text:
Eighty-year-old women are supposed to stay at home. The neatly dressed grandmother of our collective imagination derives her pleasure from indoor pursuits – cooking, reading, knitting. One thing octogenarian women aren’t supposed to do is embark on a solo five-month journey through Africa, driving from Cape Town to Cairo in a battered Toyota Conquest.

Julia Albu never set out to be exceptional. Her daily routine slotted neatly into what the world expects from an older woman living in a leafy village near Cape Town. Every morning she would listen to the radio, and one day the discussion turned to then-President Jacob Zuma and his extravagant taste in cars.

“I was incensed,” Albu said. “I phoned in immediately to say I was going to be 80, and my car, Tracy, was a 20-year-old Toyota and she ran beautifully. We could happily drive to London together, so why Zuma needed all these new cars was beyond me.”

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Buoyed by the enthusiastic response she received, Albu pledged on air to drive to Buckingham Palace to have tea with the Queen – and before long, the seeds of what had begun as a joke started germinating.

“My partner had recently died, you see,” Albu said. “It was an exhausting process, and after all that I thought, ‘My goodness, there really isn’t much of life left’. I feel like I’m 36 from the shoulders up and 146 from the shoulders down, and I wanted the younger me to win for once.”

  I feel like I’m 36 from the shoulders up and 146 from the shoulders down, and I wanted the younger me to win for once

Six months later, on the dawn of her 80th birthday, Albu’s youthful half triumphed. With Tracy’s grey, squat exterior emblazoned with the rainbow-coloured stickers of her sponsors, Albu set off on a frosty morning from her house in Jakkalsfontein, hurtling up a gum tree-lined road pointing north.

“I was raring to go,” she said. “I had been inoculated against every known virus, although the doctor said he didn't think I'd need any STD precautions, which was insulting. And Tracy was looking beautiful, upholstered from the seats to the sun visors in pink florals.”

A cavalcade of Harley Davidsons bid her farewell outside Johannesburg, but other than that, South Africa passed in a blur of Karoo pepper trees and cold winter nights. And so it was left to Botswana to give Albu her first taste of African adventure.

“We were pottering along the road when an elephant nearly came to blows with poor Tracy. And the potholes, oh they were too awful. But it all felt magical, from the heat drifting through my windows to the baobab trees. I knew I was going to be alright because everyone I met was so kind. They called me ‘Gogo’, which means grandmother.”

In those early weeks, Albu often slept in a tent on the side of the road. But while her spirit was indomitable, her body was not, and sleeping on the ground soon took its toll. Her family rallied around to help – one daughter eventually drove with her to Zimbabwe, while her son accompanied her through Malawi.

But interspersed with moments of hardship was Albu’s utter exhilaration at seeing the continent she was born in finally blossoming into focus. Her eyes lit up when she talked about the majesty of Lake Malawi or Zimbabwe’s Victoria Falls, but also when she described the details of life on the road. There was the man selling wicker furniture under a dusty Malawian tree, and the Zambian schoolgirls who read to her. She talked about vendors frying mice, truck drivers sharing food with her, and ripe tomatoes she plucked off the vine.

  Tracy is also an older lady just like me, and this was something we were doing together

“I never felt lonely, even when I was alone,” she said. “I loved the times my children visited, and the intimate moments I spent with each of them. But you must remember Tracy is also an older lady just like me, and this was something we were doing together.”

Albu’s age was clearly a mixed blessing. African border posts can be notoriously difficult to negotiate, but she breezed through most of them. The truck drivers she had been sharing the road with began to recognise her and ushered her to the front of the queue.

“The belief in the wisdom of your elders is ingrained in a lot of African cultures – though often they just found me hilarious,” she said. “One Ugandan customs official asked why I was driving to London. ‘To have tea with the Queen’ I replied. His eyes were like marbles, and my passport was stamped in a jiffy.”

Nonetheless, I sensed Albu’s profound frustration at being physically unable explore the nooks and crannies of the continent unfolding around her. “Oh to be 40 years younger and not in this godforsaken body,” she said. “The mountains I would have climbed; the lakes I would have swum in.”

Instead, Albu quenched her boundless thirst for Africa through its people. Her travel diary is filled with page upon page of names, numbers and business cards, including the addresses of hundreds of teachers she sent schoolbooks to through a charity she is affiliated with.

In Tanzania, she stumbled upon a small village and began talking to one of the elders, named William. They spent hours together that day and the next, sitting on a bench while putting the world to rights. Months later, a letter from him plopped through her door in Cape Town. “Your radiant and full-of-life personality is amazing,” he wrote. “Your willingness to share the good moments of others taught me what life can mean. I, in my own way, promise to give you company.”

During the trip, Albu learned to shake off age with a flick of her hair. In Tanzania, at a honeymooner resort, she peeled off her dress for a midnight swim. In Ethiopia, she camped with eager 20-somethings in the Danakil Depression, a neon-hued moonscape of lava and salt plains that is often described as the ‘gateway to hell’.

Her enthusiasm for Ethiopia is particularly infectious – for the dramatic landscapes and for the profound spirituality that imbues the place. Sudan, too, she describes with a sense of awe that I suspect is reserved for an Africa with which she no longer feels familiar.

“I think I got my moment of purest joy when I was driving alone through the Sudanese desert on the long road to Khartoum,” she said. “My tape of hymns was playing at full blast and I was singing ‘Jerusalem’, thinking about England’s green and pleasant land while a shepherd shuffled through the sand in the distance.”

Albu’s African odyssey ended in Egypt, the country where her luck in namedropping the Queen finally ran out. Held at border control for several days while Tracy was fitted with Arabic number plates, her only option was to sleep in a cafe. “I’m not sure if you’ve ever spent the night alone in a room with seven Egyptian men, but it certainly was an experience,” she said. “They were kind though, and if they were surprised I was a woman on my own, they didn’t show it.”

