text:
_QUEEN OF DRAGS_ is a German drag competition television series, featuring 10 talented drag queens from Germany, Austria and Switzerland, series began airing on November 14, 2019.[1]

Ten drag queens moved to a luxurious villa, lived together for several weeks, and were given a new task by Heidi Klum, Bill Kaulitz, and Conchita Wurst each week, from implementing the weekly motto perfectly to performing the best on stage and delighting the studio audience in Los Angeles.  After every performance, the three main judges and the guest judge will each assign points. The queen with the most points earns the title of “Queen of the Week”, while the queen with the least points has to leave the competition.

In a live event, the show was announced on June 27, 2019 by ProSieben, a German TV channel; that a kind of Drag Race TV format will start to premiere in winter of the same year.

Series overview

  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Season   Premiere Date   Finale Date   Winner   Runner(s)-up   No. of Contestants   Winner's Prizes
  -------- --------------- ------------- -------- -------------- -------------------- --------------------------------------------------
  1                                                              10                   -   The title of “Queen of Drags Germany”
                                                                                -   A cover photo for Cosmopolitan Germany
                                                                                -   A trip to Gay Pride in New York
                                                                                -   Featured in a Mac Cosmetics Germany campaign
                                                                                -   €100,000

  2        TBA             TBA           TBD      TBD            TBA                  TBA
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Season 1 (2019)

Contestants

_(Ages and names stated are at time of contest)_

  Contestant      Name      Age   City        Finish      Place
  --------------- --------- ----- ----------- ----------- --------
                  Savvas    26    Paderborn   Episode 6   WINNER
  ARIA ADDAMS     Milo      22    Wolfsburg
  VAVA VILDE      Michael   30    Stuttgart   3
                  André     48    Köln        Episode 5   4
  BAMBI MERCURY   Tim       32    Berlin      5
  KATY BÄHM       Burak     26    Berlin      Episode 4   6
  CANDY CRASH     Dennis    32    Berlin      Episode 3   7
  HAYDEN KRYZE    David     20    Bern        8
  SAMANTHA GOLD   Bernd     35    Hamburg     Episode 2   9
  JANISHA JONES   Jan       26    München     Episode 1   10

Contestant progress

  Contestant           1      2      3       4       5       6
  -------------------- ------ ------ ------- ------- ------- ---------------------------------------------
  YONCÉ BANKS                 HIGH   HIGH                    WINNER
  ARIA ADDAMS          BTM2   HIGH   BTM2    HIGH    HIGH    style=“background:silver;” nowrap|RUNNER-UP
  VAVA VILDE           SAFE   SAFE   LOW     BTM2            style=“background:sienna;” nowrap|THIRD
  CATHERRINE LECLERY   HIGH   LOW            HIGH    ELIM    Guest
  BAMBI MERCURY        HIGH   SAFE   HIGH    HIGH    ELIM    Guest
  KATY BÄHM            SAFE          SAFE    ELIM            Guest
  CANDY CRASH          LOW    SAFE   ELIM            Guest
  HAYDEN KRYZE         LOW    BTM2                   Guest
  SAMANTHA GOLD        SAFE   ELIM           Guest
  JANISHA JONES        ELIM          Guest

    The contestant won _Queen of Drags_.

    The contestant was the runner-up.

    The contestant was third.

    The contestant received the highest score that week, and earned the title of _Queen of the Week_.

    The contestant received one of the top 3 scores that week, but did not win the title of _Queen of the Week_.

    The contestant received one of the bottom 3 scores that week.

    The contestant received the second lowest score that week.

    The contestant received the lowest score that week, and was eliminated.

    The contestant was eliminated in a challenge before the weekly live performances.

Episodes

  Ep. No. Overall   Ep. No. in Season   Episode Title        Original Date
  ----------------- ------------------- -------------------- -------------------
  1                 1                   The Art of Drag      November 14, 2019
  2                 2                   Future Universe      November 21, 2019
  3                 3                   Fairytale            November 28, 2019
  4                 4                   Divas & Icons        December 5, 2019
  5                 5                   Horror & Halloween   December 12, 2019
  6                 6                   The Grand Finale     December 19, 2019

Episode 1: “The Art of Drag”

_The ten queens move into the villa and get to know the judges. They prepare for the first live show in front of an audience, the three main judges and the guest judge Olivia Jones. The objective of that live show is to display their personal drag style._

-   GUEST JUDGE: Olivia Jones
-   SHOW THEME: Show your personal drag style.
-   -

PERFORMANCES

  QUEEN                SONG(S)                                                     Type of Performance
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
  Aria Addams          “This Is Me” by Keala Settle and “TOY” by Netta             Lip Sync
  YONCÉ BANKS          “El Anillo” by Jennifer Lopez
  Samantha Gold        “Für mich soll's rote Rosen regnen” by Hildegard Knef       Live Singing
  Hayden Kryze         “Black Madonna” by Lady Leshurr ft. Mr Eazi                 Lip Sync
  _Janisha Jones_      “Disturbia” by Rihanna
  Candy Crash          “Bedtime Stories” by Madonna
  Catherrine Leclery   “I Will Survive” by Gloria Gaynor
  Vava Vilde           “E.T.” by Katy Perry
  Katy Bähm            “Instruction” by Jax Jones ft. Demi Lovato & Stefflon Don
  Bambi Mercury        “Who Wants To Live Forever” by Queen

SCOREBOARD

  QUEEN                JUDGES' SCORES
  -------------------- ---------------- ---------- -------- ------- ----
  HEIDI                BILL
  YONCÉ BANKS          9
  CATHERRINE LECLERY   10
  BAMBI MERCURY        8
  KATY BÄHM            6
  SAMANTHA GOLD        7
  VAVA VILDE           4
  CANDY CRASH          1
  HAYDEN KRYZE         5
  ARIA ADDAMS          2
  JANISHA JONES        3

Episode 2: “Future Universe”

_Conchita visits the remaining 9 queens in their villa to announce this week's theme: “Future Universe”. They have two hours to turn garbage into an outfit which they will present on the runway after their lip-sync performances in front of the judges and a live audience. Both of these performances are meant to fit this week's futuristic/science-fiction theme._

-   GUEST JUDGE: Amanda Lepore
-   SHOW THEME: Future Universe (and present a look created with unconventional materials)
-   RUNWAY SONG: “Boys” by Lizzo
-   -

PERFORMANCES

  QUEEN                SONG(S)                                                                                Type of Performance
  -------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
  Catherrine Leclery   “The Final Countdown” by Europe                                                                                Lip Sync
  KATY BÄHM            “Walking On Air” by Katy Perry
  Hayden Kryze         “Reaction” by Jewelz & Sparks and Sick Individuals
  Aria Addams          “I Am Not a Robot” by Marina & The Diamonds, “UFO” by Vigiland and “Space-Taxi” by Stefan Raab feat. the Cast of Traumschiff Surprise
  _Samantha Gold_      “Move In The Right Direction” by Gossip
  Bambi Mercury        “Supernova” by Within Temptation
  Candy Crash          “We Appreciate Power” by Grimes feat. HANA
  Vava Vilde           “Faceshopping” by Sophie
  Yoncé Banks          “Titanium” by David Guetta feat. Sia

SCOREBOARD

  Queen                Judges' Scores
  -------------------- ---------------- ---------- -------- ------- ----
  Heidi                Bill
  Katy Bähm            8
  Aria Addams          7
  Yoncé Banks          9
  Vava Vilde           6
  Bambi Mercury        5
  Candy Crash          3
  Catherrine Leclery   2
  Hayden Kryze         4
  Samantha Gold        1

Episode 3: “Fairytale”

_The remaining 8 queens are visited by the mailman in their villa who sends this week's theme: “Fairytale”. The four lowest queens from the week prior have to act in a parody of the fairytale “Little Red Riding Hood”, while the top four queens will act as judges alongside Heidi, Bill and Conchita who will eliminate the weakest link. Afterwards, the remaining 7 queens will present their lip-sync performances to this week's theme in front of the judges and a live audience._

-   GUEST JUDGE: Leona Lewis
-   SHOW THEME: Fairytale
-   PLAY: “Rot-Dragchen und der böse Wolf” starring Catherrine Leclery (as the grandmother), Candy Crash (as the Big Bad Wolf), Hayden Kryze (as “Rot-Dragchen”) and Vava Vilde (as the hunter/narrator)
-   -   -

PERFORMANCES

  QUEEN                SONG(S)                                                       Type of Performance
  -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------
  _Candy Crash_        “Bad Guy” by Billie Eilish                                    Lip Sync
  Vava Vilde           “Flawless” and “Haunted” by Beyoncé
  Yoncé Banks          “What You Waiting For?” by Gwen Stefani
  CATHERRINE LECLERY   “Das Farbenspiel des Winds” from Pocahontas
  Katy Bähm            “When You Believe” by Whitney Houston feat. Mariah Carey
  Aria Addams          “Fever (Balduin Remix)” by Varrick Frost feat. Lawrence Lea
  Bambi Mercury        “Sweet Dreams (Are Made Of This)” by Eurythmics

SCOREBOARD

  Queen                Judges' Scores
  -------------------- ---------------- ---------- ------- ------- ----
  Heidi                Bill
  Catherrine Leclery   5
  Yoncé Banks          7
  Bambi Mercury        4
  Katy Bähm            3
  Vava Vilde           6
  Aria Addams          1
  Candy Crash          2

Episode 4: “Divas & Icons”

_The remaining 6 queens are yet again visited by the mailman with this week's motto: “Divas and Icons”. The queens are separated into two groups (according to their placements from the week prior) and have to choreograph a group number as well as individual solo numbers to perform after their lip-sync performances to this week's theme in front of the judges and a live audience._

-   GUEST JUDGE: Pabllo Vittar
-   SHOW THEME: Divas & Icons
-   -

PERFORMANCES

  QUEEN                Diva/Icon         SONG(S)                  Type of Performance
  -------------------- ----------------- ------------------------ ----------------------
  _Katy Bähm_          Ariana Grande     “Focus” & “Break Free”   Lip Sync
  YONCÉ BANKS          Beyoncé           “Crazy in Love”
  Bambi Mercury        Klaus Nomi        “Total Eclipse”
  Vava Vilde           Madonna           “American Life”
  Catherrine Leclery   Whitney Houston   “I'm Every Woman”
  Aria Addams          Lady Gaga         “The Edge of Glory”      Live Singing & Piano

