵

The First Transcontinental Railroad not only saved coast-to-coast travelers four months of travel time, but it also opened up radical new ways of thinking about travel. What once was a one-way journey across the United States – as few could afford the time, the cost, and the risk of a four-month journey more than once in a lifetime – now became a cheaper and faster trip that passengers could take more than once. It became possible for Americans to visit friends and family around the country, for farmers and merchants to expand their businesses and sell to national markets, and for more settlers to move west because more supplies could be transported.

A similar lifestyle transformation repeated in the 1950s, when the advent of passenger airlines reduced cross-country travel to under ten hours and again completely revolutionized how we perceived travel. ⁶ Faster transportation didn’t just save weeks of travel time; it also opened the doors for new reasons to travel. Families became more geographically distributed knowing that family members could fly back multiple times a year. Jet-setters flew cross-country or to other continents for parties and meetups over the weekend and would return the following week. Businesses started developing more nationwide relationships and would fly out representatives to meet their clients.

What’s notable about both of these time-saving technologies is that their adoption didn’t merely shave time off from trips that people already intended to take. The time savings also compounded from all the new trips that people started taking given that travel was easier and so much faster.

In engineering organizations, infrastructure teams (and sometimes product teams) spend resources on building better tools that save engineers time. When doing the cost-benefit analyses for these projects and determining whether they’re worth the effort, there’s sometimes a misconception that the value of a tool rests purely in how much time it saves from existing activities. The line of reasoning goes like this: something that reduces the time it takes to complete an activity that you do 3 times a day from 20 minutes to 10 minutes would save you half an hour per day.

While this may seem like a reasonable estimate, this analysis ignores two aspects:

1.  When a tool gets faster, you end up using it more often in existing workflows.

2.  Faster tools enable new workflows, sometimes unexpected ones, that previously weren’t possible.

These two effects compound the time savings of those tools. We can see this happen in a few different areas:

-   COMPILATION TIMES. When I first started at Google back in 2006, compiling C++ code for the Google Webserver could take upwards of 20 minutes or more, even with distributed compilation. ⁷ When code takes that long to compile, you consciously don’t compile very often and probably not more than a few times a day. You batch together larger chunks of code for the compiler to check so that you can fix more errors per development cycle. Since 2006, Google has made significant inroads into reducing compilation times for large programs, including some open source software that shortens compilation phases by 3-5x. ⁷ ⁸

    When compile times drop from 20 minutes to say 2 minutes, you save much more than just 18 minutes per previous compile. You also spend less time visually inspecting code for mistakes and errors and rely more heavily on the compiler to do it. Faster compile times facilitate new workflows around iterative development, as it’s conceptually simpler to iteratively reason about, write, and test smaller chunks of code. When compile times are fast enough, incremental compilation ⁹, where saving a file notifies a background task to automatically start recompiling code, lets you see compiler warnings and errors as you edit files and makes programming significantly more interactive than before.

-   SEARCH SPEED. Google reported that 500 milliseconds of additional latency in search results reduced the number of searches that people do by 20%. ¹⁰ ¹¹ Yahoo and Amazon similarly found that additional latency cost them traffic and sales. ¹² ¹³ These macroscopic experiments confirm that when search is faster, people search more. Conversely, when search is slow, like when you’re trying to search on your smartphone in an area with weak cell phone coverage, you’re much more hesitant to look up some piece of information.

    Faster search not only saves you time, but it also introduces new ways for you to interact with a search engine, compounding the time-saving benefits. Google Instant, for instance, saves users 2-5 seconds per search and also changes a user’s search paradigm, as Google explains:

      “The most obvious change is that you get to the right content much faster than before because you don’t have to finish typing your full search term… Another shift is that seeing results as you type helps you formulate a better search term by providing instant feedback. You can now adapt your search on the fly.” ¹⁴

-   DEPLOYMENT SPEED. Quora is the first place I’ve worked at that uses continuous deployment, where every code commit that passes a set of automated tests goes immediately into production. The team I worked with at Google released code weekly with a multi-day push process, and at Ooyala, we released code at most a few times a week, with the testing cycle for each release taking about a day. While somewhat nerve-racking initially, continuous deployment provides yet another example of how the time saved from the tool goes beyond the time saved during deployment (even though the ~10 minute push cycle is orders of magnitude faster than the push cycle at my previous companies).

    Continuous deployment completely changes engineering workflows. It lets you incrementally tweak code to validate different theories (for example, by changing a block of code in production that’s most likely the source of a performance bottleneck or of a bug and checking data right afterwards) instead of pre-planning a wide range of possibilities for the week’s deployment. It increases the likelihood that you will tackle data migrations that have to safely happen over multiple pushes because they don’t necessarily need to be multi-week endeavors ¹⁵. It also incentivizes you to fix more bugs because the fixes could go to production and be validated within minutes instead of days. As a result, there are days when the small team at Quora might deploy code 40 to 50 times. ¹⁶

Protect your most valuable resource – time

When mentoring younger software engineers, I often advise them to invest time in learning skills and tools that help to increase their iteration speed. In our rush to get things done, long-term investments that save time and improve our workflows sometimes get de-prioritized because they initially detract from our productivity. And yet, these investments often pay for themselves multiple times over. If the tools are ones that other engineers can use, like faster compilers and continuous deployment, their benefits even scale multiplicably with the size of the team.

Time is your most limited and critical resource, so it pays to be aware of tools and investments that save you time. To help inspire some ideas, here are a few more examples of tools that compound their time savings once you learn them:

-   AUTOMATION. A rule of thumb that I use is that once I’ve manually done a task three or more times, it’s time to start considering whether it might be worthwhile to automate it.

-   TEXT EDITOR MACROS. In the Emacs text editor, for example, you can record a sequence of keystrokes and then replay them an arbitrary number of times. With practice, macros can make manual or programmatically tricky tasks nearly trivial.

