text:
CLIFFORD EDWARD THORNTON III (September 6, 1936 – November 25, 1989) was an American jazz trumpeter, trombonist, activist, and educator. He played free jazz and avant-garde jazz in the 1960s and '70s.

Career

Clifford was born in Philadelphia. The year of his birth has been reported as early as 1934 or as late as 1939. He briefly attended Morgan State University and Temple University. Jazz pianist Jimmy Golden was his uncle,[1] while his cousin, drummer J. C. Moses, had a jazz career that was cut short by failing health. Clifford began piano lessons when he was seven-years-old.[2] Several biographers report that Clifford studied with trumpeter Donald Byrd during 1957,[3] after Byrd had left Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers, and also that he worked with 17-year-old tuba player Ray Draper and Webster Young.[4] Following a late 1950s stint in the U.S. Army bands[5] Thornton moved to New York City.

Clifford's political and musical motivations are epitomized by his statement: “For a lot of brothers like myself, we got no choice. What else can we do in this world that's not a slave job? Really, what are our options? We have to be creative musicians if we want to be somebody in this world.”[6]

In the early 1960s, Clifford lived in the Williamsburg area of Brooklyn in an apartment building with other young musicians, including Rashied Ali, Marion Brown, and Don Cherry.[7] He performed with numerous avant-garde jazz bands, appearing as a sideman on records by notable artists Sun Ra, Archie Shepp, Pharoah Sanders, and Sam Rivers; many of whom were affected by the compositional ideas of Cecil Taylor. In the January 1976 _Black World/Negro Digest_, Ron Welburne states that during this period Clifford had been active in the Black Arts Movement,[8] associated with Amiri Baraka and Jayne Cortez. This musical and artistic network provided him with a variety of perspectives on ideas such as black self-determination, performance forms, outside playing, and textural rhythm; it also gave him access to performers who would provide the abilities some of his later compositions required. He was included in the dialogue around the developing thought of political artists, including Shepp, Askia M. Touré, and Nathan Hare, as well as the journals _Freedomways_ and _Umbra_.

Early albums

Thornton's interest in composition eventually became the focus of his musical career. He had worked with Marzette Watts on the latter's first recording sessions; Watts credited Clifford's organizational skills and management of the group dynamics with the success of the sessions in achieving their goals.[9]

Thornton's first album, _Freedom & Unity_ (1967), was recorded the day after John Coltrane's funeral.[10] The ensemble included Karl Berger, Coltrane associate Jimmy Garrison, and the first recorded appearance of Joe McPhee.[11] It also included Edward and Harold “Nunding” Avent, a black activist who a year later was suspected of being an informant and provocateur for the FBI.[12] Of the ten songs, only the twenty-second-long “Kevin” is credited to Thornton. Archie Shepp and Ornette Coleman both wrote liner notes for the album. In the AllMusic review, Rob Ferrier says: “As Albert Ayler and Archie Shepp hearkened back to field hollers and very basic folk forms, musicians like Clifford Thornton went in the opposite direction, building on the music of the sophisticates and expanding the possibilities for jazz.”[13]

Thornton was invited with Shepp to perform in Algiers for the 1969 Pan-African Cultural Festival of the Organization for African Unity. This visit had an important impact on his developing political thought,[14] and he claimed that it helped to integrate his musical and political aims. The next month he was in Paris, and over an eleven-day period at BYG Actuel he recorded five albums, including _Ketchaoua_, his second album as leader and first with his own compositions. In October a Thornton-led group performed at the Actuel Festival in Amougies, Belgium.[15] At this early European pop and jazz festival (which claimed Woodstock as an inspiration and included performances by Pink Floyd, MEV, and a Frank Zappa/Archie Shepp jam-session) Clifford got to hear and work with a number of young free-jazz artists from Chicago.[16]

In November he was back in Paris as a sideman on Archie Shepp's albums _Black Gypsy_ and _Pitchin Can_. He continued to work in France through the next year, recording in July 1970 with Shepp, and completing his own album _The Panther and the Lash_ in early November. During this two-year period, Thornton worked with many European free jazz musicians, as well as growing his network of contacts to embrace Americans who had not been in the early-'60s New York scene, such as Chicago musicians Joseph Jarman, Malachi Favors, and Anthony Braxton). Thornton also established political and intellectual connections to _avant-garde_ artists and musicians, including Frederic Rzewski, Philip Glass, and Richard Teitelbaum. During that period he also commenced a relationship with Cristine Jakob.

Teaching

In 1968, music instructor Ken McIntyre recommended Thornton as a candidate for Assistant Professor in world music at Wesleyan University. He was hired in 1969; this position gave him the security to travel to Africa and France. His tenure ran through 1975; during that period he brought many of his network of jazz musicians as Artists-in-Residence on campus, giving the academic world-music community more exposure to current American music. Among those artists were Sam Rivers, Jimmy Garrison, Ed Blackwell, and Marion Brown. He arranged performances at Wesleyan by Rashied Ali, Horace Silver, McCoy Tyner and many other jazz musicians. In addition, he included other artists from the world music program on his recordings, such as Milton Cardona, Abraham Konbena Adzenyah, Pandit Laxmi Ganesh Tewari, and Lakshminarayana Shankar), and introduced them to his fellow African-American performers.

While at Wesleyan, he recorded the 1972 pastiché album _Communications Network_ (side one with Sirone and Shankar, side two backing Jayne Cortez, and both engineered by Marzette Watts). He also began writing for the _Gardens of Harlem_ album.

Composing

Thornton's earliest recordings as a composer and arranger are found on Marzette Watts's eponymous 1966 record.[17] Most works recorded with his own name as leader were large-form compositions.[18] He used as many as eight performers on the ten recordings, and their length runs from the eight-minute “Pan-African Festival” to the twenty-five-minute “Festivals and Funerals” on the album _Communications Network_ (1972). He included shorter pieces by his collaborators on the albums, as well as his arrangements of traditional African pieces. _The Gardens of Harlem_ (1974) was developed as a project of the Jazz Composer's Orchestra during 1972–'74, and was revised twice before the twenty-five-person recording was done in April 1974.[19] It was released in 1975.

About _The Gardens of Harlem_ Clifford wrote: “The challenge of writing for and working with large, ensembles has always interested me. My first influences in this direction as a child were the big bands of Basie, Eckstine, Gillespie, Machito and Puente. Later, I had the good fortune of working with the orchestras of Sun Ra, Bill Dixon, Sam Rivers, Archie Shepp and the JCOA. The spiritual and psychological fulfillment resulting from re-establishing the relationship with the traditional ethos...serves chiefly as a balance between the inner-self and the environment. This is, in part, the role and function of music in traditional African societies and among peoples of primarily African derivation. In this connection, music is vital to both religious and secular life for the same reasons and is manifested in the same ways. It is the core and foundation, the language of both religious and philosophic thought.”[20]

Thornton was widely perceived in the media as owning radical political leanings and connections with leading figures of the Black Panther Party; he is supposed to have met Bobby Seale and Eldridge Cleaver during the Pan-African Cultural Festival in 1969, and claims have been made that he was a BPP Minister for Art. He was denied entry into France in 1970, reportedly[21] for a speech he made either at that year's Juan-les-Pins Jazz Festival or at Mutualite Hall in Paris;[22] the ban was lifted in 1971.[23][24] Because of this interruption, Thornton was unable to continue performing and recording in Paris.

In 1976, Clifford accepted a position with UNESCO's International Bureau of Education to be an educational counselor on African-American education;[25] he spent the remainder of his life in Geneva, Switzerland. He remained active musically; he led a performance in 1977 at Willisau, Lucerne, Switzerland, did two recordings in Austria with Anthony Braxton in 1977 and '78,[26] and was featured on a 1980 record with a group led by former Dollar Brand reedman and South African exile Joe Malinga.

Several of Thornton's musician contemporaries claim his music influenced them. The most notable are likely Joe McPhee (who owns Thornton's valve trombone), Marzette Watts, and Bill Cole. Younger musicians affected by Clifford's musical thought include Fred Ho, Hajj Daoud Haroon,[27] George Starks,[28] Ras Moshe Burnett,[29] Peter Zummo, and Marie Incontrera. A number of musicians and educators also directly benefitted from being part of Thornton's network, among them Marion Brown, Ed Blackwell, Rashied Ali, Jimmy Garrison, Sam Rivers, and Lakshminarayana Shankar.