GROUP NUMBER: BATTLE OF THE DIVAS

                                                      Group A (Bambi, Catherrine, Yoncé)                Group B (Aria, Katy, Vava)
  --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
  Group Song                                          _“Independent Women” by Destiny's Child_          _“Wannabe” by The Spice Girls_
  Solo Songs                                          Bambi - “Your Disco Needs You” by Kylie Minogue   Aria - “Atemlos” by Helene Fischer
  Yoncé - “...Baby One More Time” by Britney Spears   Vava - “Dirrty” by Christina Aguilera
  Catherrine - “Believe” by Cher                      Katy - “Hollaback Girl” by Gwen Stefani

SCOREBOARD

  Queen                Judges' Scores
  -------------------- ---------------- ---------- -------- ------- ----
  Heidi                Bill
  Yoncé Banks          5
  Aria Addams          6
  Bambi Mercury        4
  Catherrine Leclery   1
  Vava Vilde           2
  Katy Bähm            3

Episode 5: “Horror & Halloween”

_The remaining 5 queens are visited by the mailman with this week's motto: “Horror and Halloween”. In addition to their regular horror performance, the queens have to perform a dance number with a dance partner to songs chosen by the judges. Both performances take place in front of the judges and a live audience._

-   GUEST JUDGE: La Toya Jackson
-   SHOW THEME: Horror & Halloween
-   -

PERFORMANCES

  QUEEN                  SONGS FOR HORROR PERFORMANCES                               Type of Performance                                 SONGS FOR DANCE PERFORMANCES
  ---------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
  _Bambi Mercury_        “Call Me Maybe” by Carly Rae Jepsen                         Lip Sync                                            “Toxic” by Britney Spears
  YONCÉ BANKS            “I Fink U Freeky” by Die Antwoord                           “Sweet Dreams” by Marilyn Manson
  VAVA VILDE             “Engel” by Rammstein                                        “Murder on the Dancefloor” by Sophie Ellis-Bextor
  Aria Addams            “The Spook Returns (Mix)” by KSHMR                          “Sweet But Psycho” by Ava Max
  _Catherrine Leclery_   “And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going” by Jennifer Holliday   “The Time Warp” from Rocky Horror Picture Show

SCOREBOARD

  Queen                Judges' Scores
  -------------------- ---------------- ---------- --------- ------- ----
  Heidi                Bill
  Vava Vilde           5
  Yoncé Banks          4
  Aria Addams          1
  Catherrine Leclery   3
  Bambi Mercury        2

Episode 6: “The Grand Finale”

_The final 3 queens are visited by their fellow queens with the final motto: “Candyland”. In addition to their regular performance, the finalists need to perform with the already eliminated queens in small groups and as one large group to songs chosen by the judges. Their three performances take place in front of the judges and a live audience._

-   GUEST JUDGE: Laganja Estranja
-   SHOW THEME: Candyland
-   TOP THREE: Aria Addams, Vava Vilde and Yoncé Banks
-   -

GROUP NUMBERS

  QUEEN                SONGS FOR GROUP NUMBERS                                       Returning Queens                             TYPE OF PERFORMANCE
  -------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- ---------------------
  Aria Addams          “Milkshake” by Kelis                                          Bambi Mercury, Samantha Gold                 Lip Sync
  Vava Vilde           “California Gurls” by Katy Perry ft. Snoop Dogg               Hayden Kryze, Janisha Jones
  Yoncé Banks          “Lady Marmalade” by Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mya, Pink   Candy Crash, Catherrine Leclery, Katy Bähm
  Final Group Number   “Run the World (Girls)” by Beyoncé                            Everyone

PERFORMANCES

  QUEEN           Song(s)                                          TYPE OF PERFORMANCE
  --------------- ------------------------------------------------ ---------------------
  _Vava Vilde_    “Underneath” by Adam Lambert                     Lip Sync
  YONCÉ BANKS     “Standing on the Sun” by Beyoncé ft. Mr. Vegas
  _Aria Addams_   “Candyman” by Christina Aguilera

SCOREBOARD

  Queen         Judges' Scores
  ------------- ---------------- ---------- --------- ------- ----
  Heidi         Bill
  Yoncé Banks   3
  Aria Addams   2
  Vava Vilde    1

[1] https://www.dw.com/en/germany-heidi-klum-drag-queen-show-sparks-backlash/a-49429713

title: Queen of Drags

question: Where does "Queen of Drags" film and air?

answer: Germany.

question: How many drag queens moved into the villa in the beginning?

answer: 10.

question: When did it begin airing?

answer: November 14, 2019.

question: On which magazine would the winner get a cover photo?

answer: Cosmopolitan Germany.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Queen of Drags s a German drag competition television series, featuring 10 talented drag queens from Germany, Austria and Switzerland, series began airing on November 14, 2019. Ten drag queens moved to a luxurious villa, lived together for several weeks, and were given a new task by Heidi Klum, Bill Kaulitz, and Conchita Wurst each week. Savvas was named the winner on the final episode.


split: test

text:
Everything was shutting down. The orange glow of the candles and torches flickered and faded. She noticed this. Eric, she called, as I descended into blackness. Eric, she warned, as footsteps approached. I could no longer heed her. I felt overwhelmingly intoxicated, unable to stand, unable to willfully coordinate useful movement.

Her final call was half my name and half violence. Our pursuers had reached us, hushing her with a blow to the windpipe and dragging her away. As I drew in dusty, labored breath and began weeping, pleading with them, they attacked me as well. My ribs, neck and head received a flurry of strikes and a sharp shock to the back told me I had been stabbed. A new taste graced my tongue and spilled to the floor. I sputtered and my breathing seized.

The candle's glow sharpened with a new scream. The last offering from the poor girl. It echoed off cold walls, in my head, my wound, and invaded my blood. Our assailants had left their dagger in me. I painfully stretched and writhed, grasping the blade and freeing it from between my ribs. It was ancient, inscribed with a language unknown to myself on a shining, yet darker than gunmetal blade.

I attempted to stand. Control was coming back, but rising without leaning into the walls would have been impossible. I held the blade tightly and resolved to follow her last cry down the corridor. I shuffled weakly forward, feeling the grit and blood combine with fearful sweat on the dagger's handle. I stumbled through darkness and wondered how far in the ground we - I - was. I couldn't even hear the subways rumble past anymore. The bustle of the thriving city above was mute, seemingly as terrified as I was in the dark. I descended more steps, expecting the flames of hell to greet my soles.

She was forcibly laid on an altar. They did not attempt to bind her. They simply held her, in the interest of time, and completed their sacrament. A pyre's flames began to consume what remained and unleashed an awful stench to go with the ghastly sight. The followers awaited my arrival and tended the flame.

I couldn't pay her any mind. They watched as I staggered into the light. They were not surprised. I was expected. The only words offered were, "It is done," barely audible over the roar of the flame. They offered no fight. It seemed as if they had offered themselves as sacrifices in return for the girl. There was no resistance as the blade I now held sunk deep into their hearts.

I worked quickly, invigorated by this new feeling, the pleasure of murderous revenge. Yet, as they lay writhing on the floor, choking on their final breaths, I felt unsatisfied. And then, panicked.
What had I done? I hadn't known these people, and I hadn't known why they had brought the girl and I down there. I hadn't even known the girl whom I took revenge for. But she had known me, somehow. Fearing repercussion, I felt the need to cover my tracks. The crackling fire, blazing high to the ceiling, offered me a solution. I slowly, laboriously dragged each corpse, and some, soon-to-be corpses, toward the fire, singeing myself as I pushed them into the heat.

In my excitement I forgot about my wound. Something, adrenaline, perhaps? Something covered the pain, despite the massive rush of blood seeping out. With my shirt I attempted to stop it and turned to face the stairs. I began the long journey skyward, accompanied by my footsteps and new memories only.

After what seemed to be hours, I arrived where we began our captive decent. I pushed hard on the metal grate overhead, noticing I had finally stopped leaking blood. Maybe I had run out, I weakly joked to myself. The grate swung open, crashing hard. The sound of the city greeted my ears again, and artificial light, fluorescent, neon, lit the alleyway like daylight. I struggled to lift and close the grate with another slam. I began walking quickly, paranoid for witnesses. I still bore the blade thoughtlessly.

"You look dead," commented a homeless man, crumpled against the wall, arms protecting his drink. I could hardly speak, and became more worried, looking for more viewers. I limped to my apartment as fast as my legs would allow.

I felt like I had conquered easier mountains. The last bit of stairs leading to my apartment tested me more than anything else that day. Several times I collapsed weakly, desiring nothing but rest. Luckily, the common areas of my building were vacant. I wondered how late it at night it had become, how long our ordeal lasted. I shuffled the last few steps to the door, unlocked it, entered and slammed it shut quickly, locking every available lock. I crawled through the kitchen, to the bathroom, leaning on the sink. I turned it on, drinking messily from a cupped hand, before searching for gauze. Too tired to care, I stuffed it in any wound I could muster, and burned the last of my energy crawling to the bed. I slammed face down on my pillow and closed my eyes, instantly asleep.

I found no relief from the terror of yesterday in my unconscious. Events played and replayed, reliving the attack, the pain of the stab, the fear as the girl was dragged away forever. I felt once again the warm fire, the cold stares of my victims. They seemed to stare at me even in death, and beyond the flames' consumption. I saw myself again, from a different point of view, as I stumbled wildly from the alley to my apartment, more ragged and animalistic than I remembered. Like a madman, I saw myself entering the apartment, drinking, bandaging myself, and crashing into my bed. I saw myself lay there for what seemed like hours, even recognizing the light of the sun begin to creep into the windows. I see myself become startled as the sunlight revealed a viewer, seated neatly on an old folding chair.
I "inspect" closely.

In disbelief, I conclude it is the girl.

title: "You look dead." [Go ahead, critique me without mercy! I'll thank you for it.]

question: What injury does the narrator sustain?

answer: The narrator is stabbed with a digger in the ribs.

question: What situation does the narrator discover underground?

answer: The narrator discovers that a girl is being sacrificed by some group of people.

question: What does the narrator do for a living?


text:
“Dear friends and colleagues, I know, that you know, that we all know, that the main attraction of this symposium is to brag about our greatest and weirdest nutjobs. We’ve all heard Dr. Johnson talk about this woman, who believed she was a glass of jam, over a coffee, or Prof. Miller explain how a suicidal man couldn’t hang himself because his extreme fear of height.”

Some people in the room started laughing, while most just nodded in agreement. Some murmuring came up around Johnson and Miller, and as soon as everything went silent again, the man at the stand continued.