-   UNIX ONE-LINERS. Being able to manipulate and process data with basic UNIX tools instead of having to write a program can reduce the time to complete a task from minutes down to seconds. ¹⁷

-   VIRTUAL ASSISTANTS. Learning how and what to delegate to virtual assistants is hard, but entrepreneurs and engineers have found success in delegating customer support, email, research, phone calls, scheduling, and more.

-   KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS. Each new keyboard shortcut might only save a second per operation, but mastery of multiple shortcuts compound together to save seconds or even minutes for complex operations.

-   SCRIPTING LANGUAGES. A little knowledge of Python, Ruby, or some other scripting language works wonders in comparison to compiled languages like C++ or Java when you do need to get something quick and dirty done.

Reflect on your daily workflows. What are some other areas where learning or building a tool might have time savings that can compound?

_Thanks to Chen Xiao for reading a draft of this._

question: What does the text say about speed?

answer: Toward the beginning of the text, speed is mentioned in reference to the development of faster modes of travel. The text then transitions to talking about speed in reference to internet searches. Faster searches help people search more and have more ways of interacting with a search engine, such as auto-fill results. The text refers to speed in reference to programming, in which faster compile times help programmers improve their workflows.

question: What does the text say about workflows?

answer: The text refers to workflows mostly in connection to computer programming. The text says that faster tools, compile times, and continuous deployment all help with better workflows. The author encourages readers to reflect on their daily workflows.

question: What does the text say about how long the author worked at Google?


text:
[]

Apple shared plenty of news today at its WWDC 2019 annual developer conference, but a few of the announcements early on are potentially its biggest in terms of what they signal about the company and its direction. Specifically, Apple unveiled a new single-sign on unified ID platform, as well as a new way it’ll operate as a go-between for security cameras that work with its HomeKit smart home services.

These didn’t come out of nowhere: Apple has been playing up its privacy game for at least a few years now, and in the Tim Cook era it’s especially come to the fore. But today’s announcements really crystallize how Apple’s approach to privacy will mesh with its transformation into becoming even more of a services company. It’s becoming a services company with a key differentiator – privacy – and it’s also extending that paradigm to third-parties, acting as an ecosystem layer that mediates between users, and anyone who would seek to monetize their info in aggregate.

Apple’s truly transforming into a privacy-as-a-service company, which shows in the way that it’s implementing both the new single sign-on account service, as well as its camera and location services updates in iOS 13. The SSO play is especially clever, because it includes a mechanism that will allow developers to still have the relevant info they need to maintain a direct relationship with their users – provided users willingly sign-up to have that relationship, but opting in to either or both name and email sharing.

[]

The radial decision-making that also includes an option to create a tokenized single-use email for a direct, but unique relationship is especially inspired. It means a developer or service provider can still easily talk to you directly, but also means that they can’t then trade that on for profit by selling or sharing your information with other developers and providers. It’s entirely about moving the locus of control for privacy to the user, rather than playing the classic charade of providing “control” to users in the form of long, obscure and hard to reject terms of services with onerous requirements for the user re: their data sharing by the service provider.

[]

Apple’s work with camera providers is also unique – providing actual on-device analysis of footage captured by third-party partners to deliver things that security device makers have typically offered as a value-add service themselves. That includes apparent identification of visitors to your home, for instance, and sending alerts when it detects people, as well as being able to differentiate that from other kinds of motion.

That’s going above and beyond simply protecting your data: It’s replacing a potential privacy-risk feature with a privacy-minded one, at a service level across an entire category of devices.

[]

The new location services feature similarly puts all the control with users, instead of with service providers. Making it possible to provide single-use location permissions to apps is terrific for privacy-minded users, as are updates about usage, which sound like they could be detailed about what specific apps are doing with that data in Apple’s estimation.

Other new features, including HomeKit firewalling of specific services and devices, are similar in tone, and likely indicate what Apple intends to do more of in the future. Combined with its existing efforts, this begins to paint a picture of where Apple plans to play in offering a comprehensive consumer services product that is substantially differentiated from similar offerings by Google and others.

It’s a bold play, and one that could end with Apple accruing a huge amount of control over consumer relationships with not only hardware, but also anything else that software providers want to do on their platform. Given Apple’s track record with privacy to date, that’s reassuring, but we should definitely watch closely to see how their business evolves if they succeed in shifting that locus of control.

question: What were the biggest announcement of Apple's annual developer conference in 2019?

answer: Apple unveiled a new single sign-on unified ID platform. They also announced the new way it will operate as a go-between for security cameras that work with its HomeKit smart home services.

question: What is Apple's differentiator as a services company?

answer: Privacy.

question: How does Apple act as an ecosystem layer?

answer: By mediating between users and anyone who would seek to monetize their info in aggregate.

question: How is the relationship between user and developed inspired?

answer: Developers still have the relevant info they need to maintain a direct relationship with users, provided users willingly sign-up to have that relationship, but opting to either or both name and email sharing.

question: Why does this radial decision making make such a big difference?

answer: It means a developed or service provider can still easily talk to you directly, but also means that they can't trade that on for profit by selling or sharing your information with other developed and providers.

question: Will Apple be able to shift the locus of control?

answer: It is unclear at this stage and will have to be closely watched to see how their business evolves.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The biggest announcement from Apple's annual developer conference was a new single sign-on unified ID platform. This means that Apple wants to shift the locus of control from the developer to the user. It is a bold play. Apple is positioning themselves to provide privacy in an industry where this is scarce.


text:
Secure and fast file management

MegaDownloader is a free, high-speed file downloader service with integrated cloud storage. MEGA operates on all major devices and platforms connected to the Internet, and allows for users to DIRECTLY DOWNLOAD FILES HOUSED IN ITS CLOUD to any of your devices with the app installed. It's an easy solution for hosting files - especially in an office atmosphere - and is a free means of CONVENIENT, SECURE CLOUD STORAGE.