Thornton can be heard on only a small number of recordings that are now difficult to find. Still, thirty (or perhaps thirty-five) years after his demise, Clifford's work remains highly regarded by critics such as Thurston Moore,[30] author Philippe Carles, and Jazz.com's Sean Singer.[31]

Discography

As leader

-   1967: _Freedom & Unity_ (Third World/Unheard Music Series) with Karl Berger, Jimmy Garrison, John McCortney, Joe McPhee, Don Moore
-   1969: _Ketchaoua_ (BYG Actuel) with Dave Burrell, Claude Delcloo (de), Earl Freeman (de), Beb Guérin, Arthur Jones, Grachan Moncur III, Sunny Murray, Archie Shepp
-   1970: _The Panther and the Lash_ with François Tusques (fr), Beb Guérin, Noel McGhie
-   1972: _Communications Network_ (Third World) with Jerome Cooper, Jayne Cortez, Nathan Davis, Jerry Gonzalez, Jay Hoggard, L. Shankar, Sirone
-   1974: _The Gardens of Harlem_ (JCOA) with Roland Alexander, Carla Bley, Pat Patrick, Marvin Peterson, Dewey Redman, Wadada Leo Smith, Bob Stewart, Carlos Ward

As sideman

WITH SUN RA

-   _Art Forms of Dimensions Tomorrow_ (Saturn, 1962)

WITH MARZETTE WATTS

-   _Marzette Watts & Company_ (1966)

WITH DAVE BURRELL

-   _Echo_ (1969)

WITH CLAUDE DELCLOO & ARTHUR JONES

-   _Africanasia_ (1969)

WITH SUNNY MURRAY

-   _Homage to Africa_ (1969)

WITH ARCHIE SHEPP

-   _Live at the Pan-African Festival_ (1969)
-   _Yasmina, a Black Woman_ (1969)
-   _Coral Rock_ (1969)
-   _Pitchin Can_ (1969)
-   _Live in Antibes_ (1970)
-   _Attica Blues_ (1970)
-   _Black Gipsy_ (1970)

WITH JOE MCPHEE

-   _At WBAI's Free Music Store, 1971_ (HatHut, 1971 [1996])

WITH SAM RIVERS

-   _Crystals_ (1974)

WITH ANTHONY BRAXTON

-   _Reform Art Unit_ (1977)
-   _Three Motions With Soloists from Chicago, New York, and Vienna – Impressions_ (1978)

WITH JOE MALINGA'S MANDALA

-   ''Tears for the Children of Soweto '' (1980) and re-released 1990 on _Ithi Gqi_[32]

[1] Feather & Gitler “The Encyclopedia of Jazz in the Seventies” page 325, New York 1976

[2] Valerie Wilmer “As Serious As Your Life”, 1977; LOC 99-63595

[3]

[4] http://www.nycjazzrecord.com/issues/tnycjr201402.pdf

[5] Encyclopedia.com states Thornton was a lieutenant but the claim is not supported by US military records: “Thornton, Clifford E.” Who's Who Among African Americans. (November 4, 2014). http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-2509917853/thornton-clifford-e.html

[6]

[7] Robert Anasi, The Last Bohemia: Scenes from the Life of Williamsburg, Brooklyn,

[8] https://books.google.com/books?id=TrIDAAAAMBAJ%5BBlack World/Negro Digest Volume 25, No 3, page 33]

[9]

[10]

[11] Atavistic Worldwide: Freedom & Unity Notes

[12] http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CivilRights/id/740

[13]

[14]

[15] :fr:Festival d'Amougies

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22] https://books.google.com/books?id=fUbCMeCrxa0C&pg=PA241(A Power Stronger Than Itself: The AACM and American Experimental Music, by George E. Lewis, page 241

[23] “France Bars Thornton As Panther 'Suspect'”, _Down Beat_ April 29, 1971

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

title: Clifford Thornton

question: Summarize the production of Thornton's first album.

answer: Thornton's first album, titled "Freedom & Unity" was released in 1967 and was recorded the day after John Coltrane's funeral. The ensemble included Karl Berger, Jimmy Garrison, and Joe McPhee. It also included Edward and Harold "Nunding" Avent. However, of the ten songs on the album, only the twenty-second-long "Kevin" is credited to Thornton.

question: Summarize Thornton's work as an educator.

answer: In 1969, Thornton became an assistant professor in World Music at Wesleyan University. His tenure lasted until 1975. During his duration at the university, he brought in many jazz musicians from his network as Artists-in-Residents. In 1976, Thornton accepted a position with UNESCO's International Bureau of Education to be a counselor on African-American education.

question: Summarize Thornton's romantic relationships.


split: test

text:
(_Update: Adding comments from Redmond police)_

BEND, Ore. (KTVZ) -- The Bend and Redmond police departments and the Deschutes County Sheriff’s Office on Saturday will join the Neighbors app by Ring. The law enforcement agencies said it provides a platform for communities to share information about activity occurring in their neighborhood, helping to keep people and property safe.

Participating law enforcement agencies will not have direct access to all app users videos, but rather only videos users have selected to share, they said in a news release Thursday.

"I want to be perfectly clear: We do not have access to individual users' Ring devices," Redmond police Lt. Curtis Chambers told NewsChannel 21 Thursday. "Those users who have Ring devices have the option to share video with us, if we ask for it."

Citizen participation is optional, anonymous and does not require a Ring device.  Video and information provided will be used to help solve crimes, identify suspicious persons, and ultimately deter criminal activity.

The Neighbors App by Ring  is a free app designed by Ring to help community members connect and stay informed about what’s going on around them – whether they own a Ring video doorbell device or not.

Essentially, users would receive a notification from one of the partnering law enforcement agencies about an incident that happened in their area.

If those users have a ring camera at their house, or if they have any photos or videos on their phones relating to the incident, they can share those through the app.

As Chambers explained, this platform should not be used for active crimes.

"We want people to continue to call 911 when something's happening or the non-emergency number to speak with an officer," Chambers said. "This sharing of information is for non-time-sensitive incidents. It is going to be typically reserved for stuff that has already happened, and time is no longer essential."

Chambers said sharing information through neighbors is not the same as reporting an incident. People would still need to do that by calling and speaking with an officer.

In a press release sent out Thursday, all three agencies said, "The Neighbors app is available to all residents and is helping to open the lines of communication between law enforcement and the communities they serve across the country."

"All Deschutes County law enforcement agencies recognize by working together, we can make Deschutes County, and all of Central Oregon a safer place to live, work, and play," they added.

Contact your local law enforcement agency for additional information.

The Prineville Police Department has a similar service, in which residents can register their security camera on their website, in case there's a crime in the neighborhood. They've had it in place for about a year.

The Neighbors app is free to use.

Residents can download the Neighbors app for free on iOS, Android and FireOS devices by clicking here from their smartphone: https://shop.ring.com/pages/neighbors.

question: What is the difference between the Neighbours app and calling 911?

answer: 911 is for emergencies and active crime while the Neighbours app is only for sharing information.


text:
Hey Everyone :D  I'm only a casual writer, but I just finished this short story on a whim tonight.  Please give me some feedback and let me know what you think.  Also, I'm really interested in knowing what sort of emotions you felt while reading it.  Thanks everyone!

It sounded like the deep whoosh of fan blades, but they were in his head.  The world seemed as if it were being seen through a plastic sheet, everything was blurry and finding focus was impossible.  Nevertheless, the small, dark haired boy began pushing himself up to his feet.  Confusion swept through him.  In his hand was a small piece of jagged aluminum, the kind used for guttering, or heavy tin cans.  It seemed so foreign.

	As the boy's gaze rose, he saw a man lying next to him.  Most of his head had been removed by the blast of some large firearm.  Small chunks of brain were strewn for several feet around them both.  Gray matter and blood formed an Spaghetti-Oh looking soup in the rivets and missing chunks of the cold concrete floor.  You could see the top of the man's spine by looking in the large hole where his right cheekbone should have been.

	A woman.  A woman ran towards the boy looking frantic – dangerous even.  She had a wild look in her eye, and a shotgun in held loosely in her hand, pointing at the floor.  He knew that if he let her get close, something bad would happen.  She would wrap her blood-covered arms around him and take him away.  Take him away from wherever he was to someplace else, someplace strange and terrible.

	The boy was shaking with fear and staring at the woman when suddenly the quiet hit him.  Everything went silent.  It was as if he had awoken to a world set in a Charlie Chaplan film.  The quiet – the nothingness within the quiet – scared the boy.  It scared him worse than the dead man, worse than the crazy shotgun-toting lady.  It scared him on a primal level and he knew right away that he should run.  He should run and get as far away as possible.

	The woman had gotten closer.  She was opening her mouth, pointing at him, even crying in her raging hysteria.  She looked battered.  The dark, shining areas under both of her eyes told the entire story easily enough.  She seemed oddly familiar.  Her insanity was evident in her face, twisted with more emotion than the young boy could understand.  He turned to flee, but was too slow.  A hand gripped his shoulder, pulling him back towards the crazy lady.

	It wasn't something he thought about.  Not at all.  As the hand touched his shoulder, he jerked violently around and thrust the jagged aluminum spike with all of his might.  There was some resistance, but it quickly gave way.   Although the woman did not have her gun raised, the sudden jerk raised the barrel in line with the young boys knee.  As fire ripped through her abdomen, she accidentally pulled the trigger.

	Something about the shotgun blast shook the boy deep inside.  Sounds flooded back into his world.  It was almost too loud, too sudden.  The ground was coming at him.  His leg would not work to catch him.  The confusion was too much, blackness started to seep in around the edges of his vision.  His head hit the ground hard, but he remained conscious.  In shock, and too scared to move, the boy could only watch.

The woman had fallen to her side, and was gripping at the aluminum shaft sticking out of her stomach.  The look on her face was born of pure surprise.  Her abdominal muscles reacted to the impalement –  instantly locking up and tightening around the intruder.  She felt her lifeblood flowing freely from wound, felt herself getting weaker.  Her poor boy.  He breathed raggedly on the ground next to her, looking up in fearful state of shock that Vietnam veterans would have cringed at.  She felt herself slipping away.  She looked down at the boy.  “Son... why?”

title: Of Dark And Twisted Moments

question: What does the story say about the Vietnam war?

question: Describe the graphic details in this story.

answer: A young boy stands close to a dead guy whose head has been removed by a large firearm explosion. His brain tissue was thrown across the ground, and the author depicts the gray matter and blood as a spaghetti-like soup. In addition, a big hole where his right cheekbone should have been revealed the top of the man's spine. A hysterical, dangerous-looking lady then dashes at the small child with a shotgun. Her manner terrified the boy that he gutted her with his jagged metal shaft as she tried to grab him by the shoulder.


text:
The SOUTH COTABATO REHABILITATION AND DETENTION CENTER is a prison located in South Cotabato province, Soccsksargen region, Mindanao, Philippines.[1][2][3][4]

Prison

A security check is performed in the prison on monthly basis called _′Greyhound operation′_.[5]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

question: Where is the South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center?

answer: South Cotabato province, Soccsksargen region, Mindanao, Philippines.

question: What is the nature of the institution mentioned?

answer: It is a prison.

question: What is the 'Greyhound operation'?

answer: The monthly security check performed in the prison.

question: How many references are in the article?

answer: Five.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The South Cotabato Rehabilitation and Detention Center is a prison in the Philippines that runs a monthly security check called 'Greyhound operation'.


text:
7:00pm EST

&#x200B;

Good evening, America.