“This place here in front of all of you is usually reserved for someone talking about new developments in diagnostics and therapies. But in my case, the patient himself was so intertwined with the disease, that I can’t get around him.”
Dramatic pause
“Please meet mister Theo Bog!”

As soon as these words were said, a picture was projected on the giant screen behind the presenter. it was a portrait shot of a man in his mid-forties. A long beard, fuzzy hair, thick eyebrows and an awkward smile looked aimlessly into the audience. Even though his eyes were dampened, maybe because of a cataract, it felt as if they had seen a lot and had a shine of knowledge.

“This man came to me by himself. He didn’t have any money, nor an insurance. He claimed, that he needed help, because he would soon fall back into his old god complex. When I asked him, why he couldn’t go back to his old therapist, he told me that it was because Ernest Jones was dead.”

Unruly whispers arose among the doctors and professors.

“As most of you certainly know, Mr. Jones was a good friend of Sigmund Freud and one of the first practitioners of psychoanalysis. As such he was active until a few months before his death in 1958.
Theo Bog, a man who is 35 years old in the year 2017, claims to have been cured of a god complex by it’s inventor, who has long since been dead.

Of course it isn’t that unusual for somebody to believe to be a historically important figure or to just believe to have met with someone who has been dead for a long time. And during our sessions he told me about his therapy.
He explained me, how he had thought to have been god, and how mister Jones helped him by argumentatively disproving such a higher, all-knowing being. The problem was, that he started to forget these arguments and as such started to fall back into believing to be god.

The first thing I tried, was to make clear that he couldn’t have met with Mr. Jones. But this turned out to be impossible, as Bog obviously had done thorough research. He knew a lot of odds and quirks about his first therapist. I even let him meet with an old Student of Jones, but this was only counterproductive, as they ended up agreeing that they both had known the same man.”

What followed could best be described as a giant collective facepalm. The reasons behind it were different though. Some thought, that this unexpected outcome was a worst case, rendering poor Theo unstoppable in his belief, while others were shocked that somebody would let a psychologically critical case meet up with a former student who must be in his 90ies by now.

One man in the audience stood up. It was Dr. Johnson. He made eye contact with the man at the microphone and, as soon as the room was calm enough for him to speak, he asked a question: “Dr. Parthrow, you yourself implied before, that you’re here to tell us about a new development. Would you please come to the point?”

A aly grin hushed over the presenters face, then he continued: “Of course, of course. Now that I’ve presented you with my case, I’ll show you the solution I’ve found. I’m particularly proud of it because of its simplicity.
I went online. I searched for a polite, atheistic community, and signed him up there. It’s absolutely amazing, how easily people can be swayed. It took Theo two days to go back to a normal life, and one month later he already had a job.

What do we learn from this? Sometimes absurd and weird ways solutions are really easy. While I don’t know if the same therapy would have worked with any other patient, I’m confident, that this story will help you find new ways to cure illnesses. With this I’m finished. Are there any questions?”

-

Several years later a young and dynamic Theo left the office building. He looked like thirty now, though he knew that he was about ten years older. Thanks to the internet actually, he knew everything.

title: [MF] The Patient

question: What does the story say about unusual beliefs?

answer: The protagonist mentions a woman who believed she was a glass of jam. Theo Bog believed that he was god. He also believes that he was cured of his god complex by Ernest Jones, the inventor of the god complex who is long dead.

question: What does the story say about Dr. Parthrow's personal life?


text:
AQUAPELAGO refers to an assemblage of marine and terrestrial elements in which the aquatic spaces are key to community livelihoods and to communities’ senses of identity and belonging.[1]

Concept and Etymology

The term _aquapelago_ was introduced to the field of Island Studies in 2012 by contributors to _Shima_, an online, open-access journal of research into island and maritime cultures.[2] In its initial coinage, by Philip Hayward,[3] Etymologically, the term replaces the initial two syllables of the well-known term “archipelago” with “aqua” in order to reassert the role of marine elements in aggregations of islands that has been largely lost from contemporary usage of the term archipelago.[4] Elaborating the concept, Suwa[5] linked it to livelihood activities and to the Japanese concept of _shima_ (referring to islands and related distinct cultural landscapes). Suwa’s concept is striking in that it conceives of combined terrestrial and aquatic spaces as, effectively, neighborhoods.

In a reflection on and expansion of his initial article on the topic, Hayward[6] identified that he envisaged the concept as a reflection on the Anthropocene and as:

Subsequent developments of the concept have analysed its applicability to topics such as ocean spaces and national rights of access to these (Fleury[7]), cultural practices in Melanesian coastal societies (Dick[8]) and career making in island communities (Alexander[9]). Writing in the (now defunct) journal _Urban Island Studies_, Hayward[10] expanded on his original analyses by addressing metropolitan locales and providing a characterisation of Manhattan as an aquapelagic city that was subsequently critiqued and modified by Ayasha Guerin.[11] While there have been critics of the concept, such as Baldacchino,[12] who regard the term as unnecessary in that archipelagic analyses can be extended to address aquatic elements, writers from various disciplines have engaged with the concept in a positive manner, such as May Joseph and Sofia Varino’s exploration of the concept with regard to water ecology themed performance works in the journal _Women’s Studies Quarterly_[13] and Barbara Hawkins in her discussion of a geopolitical aesthetic of the subterranean in the journal _Geopolitics_.[14]

Associated Concepts

One significant development of the concept of the aquapelago has concerned the notion of there being an “aquapelagic imaginary.” This idea was originally floated by Hayward in 2017,[15] and was subsequently elaborated in a theme issue of the journal _Shima_ on mermaids, mer-cultures and the aquapelagic imaginary[16] to refer to the manner in which communities’ “engagements with their aquapelagic locales” in folk-/media-loric contexts can be understood to reflect upon and transcend “perceptions of the limits of human presence in and experience of aquatic spaces.”[17] In an article analysing the creation of a modern mythic entity, the Ningen, a creature rumoured to inhabit the southern Pacific Ocean, Greenland and Hayward[18] discuss the aquapelagic imaginary as a “subset" of the "social imaginary”, which can be regarded as a historically determined “enabling but not fully explicable symbolic matrix within which a people imagine and act as world-making collective agents”.[19]

Further reading

A variety of articles on the concept of aquapelago published in the journal _Shima_ and elsewhere are anthologised online at: https://shimajournal.org/anthologies.php

[1] Hayward, Philip (2012), “Aquapelagos and Aquapelagic Assemblages” _Shima_ 6 (1), 1-11.

[2] Publication Details - Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures [ISSN: 1834-6057]

[3]

[4] There is a degree of irony here in that the term “archipelago” was derived from the Greek arkhi (chief) and pelagos (sea), referring to the Aegean.

[5] Suwa, Jun’ichiro (2012) “Shima and Aquapelagic Assemblages” _Shima_ 6 (1), 12-16.

[6] Hayward, Philip (2012), “The constitution of assemblages and the aquapelagality of Haida Gwaii” _Shima_ 6 (2), 1-14

[7] Fleury, Christian (2013) “The Island/Sea/Territory Relationship” _Shima_ 7 (1), 1-13.

[8] Dick, Thomas (2015) “Chorographing the Vanuatu Aquapelago”, _Shima_ 9 (1), 1-22.

[9] Alexander, Rosie (2015) “Career Decision Making in Island Communities”, _Shima_ 9 (1), 38-52

[10] Hayward, Philip (2015) “The Aquapelago and the Estuarine City: Reflections on Manhattan” _Urban Island Studies_ 1, 81-95.

[11] Guerin, Ayasha (2019) “Underground and at Sea: Oysters and Black Marine Entanglements in New York’s Zone A” _Shima_ 13 (2), 30-55.

[12] Baldacchino, Godfrey (2012) “Getting Wet: A response to Hayward’s concept of Aquapelagos”, _Shima_ 6 (2), 22-26.

[13] Joseph, May and Sofia Varino (2017) “Aquapelagic Assemblages: Performing Water Ecology with Harmattan Theatre” _Women’s Studies Quarterly_ 45 (1-2) 151-166.

[14] Hawkins, Barbara (2018) “A Volcanic Incident’: Towards a geopolitical aesthetics of the subterranean” _Geopolitics_ 24 (3), 1-26.

[15] Hayward, Philip (2017) _Making a Splash: Representations of Mermaids (and Mermen) in 20th and 21st Century Audiovisual Media_, Eastleigh: John Libbey and Co. pp 6-7.

[16] _Shima_ 12 (2), https://shimajournal.org/issues.php

[17] Hayward, Philip (2018) “Introduction: Mermaids, Mercultures and the Aquapelagic Imaginary”, _Shima_ 12 (2), 1-2.

[18] Greenland, Felicity and Hayward, Philip (2020) “Ningen: The context and generation of media-lore concerning a giant, sub-Antarctic, aquatic humanoid” _Shima_ 14 (1), 33-40.

[19] Gaonkar, D.P (2002) ‘Towards New Imaginaries’, _Popular Culture_ 14 (1), 1.

title: Aquapelago

question: In what way has the term "aquapelago" expanded from scientific to cultural?

answer: The term "aquapelago" was introduced by contributors to Shima, an online journal of research into island and maritime cultures.  Aquapelago, as a term, is a collection of marine and land elements that are key to the livelihood of nearby communities as well as their sense of identity. Since the coinage of the term, there has been positive engagement with the term, so much so that the concept has extended into the imaginary and folklore territory where communities engagement with tales of mermaids are being brought into the matrix of aquapelago.


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In a study published today in _Nature Astronomy_, an international team of researchers announced the discovery of the most distant star ever observed. The team detected the blue supergiant star — which shone when the universe was just one-third its current age — with the help of both the Hubble Space Telescope and an observational phenomenon known as gravitational lensing.

“This is the first time we’re seeing a magnified, individual star,” said Patrick Kelly, an astrophysicist of the University of Minnesota and lead author of the new study, in a press release. “You can see individual galaxies out there, but this star is at least 100 times farther away than the next individual star we can study, except for supernova explosions.” The unique discovery not only provides astronomers with insight into the formation and evolution of stars in the early universe, but also the composition of galaxy clusters, and even the very nature of dark matter itself.

The light from the record-breaking star, which the team has since nicknamed _Icarus_, was emitted just 4.4 billion years after the Big Bang. Although the star was undoubtedly bright, being located at such a great distance away would have typically made it impossible to view, even with our most powerful telescopes. Fortunately, “the star became bright enough to be visible for Hubble thanks to a process called gravitational lensing,” said co-author Jose Diego, an astronomer from the Instituto de Física de Cantabria, in a press release.