Upload, manage, share and communicate

As a cloud service, MEGA allows users to LINK, SHARE, AND MANAGE DATA. MegaDownloader will also encrypt files, SECURELY UPLOAD PHOTOS AND VIDEOS, and has the capacity to EXCHANGE PRIVATE OR GROUP MESSAGES. Files you've downloaded can be saved to your computer, phone, or tablet, which lets you ACCESS THEM EVEN WHEN OPERATING OFFLINE. You can also use MEGA to HOLD ENCRYPTED VIDEO OR AUDIO CALLS in either a direct or a group setting. Some of MEGA's other features include:

FAST DOWNLOAD SPEEDS that keep pace with your Internet connection
Automated download of FILES OF ALL SIZES, ranging from kilobytes to several gigabytes
FILE VERSIONING capabilities for easy reversion to older copies
Support for PARALLEL DOWNLOADS for organizing numerous files
Optional SEGMENTED DOWNLOADS allowing you to selectively boost download speeds even faster
MegaDownloader as an office tool

MegaDownloader is a popular choice of cloud software in the workplace as it allows for secure, fast management of files, no matter how large or how many. It's an easy way to share links, spreadsheets, proprietary programs, or larger video files between a large group of people. RECEIVING USERS DO NOT NEED AN ACCOUNT, but adding new members over the MEGA app is also very easy.

MEGA comes with a standard launcher wizard and installation should only take a few seconds. In an office scenario, any MEMBERS ADDED WILL AUTOMATICALLY BECOME CONTACTS WITH ALL OTHERS tied to the business. From that point you'll be able to share files directly with them, and add them to groups. If you and this team member later part ways, YOU'LL LOSE NO VITAL DATA; you can just move it over to a new account.

Accounts are required

While the service MegaDownloader provides is pretty outstanding, it won't let you find that out without making an account on their website, which is a little annoying. Doing so is thankfully free, and all the software requests of you before you can go for your first test run is your email address. Unfortunately, USERS ARE NOT ABLE TO SET NEW LANGUAGES FROM WITHIN THE APP; you'll need to manually change language settings through your PC.

While accounts are required, you won't have to pay a cent to use the service. MEGA's FREE PLAN OFFERS OVER 50 GIGABYTES WORTH OF FREE SPACE, and you'll still get to reap the encryption benefits and high download speeds of the app. You'll also receive a neat free 10GB for every invitation you send to your friends, which is one more reason MEGA is preferable when working with larger groups.

MegaDownloader vs Dropbox and Google Drive

While Dropbox and Google Drive offer decent user management, file versioning, and substantial data protection both when resting and in transit, MEGA OFFERS SUPERIOR END-TO-END ENCRYPTION than the competition, as well as more secure team messaging and voice conferencing. As such, MEGA is the best choice when you're working in a group or business setting.

Using MegaDownloader for calls

While the primary mission of MegaDownloader is safe, accessible cloud storage, the app also provides a CONVENIENT, FAST MEANS OF COMMUNICATION, similar to an app like Viber. Both audio and video calls through the app feature end-to-end encryption, keeping your calls secure and private. Talking over MEGA works on mobile devices, tablets, and on PC via a web browser.

MegaDownloader is secure to use

A cornerstone of MEGA's business model was to provide a product and interface that promote speed and usability without sacrificing the security necessary for the safe download of all kinds of content. As such any and all MEGA CLIENT PRODUCTS ARE KEPT OPEN SOURCE AND ARE SUBJECT TO FREQUENT INSPECTION. Any data you send over MEGA is encrypted with a CRYPTOGRAPHIC KEY.

These cryptographic keys are generated from your own password before any information is ever sent. This way nobody (including MEGA) is granted access to your password or your data. Only receiving parties that you manually select are granted the keys to accessing the data you sent. MEGADOWNLOADER DOES NOT ESTABLISH ANY OTHER CONNECTION WITH OTHER SERVERS, and it'll never try to sell your personal information.

Accessible and secure cloud access

You don't need any kind of prior software installs to run MEGA, and so far it's the only app that offers BROWSER-BASED, HIGH-PERFORMANCE END-TO-END ENCRYPTION. An easy entry point coupled with high security has incentivized millions of business and personal users to start using MEGA. 50 gigabytes of free cloud storage is a substantial offer, especially with the aforementioned extra 10 GB you can get from recommending the product.

MegaDownloader also earns points for providing the experience gratis, AD-FREE, and without relying on microtransactions or hidden add-on fees. You can use it for free or choose to upgrade to a PRO account, which provides more TB for storage and transfer purposes. MEGA is an especially excellent tool for scheduled business meetings, communicating with remote offices. Download the app now and try it out for free to see whether it's the best cloud storage for you!

Updates and news

MegaDownloader's biggest recent improvement is the addition of a browser plugin extension called MEGA Chrome extensions (which works on Firefox as well). This optional extension reduces loading times even further, strengthens security, and improves download performance. MegaDownloader has also recently removed the minimize button in the 'add links' window, which is a welcome help towards preventing weird behavior with copy/pasting links.