&#x200B;

I know the media has been climbing all over each other for a statement from the Presidential office regarding our current health crisis, but I wanted to have as much information as possible before addressing the American people. Were times not so dire and the need for action so immediate, I would still be waiting for more information to address the nation. Unfortunately, America, that is not the case. The bald truth is this: more is unknown about this epidemic than is known. Medical professionals around the world are working tirelessly to provide answers, but as of right now, no cure or preventative mediation have shown long-term effectiveness.

&#x200B;

Known by different names around the country – Creeping Flu, Bellows, Influenza M – the infection is spread through direct disease transmission. Simply being touched by an infected person does not cause transmission of the disease from one person to another, but an exchange of bodily fluids will. This can come from being bitten by an infected person, ingesting fluids from an infected person, or sexual contact with an infected person. I must stress… simply touching an infected person will not transmit the disease. Forced quarantine upon medical professionals based on this misinformation will only lead to further infection and unnecessary condemnation, not to mention the loss of valuable personnel.

&#x200B;

The speed of infection appears to increase with every new generation. Because of this, providing an accurate timeline for symptom progression is impossible. What we can do is provide a concrete, concise list of symptoms. Before we address this, however, it is important to note that one or two symptoms does not necessarily indicate infection. With so much confusion, stress, and exposure to new drugs, it absolutely makes sense that people would be getting sick with perfectly normal diseases. This is not the Wild West and we are not horses: a bullet is not the cure for a broken leg, nor is it the cure for the average flu. Even now, when the infection can potentially spread so quickly throughout the body, we must be sure of our decisions.

&#x200B;

That being said, the symptoms, in order, are as follows:

&#x200B;

1. General fatigue/weakness

2. Cluster headaches: sharp, burning pain behind the left eye

3. Burst blood vessels in left eye

4. Quickly onset fever of above 106 degrees Fahrenheit

5. Vomiting/diarrhea

6. Hallucinations

7. Paralysis

8. Death

9. Reanimation

&#x200B;

Symptoms will appear in the order shown. No variation of symptom order has been observed, though personal susceptibility to individual symptoms may accelerate the onset of specific steps. Again, I must stress that individual symptoms do not indicate an overall infection.

&#x200B;

Finally, it is with a heavy heart I inform America that its military will be unable to assist at this time. Were this an invading foreign power at our nations door, the United States Armed Forces would be fully prepared to stand and defend her people. As it is, we have been found shamefully unprepared to address an epidemic of this strength and nature. For the foreseeable future, the American people will need to rely on their own grit and perseverance in order to weather this storm. This will not be the first time the mettle of the American people was tested, nor will it be the second, nor the third. America is a nation born of independence and ingenuity. A nation of adaptation and spirit. This is a fight we will win, my fellow Americans, but one that will take a heavy toll.

&#x200B;

Doubt is a rot in the heart of mankind which is easily planted by fear – one that must not be allowed to take root.

&#x200B;

It has been an honor serving you, America. Thank you, good luck, and god speed.

title: [TH] Final Presidential Address - July 1st, 2016

question: What is the health crisis?

answer: There is an epidemic in the U.S. with an infection referred to as Influenza M. There is no cure or preventative mediation with long-term effectiveness.

question: What is this story's conflict?

answer: There is an epidemic in the U.S. with an infection referred to as Influenza M. There is no known proven cure, and America wasn't prepared for the epidemic.

question: What is the most mild symptom of the infection?

answer: General fatigue/weakness

question: Why can't the military assist?

answer: An epidemic isn't like an invading force, so there is nothing they can do.

question: How is the infection spread?

answer: It's spread through bodily fluids.

question: What is meant by reanimation?

answer: That information isn't made clear in the text.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: In 2016, the President of the United States gives an address on the nation's epidemic of an incurable infection. He says the United States was shamefully unprepared to deal with this epidemic. He notes that it will take a heavy toll on the American people, but that their grit will get them through it. Being that this is his final address, the President says it was an honor to serve the American people.


text:
"Hey idiot, I told you not to walk this way after school! You can't sneak past me, Eyes! Hey Eyes, come over here and block the wind so I can light my cigarette. You gotta be useful for something since you broke the rules. Sheesh, you really are a dweeb and you smell like broccoli.

Are you gonna cry? Eyes Cries bleh bleh bleh haha you sound like a total bitch! Let me feel your face you turd. Yeah, your face feels like a bitch's would! Geez, the contour of your face is so ugly I'm gonna barf. I could draw a better face than yours hahah!

Do you see anyone around to help you? Cuz I definitely don't. I could mess you up right here right now, Eyes. This is a carbon fiber cane, it would hurt! And it was crazy expensive. My doctor got it for me. What has your doctor ever gotten you, huh? A sight exam? Something with a spectrum of color? Bet that's pretty cool. NOT. You know that all colors equals gay, right?

I bet you're the kind of loser geek that likes to play visually stimulating video games. Down in your basement all day, probs searching for tiddies on the internet, too. Tell you what, Eyes, describe to me what a tiddy is like and I won't whoop your ass.

Don't go lying to me about the tiddy, Eyes. My instinct is too strong for you. Remember that one time you lied to me? When I made you give me your Snickers bar but it was actually an Almond Joy? You shouldn't swindle people with handicaps. That's why I gave you a swirly the other day. At least I think it was you. Eyes, you really need to start wearing a big funny hat so I can echo locate your dumb ass from all the other geeks.

Quit your sobbing and tell me if there are any cars coming! I swear you suck major dick. If you show up on my turf tomorrow, you'll be sorry. I'll make you walk me across the street and into my house! Then I'll make you cook dinner and tuck me in at night! My mom is never home, she's usually at the casino. She's a bitch. And so are you, Eyes!"

title: [HM] DarkHM: The Bully

question: Who is the main character?

answer: The main character is a bully who is blind.

question: What does the bully do/want?

answer: The bully wants the narrator to tell him if there are cars coming. He wants to cross the street.

question: How is the narrator feeling?

answer: It seems the narrator might cry.

question: What does the bully call the narrator?

answer: Eyes.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: The main character is a bully and he's blind. The narrator approaches him and gets reprimanded for being on the bully's turf. The bully makes fun of the narrator. It seems that the bully can't distinguish those he bullies. He asks for help to cross the street.


text:
I. Executive Summary

Nearly four decades after the United States government mandated the use of the terms “Hispanic” or “Latino” to categorize Americans who trace their roots to Spanish-speaking countries, a new nationwide survey of Hispanic adults finds that these terms still haven’t been fully embraced by Hispanics themselves. A majority (51%) say they most often identify themselves by their family’s country of origin; just 24% say they prefer a pan-ethnic label.

Moreover, by a ratio of more than two-to-one (69% versus 29%), survey respondents say that the more than 50 million Latinos in the U.S. have many different cultures rather than a common culture. Respondents do, however, express a strong, shared connection to the Spanish language. More than eight-in-ten (82%) Latino adults say they speak Spanish, and nearly all (95%) say it is important for future generations to continue to do so.

Hispanics are also divided over how much of a common identity they share with other Americans. About half (47%) say they consider themselves to be very different from the typical American. And just one-in-five (21%) say they use the term “American” most often to describe their identity. On these two measures, U.S.-born Hispanics (who now make up 48% of Hispanic adults in the country) express a stronger sense of affinity with other Americans and America than do immigrant Hispanics.

The survey finds that, regardless of where they were born, large majorities of Latinos say that life in the U.S. is better than in their family’s country of origin. Also, nearly nine-in-ten (87%) say it is important for immigrant Hispanics to learn English in order to succeed in the U.S.

This report explores Latinos’ attitudes about their identity; their language usage patterns; their core values; and their views about the U.S. and their families’ country of origin. It is based on findings from a national bilingual survey of 1,220 Hispanic adults conducted Nov. 9 through Dec. 7, 2011, by the Pew Hispanic Center, a project of the Pew Research Center. For a full description of the survey methodology, see Appendix A. (In this report, as in all Center reports, the terms “Hispanic” and “Latino” are used interchangeably).

Among the report’s key findings:

Hispanics and Identity

-   WHEN IT COMES TO DESCRIBING THEIR IDENTITY, MOST HISPANICS PREFER THEIR FAMILY’S COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OVER PAN-ETHNIC TERMS. Half (51%) say that most often they use their family’s country of origin to describe their identity. That includes such terms as “Mexican” or “Cuban” or “Dominican,” for example. Just one-quarter (24%) say they use the terms “Hispanic” or “Latino” to most often to describe their identity. And 21% say they use the term “American” most often.
-   “HISPANIC” OR “LATINO”? MOST DON’T CARE—BUT AMONG THOSE WHO DO, “HISPANIC” IS PREFERRED. Half (51%) say they have no preference for either term. When a preference is expressed, “Hispanic” is preferred over “Latino” by more than a two-to-one margin—33% versus 14%.
-   MOST HISPANICS DO NOT SEE A SHARED COMMON CULTURE AMONG U.S. HISPANICS. Nearly seven-in-ten (69%) say Hispanics in the U.S. have many different cultures, while 29% say Hispanics in the U.S. share a common culture.
-   MOST HISPANICS DON’T SEE THEMSELVES FITTING INTO THE STANDARD RACIAL CATEGORIES USED BY THE U.S. CENSUS BUREAU. When it comes to race, according to the Pew Hispanic survey, half (51%) of Latinos identify their race as “some other race” or volunteer “Hispanic/Latino.” Meanwhile, 36% identify their race as white, and 3% say their race is black.
-   LATINOS ARE SPLIT ON WHETHER THEY SEE THEMSELVES AS A TYPICAL AMERICAN. Nearly half (47%) say they are a typical American, while another 47% say they are very different from the typical American. Foreign-born Hispanics are less likely than native-born Hispanics to say they are a typical American—34% versus 66%.