Gravitational lensing is an effect that is predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relatively. It occurs when diverging light rays from a distant object are bent back inward, or lensed, as they pass by an extremely massive object, such as a galaxy cluster. According to the study, when a galaxy cluster serendipitously wanders directly between Earth and a distant background object, gravitational lensing can magnify the distant object by up to a factor of about 50. Furthermore, if there is a smaller, impeccably aligned object within the lensing galaxy cluster, then the background object can be magnified (in a process called gravitational _micro_lensing) by a factor of up to 5,000.

ESA/NASA/M. Jäger/N. Bartmann/L. Calçada/M. Kornmesser/J. Stanford/M. Andre/R. Y. Shida/L. L. Christensen

The team initially discovered Icarus while using Hubble to detect and track a known supernova named _Refsdal_, whose light was predicted to soon be gravitationally lensed by the galaxy cluster MACS J1149, located some 5 billion light-years away. But during their observations, the team was surprised to find another point source was unexpectedly growing brighter within the same field as the expected supernova. While waiting for Refsdal to undergo its predicted lensing event, the researchers accidentally stumbled upon a new star: Icarus.

After spotting Icarus, the researchers used Hubble again to measure the star’s spectrum. By breaking down the star’s light into its constituent colors, the team determined that while Icarus was getting brighter, it was not getting hotter. This meant the star was not another supernova like Refsdal, but instead was a distant, non-exploding star that was being not only lensed by the intervening galaxy cluster, but also microlensed by another small, yet massive object within the cluster.

“We know that the microlensing was caused by either a star, a neutron star, or a stellar-mass black hole,” said co-author Steven Rodney from the University of South Carolina, in a press release. Therefore, the discovery of Icarus allows astronomers to gather new insights into the makeup of the galaxy cluster itself, he explained. Considering galaxy clusters are some of the most massive and sprawling structures in our universe, learning more about their makeup will inevitably help increase our overall understanding of the cosmos.

Furthermore, the newly discovered star may also help shed light on one of the most mysterious materials in our universe — dark matter. “If dark matter is at least partially made up of comparatively low-mass black holes, as it was recently proposed, we should be able to see this in the light curve of [Icarus],” said Kelly. “Our observations do not favor the possibility that a high fraction of dark matter is made of these primordial black holes with about 30 times the mass of the Sun.”

No matter what astronomers are able to glean from the distant Icarus, this chance discovery of an extremely distant and magnified star is not likely to be the last. With the upcoming launch of modern, more-powerful telescopes like the James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers are optimistic that microlensing events like this may allow them to study the evolution of the universe's earliest stars in unprecedented detail.

question: What does the article say about gravitational lensing?

answer: The most distant star ever observed became bright enough to be visible for Hubble thanks to gravitational lensing. Gravitational lensing occurs when diverging light rays from a distant object are bent back inward, or lensed, as they pass by an extremely massive object, such as a galaxy cluster. When a galaxy cluster serendipitously wanders directly between Earth and a distant background object, gravitational lensing can magnify the distant object by up to a factor of about 50. Furthermore, if there is a smaller, impeccably aligned object within the lensing galaxy cluster, then the background object can be magnified by a factor of up to 5,000.


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The term WEB SERVICE (WS) is either:

-   a service offered by an electronic device to another electronic device, communicating with each other via the World Wide Web, or
-   a server running on a computer device, listening for requests at a particular port over a network, serving web documents (HTML, JSON, XML, images), and creating web applications services, which serve in solving specific domain problems over the Web (WWW, Internet, HTTP)

In a Web service a Web technology such as HTTP is used for transferring machine-readable file formats such as XML and JSON.

In practice, a web service commonly provides an object-oriented Web-based interface to a database server, utilized for example by another Web server, or by a mobile app, that provides a user interface to the end-user. Many organizations that provide data in formatted HTML pages will also provide that data on their server as XML or JSON, often through a Web service to allow syndication, for example, Wikipedia's Export. Another application offered to the end-user may be a mashup, where a Web server consumes several Web services at different machines and compiles the content into one user interface.

Web services (generic)

Asynchronous JavaScript And XML

Asynchronous JavaScript And XML (AJAX) is a dominant technology for Web services. Developing from the combination of HTTP servers, JavaScript clients and Plain Old XML (as distinct from SOAP and W3C Web Services), now it is frequently used with JSON as well as, or instead of, XML.

REST

Representational State Transfer (REST) is an architecture for well-behaved Web services that can function at Internet scale.

In a 2004 document, the W3C sets following REST as a key distinguishing feature of Web services:

Web services that use markup languages

There are a number of Web services that use markup languages:

-   JSON-RPC.
-   JSON-WSP
-   Representational state transfer (REST) versus remote procedure call (RPC)
-   Web Services Conversation Language (WSCL)
-   Web Services Description Language (WSDL), developed by the W3C
-   Web Services Flow Language (WSFL), superseded by BPEL
-   Web template
-   WS-MetadataExchange
-   XML Interface for Network Services (XINS), provides a POX-style web service specification format

Web API

A Web API is a development in Web services where emphasis has been moving to simpler representational state transfer (REST) based communications.[1] Restful APIs do not require XML-based Web service protocols (SOAP and WSDL) to support their interfaces.

W3C Web services

In relation to W3C Web services, the W3C defined a Web service as:

W3C Web Services may use SOAP over HTTP protocol, allowing less costly (more efficient) interactions over the Internet than via proprietary solutions like EDI/B2B. Besides SOAP over HTTP, Web services can also be implemented on other reliable transport mechanisms like FTP. In a 2002 document, the Web Services Architecture Working Group defined a Web services architecture, requiring a standardized implementation of a “Web service.”

Explanation

[Web services architecture: the service provider sends a WSDL file to UDDI. The service requester contacts UDDI to find out who is the provider for the data it needs, and then it contacts the service provider using the SOAP protocol. The service provider validates the service request and sends structured data in an XML file, using the SOAP protocol. This XML file would be validated again by the service requester using an XSD file.]

The term “Web service” describes a standardized way of integrating Web-based applications using the XML, SOAP, WSDL and UDDI open standards over an Internet Protocol backbone. XML is the data format used to contain the data and provide metadata around it, SOAP is used to transfer the data, WSDL is used for describing the services available and UDDI lists what services are available.

A Web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network. It is a software function provided at a network address over the Web with the service _always-on_ as in the concept of utility computing.

Many organizations use multiple software systems for management. Different software systems often need to exchange data with each other, and a Web service is a method of communication that allows two software systems to exchange this data over the Internet. The software system that requests data is called a _service requester_, whereas the software system that would process the request and provide the data is called a _service provider_.

Different software may use different programming languages, and hence there is a need for a method of data exchange that doesn't depend upon a particular programming language. Most types of software can, however, interpret XML tags. Thus, Web services can use XML files for data exchange.

Rules for communication between different systems need to be defined, such as:

-   How one system can request data from another system.
-   Which specific parameters are needed in the data request.
-   What would be the structure of the data produced. (Normally, data is exchanged in XML files, and the structure of the XML file is validated against a .xsd file.)
-   What error messages to display when a certain rule for communication is not observed, to make troubleshooting easier.

All of these rules for communication are defined in a file called WSDL (Web Services Description Language), which has a .wsdl extension. (Proposals for AUTONOMOUS WEB SERVICES (AWS) seek to develop more flexible Web services that do not rely on strict rules.)

A directory called UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration) defines which software system should be contacted for which type of data. So when one software system needs one particular report/data, it would go to the UDDI and find out which other systems it can contact for receiving that data. Once the software system finds out which other systems it should contact, it would then contact that system using a special protocol called SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol). The service provider system would first validate the data request by referring to the WSDL file, and then process the request and send the data under the SOAP protocol.

Automated design methods

thumb|right|upright=2|Web services in a service-oriented architecture.

Automated tools can aid in the creation of a Web service. For services using WSDL, it is possible to either automatically generate WSDL for existing classes (a bottom-up model) or to generate a class skeleton given existing WSDL (a top-down model).

-   A developer using a bottom-up model writes implementing classes first (in some programming language) and then uses a WSDL generating tool to expose methods from these classes as a Web service. This is simpler to develop but may be harder to maintain if the original classes are subject to frequent change.[2]
-   A developer using a top-down model writes the WSDL document first and then uses a code generating tool to produce the class skeleton, to be completed as necessary. This model is generally considered more difficult but can produce cleaner designs and is generally more resistant to change. As long as the message formats between the sender and receiver do not change, changes in the sender and receiver themselves do not affect the Web service. The technique is also referred to as _contract first_ since the WSDL (or contract between sender and receiver) is the starting point.[3]
-   A developer using a Subset WSDL (SWSDL)[4] (i.e. a WSDL with the subset operation in the original WSDL) can perform Web service testing and top-down development.

Criticism

Critics of non-RESTful Web services often complain that they are too complex[5] and based upon large software vendors or integrators, rather than typical open source implementations.

There are also concerns about performance due to Web services' use of XML as a message format and SOAP/HTTP in enveloping and transporting.[6]

Regression testing of Web services

Functional and non-functional testing of Web services is done with the help of WSDL parsing. Regression testing is performed by identifying the changes made to upgrade software. Web service regression testing needs can be categorized in three different ways, namely, changes in WSDL, changes in the code, and selective re-testing of operations. We can capture the above three needs in three intermediate forms of Subset WSDL,[7] namely, Difference WSDL (DWSDL), Unit WSDL (UWSDL), and Reduced WSDL (RWSDL), respectively. These three Subset WSDLs are then combined to form Combined WSDL (CWSDL) that is further used for regression testing of the Web service. This will help in Automated Web Service Change Management (AWSCM),[8] by performing the selection of the relevant test cases to construct a reduced test suite from the old test suite. [9]

Web services testing can also be automated using several test automation tools like SOAP UI, Oracle Application Testing Suite (OATS),[10][11] Unified Functional Testing, Selenium, etc.

Web service change management

Work-related to the capture and visualization of changes made to a Web service. Visualization and computation of changes can be done in the form of intermediate artifacts (Subset WSDL).[12] The insight on the computation of change impact is helpful in testing, top-down development and reduce regression testing. AWSCM[13] is a tool that can identify subset operations in a WSDL file to construct a subset WSDL.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10] Oracle Application Testing Suite

[11] Web Services Testing using Oracle Application Testing Suite

[12]

[13]

title: Web service

question: What does the text say about the communication of a web service?

answer: A web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over a network or world wide web. The service is commonly used when different software systems need to exchange data with each other and its communication allows the data to be exchanged over the internet. However rules for communication between systems need to be defined in a file known as WSDL (web services description language).