PROS

-   Easy to use
-   Fast downloads
-   End-to-end encryption
-   Direct or group environment

CONS

-   Some issues with certain browsers
-   Must have an account to use
-   Lacks language support

question: What product is the text about?

answer: MegaDownloader.

question: Do you need an account to use MegaDownloader?

answer: Yes.

question: Why does the author think MegaDownloader is better than Dropbox or Google Drive?

answer: It has superior end-to-end encryption.

question: Is MegaDownloader free?

answer: There is a free option and a paid option.

question: How much free space do you get with the free option?

answer: 50 GB.

question: In the author's opinion, what are the main cons of MegaDownloader?

answer: Some issues with certain browsers, you must have an account to use it, and it lacks language support.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The text is a review of MegaDownloader, detailing its pros and cons.


text:
[Manticore badge of William, Lord Hastings, c.1470.] WILLIAM HASTINGS, 1ST BARON HASTINGS KG (c. 1431 – June 1483) was an English nobleman. A loyal follower of the House of York during the Wars of the Roses, he became a close friend and one of the most important courtiers of King Edward IV, whom he served as Lord Chamberlain. At the time of Edward's death he was one of the most powerful and richest men in England. He was executed following accusations of treason by Edward's brother and ultimate successor, Richard III. The date of his death is disputed; early histories argued for a hasty execution on 13 June, while Clements R. Markham argues that he was executed one week after his arrest on 20 June 1483, and after a trial.[1]

Biography

[Signature of William Lord Hastings]

William Hastings, born about 1430-1431, was the eldest son of Sir Leonard Hastings (c. 1396 – 20 October 1455), and his wife Alice Camoys, daughter of Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys. Hastings succeeded his father in service to the House of York and through this service became close to his distant cousin the future Edward IV, whom he was to serve loyally all his life. He was High Sheriff of Warwickshire and High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1455.

He fought alongside Edward at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross and was present at the proclamation of Edward as king in London on 4 March 1461 and then when the new king secured his crown at the Battle of Towton shortly thereafter. He was knighted on the field of battle. With the establishment of the Yorkist regime, Hastings became one of the key figures in the realm, most importantly as Master of the Mint and Lord Chamberlain, an office he held for the duration of the reign and which made him one of the most important means of access to the king. He was also created Baron Hastings, a title reinforced by grants of land and office, primarily in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire. In 1462 he was invested as a Knight of the Garter. Hastings' tenure as Master of the Mint occurred during the Great Bullion Famine and the Great Slump in England.

In 1474, he was awarded royal licence to crenellate at three of his landholdings in Leicestershire; at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Kirby Muxloe, and at Bagworth. He built extensively at Ashby, mostly making additions to the pre-existing manor house built by the de la Zouch family in the thirteenth century. His greatest achievement at Ashby was the Hastings Tower. At Kirby Muxloe Castle he began an intricate fortified house of red brick, one of the first of its kind in the county. Thanks to English Heritage, the castles at Ashby and Kirby can still be seen, but nothing survives to indicate any construction at Bagworth.

His importance in these years is recorded in a number of sources and was recognised by the greatest peer in the realm, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. In 1462, Warwick arranged for Hastings to marry his widowed sister, Katherine Neville. (Katherine's first husband, Lord Bonville, had been killed at St Albans in 1461 and their infant daughter, Cecily, succeeded to the Bonville titles and estates.)

Despite this matrimonial relationship with the Nevilles, when Warwick drove Edward IV into exile in 1470, Hastings went with Edward and accompanied the king back the following spring. Hastings raised troops for Edward in the English Midlands and served as one of the leading captains of the Yorkist forces at both Barnet and Tewkesbury.

His service, loyalty and ability, along with the fall of his Neville in-laws, made Hastings even more important during the second half of Edward IV's reign. He continued to serve as Chamberlain and was awarded the position of Chamberlain of the Exchequer in 1471, which he held until 1483. He was also appointed Lieutenant of Calais, which made him an important player in foreign affairs, and given authority over an increasingly large section of the English Midlands. At court, he was involved in two lengthy feuds with members of Queen Elizabeth Woodville's family, most notably with her son Thomas Grey, first Marquess of Dorset.

Death

After the death of Edward IV on 9 April 1483, the Dowager Queen appointed family members to key positions and rushed to expedite the coronation of her young son Edward V as king, circumventing Richard, Duke of Gloucester, whom the late king had appointed Lord Protector. Hastings, who had long been friendly with Richard and hostile to the Woodvilles, was a key figure in checking these manoeuvres. While keeping the Woodvilles in check in London, Hastings informed Richard of their proceedings and asked him to hasten to London. Richard intercepted the young king, who was on his way to London, with his Woodville relatives. Hastings then supported Richard's formal installation as Lord Protector and collaborated with him in the royal council.

Affairs changed dramatically on 13 June 1483 during a council meeting at the Tower of London: Richard, supported by the Duke of Buckingham, accused Hastings and two other council members of having committed treason by conspiring against his life with the Woodvilles, with Hastings's mistress Jane Shore (formerly also mistress to Edward IV and possibly Dorset), acting as a go-between. While the other alleged conspirators were imprisoned, Hastings was beheaded. The timing of his execution is disputed, although Charles Ross, in his biography of Richard III, argued for the traditional date of 13 June.[2]

The summary execution of the popular Hastings was controversial among contemporaries and has been interpreted differently by historians and other authors. The traditional account, harking back to authors of the Tudor period, including William Shakespeare, considered the conspiracy charge invented and merely a convenient excuse to remove Hastings, who was known for his loyalty to the dead king and his heirs, as while he remained alive he would have been too formidable an obstacle to Richard's own plans to seize the throne.[3] Others have been more open to the possibility of such a conspiracy and that Richard merely reacted to secure his position.[4]

Despite the accusations of treason, Richard did not issue an attainder against Hastings and his family. Hence, his wife and sons were allowed to inherit his lands and properties. Hastings was buried in the north aisle of St George's Chapel, Windsor, next to Edward IV.

In literature

He is portrayed in two of Shakespeare's plays: _Henry VI, Part 3_ and _Richard III_.