The American Experience

-   HISPANICS SAY THEIR GROUP HAS BEEN AT LEAST AS SUCCESSFUL AS OTHER MINORITY GROUPS IN THE U.S. Most Hispanics (55%) say their group is about as successful as other racial and ethnic minority groups in the U.S. More than one-in-five (22%) say they have been less successful, while 17% say they have been more successful.
-   THE U.S. IS SEEN AS BETTER THAN LATINOS’ COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN IN MANY WAYS—BUT NOT IN ALL WAYS. Fully 87% of Latino adults say the opportunity to get ahead is better in the U.S. than in the country of their ancestors; some 72% say the U.S. is better for raising children than their home country; nearly seven-in-ten (69%) say the poor are treated better in the U.S.; and a plurality of 44% say moral values are better here than in their homelands. However, when it comes to the strength of family ties, a plurality (39%) say the home country of their ancestors is better, while 33% say the strength of family ties is better in the U.S.
-   MOST HISPANIC IMMIGRANTS SAY THEY WOULD MIGRATE TO THE U.S. AGAIN. Some 79% of Hispanic immigrants say that if they had to do it all over again, they would come to the U.S. When asked why they came to this country, more than half (55%) of immigrant Hispanics say it was for economic reasons, while 24% say it was for family reasons.

Official Adoption of the Terms “Hispanic” and “Latino”

After a number of years of lobbying by Mexican-American and Hispanic organizations, in 1976 the U.S. Congress passed Public Law 94-311. Called the “Joint resolution relating to the publication of economic and social statistics for Americans of Spanish origin or descent” and sponsored by Rep. Edward Roybal of California, the law mandated the collection of information about U.S. residents of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Central American, South American and other Spanish-speaking country origins (Pub. L. No. 94-311, 1976). Subsequent directives from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1977 outlined the details of data collection for the federal government. A second OMB directive in 1997 added the term “Latino” to “Hispanic” (Rumbaut, 2006).

The use of the terms “Hispanic” and “Latino” to describe Americans of Spanish origin or descent is unique to the U.S. and their meaning continue to change and evolve. Outside of the U.S., these terms are not widely used (National Research Council, 2006) and may also have different meanings.

Even though OMB has developed a formal definition of Hispanicity, in practice the U.S. Census Bureau and others rely on self-reports to determine ethnicity—someone is Hispanic or Latino if they self-identify as Hispanic or Latino (Passel and Taylor, 2009). Using this method, the U.S. Census counted 50.5 million Hispanics in 2010.

Language Use—English and Spanish

-   MOST HISPANICS USE SPANISH, BUT USE OF ENGLISH RISES THROUGH THE GENERATIONS. The survey finds that 38% of all respondents are Spanish dominant, 38% are bilingual and 24% are English dominant. Among U.S.-born Hispanics, more than half (51%) are English dominant.
-   HISPANICS BELIEVE LEARNING ENGLISH IS IMPORTANT. Nearly nine-in-ten (87%) Hispanics say adult Hispanic immigrants need to learn English to succeed in the U.S.
-   HISPANICS ALSO WANT FUTURE U.S. HISPANIC GENERATIONS TO SPEAK SPANISH. Fully 95% of Hispanics believe it is very important (75%) or somewhat important (20%) for future generations of Hispanics in the U.S. to be able to speak Spanish.

Social and Political Attitudes

-   HISPANICS, MORE SO THAN THE GENERAL PUBLIC, BELIEVE IN THE EFFICACY OF HARD WORK. Three-in-four (75%) Hispanics say most people can get ahead if they work hard. By contrast, just 58% of the general public say the same.
-   LEVELS OF PERSONAL TRUST ARE LOWER AMONG LATINOS THAN THEY ARE AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC. Fully 86% of Latinos say you can’t be too careful when it comes to dealing with people. Among the U.S. general public, just 61% say the same.
-   ON SOME SOCIAL ISSUES, LATINOS HOLD VIEWS SIMILAR TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC, BUT ON OTHERS, LATINOS ARE MORE CONSERVATIVE. Virtually identical shares of Latinos (59%) and the general public (58%) say homosexuality should be accepted by society. However, on abortion, Hispanics hold a more conservative view than the general U.S. public—half (51%) of Hispanics say it should be illegal in most or all cases, compared with 41% of the general public.
-   RELIGION IS MORE IMPORTANT IN THE LIVES OF IMMIGRANT HISPANICS THAN IN THE LIVES OF NATIVE-BORN HISPANICS. Nearly seven-in-ten (69%) immigrant Hispanics say religion is very important in their lives, compared with half (49%) of U.S.-born Hispanics. Among the general population of the U.S., 58% say religion is very important in their lives.
-   LATINOS’ POLITICAL VIEWS ARE MORE LIBERAL THAN THOSE OF THE GENERAL U.S. PUBLIC. Three-in-ten (30%) Latinos describe their political views as liberal or very liberal, compared with 21% of the general public.

About this Report

The 2011 National Survey of Latinos (NSL) focuses on Hispanics’ identities, behaviors, views about social issues, and language use. The survey was conducted from November 9 through December 7, 2011, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia among a randomly selected, nationally representative sample of 1,220 Latino adults. The survey was conducted in both English and Spanish on cellular as well as landline telephones. The margin of error for the full sample is plus or minus 3.6 percentage points. Interviews were conducted for the Pew Hispanic Center by Social Science Research Solutions (SSRS).

This report was written by Director Paul Taylor, Associate Director Mark Hugo Lopez, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life Research Associate Jessica Hamar Martínez, and Research Analyst Gabriel Velasco. D’Vera Cohn, Cary Funk, Rakesh Kochhar, Luis Lugo, Jeffrey Passel and Greg Smith provided comments on an earlier draft of the report. The authors thank D’Vera Cohn, Cary Funk, Leah Christian, Richard Fry, Scott Keeter, Rakesh Kochhar, Rich Morin and Kim Parker for guidance on the development of the survey instrument. Gabriel Velasco and Seth Motel provided research assistance. Eileen Patten number-checked the report topline. Seth Motel, Eileen Patten and Gabriel Velasco number-checked the report. Marcia Kramer was the copy editor.

A Note on Terminology

The terms “Latino” and “Hispanic” are used interchangeably in this report.

“Native born” or “U.S. born” refers to persons born in the United States and those born in other countries to parents at least one of whom was a U.S. citizen.

“Foreign born” refers to persons born outside of the United States to parents neither of whom was a U.S. citizen. Foreign born also refers to those born in Puerto Rico. Although individuals born in Puerto Rico are U.S. citizens by birth, they are included among the foreign born because they are born into a Spanish-dominant culture and because on many points their attitudes, views and beliefs are much closer to Hispanics born abroad than to Latinos born in the 50 states or the District of Columbia, even those who identify themselves as being of Puerto Rican origin.

“First generation” refers to foreign-born people. The terms “foreign born,” “first generation” and “immigrant” are used interchangeably in this report.

“Second generation” refers to people born in the United States, with at least one first-generation parent.

“Third and higher generation” refers to people born in the United States, with both parents born in the United States. This report uses the term “third generation” as shorthand for “third and higher generation.”

Language dominance, or primary language, is a composite measure based on self-described assessments of speaking and reading abilities. “Spanish-dominant” persons are more proficient in Spanish than in English, i.e., they speak and read Spanish “very well” or “pretty well” but rate their English-speaking and reading ability lower. “Bilingual” refers to persons who are proficient in both English and Spanish. “English-dominant” persons are more proficient in English than in Spanish.

question: What does the article say about majorities?

answer: A majority of Americans who trace their roots to Spanish-speaking countries say they most often identify with their familiy's country of origin. 69% of survey respondants say that American Latinos have many different cultures rather than a common one. 82% say they speak spanish and 95% say it is important for future generations to continue to do so. 87% say it is important for immigrant Hispanics to learn English in order to succeed in the U.S. 72% say the U.S. is better for raising children than their home country and 69% say the poor are treated better in the U.S. 79% say they would come to the U.S. if they had to do it over again.

question: What does the article say about African Americans?


text:
This used to be a beautiful place. It used to be full of wonderful people and magnificent sights. Now it is a mere metal monster where my memories used to be.

We were a race exiled by the Universal Committee long before I was born, considered aliens. Ever since the humans joined this Committee it has never been the same and they seemed threatened by anything unfamiliar to them. Our large, bulbous heads probably scared them. Our scent detectors – ‘nostrils’ to the humans – were probably in the wrong place on our forehead. Maybe they didn’t like the purple of our skin, or the fact that our arms each have four fingers, two curving one way and two curving the other.

It is true that our bodies are a tenth of the size of our heads. Our feet are small and we cannot walk so we have to rely on telekinetic transport of our own bodies. Under our eyes are black markings, curving towards each other slightly. These prompted the humans to nickname us ‘The Saddest Race’ just before our exile.

I never understood why.

Our planet is called Home; a lovely, quiet corner for us to live in. And this place was known as the Bubble Yard. I well remember my first day visiting it.

It had been decided that, as our graduation from the academy we had spent fourteen years in, we would spend an evening in the Bubble Yard. It was like a rite of passage because this was a place where lovers met.