  The world has changed, and I’m jolly glad it has

Because it is not just Albu’s age that has captured our imagination, it is also her gender. Women today fight for political, economic and sexual equality, but the decision to drive alone through Africa is one that would raise eyebrows in even the most tolerant of societies.

“But why should men be the only ones who are allowed to go off and have big adventures on their own?” Albu asked. “I was never afraid for my life on that trip. Yes, when I was a girl the thought of me driving alone through Africa would have been utterly absurd – but the world has changed, and I’m jolly glad it has.”

Up through Egypt she went, stopping off in Aswan and The Valley of the Kings and finishing in the polluted streets of Cairo. On her last day, she parked on the banks of the Nile to collect some murky river water, which was destined to sit on her mantelpiece next to bottles filled up at the source of the White Nile in Tanzania and the Blue Nile in Ethiopia.

From Cairo, Albu flew back to Cape Town, watching the continent unfold below her and pitying her fellow passengers for their sky-high perspective. After recuperating in Jakkalsfontein for a few months, Albu boarded a plane to Europe and was reunited with Tracy – who had languished for weeks in a container in Greece after crossing the Mediterranean by ferry. From Greece, she drove through Albania, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Germany and Holland, and arrived in London for the summer season.

“Oh, I was dying to have tea with the Queen – particularly after telling the world and his wife that I was going to,” Albu says. “But it was the week of Royal Ascot and apparently she was otherwise engaged. The English are a strange breed – I’m not sure they appreciated quite how long my journey to Buckingham Palace was.”

  What do you want me to do, sit on this sofa and wait to die?

Although astoundingly, London was not the final stop in Albu’s odyssey. Last week, she crossed the Channel again and is currently heading for the heel of Italy, from where she will sail for Tunisia and begin her drive to Cape Town – crossing Africa overland for the second time in as many years.

“Well, why not? What do you want me to do, sit on this sofa and wait to die?” she asks, with a laugh. “There is a freedom that comes with old age that so many people don’t realise. I didn’t know it before my adventure, but at my age you’re actually freer than you’ve ever been – you lose a husband and the children are grown, and you worry less about the consequences of everything.”

We have a tendency to treat older people with kid gloves, but excitement and adventure are not prerogatives of the young. And if the inhabitants of Buckingham Palace one day read about Albu’s story and send an embossed invitation down to South Africa, she and Queen will undoubtedly have a lot to say on the subject.

Travel Journeys _is a BBC Travel series exploring travellers’ inner journeys of transformation and growth as they experience the world._

_Join more than three million BBC Travel fans by liking us on __Facebook__, or follow us on __Twitter__ and __Instagram__._

_If you liked this story, __sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter__ called "If You Only Read 6 Things This Week". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Travel, Capital, Culture, Earth and Future, delivered to your inbox every Friday._

question: Which continent did Julia Albu drive across?

answer: Africa

question: What is Jullia Albu's car's name?

answer: Tracy

question: How old is Julia Albu?

answer: 80

question: What souvenir did she take from the Nile?

answer: A Water sample

question: What was her first destination?

answer: London

question: Where is she heading after London?

answer: Italy, Tunisia, and Cape Town

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article details the journey of Julia Albu, who crossed the African continent in her car on her way to London. It shares some of the events and people she encountered, and talks about public perception of this feat.


split: test

text: Humans are stuck on two dazzling ideas of how all organisms were created, Evolution and God. But little do they know all species were miracously formed by a very large chair. On a majestic night full of inanimate objects flying through spacetime, this very large chair accidentally hit a planet, which is now better known as earth. This chair thought “boring” and at that very moment he rematerialized into thousands of different organisms including, the human race. And of course it is a race, one human trying to be more dominant than the other. Who am I? Well, I am the Narrator, you might know me from films that need more exposition. And that is life. Life a four letter word to explain a infinity amount of saying. That is how ignorant we are. So it all started with a lizard. One day this lizard thought. Hatanafkamalcla. Sorry forgot to translate “I am a lizard” and conciousness began along with evolution of human development until the beautiful creation of Pink Floyd and LSD.

title: [HM] Creation Theory! Completely Logical with evidence!

question: Who is the narrator?

answer: The narrator calls themself the Narrator

question: List the main characters.

answer: The Narrator, an apparently-sentient chair, and a lizard

question: Where is the story set?

answer: Earth

question: Who thinks "boring?"

answer: A sentient chair which hit Earth

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: A very large chair hits the Earth and is bored with what it finds there so it transforms into a variety of different creatures. One day a lizard realizes it is a lizard and consciousness began and humans evolved up until the creation of Pink Floyd and LSD.


text:
HOMERTON ( ) is a district in London, England, in the London Borough of Hackney. It was a suburb of the metropolitan area of London until 1965 when it was reformed and expanded. It is bordered to the west by Hackney Central, to the north by Lower Clapton, in the east by Hackney Wick, Leyton and by South Hackney to the south.

History

Origins

Archaeological excavations at Link Street exposed a building dating to the 11th or 12th century suggesting that Homerton existed before it was first recorded in 1343.[1] The hamlet of Homerton (Humberton or Hummerton, named for the farm of a woman named Hunburh) developed for about a half-mile along the road on the north side of the now buried and lost Hackney Brook, within the vale formed by the brook. This led from the hamlet of Clopton , passing near the church of St Augustine at Hackney, then across the marshes and the crossing points of both the River Lea, and its tributary, Hackney Brook. By 1605 Homerton was the most populous part of the Parish of Hackney, becoming a separate parish in 1846.[2]

Medieval Homerton

In medieval times, Homerton, like much of Hackney, was predominantly rural and arable crops were grown, together with fruit and vegetables for the City of London markets. The majority of land was given over to pasture for sheep and cattle, and milk and cheese was also supplied to the City. Small kitchen gardens ran at the back of the houses along the road, with large fields behind. Domestic brewing was common (there are records of brewing performed at Sutton House and the Tan House). Many unsavoury activities (banned in the City) were also undertaken, such as tanning and fulling - the cleaning of felt cloth using urine.