Family

Hastings married, before 6 February 1462, Katherine Neville, sister of Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as “Warwick the Kingmaker,” and widow of William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington, slain at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460, by whom he had had four sons and two daughters:

-   Edward Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings, who married Mary Hungerford.
-   Sir William Hastings.
-   Sir Richard Hastings, who married, and had two daughters and coheirs, Elizabeth Hastings, who married John Beaumont of Gracedieu, Leicestershire, Master of the Rolls, and Mary Hastings, who married Thomas Saunders of Harringworth, Northamptonshire.
-   George Hastings.
-   Anne Hastings, who married her father's ward, George Talbot, 4th Earl of Shrewsbury.
-   Elizabeth Hastings.

Notes

[1] Clements R. Markham _Richard III_', pp. 214-216.

[2]

[3] For instance, Alison Weir, _The Princes in the Tower_, London: Random House, 1992.

[4] For instance, Paul Murray Kendall, _Richard III_.

title: William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings

question: Summarize William Hastings' relationship with Edward IV.

answer: William Hastings was a personal friend and one of King Edward IV's most trusted courtiers while serving as Lord Chamberlain. He fought alongside Edward in the Battle of Mortimer's Cross and was there at Edward's coronation in London and the Battle of Towton. When Hastings' in-law, the Earl of Warwick, forced Edward into exile, Hastings stood by him. In the spring of the following year, he returned to England with Edward and gathered men in the English Midlands to serve him. At both Barnet and Tewkesbury, Hastings was a significant captain of the Yorkiets armies. Hastings' dedication, devotion, and talent made him even more valuable during the second half of Edward IV's reign.

question: Describe how betrayal factored in Hastings' death.

answer: Following the death of Edward IV, the Dowager Queen assigned members of her family to crucial roles, including designating her son Edward V the next king, bypassing Richard, Duke of Gloucester, whom the king had named Lord Protector. Richard's long-time buddy Hastings was in charge of investigating these shenanigans. He even backed Richard's formal installation as Lord Protector and participated with him in the royal council. Things took a dramatic turn when Richard accused Hastings and two other council members of treason by plotting against his life. Hastings was executed, while the other suspected conspirators were imprisoned. Despite charging Hastings with treason, Richard refused to order an attainder against him and his family, allowing Hastings' wife and children to inherit his estates and assets.

question: What does the text say about Hastings' first family?

answer: Firstly, William Hastings' father was Sir Leonard Hastings, and his mother was Alice Camoys, the daughter of Thomas de Camoys, 1st Baron Camoys. William then married the Earl of Warwick's widowed sister, Katherine Neville, whose husband William Bonville, 6th Baron Harington, was slain at the Battle of Wakefield. Together they had four sons and two daughters: Edward Hastings, 2nd Baron Hastings, Sir William Hastings, Sir Richard Hastings, George Hastings, Anne Hastings, and Elizabeth Hastings.


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Orexin, also called hypocretin, is a neurotransmitter that regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. Scientists suspect that narcolepsy is caused by a lack of orexin in the brain due to the destruction of the cells that produce it. Read on to learn about this neurotransmitter and factors that may naturally increase it.

WHAT IS OREXIN AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?

Definition

The brain contains about 10,000 to 20,000 neurons in the hypothalamus, but axons from these neurons extend throughout the entire brain and spinal cord, where there are also receptors for orexin.

Science suggests that brain orexin/hypocretin neurons STIMULATE WAKEFULNESS, ALERTNESS, eating, reward-seeking, and healthy glucose balance [1].

WHAT DOES IT DO?

Orexin is not just any molecule in our body. Some scientists say that whenever we’re tired or fatigued, orexin is suppressed [2].

It’s not like orexin is one of the many systems that stimulate wakefulness. It’s considered to be by far the most significant stimulator of wakefulness. Histamine is also involved, but orexin activates the histamine system [2].

Researchers suspect that there are many hormones and other systems in the body that interact with orexin.

Therefore, the orexin system seems to be central to productive human functioning and good mood. However, orexin’s role is a relatively recent discovery. Larger human studies are needed to better understand its effects on health [2].

NARCOLEPSY

There are two main types of narcolepsy: type 1 and type 2. Measuring orexin levels helps diagnose type 1 narcolepsy [3].

Doctors need the following to diagnose type 1 narcolepsy [4]:

-   Hypersomnia (extreme sleepiness)
-   Cataplexy (episodes of muscle weakness in response to emotional stimuli), and/or
-   Orexin (hypocretin-1) concentrations in the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) of 110 pg/mL or less

The exact cause of narcolepsy is still unknown. Unproven, experimental theories suggest that narcolepsy may result from immune imbalance, specifically an elevated Th2 immune system, in some people. Another study found elevated TNF and IL-6 [5, 6].

Beyond Wakefulness

Limited research suggests that orexin also increases metabolism and body temperature. According to this theory, people that feel cold and tired may, among other factors, have low orexin [7].

Orexin also seems to increase hunger via increased neuropeptide Y expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus [8].

Animal models suggest that low levels of orexin cause obesity, even when fewer calories are consumed. This hasn’t been confirmed in humans [9].

One hypothesis posits that orexin is a significant factor in why consuming sugar makes people fat. They claim that this is because people feel tired after eating sugar, since it causes blood sugar levels to spike and orexin to fall. So, instead of burning calories, people go to sleep. Although plausible, this hypothesis has yet to be tested [9].

Another team of researchers claimed that higher levels of orexin-A cause people to be happier. They’re still lacking solid data, though, since this theory is mainly based off the fact that the incidence of depression is higher in narcolepsy.

Yet another stream of research found that orexin and its receptors may decline with age. Plus, orexin may cause people to increase oxygen use because it might increase metabolism. Future research has yet to clarify and solidify all these findings [9, 10].

When to See a Doctor

If your goal is to increase orexin to improve your fatigue – or extreme exhaustion-related issues – including those of chronic fatigue or depression – it’s important to talk to your doctor, especially low energy levels are significantly impacting your daily life.