I remember stepping into the bubble yard and immediately feeling uplifted. It was a beautiful place; the frequency of the electromagnetic field around it made the usually red sky look a blissful purple. It made me feel so good… I had always been unpopular and I didn’t expect to find love but even so this was a glorious place to be.

The bubbles started to appear from flaps in the ground and we soared up to meet them, each opening one up and entering. We flew and played all evening, having fun and laughing. Soon, some were merging their bubbles with people of the opposite sex, pledging their lives to each other. I was not one of these – originally.

Close to midnight most people were sharing bubbles. I was one of the exceptions. But suddenly I was approached by a female. “Hey,” she said. “You’re Melanious, aren’t you?”

I was totally in awe. Not only was I being approached by a female but it was none other than Perenara! She was one of the females that all the males adored, including me. I hadn’t thought she had ever noticed me before.

“Uh, yeah, that’s me…” I felt flustered and unable to utter any more words than this.

Perenara giggled and said “May I… enter your bubble?” She sounded nervous as she said it and I saw a side to her that no one had ever seen; the side that was insecure and which would even consider it possible that I should turn her down. I never would have, but this side of her made me fall in love with her even more.

I remember the next few moments as if they were yesterday and I treasure them so very dearly. Our bubbles merged and when we were both in one we gripped each other, sharing the telekinetic burden that we had. We put our foreheads together, our scent detectors connecting, and we performed a ritual similar to the one which humans call ‘kissing’. This, unfortunately, was another reason the humans exiled us. They heartlessly thought that this act of love was ‘disgusting’ because it was conducted using our scent detectors.

We spent the rest of the evening together and another three years (which is five times longer than a human year). It was a perfect time, which I hoped would never end. But no perfection can be forever.

I remember the day the Universal Committee came to Home. They started attacking our people and I did not know why. I had been collecting crops at the time but I dropped them and rushed straight back home to find Perenara. “The Universal Committee! They are attacking! We must go!” I yelled, trying to pull her away.

“Wait!” she cried and floated over to a crib which held our new-born child, Chichida. I felt guilty for forgetting about him but I couldn’t dwell on it; we had to go.

We left our house quickly but were confronted almost immediately by a human with a long item which I could not identify until it shot something hard and fast into my wife and child, killing them both.

I could not believe or understand this. All I could do was act in rage. I used my mind to lift the man up, bending his weapon in on itself. I started to compact his body, crushing it until all that was left was a mess of his disgusting, red blood and green clothing.

I looked down at my dead family. I hated what had happened to them, but I had to go, or the humans would catch me, too. So I floated away and vowed to return some day.

And so I did. It has been half a year and where the Bubble Yard, the place which I found my greatest happiness, was is now a great, metal building. Chemical smoke oozes from several chimneys, killing the atmosphere. I wonder what is being made in there. I don’t really care but a part of me wants to know the justification for the death of my wife and son. The sight is too much for me; I turn away, tears starting to roll down my face and as I look into a pool of water and see my own reflection I realise why the humans called us the saddest race, for the tears follow the lines made by the black markings below my eyes.

________________________________________________________________________

OK, so this is my first time doing this. I would say be nice but, honestly, the harsher my work is ripped to shreds, the more I learn! This is a short story I wrote for my English coursework last year and it got a decent grade so I have often thought of extending it and making it a longer story. However, I always like to get critique on this kind of stuff because it all helps! Also, I just wanted to say that my word limit for this piece was 1000 words, so if it ever feels rushed or anything, that is why.

title: [SF] The Bubble Yard

question: Why has the Universal Committee never been the same?

answer: The Universal Committee has never been the same ever since the humans joined it.

question: Describe the features of the narrator's species.

answer: The narrator is an "alien" and their species have bulbous heads that are larger than their bodies. They also have purple skin and nostrils on their foreheads. Also, they have four fingers in each arm and they rely on telekinetic transport as they can't walk.

question: What is the name of the narrator's planet?

answer: The narrator's planet is called the Bubble Yard.

question: What is the narrator's name?

answer: The narrator's named Melanious.

question: Who enters Melanious's bubble?

answer: Perenara enters Melanious's bubble.

question: What happened to Melanious's family?

answer: Three years after they met, Universal Committee attacked them and a human killed Perenara and their child Chichida.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer:
Melanious has come to visit Bubble Yard, his planet that's been turned into a metal building. The humans hate his species due to their appearance and ever since they've joined the Universal Committee, they've been exiled.

Melanious loved his partner Perenara and had a child with her - Chichida. However, a human killed them, and Melanious killed him. Remembering this, he leaves Bubble Yard, crying.


text:
y smearing margarine on their high-fiber whole-wheat toast, right?

But actually, butter has quite a few virtues, especially if the cows that produced the milk were raised on pastureand not in a factory farm. Grass-fed butter is rich in important nutrients like Vitamin K2, and it contains a type of fat called butyric acid, which helps maintain colon health. It’s also rich in conjugated linoleic acid, a type of fat that may actually help protect against weight gain. There’s no need to eat it if it doesn’t sit right with your particular digestive system, but it definitely doesn’t deserve its spot as the poster child for bad nutritional choices.

Potential Objections to Eating Butter

The problem with butter is that its reputation proceeds it. Before diving into the health benefits, here’s a look at some of the common reasons why people don’t want to eat butter or don’t consider it Paleo.

_But Butter Wasn’t Around in the Paleolithic!_

Technically, no. But if you’re only going to eat things that were around in the Paleolithic, you’d better also stop eating almost all meat you can buy at a supermarket (including beef, chicken, and pork), and most commonly available fruits and vegetables, because those weren’t around in the Paleolithic either.

IT’S LITERALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO RE-CREATE THE DIET OF PEOPLE IN THE PALEOLITHIC, because we don’t have the foods that they ate: when was the last time you had auroch steak? The point of Paleo is to learn from Paleolithic diets, isolate the parts that made them healthier, and imitate them with modern foods in the areas that matter. So the question about butter isn’t “was it around in the Paleolithic?” but “Does it fit into a healthy human diet, based on what we know about human nutritional needs from our evolutionary history?” Whether or not it was literally available in the Paleolithic isn’t important.

_But Butter is a Kind of Dairy!_

A more reasonable objection on the “butter isn’t Paleo” front is that butter is a dairy food. Dairy is a Paleo gray area because the proteins it contains don’t play nicely with everyone’s immune system, and the carbohydrates can cause digestive problems. Some variations on Paleo (like versions designed for autoimmune diseases) completely exclude it.

That’s all true, and some people do better with all dairy completely out of their diet. But even if they can’t eat other forms of dairy, many people can actually tolerate butter very well. Butter is almost entirely fat, with very low levels of the proteins and carbohydrates that make other dairy foods potentially problematic. And you can actually clarify it to make ghee (also called clarified butter) which has even fewer milk proteins and carbohydrates. Making ghee basically involves heating the butter at a very low heat until the water evaporates and the proteins float to the top, and then skimming off the protein to get the pure fat. Ghee is almost pure fat, like tallow or other animal fats.

Even ghee still won’t play nicely with everyone’s body, but a lot of people who can’t do milk or yogurt or other dairy foods can still eat ghee or butter without an issue.

_But What About the Saturated Fat and Cholesterol!_

Yes, butter is high in saturated fat and cholesterol. If you’re eating Paleo, you should already know that neither of those is a demon killer nutrient that will strike you dead of instant heart failure the moment you look sideways at a steak. In fact, cholesterol is actually very important – for example, it helps you synthesize Vitamin D from sunlight. Here’s more on saturated fat, and here’s a bunch of studies on cholesterol, if you don’t already know the Paleo take on those or need a refresher.

[Dairy products]

Nutritional Benefits of Butter

So maybe butter doesn’t actually deserve its reputation as a heart attack in a convenient 8-tablespoon stick. But having said all that, why would you want to eat this food? Actually, it has quite a few nutritional upsides.

_Vitamin K2/”Activator X”_

Once upon a time in Cleveland, Ohio, there was a dentist called Weston A. Price who was really interested in the nutritional underpinnings of health. To make a long story very short, he traveled all around the world and documented the diets of traditional cultures with very low rates of tooth decay and cavities. Then he came home and did experiments on his patients until he had isolated some of the foods he thought were particularly important for dental health.

One of the nutritional observations he made was the existence of some substance called “Activator X:” it sounds like a science project from the next Captain America movie, but it’s actually a nutrient that helps the body use other vitamins to strengthen bones and teeth. Weston A. Price determined that it was present in butter (among other foods, like bone marrow and fish eggs), but didn’t know much else about it.

Today, we think Activator X is probably Vitamin K2. You can read all about Vitamin K2 here, but here are the highlights:

-   Vitamin K2 helps your bones use calcium properly, so it ends up in your skeleton where they belong (and not, say, in your arteries where it doesn’t belong and where it causes dangerous plaques). Vitamin K2 is also important for other vitamins, like A and D – Dr. Price called it an “activator” because it helps your bones use those vitamins. So it’s important for BONE HEALTH AND FOR HEART HEALTH.
-   You can make it from Vitamin K1 (that’s the “vitamin K” in vegetables) but the conversion is inefficient.
-   Your gut flora can make it themselves, but most people can’t get enough just from that.

Instead of trying to convert K1 to K2 yourself, it’s much easier to let the cow do it. Unlike you, a cow has four stomachs – digesting tons of plant roughage is exactly what they were designed to do. The cow eats grass rich in K1 and converts it to K2, and the K2 is present in the milk. The fattier the dairy product, the more concentrated the K2, so butter is exactly what you want to be eating to get the full benefits.