Tudor wealth

[Sutton House, the oldest house in Hackney. (September 2005)] Homerton became a desirable suburb of London in the Tudor period, with many estates and grand houses being formed from the former Templar lands (Knights Templar of St. John of Jerusalem). The village was divided between Upper and Lower Homerton, with the later extending towards the marshes and the house at Hackney Wick. Upper Homerton was divided from the village of Hackney by the width of the rectory manor's Church Field, and a path led to the churchyard. In 1538, this estate, including other fields lying along the brook, passed to the Tudor diplomat Sir Ralph Sadler. Around 1560 part of this estate came into the ownership of Thomas Sutton, a resident of the Tan House (adjacent to Sutton House). This land formed part of his endowment of the Hospital of King James in Charterhouse, who continued to own the property until the 20th century, building Sutton Place between 1790 and 1806.[3]

The marshes

Marsh Road, from Homerton High Street, led to, and across the marshes, towards the Templar owned water powered corn mill at Temple Mills. Prone to flooding, the marshes were primarily used for grazing. A Roman stone causeway was discovered in the 1770s.[4]

By 1795 the former Templar mills were being used for preparing lead. Sheets of lead were placed in clay pots and submerged in urine, then heated by decaying cow dung. The process converted the lead to lead oxide, and it was then finely ground to form a pigment for white, yellow and red lead paint. A new watermill was established on the marshes by Prince Rupert for an improved method of boring guns, however the secret died with him in 1682 and the enterprise collapsed.[5]

Religion and education

[Sutton Place, Grade II listed terrace 1790–1806 in Homerton. (November 2005)] In the 18th century the availability of land, large houses and tolerance to dissenters made Homerton a popular place to found institutions. The educational ones were commonly known as Dissenting Academies. The Kings Head Society moved to a large house here in 1768, forming Homerton College for the education of Calvinist ministers with between 12-20 students. Religious education moved to the new University College London in 1826, but Homerton College remained here as a teacher training college until 1896, when it moved to Cambridge, eventually becoming a full college of the University of Cambridge in 2010. Students from Homerton college were principal in forming, in 1881, both the Glynn Cricket Club and Clapton Orient - which became Leyton Orient F.C. on its move to Leyton. The buildings of the College were rebuilt and expanded several times, but eventually lost to bomb damage in World War II.

[Richard Price] South of the Brook, by Money Lane,[6] the Unitarian Gravel Pit Meeting House was built between 1715 and 1716. This was the result of an acrimonious split in the congregation of the Lower Clapton meeting. Notable nonconformist ministers preached at the Old Gravel Pit. The moral and political philosopher Richard Price,[7] known for his support of the American Revolution, became morning preacher in 1770, while continuing his afternoon sermons at Newington Green Chapel, on the green where he lived. Those who attended his sermons in Homerton included American politicians such as John Adams, who later became the second president of the United States, and his wife Abigail. On the 101st anniversary of the Glorious Revolution, he preached a sermon at Old Jewry meeting house entitled “A Discourse on the Love of Our Country”, thus igniting a so-called “pamphlet war” known as the Revolution Controversy, furiously debating the issues raised by the French Revolution. Burke's rebuttal “Reflections on the Revolution in France” attacked Price, whose friends Thomas Paine and Mary Wollstonecraft leapt into the fray to defend their mentor. The reputation of Price for speaking without fear of the government on these political and philosophical matters drew huge crowds to his sermons, which were published and sold as pamphlets (i.e. publications easily printed and circulated). Another eminent minister was the formidable polymath, Joseph Priestley, discoverer of oxygen. When his support of dissent led to the riots named after him, he fled Birmingham and headed for London; he was appointed minister here in 1793. Today a Blue Plaque marks the site of the Gravel Pit Meeting House in Ram Place and a brown plaque marks the site of the Priestley's house at 113 Lower Clapton Road (on the corner of Clapton Passage).[8] Priestley said of his time here, “On the whole I spent my life more happily at Hackney than I had ever done before”. The meeting house is now used as a factory.

Victorian era

[A map showing the Homerton ward of Hackney Metropolitan Borough as it appeared in 1916.] A spur connecting the North London Railway at Dalston to Stratford, forming a part of the Eastern Counties and Thames Junction Railway, opened in 1847 for the carriage of coal. This resulted in Hackney Brook being placed in a culvert and the loss of the extensive watercress fields to the south of Homerton High Street. Its later development as a passenger line led to the redevelopment in the 1880s of the mediaeval core of the village on Homerton High Street[9] with Victorian dwellings and public houses, and speculative building on the lands either side of Homerton High Street. In 1868 Homerton Station opened.

By the 1860s, London fell prey to epidemics of fever. The 200 bed Eastern Fever Hospital was founded in September 1870 by the Metropolitan Asylums Board to prevent contagion. There were six wards for typhus, two each for scarlet fever and enteric patients. Two smaller wards were reserved for 'special cases'. The buildings were demolished in 1982[10] and the site became the core of the modern Homerton University Hospital.[11] This replaced the old Hackney Hospital which (in turn) had been formed from the Hackney Union Workhouse. These buildings are now used by the Hackney Mental Health Trust.[12]

Industry and housing

The coming of the railways and the building of the fever hospital drove many of the wealthier residents away. The tightly packed Victorian streets provided homes for the clerks and employees of the new purpose built factories (like Berger Paints) being built in the area. From 1937 onwards, the London County Council built mass housing, sweeping away the worst of the slums, but also eliminating many older buildings containing shops on Homerton High Street, effectively destroying it as a commercial area. The Lesney die cast model factory was built in the 1940s on the Homerton side of the Lee Navigation, just north of Homerton Road, producing for many years their _Matchbox_ brand. The factory closed in 1990, and was demolished in 2010.

The oldest surviving residential building in Hackney is Sutton House on Homerton High Street. It was built in 1535 and is owned and run by the National Trust.