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History

In the olden days of Pokémon, when the powers of Darkness had just been made available to trainers everywhere, one fell beast made its presence known in grand style, declaring an end to RBY's Psychic-type dominance—Tyranitar. As one of the most notable additions to the 600 BST club, Tyranitar quickly gained fame as a Pokémon that was definitely not to be trifled with. Its impressive defenses made it a primary candidate for Curse, and its offenses made it extremely effective at simply blitzing through walls with dual STABs and the powerful if unreliable DynamicPunch. To top things off, you couldn't even run from it—STAB Pursuit made even switching out of it a risky proposition!

Generation 3 definitely didn't slow it down one bit, as it got access to some of the generation's most devastating tricks. Sand Stream made it the first OU weather starter, and sandstorm was crucial in wearing down opponents in a Leftovers-dominated metagame. Additionally, it got some important new options in Dragon Dance, which allowed it to put even its middling speed to good use as a sweeper; and Focus Punch, which, when combined with Substitute, made Tyranitar an even more devastating wallbreaker than before. Last, but certainly not least, Generation 3 added Choice Band, which, when given to Tyranitar, sent its Attack skyrocketing into the heretofore unexplored 600 region, without any setup required!

The trend of "make Tyranitar better and better" definitely didn't stop in Generation 4, where Tyranitar picked up two of its most metagame-defining changes yet. First, sandstorm was buffed to increase the Special Defense of Rock-types by 50%, giving Tyranitar an effective base 159 Special Defense. Second, the physical / special split granted Tyranitar a physical Crunch and Pursuit, letting it put its Dark typing to much better use and making it an inescapable terror for special walls. And while it's metagame-defining in a different way, the "worst move in the game", Stone Edge, added a new facet to Tyranitar's game, allowing it to completely annihilate almost anything even thinking about switching into Choice Band Tyranitar... 80% of the time.

Generation 5 was a mixed bag to start, as the addition of Drizzletoed and Droughtales threatened to unseat Tyranitar as the top dog in the weather game. Garchomp and Excadrill kept it in the game for a while, but as pressure mounted, both found themselves making quick exits from the metagame. Add to that an increased focus on Water-type attacks, especially the ever-infuriating Scald, as well as the de-Ghosting of Rotom-A, and it seemed that things were grim for Tyranitar. Of course, you can't keep a good monster down for long. While rain and sun are good, Politoed and Ninetales are, well... not. However, Tyranitar remained a real terror, making it more than just a regular old weather inducer for most teams. Combine that with Sand Force giving Landorus unparalleled power, Terrakion using the Special Defense boost to set up its devastating Double Dance set, and Poison Heal Gliscor using sandstorm to wear down opponents, and Tyranitar has once again found itself king of the hill in the OU metagame.

Tyranitar’s Qualities

First off, let's take a look at those stats. Those beautiful, beautiful stats. Of all the Pokémon in the OU metagame, I'm pretty sure that there's not a single Pokémon more capable of putting all its stats perfectly to use. Its base 134 Attack, combined with devastating STAB Stone Edge, Rock Slide, Crunch, and Pursuit, as well as coverage moves such as Earthquake, Fire Punch, Ice Punch, and Aqua Tail, lets Tyranitar rip pretty much anything in half. For those troublesome physical walls, Tyranitar's got a solid base 95 Special Attack, which it can use to fuel Ice Beam, Fire Blast, Thunderbolt, or a Hidden Power of choice.

Defensively, its 100 / 110 / 100 stats make it an incredible defensive behemoth. Even without any investment, it's looking at 351 / 256 / 236 defenses, which is better than even some fully invested defensive Pokémon. However, this is compounded by Sand Stream, which boosts its Special Defense by 50%, to an uninvested 354 Special Defense! Doing the math, that's the equivalent of a base 159 Special Defense... and that's without any investment at all. With 252 EVs and a +SpD nature, that gets jacked up to 492, the equivalent of a fully-invested base 174 Special Defense.

Finally, there's its Speed, its weakest stat... or so it may seem. Base 61 Speed doesn't win any awards on its own, but it doesn't need a whole lot of speed to outpace some slower defensive Pokémon, such as Skarmory and Jellicent. However, that's not where its modest Speed shines most. It turns out that 61 base Speed is exactly the amount needed to make Tyranitar an excellent Speed-boosting Pokémon. With maximum investment and a +Speed nature, Tyranitar hits 364 Speed with either +1 Speed or a Choice Scarf... just enough to outpace Starmie and other Timid base 115 Pokémon, as well as Gengar, Latios, Latias, and the faster genies (including the once OU Thundurus). Were it to be 1 base Speed slower, like Magnezone, it'd find itself outpaced by Starmie (and Raikou, which doesn't see nearly the use it should in OU, though that's for another article), and when it comes to a Pokémon with a fierce STAB Hydro Pump, being faster is a matter of life or death.

All this is enhanced by the most metagame-defining ability in every generation with abilities—Sand Stream. This ability summons an unending sandstorm, stripping the HP off of enemies every turn while rendering Tyranitar incredibly difficult to take down on the special side. While Sand Stream has been an excellent ability in previous generations, it's found new life in Generation 5 for a number of reasons. First, the introduction of the Sand Force ability, especially on a Pokémon like Landorus, gives Tyranitar a whole new way to support a team's offensive capabilities. On top of that, the introduction of rival weather starters Politoed and Ninetales makes a strong, reliable weather starter a premium on many teams; Tyranitar is thus a great asset on teams that would otherwise have no answer to opposing weather.

Movepool-wise, Tyranitar has one of the most diverse movepools of any Pokémon in the OU metagame, giving it the tools that it needs to perform any role needed. Offensively, it's got all the moves it needs to put the hurt on anything that crosses its path. STAB Stone Edge is absolutely devastating, especially if backed by a Choice Band. Crunch is a top-notch STAB as well, shattering even the most defensive of Psychic- and Ghost-types. However, the real star of Tyranitar's physical STABs is Pursuit, a move that can be used to chase down fleeing opponents with an 80 Base Power attack. This allows Tyranitar to trap weaker opponents and put even stronger ones in a checkmate position where they have to flip a coin or die instantly. Scarf Tyranitar can come in on Pokémon like Starmie, Gengar, and Latios / Latias, knowing that even if they elect to stay in, they'll still take massive damage from a 367 Attack STAB Pursuit, despite its meager 40 Base Power, due to their Dark weakness. Pursuit can even let Tyranitar chase down special walls like Blissey, or eliminate troublesome opponents looking to get out of dodge, like Tornadus or Scarf Landorus locked into Hidden Power Ice. It caps off these fearsome STABs with coverage moves for every occasion, such as Earthquake for Steel-types like Magnezone and Terrakion; Ice Punch for Gliscor; Fire Punch for Ferrothorn and friends; Superpower and Focus Punch for Heatran, opposing Tyranitar, Lucario, and Terrakion (among others); and Aqua Tail for Gliscor, Hippowdon, and Donphan.

On the special side, it's no less diverse and no less fearsome. Fire Blast roasts Skarmory, Forretress, Jirachi, Ferrothorn, and other Steel-types, especially with Sand Stream stripping them of Rain's vital protection. Ice Beam puts an end to Gliscor, and does massive (and accurate!) damage to Salamence, Dragonite, and other Dragon-types. It also does excellent damage to other defensive Ground-types, such as Hippowdon and Donphan. Thunderbolt gives Tyranitar an option against troublesome Water-types, including Politoed looking to replace Tyranitar's sandstorm with its own rain. It can also use Dark Pulse for STAB, though it's usually better off just Crunching everything to death.

Tyranitar's got more than just brute force, though. Roar plays off of its impressive bulk to shuffle opponents and scare off stat boosters. Curse does the same, taking advantage of Tyranitar's incredible Special Defense to build up and make it an unkillable wall of rock and death, capable of shutting down teams without a strong Fighting-type to break through it. Dragon Dance can be used to boost up its Speed and Attack and sweep through teams, though the ubiquity of Scizor's devastating Bullet Punch and Conkeldurr's Mach Punch, as well as the popularity of Scarf Landorus, has somewhat put a damper on that. Instead of boosting its Speed, it can just cripple the opponent's with Thunder Wave, letting Tyranitar spread paralysis and support the rest of its team. It can also throw up Substitutes to take advantage of the switches it causes and break down walls. Last, but certainly not least, it can slap down some Stealth Rock, spreading its Rock-type hurt throughout the entire opposing team all match long.

Playing with Tyranitar

Most of the time, when you put Tyranitar on a team, it's for its ability—Tyranitar's versatility makes it easy to tailor it to a specific needed role on a team. It all depends on what the rest of the team is capable of, and what's missing.

For offensive teams, Tyranitar has a couple different effective sets. Choice Tyranitar is always popular, as both Choice Band and Choice Scarf work well with Tyranitar's stat spread and excellent dual STABs. With Choice Band, Tyranitar's sitting on 604 Attack, meaning that anything without a 4x resistance to Stone Edge is going to take massive damage. However, with a Choice Scarf, it reaches 364 Speed, letting it eliminate crucial opponents such as Latios, Latias, and Starmie with Pursuit, while revenging troublesome opponents like Swords Dance Lucario and most variants of Hydreigon. It also works well as a cleaner for slower teams, as its powerful Stone Edge can blast through weakened teams that may not have an answer.

If sweeping's your game, Tyranitar has two solid choices. Curse takes advantage of Tyranitar's massive defensive stats, especially its sand-boosted Special Defense, and can help it chew through opponents with Curse-boosted Payback or Crunch. If the opponent doesn't have a beefy Fighting-type that can break through its boosted defenses, it can be tough to take down Tyranitar after a couple of Curses. It's also got Dragon Dance, which boosts its Speed to acceptable sweeping levels while giving it the power it needs to bust through troublesome walls. It's still not fast enough to outspeed some nasty scarfers after a single boost, but if the opponent brings in the wrong answer to Tyranitar and lets it set up multiple Dragon Dances, that can be rendered completely moot.

If you're looking for something more defensive or supportive, there's also options there. A utility set featuring Stealth Rock can not only lay down hazards, but also sponge hits from tough special attackers. The most notable set in Generation 5 is a utility set that combines special defense, Stealth Rock, and Tyranitar's impressive movepool to create an all-in-one utility wallbreaker. It can lay down Stealth Rock, Crunch nasty foes like Jellicent and Reuniclus, Fire Blast Skarmory and Ferrothorn, and then take out Landorus, Gliscor, and Dragonite with Ice Beam. It's a great addition to offensive teams that need an anchor to scare off or bust through some defensive Pokémon.