_Butyric Acid_

Butyric acid is another area where eating butter helps support something useful that your gut flora do. Butyric acid is a short-chain fatty acid that a healthy person’s gut flora naturally produce from indigestible fiber (like the fiber in fruits and vegetables), but plenty of people have gut damage that can make fiber difficult or impossible to digest.

Butyric acid has anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory benefits in the gut, and it can affect the permeability of the intestine (“leaky gut”). That’s important, because gut inflammation and permeability are huge in AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES (INCLUDING THE AUTOIMMUNE COMPONENTS OF OBESITY AND TYPE 2 DIABETES). Butyrate is also an energy source for the colon, which sounds boring until you realize that it may help prevent COLON CANCER. There’s also some evidence that it helps control feelings of hunger and fullness, through its effects on hormones produced in the gut.

_Conjugated Linoleic Acid_

Grass-fed (and only grass-fed!) butter is also rich in another type of fatty acid called conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). CLA may have significant ANTI-OBESITY BENEFITS, and you can read all about it here.

[Delicious butter]

_Fat Quality_

Butter is also just generally a great source of high-quality fat. Paleo in general is big on fat quality as much as fat quantity; nobody is advocating a high-fat diet based on canola oil! The calories in butter are almost entirely fat. Regular butter is about 82% fat and 18% water, proteins, and carbohydrates. Clarified butter is about 99% fat, with only a very tiny amount of anything else.

From a Paleo perspective, the fat in butter is a very high-quality food:

-   Low in potentially inflammatory Omega-6 PUFA
-   Moderately high in monounsaturated fat
-   High in saturated fat

Yes, “high in saturated fat” counts as a benefit: it makes the butter stable for high-heat cooking, and as discussed above, saturated fat isn’t actually the devil.  Butter also contains a notable amount of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), a type of fat particularly helpful for low-carb diets or anyone who has trouble digesting fat (like people with gallbladder problems).

Summing it Up

Butter is easier to tolerate than most other forms of dairy, and clarifying it into ghee makes it even easier. It’s a nice way to get the nutritional benefits of dairy foods with a very low dose of the carbohydrates and proteins that can make dairy problematic for some people. Of course, no one food is right for everyone and some people might still struggle even with ghee, but for most people, butter and ghee should be fine to cook with and eat.

And on top of being incredibly tasty, butter and ghee have some great health benefits. Clarified or not, butter is a high-quality cooking fat rich in Vitamin K2 and healthy fats that help reduce inflammation, improve gut health, and even protect against weight gain.

question: What does the text say about the narrator's perspective on butter?

answer: The author believes that Grass-fed butter is rich in nutrients like Vitamin K2, butyric acid, and conjugated linoleic acid. They believe the bad reputation that butter gets is unjustified and still think that it should be included in the Paleo diet. They also believe that it is easier to tolerate than most dairy. Clarified or not, butter is a high-quality cooking fat rich in Vitamin K2 and healthy fats that help reduce inflammation, improve gut health, and even protect against weight gain.

question: What does the text say about food in the Paleolithic age?

answer: The author claims that it is impossible to re-create the diet of people in the paleolithic age. The point of the Paleo diet is to learn from that age and isolate the parts that made them healthier and imitate them with modern foods in the areas that matter.


text:
Democratic Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez tweeted on Friday that "powerful people are trying to bribe the President into war” with Iran.

Ocasio-Cortez quoted a tweet by Washington Post reporter David Fahrenthold which linked to an article he co-wrote entitled, “A wealthy Iraqi sheikh who urges a hard-line U.S. approach to Iran spent 26 nights at Trump’s D.C. hotel.”  The report details that the Iraqi sheik stayed at a very expensive suite in Trump's D.C. hotel after urging the Trump administration to take a "hard-line" against Iran.

Iran’s foreign minister on Monday again threatened the United States over what he describes as an “economic war” launched by Washington against Tehran.

Mohammad Javad Zarif said on Monday that the U.S. “cannot expect to stay safe” after launching its economic war.

He directly blamed President Donald Trump for the ongoing tensions between Washington and Tehran.

Zarif said: “Mr. Trump himself has announced that the U.S. has launched an economic war against Iran. The only solution for reducing tensions in this region is stopping that economic war.”

Zarif’s comments came during a news conference with visiting German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas, who had traveled to Tehran in an effort to ease tensions.

question: Who places pressure on the Trump administration to go to war with Iran?

answer: A wealthy Iraqi sheikh.

question: Who is to blame for the ongoing tensions between Washington and Tehran?

answer: Mohammad Javad Zarif directly blames Donald Trump, the then President of the USA.

question: What is the solution to reducing tensions in Iran?

answer: The only solution according to Mohammad Javad Zarif is to stop the current economic war.

question: Who visited Tehran to ease tensions?

answer: German Foreign Minister Heiko Maas.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article states that a wealthy Iraqi sheikh is placing pressure on President Donald Trump to go to war with Iran. Iran states that ending the current economic war with America will decrease tensions in the region.


text:
The automatic doors glide open at the Paul Coffey Arena and nearly half the players on the “red” ball hockey team — five Azmi sisters, ages 16 to 24 — rush in and down a few stairs to a change room.

The other team is warming up on the floor. So are the Azmis’ teammates.

It’s Thursday night in the Toronto Women’s Ball Hockey Association and Asiyah, 24; Nuha, 22; Husnah, 20; Sajidah, 17 and Haleemah, 16, don’t want to be late for the faceoff.

Ball hockey is the Azmis’ sporting passion. As sisters. As athletes. As young Muslim women working to break down stereotypes.

“We really want to grow the sport in the Muslim community,” said Husnah, who is studying environment and sustainability science at Ryerson. “Like, we _really_ want to.”

A fledgling Muslim ball hockey league the sisters once played in died and the Azmis — now suiting up in two leagues, year-round — are hoping to revive it.

But on this night, a new game awaits.

Game jerseys are tugged into place. Helmets slide over hijabs. Gloves on. Sticks in hand. They jog to the floor just in time for the 7 p.m. ball drop.

Then the Azmis run. And run and run and run. There’s a lot of running in ball hockey — one of the sisters’ strengths, even on a hot, humid summer evening inside an old hockey barn.

[Haleemah Azmi, 16, takes control of the ball during her game at the Paul Coffey Arena in Mississauga.]

“I love running,” said Haleemah, who, with her siblings, will also compete on a second team at the Ontario ball hockey championships Aug. 18-20 in Oshawa.

“When I run, when I get the speed in there, I love to feel the rush of the running.”

The sisters play a strong game using skills acquired during years of organized ball hockey. Quick passing. Shot blocking. No shrinking from body contact when battling along the boards. And they are stealthy, notching turnovers by swiping the orange ball off opponents’ sticks.

The red team wins; fist bumps all around between the Azmis and their teammates. Then the two sides shake hands.

[Asiyah Azmi, 24,watches the game from the bench at the Paul Coffey Arena in Mississauga, Thursday, June 29, 2017.]

Having family as teammates is fun and reassuring, said Sajidah — known as Saj.

“It’s just super comforting,” Saj said of strategizing with her sisters.

“We can talk to each other and discuss what the issue is (on the floor). We know each other so well and we can play better together, too. It’s just more fun.”

Michelle Rosenberg is a veteran player in the 34-year-old summer league. She plays against the Azmis’ red team and said she’s “blown away by their skill” and discipline.

“They’re very aggressive on the floor — not aggressive in a nasty way but they play the game fully,” said the 54-year-old. “They don’t play it meekly.”

In the spring, Rosenberg competed on a charity tournament team with the Azmis. She enjoyed the spirited, hard-working siblings so much, she volunteered to coach their “C” division team at provincials.

Amy Davidson, 40, is an Azmi teammate this season. Last year, she played against them, recalling “they’re tough.”

“They’re fast and they’re good and it’s hard to beat a player who’s better than you,” Davidson said.

“They’re quite helpful, they give a lot of advice on the bench and they’re very motivating.”

But how are they with each other? Ever bicker on the bench?

Let’s ask the Azmis.

“Oh ya, a lot,” the chorus of five answered, laughing — and noting any squabbling usually happens when the game’s not going well.

“We can hear our teammates saying, ‘Uh oh, the sisters are arguing,’” said Asiyah, lowering her voice dramatically as her siblings giggled and nodded.

“Then on the ride home, we say ‘OK, next week we have to keep it super-positive.’”

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Playing ball hockey has been a family tradition since the children were young.

There are nine Azmi siblings, who all grew up playing ball hockey on the street or in the driveway. The two eldest are sons Yusef, 28, and Salih, 27. Then the roster of five athletic sisters, followed by brother Tayyib, 14, and the youngest sister, Mubeenah, 13.

On Thursday nights, Tayyib and Mubeenah pile into the family’s resilient 2008 van — a 15-seater with the back bench removed and 255,000 kilometres on the speedometer — with their five sisters. Nuha drives. Tayyib, who plays ice hockey at Goulding Park, and Mubeenah, who hopes to join the ball hockey team when she’s older, stand at the arena glass near the benches. They quietly cheer the red team.

[The Azmi sisters chat in their Toronto living room. From left, Husnah, 20, Sajidah, 17, Haleemah, 16, Asiyah, 24, and Nuha, 22.]

All the siblings can skate but not all played ice hockey; it was too expensive an option for father Shaheen and mother Fara to manage with a large family. Ball hockey was more practical.

“It’s one of those sports you can play on the street or with your friends just casually and that’s what got us interested originally,” said Asiyah, who still practises on their North York street with her sisters.

It was also Dad’s sport. Shaheen Azmi, who immigrated to Canada from Pakistan as a toddler, was an avid ball hockey player (and remains an ardent Toronto Maple Leafs fan) and encouraged all his children to try the sport. Fara, who arrived in Canada from her native Guyana at 26, supported her children’s healthy, active lifestyles.