In modern times

[Hackney Hospital, August 2005. Marc Bolan (born, Mark Feld), and Anthony Newley were both born here.] 1970s glam rock singer Marc Bolan and actor Ray Winstone[13] were born in Hackney Hospital, on Homerton High Street. The hospital, originally built in 1841 as the Hackney Union workhouse, finally closed in 1995. The old hospital was refurbished in 2006 and reopened to serve the mental health trust.

Homerton's links with popular music continued with the arrival of Toe Rag Studios, relocated from Shoreditch to the Lower Clapton/Homerton border, an eight-track recording studio which uses reclaimed 1960s analogue equipment, where notably the White Stripes' acclaimed 2003 album _Elephant_ was produced. More recently, Sound Savers studios was also established in Homerton, and Gun Factory Studios relocated to the area from Stoke Newington.

[Homerton University Hospital main entrance. (February 2006)] Homerton is also home to Chats Palace arts centre, named after the nearby Chatsworth Road. Chats Palace has presented and encouraged a wide variety of music, comedy, theatre, photography, carnival, disability arts, dance and transgressive performance, including Clifford Jarvis, Tom Hunter, Miniscule of Sound, Red Saunders, Asian Dub Foundation and Graeae Theatre Company. It also hosts an array of classes for all abilities and age ranges, and has been an accessible and affordable space for local people to celebrate their important occasions or present their projects. The building itself was originally established as a Carnegie library for the betterment of the people of the East End. The council closed the library in 1977 but the building was reclaimed by members of the local community.[14]

Education

Secondary schools located in the area include Cardinal Pole Catholic School and the City Academy, Hackney.

Transport

Rail

Homerton is served by London Overground at Homerton railway station, with westbound trains to Richmond and Clapham Junction via Dalston Junction, and eastbound trains to Stratford. The original station was opened on 1 October 1868. Services ceased on 15 May 1944 with a substitute bus service provided until official closure on 23 April 1945. Other than a partial section of wall to the north of the bridge over Barnabas Road, the original 1868 station has been demolished. Although of reduced size, the original station building would have been similar to buildings remaining at Hackney Central and Camden Road. The present basic station was opened on 13 May 1985.[15]

Buses

Homerton is served by a large number of London Buses routes 236, 242, 276, 308, 394, 425 and 488 as well as the W15. Hackney is also served by the London night bus network by route N26.

References and notes

-   Tudor Hackney (from the National Archives)
-   Hackney 1795 (_Hackney_, The Environs of London: volume 2: County of Middlesex)
-   Jacobs, Catherine _I Want to Go Home_ (Book Guild Ltd)  - Growing up in Homerton, a family memoir

[1] MoLAS (TQ 3534 8504 summary of archaeological investigation at Link St) accessed: 20 October 2006

[2] _Hackney: Homerton and Hackney Wick_, A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 10: Hackney (1995), pp. 51-59 accessed: 14 January 2008

[3]

[4] _The northern suburbs: Haggerston and Hackney_, Old and New London: Volume 5 (1878), pp. 505-524 accessed: 14 January 2008

[5] Granger's Biographical History, vol. ii. p. 407. 4to. edit. Dugdale's Baronage, vol. i. p. 559

[6] Money Lane is the modern Morning Lane

[7] _A Fast Sermon_ - Richard Price to the Old Gravel Pit Meeting - 21 February 1781 accessed 4 June 2009.

[8]

[9] pictures in the Hackney Archive

[10] History of the Eastern Hospital (at Archive in London and the M25) accessed: 20 October 2006

[11]

[12] History of Hackney Hospital and the Union Workhouse (at Archive in London and the M25) accessed: 20 October 2006

[13] Ray Winston Biography accessed 10 May 2007.

[14] Chats Palace official website

[15] _Forgotten Stations of Greater London_ by J.Connor and B.Halford

title: Homerton

question: What does the text say about medieval Homerton?

answer: Homerton was predominantly rural. It produced fruit, vegetables, milk, cheese, and brewed beverages for the City of London markets. It was also a place where activities that were banned in the city took place, activities such as tanning and fulling.

question: What does the text say about the use of the mills in Homerton marshes?

answer: The Templar mills were first used to mill corn, then later were used to prepare led used as a pigment in paint. A new mill was established later, used boring guns.

question: What does the text say about how people spent their leisure time in Homerton?

question: What does the text say about what happened in Homerton in the Victorian era?

answer: A train line connecting Dalston to Starford was built, first used for transporting coal, later for passengers. This resulted in the loss of the watercress fields and the redevelopment of the medieval village core on Homerton High Street. The second thing was the founding and construction of the Eastern Fever Hospital. These two things drove the wealthier residents away and made way for the workers of the new factories.


text: The sun was just low enough to shine through the branches of each pine before him. The ground was covered in the rainbow of both new and old needles, as well as a few semi-firm cones. The pines provided him shade from the harsh sun. A thick fog consumed the forest. He took one last look at the sun and it took one last look at him. His beard glistened in the light. He looked down and let out a sigh of happiness as a wide grin spread across his face. He pushed up the sleeves of his flannel and tugged on his belt, then he began to pack up camp. He folded the blanket and returned the uneaten food to his backpack for another day. After all evidence that he had been there, except his imprint in the earth, had been removed, he and Max hiked back to his car. He placed his backpack in the passenger seat and Max jumped into the backseat, drooling in anticipation for the ride home. He walked around to the driver side door. He opened it then glanced back to where the sun once was, then to his pines. “Heaven,” he gleamed.

title: [RF] The Forest

question: Why is the protagonist happy?

answer: it is not stated. It might be because he enjoys being in the forest.

question: Why did the protagonist remove all evidence that he had been there?

answer: It is not stated. Maybe because he wants to keep the forest clean, or maybe he does not want anyone to know he was there.

question: Who is Max?

answer: It is the protagonist's dog.

question: Why are the needles on the ground?

answer: It is not stated.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The protagonist is in the forest, packing up camp. He removes all evidence he has been there and hikes back to his car with his dog Max.


text:
FERNANDO TORRES DURÁN (2 August 1937 – 13 November 2019) was a Panamanian Roman Catholic bishop.