YOUR DOCTOR SHOULD DIAGNOSE AND TREAT ANY UNDERLYING CONDITIONS CAUSING YOUR SYMPTOMS.

Precautions & Limitations

Remember that the existing evidence does not suggest that low orexin causes fatigue or mood disorders.

There’s also no precise way to measure orexin levels outside of research studies and diagnosing type 1 narcolepsy. For narcolepsy, a healthcare professional has to take a person’s cerebrospinal fluid, which is an invasive procedure reserved only for specific cases.

Complex disorders like chronic fatigue syndrome always involve multiple possible factors – including brain chemistry, environment, health status, and genetics – that may vary from one person to another.

Additionally, changes in nerve tone and brain chemistry are not something that people can change on their own with the approaches listed here. Instead, the factors mentioned in this article are meant to improve energy levels and support overall mental health and well-being. Most are backed up only by limited human or animal studies.

THEREFORE, YOU MAY TRY THE STRATEGIES LISTED BELOW IF YOU AND YOUR DOCTOR DETERMINE THAT THEY COULD BE APPROPRIATE. Read through the approaches we bring up and discuss them with your doctor before trying them out. This is particularly important if you plan to take any dietary supplements.

Supplements have not been approved by the FDA for medical use and generally lack solid clinical research. Regulations set manufacturing standards for them but don’t guarantee that they’re safe or effective.

Finally, have in mind that none of these strategies should ever be done in place of what your doctor recommends or prescribes.

1) RESOLVING CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

Research suggests a link between orexin and chronic inflammation. Persistent, low-grade inflammation also seems to be tightly tied to fatigue and low cellular energy, according to recent scientific findings [11, 12].

Elevated inflammation from cytokines like IL-1b and TNF is hypothesized to cause fatigue by the suppression of orexin neurons [13, 14, 15, 16].

Just before the normal time ofsleep onset for rats, TNF levels in brain tissue were shown to be 10-fold higher than their daily minimum. This hasn’t been verified in humans, though [17].

If you are experiencing chronic inflammation, work with your doctor to resolve the underlying issue causing your symptoms.

2) EXERCISE

Getting regular, moderate exercise is good for overall health. We know from experience that it makes us feel energized, and some scientists think orexin might be one of the reasons.

Limited human studies back this theory up: exercise was able to increase orexin levels in the human bloodstream [18].

Additionally, exercise seems to increase orexin in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats, dogs, and cats [18].

Researchers think that the source of orexin might be directly released from the pituitary into the bloodstream, leaked from the cerebrospinal fluid, or produced by the gut or pancreas. More research is needed [18].

Exercise temporarily acidifies our blood (increases lactate), which is hypothesized to increase the firing of orexin neurons [19].

Interestingly, orexin A may cross the blood-brain barrier. Theoretically, if it’s elevated in the blood after exercise, it may also be elevated in the brain [20].

3) NATURAL LIGHT – GET OUTSIDE

Bright light (for example, from the sun) increases orexin, and animal research suggests that this is the likely mechanism by which it’s effective for depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Proper human data are still lacking to back up this mechanism, though [21].

4) FERMENTED FOODS

We spoke about lactate as a “backup generator” before.

Lactate is a critical energy source and a likely regulator of the orexin system. Scientists think that lactate release from astrocytes plays an integral part in balancing brain activity and energy supply [22].

According to one theory, supplying orexin neurons with lactate can stop glucose from blocking orexin neurons. Lactate might disinhibit and sensitize these orexin neurons for future excitation. This hasn’t been proven in humans, however [1, 22].

One study hypothesized that orexin neurons only “see” glucose changes when the levels of other energy molecules are low, whereas high energy levels can stop glucose from regulating orexin cells [1].

Here are some fermented foods that likely contain lactate:

-   Kombucha
-   Sauerkraut
-   Pickles

Kombucha has lactate, pyruvate, butyrate, ATP. Studies are investigating whether it has other “energy-related molecules” as a result of the fermentation process. Anecdotally, many people say this fermented Eastern drink refreshes and energizes them [1].

Additionally, certain probiotics like Lactobacilli produce lactate.

On the other hand, various minerals can be formulated into lactate salts, such as Calcium lactate and Magnesium lactate.

5) PROTEIN

It’s a good idea to get adequate amounts of healthy protein foods on a daily basis. Various amino acids are hypothesized to affect orexin signaling, but there are no clinical studies to determine their impact.

Researchers believe that amino acids excite orexin neurons through a few mechanisms, though this has yet to be confirmed in humans [23].

An animal study gave branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which are precursors to glutamate synthesis, to brain-damaged mice. BCAAs reinstated activation of orexin neurons and improved wake deficits in mice with mild brain injury. Human data are lacking [24].

In the lab, nonessential amino acids were more potent in activating orexin cells than essential amino acids [23].

One theory states that amino acids may block glucose suppression of orexin because they tell the neurons that there’s enough energy around [23].

In cells, scientists ordered them this way – from most to least effective:

-   Glycine
-   Aspartate
-   Cysteine (NAC)
-   Alanine
-   Serine
-   Asparagine
-   Proline
-   Glutamine [23]

However, we have no way to know how each one affects orexin activity in complex beings. This hasn’t been researched.

6) CARB AND CALORIC RESTRICTION

Theoretically, elevated glucose concentration might block or silence the activity of orexin neurons [1].

In lab animals, the principal way to activate orexin is by restricting glucose [25].

The hypothesis is that under low-energy conditions such as starvation, it could be advantageous for ingested glucose to suppress the orexin-driven net energy expenditure, thereby ensuring that more fundamental processes (such as keeping the brain alive) receive enough glucose.