Shaheen is the Ontario Human Rights Commission’s director of policy, education, monitoring and outreach. Fara operates an at-home child-care centre.

The sisters’ passion for the game grew in 2012 when a group of mothers from Tayyib’s hockey team invited the three eldest sisters to play in an all-female league at Downsview Park. They lost many games that rookie season at The Hangar — and by a lot of goals — and eventually, the ice hockey moms drifted away.

“We stuck with it (and) we kept playing,” said Husnah. Soon, Saj and Haleemah joined their sisters at Downsview for fall and winter seasons.

And the Azmis improved, quickly. That progress was meaningful to the sisters, not just as athletes but as Muslims, to challenge stereotypes and “prove a point,” said Nuha.

“We wanted to get better, we didn’t give up after (losing) 10-0 games,” said Nuha, a fashion design graduate.

“People thought (at first) that maybe these girls are really (weak players); then when we got better, they were like ‘Oh, hijabi girls playing and they’re good.’ That’s an important thing for us.”

The sisters — who are also devoted Leafs fans — would like to encourage the Muslim community to learn their favourite game. They hope to help form a league in Scarborough or develop drop-in training sessions for Muslim women to generate interest.

[Equipment belonging to the nine Azmi siblings lines the shelves of the family's garage in Toronto.]

“We want to be good representatives, we want to encourage other people too, which would be awesome,” said Asiyah, who works in the financial industry.

The sisters’ dedication to ball hockey and their teammates was evident during Ramadan.

During the Muslim holy month, the fasting sisters did not bail out on their sporting obligations. The league moved all their games to 9 p.m. during Ramadan so the Azmis could then have water and eat (often a quick snack in the Coffey parking lot, post-game) after sunset.

Was it tough to play two 16-minute halves (with stop time) in a stuffy arena without food or drink since dawn?

“I think it was willpower because we really wanted to fast,” said Husnah.

The Azmis, who joined the summer house league’s west division in 2016, are now focused on preparing for the provincial championships. They’ve joined a gym to improve their overall fitness and with Rosenberg on their bench, they feel confident.

“We’ve definitely improved from last year,” said Nuha, referring to the Azmis being a little overwhelmed at their first trip to the provincial tournament.

“It was a much more competitive and faster pace. We know what to expect and we’ve been training hard.”

question: Who are the Azmi sisters?

answer: The five Azmi sisters, aged 16-24 are ball hockey players who play in two leagues in the Toronto area. They are looking to break down stereotypes about Muslim women in sports.

question: Where did the sisters gain their passion for the game of ball hockey?

answer: Their passion for the game began in 2012 when they joined an all-female league at Downsview Park. Though they lost many games in their first season, they stuck with the sport and trained hard to get better.


text:
This is among my first attempts at writing short stories, so advice and criticism are much appreciated!

Johnny Hall was sprawled on his bunk bed, listening to the heavy rain drops on the train’s sheet metal roof and a faint guitar in another wagon. His former squad mate, now cell mate– Dan Burns, was playing solitaire on the shoddy wooden end table in the other corner of the room. It was kind enough that the handlers had given them a deck of playing cards... too kind for a bunch of no-good dirtbag invaders. This was not an ordinary train, and they were not ordinary prisoners.

The door to the coupe opened, letting in the evening chill. It was pitch black outside. A Russian soldier walked in and laid his heavy backpack on the table by the door:

“Feeling energized, comrade specialist?”– he asked Burns, who didn’t even look at the newly arriving handler:

“The train is five hours away from Houston. There– you’ll be interrogated and, hopefully... recruited.”

“Forget that, Ivan.”– Dan answered briefly, looking into the soldier’s eyes: “No amount of tea and *Pirogi* will make me give away my command!”– he followed with a grin.

“Well that’s a shame... the war *IS* over. You are now officially considered terrorists and government obstructions! If I were you I’d use the chance to land myself in the new government! And you– comrade specialist... you are presented with such an opportunity.”

“Better shoot us on spot.”– Hall joined the conversation.

“It’ll come to that eventually, don’t worry.”– the Russian squatted beside the cell bars:

“But if I were you I’d play nice. I don’t see how your command would even vouch for you! They’re all terrorists, and so are you! And if you don’t abide, you’ll be dead terrorists by dawn!”– the soldier stared Hall in the eyes. Hall stared back.

The rain got heavier. The sheet metal roof sounded like it was being banged on. The guitar in the other wagon faded away:

“The lads were so happy we captured you two that they’re probably too drunk to even play the guitar now.”– the handler chuckled:

“If you were my soldiers, you’d be there with the others– enjoying the victory! *but nooo*, you’d rather die for a failed government that couldn’t even-“– he couldn’t finish the sentence.

A sound Hall and Burns knew too well just resonated in their heads...

*flashbang*

The prisoners got on the floor and covered their ears.

“What the-“– the Russian exclaimed.

*bang*

*bang*

*thud*

“Would you look at that! Two more *meat-shields* for my squad of *terrorists*!”

Hall knew the voice too well– Colonel Bertram Reeves. He opened his eyes and got up from the floor. The colonel was wearing a waterproof rain poncho under a decked out load bearing harness, and a compact set of night vision goggles. In his hands– a decked out specialist AK-12. He picked up the keys to the cell and tossed them to Burns:

“Open it up, Burns, we have to get off this fucking train! Hall– you get the dead guy’s AK.”

The cell door opened. Burns hugged his commander and exclaimed:

“All hail the mighty god-emperor Reeves– the savior of the unbroken and the bringer of doom upon the invader menace!”

“It’s nice to see you too, kid! Now... can you still drive?”

“Yessssir! What are we driving?”

“A trio of Ural motorcycles is waiting in the cargo carriage. Modded to the bone."

"Urals? Not bad, but I heard the clutches are a nightmare to work."– said Hall, putting the dead Russian’s load bearing harness on.

"Don’t worry, we’ll spend most of the journey in 5th gear!"– the colonel fired back with a tone of pride and military spirit:

"The rain is pretty loud, and no one on board knows that the two rear guard carriages are knocked out. Let’s move quickly and get to the cargo bay!"

The three walked out of the prisoner carriage and prepared to breech the next one. The colonel gave a signal to Hall, who was the only one armed of the two captured specialists. Then, he opened the door and threw a flashbang.

*bang*

"Breech!"– the two soldiers moved into the coupe and mowed down a dozen of stunned enemies with controlled bursts:

"Clear! Burns, get a gun!"– Reeves shouted.

Burns picked up a Saiga 12 shotgun from the floor and decked himself out with a scavenged harness, while his two squad mates reloaded their weapons and finished off the injured foes.

"Next!”

They walked out of the carriage and into the next. Same drill, flashbangs flew in and enemies collapsed onto the floor. No one heard the shots in the deafening storm and rattle of the train tracks, so the trio had the element of surprise on their side. One by one, clearing out all the enemies on their way, the party reached the cargo carriage:

“Voila!”– the colonel pointed at three motorcycles in the midst of weapons and other military equipment, pulling out a detonator and a plastic charge from his harness:

“Hall, plant this in the munitions storage! Let’s see how easy it is for the Russkies to get to Houston on a burning train!”

Hall took the charge and planted it in the pile of boxes with RPG-7 grenades, then came back to the three motorcycles and sat on the one beside Burns. Colonel Reeves unhinged the barn door on the side of the carriage and a wall of hail and rain covered their faces. Next, Reeves pulled the brake lever next to the door and the train violently came to a halt in the span of several seconds. Alarms went off in every carriage:

“Just in time, Ivan!”– Burns chuckled.

The trio revved their motorcycles and, one by one, jumped out of the carriage. Hall felt the wind blowing in his face, the stiff suspension recovering from the brutal jump, the nightmare-inducing clutch that was barely even working, and the angry roar of the engine– the magnificent sound that he grew up with! This was freedom!

“Blow it up!”- Reeves shouted once the bikes were half a mile away from the train.

Hall pressed the detonator. The train erupted in flames, throwing up clouds of toxic smoke and debris. Burns looked at the whole thing with the burning passion of a child, crying out loudly:

“Whoooooo! The war ain’t over yet! The war ain’t over!”

*To be continued?*

title: [RF] The War ain’t over yet!

question: Who are the main characters of the story?

answer: Johnny Hall, Dan Burns, Colonel Bertram Reeves, Russian handler

question: Where does the story take place?

answer: On a train going to Houston.

question: Why are Hall and Burns in a cell?

answer: They are soldiers fighting for the American resistance.

question: Who rescued Burns and the others?

answer: Colonel Bertram Reeves

question: Write a ~7 sentence summary.

answer: Russia invades America and wins, but there are still pockets of resistance the Russians now label as "terrorists." The Russian invaders capture Specialists Johnny Hall and Dan Burns, who are stuck in prison cells on a train going to Houston. Their Russian handler tells them to give up so they can be "recruited" or face interrogation and certain death. The Americans refuse and a flashbang takes out the handler. Colonel Bertram Reeves rescues Burns and Hall. They take out the rest of the Russian soldiers on all train sections until they reach the cargo hold, where they use three motorcycles to escape. Before riding away, they blow up the munitions cache of the train and exclaim the war ain't over.


text:
_GEDULDIG V. AIELLO_, 417 U.S. 484 (1974), was an equal protection case in the United States in which the US Supreme Court ruled on whether unfavorable treatment to pregnant women could count as sex discrimination. It held that the denial of insurance benefits for work loss resulting from a normal pregnancy did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. The California insurance program at issue did not exclude workers from eligibility based on sex but excluded pregnancy from a list of compensable disabilities. The majority found that even though only women would be directly affected by the administrative decision, the classification of normal pregnancy as non-compensable was not a sex-based classification and so the court would defer to the state so long as it could provide a rational basis for its categorization.