Durán was born in Colombia. He served as titular bishop of _Abaradira_ and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Panamá, Panama from 1996 to 1999. Durán then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chitré, Panama, from 1999 to 2013.[1]

Notes

Category:1937 births Category:2019 deaths Category:Roman Catholic bishops of Panama

[1] Diocese of Chitre

title: Fernando Torres Durán

question: Who was Fernando Torres Duran?

answer: Fernando Torres Duran was a Panamanian Roman Catholic bishop.

question: Where did Fernando Torres Duran serve as the bishop?

answer: Fernando Torres Duran served as the bishop at the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chitré in Panama.

question: Where did Fernando Torres Duran serve as the titular bishop?

answer: Fernando Torres Duran served as the titular bishop of Abaradira.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Fernando Torres Duran was a Panamanian Roman Catholic bishop. He served as a bishop at the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chitré in Panama. Prior to that, he also served as the titular bishop and auxiliary bishop at other places.


text:
INTERSTATE 74 (I-74) is an Interstate Highway in the midwestern and southeastern United States. Its western end is at an interchange with Interstate 80 in Davenport, Iowa (Quad Cities); the eastern end of its Midwest segment is at an interchange with Interstate 75 in Cincinnati, Ohio. The major cities that I-74 connects to includes Davenport, Iowa; Peoria, Illinois; Champaign, Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; and Cincinnati, Ohio. I-74 also exists as several disconnected sections of highways in North Carolina.

Route description

|- |IA || |- |IL || |- |IN || |- |OH || |- |WV || || |- |VA || || |- |NC || |- |SC || || |- |TOTAL |||mi|km|disp=table}} |} [The Interstate 74 Bridge over the Mississippi River between Bettendorf, Iowa and Moline, Illinois.]

Iowa

In the state of Iowa, I-74 runs south from I-80 for before crossing into Illinois on the Interstate 74 Bridge. North of the Mississippi River, I-74 bisects Bettendorf and Davenport.

Illinois

[Murray Baker Bridge over the Illinois River in Peoria] In the state of Illinois, I-74 runs south from Moline to Galesburg; from this point it runs southeast through Peoria to the Bloomington-Normal area and I-55. I-74 continues southeast to the Champaign-Urbana area, intersecting I-57. The Interstate then runs east past Danville at the Illinois-Indiana state line. U.S. Route 150 (US 150) parallels I-74 in Illinois for its entire length, save the last few miles on the eastern end (in Danville, when US 150 turns south on Illinois Route 1), where it parallels US 136.

Indiana

In the state of Indiana, I-74 runs east from the Illinois state line to the Crawfordsville area before turning southeast. It then runs around the city center of Indianapolis along I-465. Once I-74 reaches the southeast side of Indianapolis it diverges from I-465 and continues to the southeast. It then enters Ohio at Harrison.

Ohio

In the state of Ohio, I-74 runs southeast from the Indiana border to the western segment's current eastern terminus at I-75 just north of downtown Cincinnati. It is also signed with US 52 for its entire length. While planned to continue through West Virginia and Virginia to the I-74 section in North Carolina, the route remains unsigned or unbuilt past Cincinnati. At this point, I-74 would follow US 52 east from Cincinnati.

North Carolina

In the state of North Carolina, as of the end of 2018, I-74 exists in several segments, starting with a concurrency with I-77 at the Virginia border. This includes the most western portion from I-77 to US 52 just south of Mount Airy, a segment first opened to traffic as a bypass of High Point then extended west to I-40 east of Winston-Salem and east to I-73 near Randleman, then another along the southern segment of I–73 and US 220 from just north of Asheboro to south of Ellerbe, and finally a more eastern segment that runs from Laurinburg to an end at North Carolina Highway 41 near Lumberton. The latest segment to be signed, from I-40 to High Point, occurred after the federal government approved signing this section as I-74 in the summer of 2013, despite the highway not being up to current Interstate Highway standards. It was uncertain why the Federal Highway Administration made an exception, but this might have been the result of a misinterpretation when a state highway administrator asked for Interstate designation for another section and “Future Interstate” for the section already completed that did not meet standards.[1]

Future

Southeast extension

[I-73/I-74 end near Ellerbe, NC]

The 1991 plan to build Interstate 73 soon included an extension of I-74 from where it ended in Hamilton County to I-73 at Portsmouth, Ohio, possibly along Ohio State Route 32.[2]

In November 1991, the United States Congress passed the $151 billion Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act that included the I-73/74 North-South Corridor and made I-73 a priority and included an extension of I-74 from Hamilton County to I-73 at Portsmouth.[3]

On August 31, 1992, the Ohio Turnpike Commission passed a resolution to study making the extension of I-74 a toll road. Congress had authorized paying for 80 percent of the cost, but the state would have to pay the remainder of the $56 million.[4]

It was estimated that improving US 52 to interstate standards in West Virginia would cost $2 billion.[5] Still, by 1994, improvements to US 52 were planned, and future plans called for I-73 to follow that route. The I-74 extension seemed more certain.[6]

The Ohio Turnpike Commission proposed that the extension run along Ohio State Route 32;[7] while Rep. Jim Bunning of Kentucky wanted the road to begin in the west as part of a greater Cincinnati / Northern Kentucky bypass, returning to Ohio near Maysville, Kentucky.[8]

Long-range plans call for I-74 to continue east and south of Cincinnati to North Carolina using OH 32 from Cincinnati to Piketon, Ohio, and then the proposed I-73 from Portsmouth (OH) through West Virginia (along current U.S. Route 52) to I-77. It would then follow I-77 through Virginia into North Carolina, where I-74 splits from Interstate 77 near the Virginia state line and runs eastward to northwest U.S. Route 52, which it will eventually follow to Winston-Salem, then through High Point to I-73. I-73 and I-74 overlap to Rockingham. In 1996 AASHTO approved the signing of highways as I-74 along its proposed path east (south) of I-81 in Wytheville, Virginia, where those highways meet Interstate Highway standards. North Carolina started putting up I-74 signs along its roadways in 1997. As of October 2009, Interstate 74 remains unbuilt in the state of West Virginia. WVDOT is currently upgrading the Tolsia Highway to four lanes, but not to Interstate Highway standards. As of December 2008, Interstate 74 is proposed to follow the path of Interstate 77 through the state of Virginia, but remains unsigned from the West Virginia border to the North Carolina border.