Conversely, when the brain has plenty of fuel (perhaps signaled by high levels of pyruvate and/or lactate), there may be little advantage in coupling glucose fluctuations to orexin activity, since under these conditions, acute changes in glucose levels would be compensated by other energy molecules [1].

In addition, scientists think that orexin neurons are stimulated by falling glucose levels [25].

Hypothetically, people who eat less or practice some degree of caloric restriction may have higher orexin because their body senses they’re not getting enough calories, which activates this system. Proper human data are needed, though [9].

7) MAINTAINING HEALTHY WEIGHT

Some researchers consider that losing extra weight may help increase orexin and energy levels.

This is based on the theory that Leptin inhibits orexin. High leptin levels are characteristic of being overweight, while leptin levels tend to drop as a result of weight loss [26].

However, many other factors also affect leptin levels and weight and the exact role of orexin has yet to be determined.

8) FIBER

GLP-1 is a gut hormone that can activate/excite orexin neurons in the hypothalamus (which increases orexin). Scientists think it might be useful in making us feel satiated as well, which may make us eat less and further activate orexin.

It’s possible that GLP-1 functions like orexin and sometimes works instead of it, though this hasn’t been confirmed in humans [27].

Resistant starch may increase GLP-1 and also produces butyrate. It’s also acidic. Hypothetically, this might block glucose-induced suppression of orexin [28, 29, 1].

Anecdotally, people say high-butyrate foods or drinks (like kombucha) increase energy levels after a big meal.

9) HAVING FUN

A study in dogs found having fun or play was able to increase orexin, while the same level of exercise wasn’t able to [30].

The study concluded that motor and cardiovascular changes might not sufficient to elevate orexin, so they hypothesize that the emotional aspects of yard play account for the observed increase in orexin [30].

Research hasn’t yet measured the effects of fun activities on orexin in humans.

10) VAGUS NERVE STIMULATION

Vagus nerve stimulation seemed to decrease daytime sleep and rapid eye movement in epilepsy patients with traumatic brain injury in limited studies. More clinical trials are needed and whether or not vagus nerve stimulation affects orexin signaling is still unknown [31].

In comatose rats after traumatic brain injury, vagus nerve stimulation promoted the recovery of consciousness [31].

The effects were thought to be, in part, mediated by the increase of orexin-A and its receptor (OXR1) in the prefrontal cortex [31].

11) GREEN TEA

Caffeine was found to activate orexin, which isn’t surprising given that it’s the most widely-consumed stimulant worldwide. It’s found in both coffee and green and black tea, but green tea is the highest in antioxidants among the three [32, 33].

12) OMEGA 3S

A study found that in healthy people, there was a correlation between omega 3s and orexin A (but not in narcoleptics) [34].

EXPERIMENTAL (LACKING EVIDENCE)

THE FOLLOWING FACTORS ARE THEORETICAL OR ANECDOTAL. THEY AREN’T BACKED UP BY SOLID SCIENCE, AND SOME ARE NOT GENERALLY ASSOCIATED WITH WELL-BEING.

For example, we recommend against bag breathing and high fructose intake but think that they’re interesting to mention for informational purposes.

We also highly recommend against the use of nicotine for any indication other than smoking cessation. Nicotine is highly addictive and its harms outweigh any benefits.

Keto diets and cold exposure are not harmful as long as you get a green light from your healthcare provider.

Bag Breathing/CO₂

CO₂ increases after eating carbohydrates. Macronutrient profile aside, CO₂ increases after breathing into a bag [35].

Fructose

Animal studies suggest that long-term fructose consumption (bingeing) increases orexin [36].

Also, 25% of fructose consumed turns into lactate, which is hypothesized to have orexin-increasing effects [37].

Fructose, fructans, and FOS might also excite orexin neurons by increasingGLP-1, thereby potentially increasing wakefulness [38,39].

Rawhoney has some fructose. However, heavy fructose consumption is not healthy.

Cold Exposure

In rats, 30 min of cold stress increased the expression of orexin [40].

Although the effects of cold showers on orexin activity and wakefulness haven’t been studied, many people advocate for this traditional cooling method.

It usually takes a while to get accustomed to fully cold showers, though. Some people say it’s good to dip your face in cold water for starts.

Remember to consult your healthcare provider first, though. Most doctors recommend against cold showers in people with heart disease or in those at risk. That’s because sudden cold exposure can restrict blood vessels, which may raise heart rate and blood pressure.

Keto Diet

No studies aboutketosis and orexin specifically have been published.

Nonetheless, some people claim that a keto diet may stimulate orexin since they report feeling subjectively more awake.

Keto advocates say that if they get into ketosis, glucose levels will likely be low, which is more likely to activate orexin. This hasn’t been proven, though.

Second, advocates claim that ketones are “energy-related molecules” that would theoretically signal to the brain that there’s not a famine, which should activate orexin… in theory. This is thought to be the underlying logic for why lactate allegedly prevents orexin suppression.

Third, ketones are acidic, so people say that this will also increase orexin. Remember that no human data back them up, though.

In animals, ketosis increasesghrelin. Ghrelin activates orexin [41]. However, human studies show that ketosis doesn’t increase ghrelin [42].

Ketosis results in elevated ATP in animals, which activates orexin. Human data are lacking [43].

[Ketogenic diet changes]

Forskolin

Although forskolin is a popular “wakefulness promoter,” its effects on sleepiness and orexin levels in humans haven’t been proven.

Forskolin is hypothesized to increase cyclic AMP, including in the area where orexin neurons are. This might, in theory, activate these neurons (long-term potentiation) and increase wakefulness [44].

Orexin binds to orexin 1 receptors to stimulate neurons by activating cAMP [45].

However, another study did not find this to be true [46].

Dopamine

A study examined the ability of dopamine agonists to activate orexin neurons in the rat. The study found that both D1 and D2 receptors may be sufﬁcient to activate orexin neurons [47].