Facts

From 1946, California ran an insurance system to cover private sector employees if temporarily unemployed because of a disability not covered by workmen's compensation. It was funded by contributions deducted from the wages of participating employees, for whom participation was generally mandatory unless they belonged to an approved private insurance plan. Employees who had contributed 1% of a minimum income to the disability fund for one year prior to a period of disability were eligible to receive benefits. However, certain disabilities would not be covered, including those resulting from commitment for dipsomania, drug addiction, or sexual psychopathy.[1] In _Geduldig_, the appellees challenged the further exclusion of certain disabilities resulting from pregnancy, as found in §2626 of the Unemployment Insurance Code: “In no case shall the term ‘disability’ or ‘disabled’ include any injury or illness caused by or arising in connection with pregnancy up to the termination of such pregnancy and for a period of 28 days thereafter.”

The litigation began as two separate class action suits brought by employees who had paid into the state’s disability fund but who had been denied benefits relating to pregnancy-related disabilities. Three of the employees suffered employment disability after complications that arose during their pregnancies, while the fourth experienced a normal pregnancy which still led to a temporary inability to work. Carolyn Aiello brought suit in Federal District Court, while Augustina Armendariz, Elizabeth Johnson, and Jacqueline Jaramillo brought suit as a petition for a writ of mandate in the state’s supreme court. The separate cases were consolidated when the state suit was removed to federal court by the appellant, Dwight Geduldig, Director of the California Department of Human Resources Development.

Initially, the appellees sought to enjoin enforcement of the exclusionary policy, and the District Court, as a divided three-judge panel, granted their motion for summary judgment, holding that the program’s administration violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause and stating that “the exclusion of pregnancy-related disabilities is not based upon a classification having a rational and substantial relationship to a legitimate state purpose.” The court further denied a motion to stay its judgment pending appeal. The appellant proceeded to file a similar motion with the Supreme Court, which noted probable jurisdiction of the appeal.

Although three of the appellees brought suit to recover benefits for loss of work after complications from pregnancy (tubal and ectopic pregnancies and a miscarriage), this issue was moot by the time the case reached the Supreme Court due to a decision in another case. In _Rentzer v. California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board,_ the state court interpreted the statute as applying only to benefit payments for disabilities resulting from normal pregnancies, thus allowing a woman who had suffered an ectopic pregnancy to recover benefits.[2] Therefore, the only remaining live controversy in _Geduldig_ was whether appellee Jaramillo and others similarly situated were entitled to benefits for work loss related to normal and generally healthy pregnancy and childbirth.

Judgment

Part II of the majority opinion first laid out the rational basis for the policy as argued by the state. Justice Stewart focused largely on the economics of the benefit system, which had been operating as a self-supporting system since its inception. The contribution rate to the disability fund as set struck a balance that allowed the state to cover the health conditions that it had deemed eligible under the program: in the years immediately preceding _Geduldig,_ 90-103% of the disability fund's revenue had been utilized to pay disability and hospital benefits. Both parties acknowledged that to cover more disability risks would require an increase in the amount of money going into the fund, although they disagreed on the amount this would entail.[3] The District Court accepted the state's estimate that to cover normal pregnancy and delivery would require the fund to pay out over $100 million more in benefits but found that this would not destroy the solvency of the program, although it would require “reasonable changes in the contribution rate, the maximum benefits allowable, and other variables.”[4] The state, however, argued that such changes would jeopardize the ability of low-income Californians to participate in the program, and thus it had a rational basis to maintain the system in its existing state.

The majority pointed to _Williamson v. Lee Optical,_ in which the Court found that a legislature could legitimately address problems in phases, prioritizing issues which were most pressing. The _Geduldig_ majority stated that it would be particularly hesitant to second-guess such prioritization and legislative calculation in regards to social welfare programs, citing the premise in _Dandridge v. Williams_ that the Equal Protection Clause “does not require that a State must choose between attacking every aspect of a problem or not attacking the problem at all.”[5] California, the majority held, could legitimately and constitutionally decide that it was better to “keep benefit payments at an adequate level for disabilities that are covered, rather than to cover all disabilities inadequately.”

Finally, Stewart's opinion turned to the issue of whether California's rational basis for its policy was sufficient to uphold the state's position. The majority found in the insurance system no invidious discrimination that would violate the Equal Protection Clause, pointing out that women as a group were still eligible for benefits even though the particular condition of pregnancy might not be covered. The Court reasoned that there was “no risk from which men are protected and women are not,” and “no risk from which women are protected and men are not.” As stated in Footnote 20 of the majority opinion,

  The program divides potential recipients into two groups-pregnant women and nonpregnant persons. While the first group is exclusively female, the second includes members of both sexes. The fiscal and actuarial benefits of the program thus accrue to members of both sexes.

While the Court acknowledged that only women could undergo the excluded condition, “it does not follow that every legislative classification concerning pregnancy is a sex-based classification.” Pregnancy was an objectively identifiable characteristic rather than a subjective judgment, and the appellants had made no showing that the state's asserted rationale for the policy was a pretext for invidious discrimination. Thus, California's policy was not one which the Court would subject to the heightened scrutiny that it had used to evaluate cases such as _Reed v. Reed_ and _Frontiero v. Richardson,_ and therefore the rational basis presented by the state was enough to allow the policy to stand.

The majority reversed the lower court's decision and vacated the stay previously granted.

Dissent

Justice Brennan, joined by Justices Douglas and Marshall, dissented from the majority's opinion, arguing that under _Reed_ and _Frontiero,_ intermediate scrutiny was the proper level of review for the issue, and that under this analysis California's classification failed, as the appellants had only set out a rational basis for the state's policy. The dissenters acknowledged that the fiscal solvency of California's insurance program was a legitimate concern and that to include temporary disabilities resulting from normal pregnancy in the scope of conditions covered by the system would require an increase in the employee contribution, an increase in the yearly contribution ceiling, or state subsidization. However,

  whatever role such monetary considerations may play in traditional equal protection analysis, the State’s interest in preserving the fiscal integrity of its disability insurance program simply cannot render the State’s use of a suspect classification constitutional.

The dissenters pointed out that pregnancy was one of the only common conditions affecting health that was not covered by the broad scope of California's Unemployment Insurance Code, even though the economic results of it might be functionally identical to those of other disabilities, in that wages might be lost due to temporary physical inability to work, and even in healthy individuals, pregnancy, delivery, and post-partum care are costly.

Brennan and the other dissenters viewed the state's policy as “singling out for less favorable treatment a gender-linked disability peculiar to women,” creating a “double standard.” They interpreted the policy as one in which

  a limitation is imposed upon the disabilities for which women workers may recover, while men receive full compensation for all disabilities suffered. ...In effect, one set of rules is applied to females and another to males. Such dissimilar treatment of men and women, on the basis of physical characteristics inextricably linked to one sex, inevitably constitutes sex discrimination.

The dissenters expressed dissatisfaction with the majority's explanation for its refusal to apply a higher standard of review in a case involving issues tied to sex. Brennan, Douglas and Marshall viewed Stewart's opinion as a retreat from recent equal protection decisions and voiced concern that the majority's decision would relegate sex-based classifications to the same “traditional” analysis that had allowed legislation such as that in _Muller v. Oregon._

[1] In his dissent, Justice Brennan pointed out that at oral arguments, the Deputy Attorney General of California testified that such commitments for these conditions were “fairly archaic” and did not realistically constitute “valid exclusions” from the insurance program.

[2] _Rentzer v. California Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board,_ 32 Cal. App.3d 604, 108 Cal. Rptr. 336 (Cal. App.2.Dist. 1973).

[3] The appellants argued the increase would be between $120.2 million and $131 million per year, a 33-36% increase in the amount of benefits paid out to California citizens, while the appellees maintained that the increase would be $48.9 million, a 12% overall increase.

[4] _Aiello v. Hansen,_ 359 F.Supp. 792, 7 Fair Empl. Prac.Cas. (BNA) 1041, 7 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 9283 (D.C.Cal. 1973).

[5] _Dandridge v. Williams,_ 397 U.S. 471, 486-487, 90 S.Ct. 1153, 1162, 25 L.Ed.2d 491 (1970).

title: Geduldig v. Aiello

question: Summarize the results of the three appellees' suit in 1946.

answer: Johnson, Armendariz, and Jaramillo's suit was denied a further motion by the court to stay its judgement pending appeal. In response, the appellant proceed to file a similar motion with the Supreme Court. Unfortunately, their issue of recovering benefits for loss of work after pregnancy complications was moot by the time it reached the Supreme Court due to another case. Due to this, the only remaining controversy in the Geduldig case was whether appellee Jaramillo and others were entitled to benefits for work loss related to normal and generally healthy pregnancy and childbirth.

question: Summarize the dissenters' dissatisfaction.

answer: The dissenters of the majority's explanation for its refusal to apply a higher standard of review in a case involving issues tied to sex. They viewed Stewart's opinion as a retreat from recent equal protection decisions and voiced concern that the majority's decision would relegate sex-based classifications to the same "traditional" analysis. These classifications allowed legislation such as that in Muller v. Oregon.

question: What does the text say about Footnote 20?

answer: Footnote 20 is a part of the majority of the Supreme Court's opinion. It states that the program divides potential recipients into two groups-pregnant women and nonpregnant persons. While the first group is exclusively female, the second includes both sexes. The fiscal and actuarial benefits of the program thus accrue to both sexes. Footnote 20 explains the claim that there was "no risk from which  men are protected and women are not" and "no risk from which women are protected and men are not".

question: Summarize what Richard Nixon said about the case.