Two sections of I-74 in North Carolina are currently under construction. These include building the first part of a bypass of Rockingham with Interstate 73 by reconstructing US 220 to interstate standards for 4 miles south of Ellerbe and is scheduled to be completed in 2018[9] the Eastern Half of the Winston-Salem Northern Beltway.

The proposed path of I-74 east of I-95 in North Carolina is still being debated. The current plan takes the route along US 74 to NC 211 near Bolton then south along US 17 to near the South Carolina border. These sections are not currently proposed to be built perhaps for another 20 to 30 years. The N.C. Turnpike Authority–at the request of officials in Brunswick County–are studying whether a toll road could get the section of I-74 in that county built faster.[10]

At one time, both I-73 and I-74 were to end at Georgetown, South Carolina.

On February 11, 2005, the North and South Carolina Departments of Transportation came to an agreement over where I-74 (and I-73) would cross the border between the two states. It was decided that I-74 would cross the line as a northern extension of the S.C. Highway 31. I-74 is then proposed to end south of Myrtle Beach at S.C. 707.

Starting around Laurinburg and Maxton and to the east, the I-74 runs concurrent with US 74. This was the first time that a U.S. and Interstate Highway with the same number have been designated on the same highway.[11] A similar situation occurred more recently in June 2015 when Wisconsin started routing Interstate 41 along the route of U.S. 41.

Junction list

Iowa

    in Davenport

    on the Davenport–Bettendorf city line. The highways travel concurrently to Moline, Illinois.

    in Bettendorf

Illinois

    in Moline. I-74/I-280 travels concurrently to Colona.

    in Colona

    in Galesburg

    east of Knoxville

    west of Peoria

    in Peoria

    in East Peoria

    in East Peoria

    in Morton

    north-northwest of Yuton

    northwest of Normal. I-55/I-74 travels concurrently to Bloomington. I-74/US 51 travels concurrently to south of Bloomington.

    in Bloomington

    south-southeast of Le Roy

    in Champaign

    in Urbana

    east-northeast of Oakwood

    in Tilton

Indiana

    in Veedersburg

    in Crawfordsville

    on the Indianapolis–Speedway line. I-74/I-465 travels concurrently into Indianapolis proper.

    in Indianapolis. The highways travel concurrently through Indianapolis.

    in Indianapolis. The highways travel concurrently through Indianapolis.

    in Indianapolis

    in Indianapolis. I-69/I-74 travel concurrently until I-74 leaves I-465.

    in Indianapolis. The highways travel concurrently through Indianapolis.

    in Indianapolis

    in Indianapolis. I-74/US 421 travels concurrently to northwest of Greensburg.

    west-northwest of West Harrison. The highways travel concurrently to Cincinnati, Ohio.

Ohio

    west-northwest of Miamitown. The highways travel concurrently to northwest of Dent.

    in Cincinnati

    in Cincinnati

    in Cincinnati

    Gap in route

North Carolina

    at the Virginia state line north-northwest of Pine Ridge. The highways travel concurrently to west-southwest of Pine Ridge.

    in White Plains

    east of White Plains

    Gap in route
    in Winston-Salem

    in High Point

    east-northeast of Archdale

    in Randleman. I-73/I-74 travels concurrently to south-southwest of Ellerbe. I-74/US 220 travels concurrently to Emery.

    south-southwest of Ellerbe

    Gap in route
    southeast of Maxton. I-74/US 74 travels concurrently to .

    west-southwest of Lumberton

    in Lumberton

    Gap in route

Auxiliary routes

-   Peoria, Illinois - I-474
-   Winston-Salem, North Carolina - I-274 _(planned)_

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

title: Interstate 74

question: Based on the description in the narrative, what is the general shape of Interstate 74 if drawn on a map.

answer: I-74, if marked on a map, will form a path from the northwest to the southeast. Davenport, Iowa will be on the upper left, and Cincinnati, Ohio on the lower right.


text:
[“New York won the game”, whereby the speaker is actually referring to the New York Yankees baseball team, is an example of a synecdoche.] A SYNECDOCHE ( ,[1] from Greek )[2] is a figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something or vice versa.[3][4][5][6]

A synecdoche is a class of metonymy, often by means of either mentioning a part for the whole or conversely the whole for one of its parts. Examples from common English expressions include “suits” (for “businessmen”), “boots” (for “soldiers”) (_pars pro toto_), and “America” (for “the United States of America”, _totum pro parte_).[7]

The use of government buildings to refer to their occupants is metonymy and sometimes also synecdoche. “The Pentagon” for the United States Department of Defense can be considered synecdoche, as the building can be considered part of the department. Likewise, using “Number 10” to mean “the Office of the Prime Minister” (of the United Kingdom) is a synecdoche.

Definition

Synecdoche is a rhetorical trope and a type of figurative speech similar to metonymy—a figure of speech that uses a term that denotes one thing to refer to a related thing.[8][9] Indeed, synecdoche is considered by some a type of metonymy.[10]

Synecdoche (and thus metonymy) is distinct from metaphor[11] although in the past it was considered by some a subspecies of metaphor, intending metaphor as a type of conceptual substitution (as Quintilian does in _Institutio oratoria_ Book VIII). In Lanham's _Handlist of Rhetorical Terms_,[12] the three terms have somewhat restrictive definitions, arguably in tune with their etymologies from Greek:

-   _Metaphor_: changing a word from its literal meaning to one not properly applicable but analogous to it; assertion of identity - rather than likeness as with simile.
-   _Metonymy_: substitution of cause for effect, proper name for one of its qualities.