Playing Against Tyranitar

The easiest way to deal with Tyranitar's monstrous power is to use a bulky Fighting-type like Terrakion, Conkeldurr, or Machamp. Fighting-types resist both of Tyranitar's STAB moves, so they're the ideal candidates to deal with something with STABs as powerful as Tyranitar's. Terrakion is especially potent, as it takes a pittance from Crunch and can use it to steal an easy +1 Attack boost from its ability, Justified. That said, it's always got to be wary of Superpower and Earthquake, which often find their way onto Tyranitar's sets. Conkeldurr may be slower than Tyranitar, but it can heal off any damage it takes with Drain Punch or set up on Tyranitar with Bulk Up. Machamp can do the same, except instead of healing up it can spread confusion with its 100% accuracy DynamicPunch. Lucario is especially set, as it's packing a double resistance to both STABs, and only has to worry about Fire Blast, Earthquake, and Superpower.

Beyond that, the counter really depends on the set. Weaker sets can be dealt with by Jirachi, which doesn't take that much from an uninvested Crunch, and can dispatch Tyranitar with Iron Head. Gliscor isn't especially worried by an uninvested Stone Edge, though it has to watch out for stray Ice Beams. Metagross packs the always devastating Meteor Mash and has the defense to take neutral Crunches with ease, but has to avoid getting singed by Fire Blast. There's also Donphan, which has found its way into popularity on sun teams, and has the power to bust up Tyranitar with its STAB Earthquake. Faster sets can require some more drastic measures at times, especially on offensive teams. Scarf Landorus can outspeed +1 Tyranitar, and takes advantage of Tyranitar's own Sand Stream to activate Sand Force for an easy KO.

As for Sand Stream, packing a weather changer like Politoed, Ninetales, or Abomasnow can help turn the tables on teams looking to abuse Sand Stream. Politoed is especially notable, as it has enough bulk to switch into any of the moves on the standard bulky utility Tyranitar. However, it's important to take care and make sure that you don't switch your weather starters into unexpected stuff—a stray Choice Band Stone Edge can spell the end for Politoed, dooming the rest of its team to a harsh life under Sand Stream. Dugtrio is also excellent, as it can outspeed even Choice Scarf Tyranitar and hit it with a devastating Earthquake. Furthermore, Arena Trap prevents Tyranitar from switching out, guaranteeing its demise.

Fitting Tyranitar Onto Your Team

Most of the time, the amount of support devoted to Tyranitar depends on the kind of team it's on. If the team is just depending on Tyranitar for sand support, then it's as simple as picking a set that works with the team's style and playing from there. However, if it's a team built around Tyranitar, it's going to take a little more support and protection.

One important thing to note about Tyranitar is that as a Pokémon that wants to switch in and out a lot, it's especially susceptible to entry hazards. Teams relying on Tyranitar for weather dominance are going to want to pair it with a spinner, as once Tyranitar is at low enough HP to get KOed by entry hazards, it's no longer going to be able to change the weather. Starmie is a good choice to fill the role, as it resists two of Tyranitar's weaknesses, and also contributes its prowess as a fast special attacker to the team.

Tyranitar also has extreme trouble with bulky Fighting-types, which can often switch in without any fear of reprisal from Tyranitar due to their Dark and Rock resistances. As a result, packing a bulky Psychic-type that can deal with these troublesome opponents is helpful. Reuniclus works especially well for this role, as it is extremely bulky, and also shrugs off Sand Stream with its own ability, Magic Guard. Sweeping sets, especially Dragon Dance, benefit greatly from the removal of opposing Steel-types. As a result, Magnezone is an especially good partner, as it can eliminate four of the most notable counters to sweeping Tyranitar—Scizor, Skarmory, Jirachi, and Ferrothorn.

Get Out There!

With the ubiquity of weather in Generation 5, and Tyranitar's incredible spread of abilities, it's easy to see why this monster has repeatedly seized a top 5 spot in the ranks of OU. It's got it all—a metagame-defining ability, amazing stats, and a movepool that goes on for days. Not many Pokémon can claim to have consistently defined the metagame like Tyranitar has, and if any newcomers want to step up to the plate, they'll have to go through this beast first.

question: What is the 'make Tyranitar better and better' trend?

answer: With this trend, Tyranitar picked up two of its most metagame-defining changes until now. First, Tyranitar got an effective base 159 Special Defense, and second, Tyranitar got a physical Crunch and Pursuit.

question: What are the qualities that make Tyranitar stand out?

answer: Tyranitar has a base 134 Attack, combined with a STAB Stone Edge, Rock Slide, Crunch and Pursuit. It also has coverage moves such as Earthquake, Fire Punch, Ice Punch, and Aqua Tail. Tyranitar also has one of the most diverse movepools of any Pokemon.

question: What is the use of the Tyranitar Pokemon?

answer: Mostly Tyranitar is used for its ability and versatility to make it easy to tailor to a specific role. It can shift its ability based on whether your team is playing offensive or defensive.


text:
ALL DAY LONG I HEAR PEOPLE COMPLAINING ABOUT HOW BAD ALCOHOL IS. How it destroys families and makes you shit your pants at your girlfriend’s parents house on Christmas Eve, and blah blah blah.

Sure, the mainstream media and my recently estranged family would have you BELIEVE that excessive alcohol consumption is deadly, but in my experience I’ve found just the opposite.

If alcohol is so bad then why can’t I function without it?

The moment I stop drinking I fall victim to a long list of ailments. There’s shaking, cold sweats, anxiety, and insomnia that often kick in the morning after I had my last drink. Not to mention the headaches and nausea, and alcohol has been the only thing that provides any relief.

All of these ailments are alleviated as long as I have a drink on hand every six hours or so. I’ve looked into various over the counter medications but I hear those things can be pretty addictive and I don’t want to go down that path.

_RELATED: JUST BECAUSE I DON’T DRINK ANYMORE DOESN’T MEAN I HAVE TO STOP PUKING IN UBERS_

And it’s not just me. For 30 years my Uncle George engaged in heavy, capillary-bursting, hand sanitizer-guzzling drinking. Under a doctor’s orders, my uncle was told to slowly wean himself off alcohol in a controlled environment or he would die. Well, we don’t use words like “wean” or “controlled” in this family, so he went cold turkey and died two days later.

Not drinking KILLS.

So get out of my face you know-nothing “doctors.” From now on I’ll take my advice from REAL professionals like Captain Morgan, Sailor Jerry, and Don Juli- oh my God I’m gonna puke.

_CASH IN YOUR SCENE POINTS FOR HARD TIMES MERCH! WAIT, I MEANT MONEY. USE YOUR MONEY:_

Article by Dom Turek @dom_and_dahmer

question: What are the complaints about how bad alcohol is?

answer: The author claims the complaints are about how it destroys families and makes you defecate at your girlfriend's parents house on Christmas Eve.

question: Why is the author bothered with these complaints?

answer: The author is bothered with these complaints because he claims not drinking kills, and that when he stops drinking he can't function.

question: Describe the author's uncle, George.

answer: The author says their Uncle George engaged in heavy, hard drinking and when he was told to wean off alcohol, he quit cold turkey. This caused Uncle George to die two days later.

question: How does the author end the document?

answer: The author claims that drinking kills and that he will take his advice from a list of alcohol brands.

question: Why did the author stop drinking?

answer: That information can't be found.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: In a seemingly satirical post, the author claims that those who complain about alcohol being bad are wrong. The author claims that not drinking is what kills.


text:
_Ó TÓ GẸ́_ is the slogan for the political revolution that took place in Nigeria's Kwara State in 2019. The slogan was first used by 79-year-old Lazeez Ayinla Kolawole, a member of the All Progressives Congress.[1]

Ó Tó Gẹ́, which translates to “enough is enough” in English, has been described by election observers as an impactful three-word campaign slogan, effectively used to end decades of political hegemony of Saraki's dynasty in Kwara State.[2]

Before the 2019 election, all elective offices in Kwara State were nominated and won by loyalist of Saraki's dynasty led by Olusola Saraki, who later transferred the mantle of leadership to his son, Bukola Saraki, a former President of Nigeria's Senate.[3][4]

After years of dominance[5] by the Saraki family, which saw the children of Olusola Saraki holding various elective position at the same time,[6][7] the people of Kwara State under different organizations, including the All Progressives Congress, voted massively against all loyalists of the dynasty under the umbrella of the People's Democratic Party.[8][9]

The revolution saw the defeat of Bukola Saraki, who is the incumbent Senate President of Nigeria in 2019.[10][11]

2019 Nigeria General Election

In the build-up of the 2019 general election, Bukola Saraki, the leader of Saraki Dynasty, decamped from the ruling All Progressives Congress along with the Kwara State Governor, Abdulfatah Ahmed.[12][13] Most of those in the opposing People's Democratic Party moved to the All Progressives Congress in a bid to oust members of Saraki's dynasty form elective offices.[14][15]

After the election held in February and March 2019, members of various elected posts under the All Progressives Congress emerged as winners for various positions. This brought an end to years of the Dynasty's dominance in Kwara State politics.[16][17][18]

Notable individuals

Notable in the revolution are:

-   AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq
-   Kayode Alabi
-   Lola Ashiru
-   Ibrahim Yahaya Oloriegbe
-   Sadiq Umar AbdulGaniyu
-   Lai Mohammed
-   Shuaib Oba AbdulRaheem
-   AbdulGaniyu Cook Olododo
-   Shuaib Oba AbdulRaheem
-   Simon Ajibola
-   Suleiman Ajadi
-   Prince Fagbemi
-   Akogun Iyiola Oyedepo
-   Hakeem Lawal
-   Akaje Ibrahim
-   Yahaya Seriki
-   Moshood Mustapha
-   Lukman Mustapha
-   Tunde Ibitoye
-   Femi White
-   Modibo Kawu
-   Rex Olawoye
-   Esirogunjo Musbau
-   Gbemisola Saraki
-   Femi Ogunsola
-   Jerry Majin Kolo
-   Dele Aina
-   Oyin Zubir
-   Saheed Popoola
-

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[18]

title: Ó Tó Gẹ́

question: The slogan "O TO GE" represents what language in Nigeria and what does it mean?

answer: It might be implied from the article that the language is Yoruba, and it means "enough is enough."

question: What led to the rise of the campaign slogan used?

answer: Decades of political hegemony of the Saraki dynasty in Kwara State, Nigeria.

question: What was the purpose of the political revolution in Kwara state?

answer: To vote out all loyalists of the Saraki dynasty.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article highlights the incident that led to the political revolution in Kwara regarding the Saraki dynasty in 2019. It also gives a list of notable individuals that partook in the revolution during the general election of February and March 2019.


text:
BUTLER COUNTY is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 8,395.[1] Its county seat is David City.[2] The county was created in 1856[3] and organized in 1868.[4][5]

In the Nebraska license plate system, Butler County is represented by the prefix 25 (when the license plate system was established in 1922, it had the 25th-largest number of vehicles registered of all counties in the state).