However, whendopamine binds to other receptors, it can suppress orexin (alpha-2 receptor). So, it seems to depend on the receptors and much more research is needed.

Mucuna, tyrosine, Rhodiola, andSAM-e allegedly increase dopamine, but their effects on orexin are unknown [48].

Investigational Supplements

-   Yohimbine [49]
-   Berberine (in rats fed a high-fat diet) [50]
-   Glucosamine (N-Acetyl) [51]
-   Noni (birds) [52]

These data can’t be applied to humans.

Nicotine

Nicotine is addictive and its harms outweigh any benefits. The only acceptable indication for its use is smoking cessation therapy.

Scientists think that nicotine activates orexin neurons. They are investigating whether it increases [53]:

-   Orexin-A (in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus)
-   Orexin B (in the paraventricular nucleus)
-   Orexin receptors [54, 55].

Nicotine and orexin seem to excite the same synapses of the arousal pathway within the prefrontal cortex (thalamocortical). Researchers wonder if orexin pathways are also involved in addiction [56].

The increase in orexin seems very significant with regard to nicotine addiction. Withdrawal causes an increase in orexin to drive people to consume nicotine [57, 58].

Galantamine

Galantamine is a drug that has been studied as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. In the US, it’s available with a doctor’s prescription.

Scientists claim that it may increase orexin activity indirectly by increasing a receptor or activating nicotinic receptors involved in orexin [a4b2 nicotinic receptor –59,60].

Other Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Pathways

This section summarizes the science behind hormonal, cellular, and drug-related factors that may increase orexin. Our aim is to discuss the research findings.

Some of the substances listed here can have detrimental health effects if used inappropriately. Be sure to discuss all your medications, supplements, and lab results with your doctor.

1.  Acetylcholine [61] (may inhibit it simultaneously through a different mechanism, but it mostly seems to increase it)
2.  Norepinephrine [62]
3.  Glutamate
4.  TRH [63]
5.  Estradiol and phytoestrogen [64,65]
6.  DHEA [66]
7.  DHT [66]
8.  Ghrelin [41, 67]
9.  Oxytocin [68]
10. Vasopressin [68] is a hormone that makes people absorb more water and decrease urination. Animals show increased activity when dehydrated, a behavior that improves the likelihood of locating new sources of water. When we’re thirsty, we become more awake because vasopressin is released and this activates orexin so that we look for water [68].
11. Neurotensin is a hormone found mostly in the hypothalamus that regulates luteinizing hormone and dopamine pathways. It also decreases our body temperature and pain levels, increases our energy (locomotor activity), and has important gut functions.
12. CRH or Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone is released by the hypothalamus and activates orexin. It’s released in response to stress. Some scientists think this might be why we feel more awake at first when stressed.
13. CCK is a gut hormone that causes nausea, anxiety, and satiation. However, this is the only hormone identified so fat that is an orexin activator but also induces sleep.
14. Follicle Stimulating Hormone – increased orexin 1 receptor in testes [69]
15. Cortisol (animal version) [70]
16. Endomorphin-2 [71]
17. SIRT1 [72,73,74]

POTENTIAL OREXIN INHIBITORS

Many unhealthy habits may disrupt energy balance in the body.

It’s always a good idea to avoid unhealthy behaviors – such as not getting enough sleep, smoking, fast food, overeating, being under a lot of stress, and drinking too much coffee or alcohol – that can reduce your energy levels in the long run and make you feel exhausted.

Look to get regularexercise, enough nutrients, sleep, and set a healthy circadian rhythm.

In addition, below are some factors that may inhibit orexin in animals and cells. Human data are lacking

THE FOLLOWING MAY DECREASE OREXIN

-   Fasting [75]
-   TNF-alpha, IL-1 [76]
-   Excess glucose
-   Alcohol [77]
-   LPS – causes loss of orexin neurons from inflammation [78]
-   Melatonin [79]
-   Leptin
-   NPY – Although NPY stimulates wakefulness, researchers believe it has wakeful-promoting and sedative effects, which depends on where it’s released [80,81]
-   Prolactin [82]
-   Opioids – may inhibit orexin neuron activity via mu opioid receptor [83]
-   Adenosine (A1 receptor) [77]
-   Serotonin (5-HT1 receptor)
-   Cannabinoids – orexins may play a role in the addictive properties of cannabinoids (possibly because CB1 receptors potentiate orexin 1 receptors, but more research is needed) [84,85,86,87]
-   MSH [88]
-   Chronic high-doselithium
-   Alkalinization
-   Nociceptin

WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE DOWNSIDES TO HIGH OREXIN?

Some studies suggest that orexin may play a role in Alzheimer’s disease by increasing amyloid plaques. It was found that the mechanism by which lower orexin reduced plaque was by the animals sleeping longer [89]. Scientists say that this also highlights the important role of sleep in brain health, not orexin per se.

Too much orexin at night may also lead to insomnia, which is no surprise since orexin is viewed as a wakefulness-promoting signal [90].

OREXIN AND ADDICTION

Recent science suggests that many of the same systems in the brain that are responsible for hunger are also responsible for addiction and pleasure-seeking. Orexin is one such molecule that plays a role in both. Orexin is hypothesized to play a role in food, drug, and sex addiction [91].

In one study, blocking orexin reduced cocaine-induced impulsivity [92].

Too much orexin was linked with anxiety, panic attacks, and depression in animals [93].

Human studies are needed to determine the link between orexin and addiction.

OREXIN BALANCE

According to one experimental hypothesis, too much _or_ too little orexin may cause emotional imbalances. This might mean that orexin balance is important. However, human data are still lacking [94].

question: What might happen to a person if orexin were never suppressed?

answer: In theory, they would never feel tired or fatigued.