Classification

Synecdoche is often used as a type of personification by attaching a human aspect to a nonhuman thing. It is used in reference to political relations, including “having a footing”, to mean a country or organization is in a position to act, or “the wrong hands”, to describe opposing groups, usually in the context of military power.[13]

The two main types of synecdoche are _microcosm_ and _macrocosm_. A microcosm uses a part of something to refer to the entirety.[14] An example of this is someone saying that they “need a hand" with a project, when they really need the entire person.[15] Or, when the Apostle Paul uses “circumcised” to refer to Jews and “uncircumcised” to refer to Gentiles (Gal. 2:7).[16] A macrocosm is the opposite, using the name of the entire structure of something to refer to a small part.[17] An example of this is saying “the world,” when the speaker really means a _certain country_ or part of the world.[18] The figure of speech is divided into the image (what the speaker uses to refer to something) and the subject (what is being referred to).

This type of reference is quite common in politics. The residence of an executive is often credited for the executive's action. A spokesperson of the Executive Office of the President of the United States is identified in “The White House announced a new plan to reduce hunger.” References to the King or Queen of the United Kingdom are made in the same fashion by referring to today's official residence, Buckingham Palace. Worldwide examples include “the Sublime Porte” of the Ottoman Empire, and “the Kremlin” of Russia.

Sonnets and other forms of love poetry frequently use synecdoches to characterize the beloved in terms of individual body parts rather than a coherent whole. This practice is especially common in the Petrarchan sonnet, where the idealised beloved is often described part by part, from head to toe.

Synecdoche is also popular in advertising. Since synecdoche uses a part to represent a whole, its use requires the audience to make associations and “fill in the gaps”, engaging with the ad by thinking about the product.[19] Moreover, catching the attention of an audience with advertising is often referred to by advertisers as “getting eyeballs”, another synecdoche.[20] Synecdoche is very common in spoken English, especially in reference to sports. The names of cities are used as shorthand for their sports teams to describe events and their outcomes, such as “Denver won Monday's game”, when it would be more accurate that a _sports team_ from the city won the game.[21]

Kenneth Burke (1945), an American literary theorist, declared that in rhetoric the four master tropes, or figures of speech, are metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, and irony. Burke's primary concern with these four master tropes is not simply their figurative usage but their role in the discovery and description of the truth.[22] He described synecdoche as “part of the whole, whole for the part, container for the contained, sign for the thing signified, material for the thing made… cause for the effect, effect for the cause, genus for the species, species for the genus".[23] In addition, Burke suggests that synecdoche patterns can include reversible pairs such as disease-cure.[24] Burke proclaimed the noblest synecdoche is found in the description of “microcosm and macrocosm” since microcosm is related to macrocosm as part to the whole, and either the whole can represent the part or the part can represent the whole".[25] Burke also compared synecdoche with the concept of “representation”, especially in the political sense in which elected representatives stand in _pars pro toto_ for their electorate.[26]

Examples

Part referring to whole _(pars pro toto)_

-   Referring to a person according to a single characteristic: “gray beard” meaning an old man
-   Referring to a sword as a 'blade'
-   Describing a complete vehicle as “wheels,” or, referring to a manual transmission vehicle as a “stick”
-   Referring to people by a particular body part; for example, “head count” or “counting noses” or “all hands on deck”
-   Using “tickling the ivories” to mean playing the piano (since piano keys were historically made of ivory)
-   Describing a meal as a “bite to eat”

General class name that denotes a specific member of that or an associated class

-   “I was interviewed by the _New York Times_.”
-   “The Government made a statement on the issue yesterday.”
-   Referring to an account of an online service provider by the name of the provider, e.g. “Send it to my Gmail” or “the celebrity's official Twitter”

Specific class name referring to general set of associated things

-   “John Hancock” used in the United States, for the signature of any person
-   A genericized trademark, for example “Coke” for any variety of cola (or for any variety of soft drink, as in the southern United States), “Kleenex” for facial tissues, “Band-Aid” (in the United States) for any variety of adhesive bandage, “Tide” for any variety of laundry detergent, “Hoover” (in the UK) for any variety of vacuum cleaner, or “Styrofoam” for any product made of expanded polystyrene
-   A “Rube Goldberg (or Heath Robinson) contraption” to refer to any machine that seems overly complicated or bizarrely constructed

Referring to material actually or supposedly used to make something

-   “brass” for brass instruments, or the shell casings of bullet cartridges
-   “lead” for bullets, lead being the most common material for making bullets
-   “cement” for concrete, cement being just the binder in concrete
-   “armor” for tanks
-   “paper” for a journal article, newspaper or banknotes despite paper traditionally being only a portion (or now even no part) of a currency bill
-   “pigskin” for an American or Canadian football
-   “plastic” for a credit card
-   “steel” for a sword
-   “strings” for string instruments
-   “threads” for clothing
-   “tin” for a container made with tin plating, or for certain types of aluminum, e.g. “tin foil” being used to refer to aluminum foil

Container refers to its contents

-   “barrel” for a barrel of oil
-   “keg” for a keg of beer
-   “She drank the cup,” to refer to her drinking of the cup's contents
-   “He hit the bottle,” to refer to his drinking (large quantities) of liquor

[1]

[2] from the verb ἐκδέχομαι “to take or receive from another” (simplex δέχομαι “to receive”). “συνεκ-δοχή, ἡ, A. _understanding one thing with another_: hence in Rhet., _synecdoche_, an indirect mode of expression, _when the whole is put for a partQuint.Inst. 8.6.19, Aristid.Quint. 2.9, Ps.-Plu.Vit.Hom. 22._” Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. _A Greek-English Lexicon_. Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1940.