In 2010, Nebraska's center of population was in Butler County, near the village of Rising City.[6]

Geography

According to the US Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (1.0%) is water.[7]

Major highways

-   [] U.S. Highway 81
-   [] Nebraska Highway 15
-   [] Nebraska Highway 64
-   [] Nebraska Highway 66
-   [] Nebraska Highway 92

Adjacent counties

-   Saunders County – east
-   Seward County – south
-   York County – southwest
-   Polk County – west
-   Platte County – northwest
-   Colfax County – north

Demographics

As of the 2000 United States Census,[8] there were 8,767 people, 3,426 households, and 2,350 families in the county. The population density was 15 people per square mile (6/km²). There were 3,901 housing units at an average density of 7 per square mile (3/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 98.38% White, 0.10% Black or African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.81% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. 1.65% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 33.1% were of German and 32.0% Czech ancestry.

There were 3,426 households, out of which 33.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.90% were married couples living together, 5.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.40% were non-families. 28.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.40% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.13.

The county population contained 27.90% under the age of 18, 6.60% from 18 to 24, 25.30% from 25 to 44, 22.50% from 45 to 64, and 17.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 104.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.20 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,331, and the median income for a family was $44,441. Males had a median income of $28,856 versus $20,979 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,394. About 4.80% of families and 8.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.80% of those under age 18 and 9.40% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

City

-   David City (county seat)

Villages

-   Abie
-   Bellwood
-   Brainard
-   Bruno
-   Dwight
-   Garrison
-   Linwood
-   Octavia
-   Rising City
-   Surprise
-   Ulysses

Unincorporated communities

-   Edholm
-   Loma
-   Millerton
-   Nimburg

Ghost towns

-   Savannah

Townships

-   Alexis
-   Bone Creek
-   Center
-   Franklin
-   Linwood
-   Oak Creek
-   Olive
-   Platte
-   Plum Creek
-   Read
-   Reading
-   Richardson
-   Savannah
-   Skull Creek
-   Summit
-   Ulysses
-   Union

Politics

Butler County voters have been reliably Republican for decades. No Democratic Party candidate has carried the county in any national election since 1976.

  Year                               Republican                                  Democratic                                  Third Parties
  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
  style=“text-align:center;” |2016   style=“text-align:center;” |77.3% _3,079_   style=“text-align:center;” |17.4% _691_     5.3% _211_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2012   style=“text-align:center;” |71.0% _2,738_   style=“text-align:center;” |27.1% _1,045_   2.0% _76_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2008   style=“text-align:center;” |66.6% _2,557_   style=“text-align:center;” |31.0% _1,190_   2.4% _92_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2004   style=“text-align:center;” |72.4% _3,016_   style=“text-align:center;” |25.6% _1,068_   2.0% _84_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2000   style=“text-align:center;” |68.9% _2,638_   style=“text-align:center;” |26.9% _1,028_   4.2% _162_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1996   style=“text-align:center;” |55.3% _2,042_   style=“text-align:center;” |29.7% _1,099_   15.0% _555_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1992   style=“text-align:center;” |45.4% _1,884_   style=“text-align:center;” |26.2% _1,089_   28.4% _1,181_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1988   style=“text-align:center;” |54.6% _2,086_   style=“text-align:center;” |44.9% _1,715_   0.5% _18_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1984   style=“text-align:center;” |67.6% _2,557_   style=“text-align:center;” |31.5% _1,193_   0.9% _35_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1980   style=“text-align:center;” |66.1% _2,596_   style=“text-align:center;” |28.3% _1,112_   5.6% _221_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1976   style=“text-align:center;” |42.4% _1,809_   style=“text-align:center;” |54.7% _2,337_   2.9% _125_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1972   style=“text-align:center;” |55.9% _2,301_   style=“text-align:center;” |44.1% _1,812_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1968   style=“text-align:center;” |46.8% _1,646_   style=“text-align:center;” |43.9% _1,544_   9.2% _324_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1964   style=“text-align:center;” |35.4% _1,642_   style=“text-align:center;” |64.6% _2,993_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1960   style=“text-align:center;” |45.1% _2,253_   style=“text-align:center;” |54.9% _2,742_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1956   style=“text-align:center;” |56.1% _2,864_   style=“text-align:center;” |43.9% _2,244_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1952   style=“text-align:center;” |63.9% _3,459_   style=“text-align:center;” |36.1% _1,954_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1948   style=“text-align:center;” |44.7% _2,105_   style=“text-align:center;” |55.3% _2,605_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1944   style=“text-align:center;” |46.0% _2,493_   style=“text-align:center;” |54.0% _2,922_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1940   style=“text-align:center;” |47.8% _2,966_   style=“text-align:center;” |52.3% _3,246_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1936   style=“text-align:center;” |35.3% _2,442_   style=“text-align:center;” |63.0% _4,360_   1.8% _124_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1932   style=“text-align:center;” |27.6% _1,712_   style=“text-align:center;” |71.8% _4,456_   0.6% _35_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1928   style=“text-align:center;” |45.7% _2,930_   style=“text-align:center;” |54.0% _3,465_   0.4% _23_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1924   style=“text-align:center;” |44.8% _2,435_   style=“text-align:center;” |45.0% _2,444_   10.2% _555_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1920   style=“text-align:center;” |55.2% _2,478_   style=“text-align:center;” |42.8% _1,918_   2.0% _90_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1916   style=“text-align:center;” |31.9% _1,120_   style=“text-align:center;” |66.4% _2,332_   1.7% _59_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1912   style=“text-align:center;” |25.4% _823_     style=“text-align:center;” |54.2% _1,756_   20.4% _660_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1908   style=“text-align:center;” |39.2% _1,412_   style=“text-align:center;” |59.2% _2,129_   1.6% _58_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1904   style=“text-align:center;” |50.8% _1,723_   style=“text-align:center;” |37.7% _1,278_   11.5% _390_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1900   style=“text-align:center;” |40.0% _1,481_   style=“text-align:center;” |57.9% _2,147_   2.1% _78_

  : PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS RESULTS[9]

[1]

[2]

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[8]

[9] _Election Results_

title: Butler County, Nebraska

question: Where is Butler County located?

answer: Butler County is located in the U.S. state of Nebraska.

question: What was the median income in Butler County?

answer: The median income for a household in the county was $36331, and the median income for a family was $44441.

question: What are the political leanings of the county?

answer: Butler County voters have voted Republican decades. No Democratic Party candidate has carried the county in any national election since 1976.


text:
Protesters argued that the proposed location, will destroy the sea as well as irrevocably damage the health of Israelis living near the coast.

Protesters in Rabin square calling to halt gas production off the coast of Israel.

(photo credit: LIRIT KLEIN)

Thousands of Israelis gathered in Rabin Square in Tel Aviv on Saturday evening to protest the planned location of the gas processing platform serving the Leviathan gas reservoir only nine kilometers off the coast of Israel.

Headed by the volunteer group Shomri HaBait (_Home Guards_), protesters argued that the proposed location, will destroy the sea as well as irrevocably damage the health of Israelis living near the coast. A major concern is the unavoidable production of benzene in the energy production process, which is a known carcinogen.

Tel Aviv, Haifa, Herzliya, and other Israeli communities such as Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael and Moshav Beit Tanai are located along the coast of Israel. According to the protesters, millions of Israelis might be affected.

[Protesters in Rabin aquare with a sign that says "Do not posion us!" shaped like a whale, it refers to the gas field Leviathan / LIRIT KLEIN ]Protesters in Rabin aquare with a sign that says "Do not posion us!" shaped like a whale, it refers to the gas field Leviathan / LIRIT KLEIN

In similar projects around the world, Shomri HaBait argued, such oil platforms are located around 120 kilometers off the coast. They further emphasized that it makes little sense to place the platforms so close to the shore when the gas reservoir itself is placed 130 kilometers off the shore.

By placing the platform directly above the reservoir, the entire production process would be simpler and cleaner. There would be no need to add antifreeze material to move the gas further from the production site, toxic byproducts would be poured back  into the reservoir and not dumped into the sea near the shore, and in the case of a malfunction, the damage caused to marine life and those living across the coast would be less intensive.

In addition, Shomri HaBait pointed to the lack of experience Israel has in such projects as well as to the pollution caused by the existing gas processing platform Tamar, which produces 30 times more toxic materials than originally predicted.

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They also claimed that Houston-based Noble Energy, which will operate the platform, has a terrible track record of causing pollution.

High school students who attended the protests stated that they were intending to miss school and create a human chain across the coast of Israel on Sunday in protest of the planned platform.

Israeli reporter Nehamia Shtresler, known for his liberal views, slammed Shomri HaBait and those who supported them, labeling them as people who have "blue blood" because they're from communities who don't wish to see the gas processing platform "spoiling their sunsets."

He also claimed that the Supreme Court as well as leading environmental protection groups in Israel are not opposed to the current conditions of the Leviathan project.

In response to an inquiry by _The Jerusalem Post_, Adi Bager, a spokesperson from Leviathan Partners said that "The establishment of the platform will begin in the next few months precisely at the time the government decided on with the recommendation of Israeli security, and as approved by all relevant planning, regulatory, and legal organizations."

"On the contrary to the campaign of organized intimidation, the platform will not contaminate the air and the water. There is complete consensus about this among all the experts including the environmental organizations."

"The Leviathan project is not a problem but a solution. It will enable Israel to free itself from the use of coal which causes pollution and harms the health of Israeli citizens."

Tamar Petroleum announced on Sunday that following a 15% increase in the value of its stock it will deliver a dividend of 145 million NIS among shareholders.

Established in 2017, Tamar Petroleum holds the rights to the Tamar gas field which is located around 80 kilometers west of Haifa.

question: What does the article say about the protests in Rabin Square in Tel Aviv?

answer: Thousands of Israelis gathered in Rabin Square in Tel Aviv to protest the planned location of the gas processing platform because it is only nine kilometers off the coast of Israel. The protesters argued that the proposed location will destroy the sea as well as irrevocably damage the health of Israelis living near the coast. A major concern is a production of benzene in the energy production process, which is a known carcinogen.

question: What does the article say about how the Leviathan gas reservoir can be less harmful?

answer: Shomri HaBait argues that the oil platforms should be located around 120 kilometers off the coast and the platform should be placed directly above the reservoir so the production process would be simpler and cleaner. In that case, toxic byproducts would be poured back into the reservoir and not dumped into the sea near the shore. Moreover, in the case of a malfunction, the damage caused to marine life and those living across the coast would be less intensive.

question: What does the article say about Tamar Petroleum's CEO?


text:
MURIEL FAY HUMPHREY BROWN (_née_ BUCK; February 20, 1912 September 20, 1998) was an American politician who served as the Second Lady of the United States and as a U.S. Senator from Minnesota. She was married to the 38th Vice President of the United States, Hubert Humphrey. Following her husband's death, she was appointed to his seat in the United States Senate, serving for most of the year 1978, thus becoming the first woman to serve as a Senator from Minnesota, and the only Second Lady of the United States to hold public office. After leaving office, she remarried and took the name MURIEL HUMPHREY BROWN.

Early life and marriage

Humphrey was born MURIEL FAY BUCK in Huron, South Dakota, daughter of Andrew E. Buck and his wife, the former Jessie Mae Pierce. She attended Huron College and met Humphrey in 1934, when she was twenty-two years old and working as a bookkeeper. They married on September 3, 1936, saying, “It was love at first waltz”.[1] After living with their daughter in South Dakota, she moved to the South to join her husband when he pursued a graduate degree at Louisiana State University, where she found work in the Department of Government as a typist.[2]

She had four children: Hubert III, Nancy, Robert, and Douglas. The Humphreys built a home and moved to Waverly, a small village west of Minneapolis, in the mid-1950s and maintained it as their primary residence until Hubert Humphrey was elected Vice President in the U.S. presidential election of 1964.[3][4]

Political life

Muriel served as an informal adviser to her husband after he entered politics. His first office was mayor of Minneapolis. From there, he served three consecutive terms as Senator from Minnesota. It was during his second Senatorial campaign that Muriel began making campaign appearances alongside her husband.

Hubert Humphrey ran for his party's nomination in the Presidential primaries of 1960, losing to John F. Kennedy; during this campaign, Muriel made speeches for him in Wisconsin.[5] Humphrey remained in the senate and President Lyndon B. Johnson chose him as his vice-presidential running mate in 1964. With Muriel often campaigning alongside her husband and being profiled favorably in US media, the ticket won the election. Hubert thereafter served as Vice President of the United States from January 1965 to January 1969.

As Second Lady of the United States, Muriel had a busy schedule of travel and involvement in various causes. A catalogue of her papers at the Minnesota Historical Society gives a clear sense of the breadth of activities.[6] She served as a member of the President's Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities from 1966-1969,[7] convened many meetings of women associated with the Democratic Party, and travelled extensively.

During her husband's subsequent run for President in 1968, Muriel made a number of public appearances, garnering praise from President Johnson.[8] After Hubert lost the 1968 election to former Vice President Richard M. Nixon, he made a decision which would ultimately lead to Muriel's entry into politics: He chose to run for a US Senate seat from Minnesota in the 1970 elections. Hubert won the election and returned to the Senate in January 1971.[9]

After Hubert Humphrey died, Muriel was nominated by the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party and subsequently appointed to the Senate vacancy by Minnesota Governor Rudy Perpich, serving from January 25, 1978, to November 7, 1978, in the 95th Congress. She was the first spouse of a former Vice President to serve in Congress as well as the first woman to represent Minnesota in the U.S. Senate, preceding the Democrats Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith.

Muriel had years of experience as a public speaker, and was an active Senator.[10] According Karina Karr, Humphrey was ostracised by the all-male Senate, but served on the Foreign Relations Committee and voted reliably to support the foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration.[11] According to an official Congressional biographical summary, “Muriel Humphrey pursued her own interests during her brief tenure, supporting an extension of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ratification deadline and advocating several programs to benefit persons with mental disabilities.”[12]

Among the issues which she championed was public visibility for Down Syndrome, a topic she had become passionate about due to her granddaughter Victoria Solmonson's condition.[13][14] During her husband's presidential campaign in 1967 and 1968, she visited facilities for people with Down Syndrome in Long Island and was featured by the New York Times.[15] In 1970, she gave a speech on this topic which was reprinted in a prestigious medical journal.[16] As a Senator, she sponsored the Mental Health Advocacy Act of 1978.[17]

After consulting with President Jimmy Carter, Muriel chose not to stand as a candidate for the 1978 United States Senate special election in Minnesota for the remaining term. “It was the most challenging thing I've done in my whole life,” she said.[18]

Looking back at her political life, Humphrey reflected “There's something I've been wanting to say for a long time. I'm a liberal and I'm proud of it. In fact, I was probably a little more liberal than Hubert was. I just wanted to say that.” While in office, and after, she pressed for the right for women to choose to have an abortion and worked towards legislation for the rights of the mentally disabled.[19]

Second marriage

In 1981, Humphrey married Max Brown, a friend from childhood.[20] “I don't live a life of politics any more,” she said after her second marriage. “Max and I have so much fun. We have a wonderful companionship that Hubert and I didn't have, couldn't have. We were so busy and it was so official almost all the time.”[21] Max Brown died in 2004 at the age of 93.[22]

Death

When Muriel Humphrey Brown died, she was survived by her husband of 17 years, Max Brown, and her children, who were at her side when she died at the age of 86. She is interred in Lakewood Cemetery[23] in Minneapolis, Minnesota, next to her first husband, Hubert H. Humphrey.

[1] “Hopefuls' Helpmates”, Time, 24 November 1958

[2]  Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-01-15}}

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

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[11]  Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-01-15}}

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[19]

[20] Mills, Barbara Kleban, “A Childhood Friendship Turns to Love, and Muriel Humphrey Plans to Be Married”, People Magazine, February 16, 1981 (Vol. 15 No. 6)1

[21] Olson, Rochelle, “Muriel Humphrey Brown, senator, widow of HHH, dead at 86”, Minneapolis Star-Tribune, 21 September 1998

[22] 'Max Brown-obituary,' THE NORTH PLATTE TELEGRAPH, December 16, 2004

[23] Find a Grave here

title: Muriel Humphrey Brown

question: Summarize Muriel Humphrey Brown's life before she became Second Lady

answer: Humphrey was born MURIEL FAY BUCK in Huron, South Dakota. She attended Huron College and met Humphrey in 1934. They married on September 3, 1936. She moved to the South to join her husband who was studying at Louisiana State University. She worked in the Department of Government as a typist. She had four children: Hubert III, Nancy, Robert, and Douglas. The Humphreys moved to Waverley in the mid-1950s, staying there until Hubert Humphrey was elected Vice President in the U.S. presidential election of 1964.

question: How did Muriel support her husband in his political career?

answer: She was his informal adviser after he entered politics. She started to make campaign appearances during his second Senatorial campaign. In 1960 she made speeches when he ran for party nomination during the Presidential primaries. Muriel's campaign assistance helped her husband to win the position of Vice President of the US. He served on several committees during his service as Vice President from 1964 to 1969. She made several appearances at her husband's run for President in 1968. He lost the election to Richard Nixon.


text:
JONATHAN MCCOLLUM, Associate Professor of Music at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, is an ethnomusicologist and performer on the Japanese shakuhachi.[1] He is the founding Chair of the Historical Ethnomusicology section of the Society for Ethnomusicology, and is known for his work on the music of Armenia.[2]

Music Scholarship

McCollum is especially known for theoretical contributions to the historiography of global music (historical ethnomusicology), and research studies into both the music of Armenia and the music of Japan, particularly Zen Buddhist ritual and shakuhachi flute tradition.

As a musicologist, McCollum has contributed extensively to academic journals, encyclopedias, and music reference works, including most recently the _Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music_, the _Sage International Encyclopedia of Music and Culture_, and the _New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments_. He has also worked as a consultant for the Armenian Library and Museum of America, the Smithsonian Institution, and _Folkways Alive!_ of the Canadian Centre for Ethnomusicology at the University of Alberta.

McCollum is the author of _Armenian Music: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Discography_ (Scarecrow Press, 2004)[3][4][5] and has contributed to many other volumes. He is currently developing a book on music of the Vikings with David Hebert, with whom he co-edited an earlier book,_Theory and Method in Historical Ethnomusicology_ (Lexington Books, 2014), and edits a book series for Rowman and Littlefield press,[6] The Lexington Series in Historical Ethnomusicology: Deep Soundings.[7]

Music Performance

McCollum holds the specialized Shihan 師範 (Master’s) license in shakuhachi performance and teaching,[8] with the professional name (natori) “Kenzen (研禅)” earned primarily through studies under _Dai Shihan_ (Grand Master) Michael Chikuzen Gould.[9]

As a professional performer, McCollum has also contributed to virtual instrument sample libraries; he is the shakuhachi player for Stealth Wind software (on Unearthed Sampling’s Kontakt platform), which is widely used by professional soundtrack composers for videos and films.[10]

He also works as a professional trombonist. McCollum is a Hoshi (Dharma Holder) at Clare Sangha in Baltimore and is the founding teacher of the Chester River Sangha, Zen Buddhist communities in the White Plum Asanga.[11]

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[5] According to _Music References Review Quarterly_, McCollum’s book _Music: A Comprehensive Bibliography and Discography_ is “the most important English-language resource for Armenian music to date,” and a review in _Choice_ describes it as “exceptionally good on history … well organized and indexed”.

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[8] McCollum, Jonathan (2018). Embodying History and Pedagogy: A Personal Journey into the Dokyoku Style of Japanese Shakuhachi. In David G. Hebert (Ed.), _International Perspectives on Translation, Education and Innovation in Japanese and Korean Societies_. Cham: Springer, p.255-278.

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title: Jonathan McCollum

question: When was McCollum born?

answer: That information can't be found

question: Where does McCollum work as a professor?

answer: Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland

question: What is McCollum the founding Chair of?

answer: The Historical Ethnomusicology section of the Society for Ethnomusicology

question: What country's music is McCollum known for working on?

answer: Armenia

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Jonathan McCollum is an Associate Professor of Music at Washington College, an ethnomusicologist, and a performer on the Japanese shakuhachi. He is also known for his work on the music of Armenia.