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8] Glossary of Rhetorical Terms, University of Kentucky

[9]

[10]

[11] Figurative Language- language using figures of speech, University of West Georgia

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16] James L. Resseguie, _Narrative Criticism of the New Testament: An Introduction_ (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2005), 62.

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

title: Synecdoche

question: What does the text say about the subject-verb agreement?

question: What does the text say about a Synecdoche?

answer: A Synecdoche is a rhetorical trope and figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something or vice-versa similar to metonymy. Others see synecdoche as a type or a class of metonymy (a substitution of cause for effect, proper name for one of its qualities) often by means of either mentioning a part for the whole or conversely the whole for one of its parts. Synecdoche is not a metaphor, although in the past it was considered by some as a subspecies of metaphor.

question: How is a synecdoche different from a metaphor?

answer: A synecdoche is a figure of speech that uses a term that denotes one thing to refer to a related thing, while a metaphor changes a word from its literal meaning to one not properly applicable but analogous to it.

question: Define the two types of synecdoche and give examples.

answer: The two main types of synecdoche are microcosm and macrocosm. A microcosm uses a part of something to refer to the entirety. An example of this is someone saying that they “need a hand" with a project when they really need the entire person. A macrocosm is the opposite, using the name of the entire structure of something to refer to a small part, e.g. saying “the world,” when the speaker really means a "certain country" or part of the world.


text:
Before the sun completely turns its back on the town, James enters the lobby of his apartment building in time to catch the last few fleeting rays of light. In an hour or so, no one will be able to see the broken glass and cigarette butts that adorn the stoops on Southey Street.
James finds five pieces of mail in his box: two bills, a credit card application, and two circulars simply addressed to "resident."

*Business as usual; good good, carry on then.*

He opens the door to the stairwell and begins to plod his way to the first landing, out of energy from the vicious argument he had with Anna. James rarely feels insulted, but Anna had succeeded in jostling some feeling. On top of that, his stomach still hurts from the coffee. It was the first, and last, time he would go to *Carlota 's Cafe.*

*If she wants to start a family then go right ahead, I'm not stopping her. Move out of Blount Point, start a family somewhere else; it's not my decision. And where does she get off calling me emotionless?*

James sees a trail of dirt and mud on the stairs and thinks, *Someone forgot to wipe their shoes.* On the landing, an unfamiliar, light red streak on the wall grabs his attention.

*Paint?*

He inspects it closer, even touches it.

"The sin's still wet," he says with languid disgust, wiping his blushed forefinger on another part of the wall. Further up the stairs before the first floor, James notices another splotch, but darker this time, almost purple. First floor: the track of dirt ends abruptly at James' door next to the stairwell - a pair of tattered, muddy shoes residing in the hallway . A drop of the red substance falls from his doorknob.

This is not the first time his apartment has been broken into. However, there's nothing to steal. Consequently, James sees burglary more as an inconvenience than a threat. On the other side of the door, the short hallway contains nothing but a framed picture, left behind by the previous tenant. He has one radio and one record player, but no television. All of his furniture is cheap and easily replaceable, which is fortunate, for one of his chair's wooden legs now lies disunited on the living room floor.

He enters his apartment slowly and quietly, keeping a sharp look for the intruder. He checks the kitchen, the closest room, and finds nothing - not even the hot pizza he was letting cool for dinner. But he hears unintelligible ululations coming from a farther room, something like distress, or laughter, or some animal’s desperate mating call.

The door to his bedroom is closed. Irritated more than scared, James grabs a knife from the kitchen and then casually opens the door. In the
darkness, he determines that no one is in his bedroom and huffs a sigh of relief, but James hears the strange sound again – there in his bed, a figure lies, breathing heavy and painfully, as if its lungs are in need of oil.

*My pizza, my chair... now who has been lying in my bed and lies there still?*

Closer, James sees his wrinkles, notices his stench, and sees the red paint on his mouth. No, not paint. James backs away, keeping a calm grip on the knife, and calls to the latent man.

"Hey you," James calls casually.

The old man in the bed groans, stirs, and gurgles a sigh.

"What do you want!" James shouts, with an impatient grunt.

The figure in the bed, now fully aware, cowers in pain and fear. James proceeds in a normal tone.

"What are you doing in my apartment?"

The old man's voice bubbles out of his throat like steaming motor oil. "I d-didn 't mean anything to h-hurt you or n-nothin, I swear," he says. "I'm not t-tryin to hurt  anyone ... I jus n-need a place I can 1-lay down and die, sir." He coughs violently. "I'm sick... I'm dyin ... I jus want to have a place to lie down and give up. I d-don't wanna die out there in those streets. It's too much of a shame. I swear I ain't a thief.I wasn't gonna rob you ."

"Just lie in my bed until you die....?"

A cough accompanies every word out of the old man's mouth ; and that just means more blood. He naturally gives up trying to speak. Everything is up to James now, but he has nothing to say.

James looks into the old man's eyes. There are still faint traces of life. James thinks that, surely , the man could not have been homeless his whole life.

*How sad...*

Some decaying sense of humanity pain s James inside, something he feels has the potential to be beautiful.

*It's what I would want if I were him ...the ease of knowing my last minutes were as comfortable as possible. No cause for guilt, either... And it looks like he could go any minute. There's no point  in moving him now... he'll be dead soon. I can just wait until then.* He pauses. *And what exactly do I do until then, James? Just leave him be...?*

Then a slight twinkle starts to grow in James' eyes as he stares at the waning vagabond.

*But what does it feel like to watch a man die, Mr. Wonka?*

James leaves the room for a moment and comes back with a tumbler of bourbon. He sits in a chair by the door and watches the figure breathe slower and slower as a stagnant, general silence takes its cue.

^^^^^

Twilight is now waking, groggy but diligent – peeking out from the alleyways. All the shadow-born insects hiding among the strewn trash and broken brick begin their noise.

*Those dirty bugs,* Anna thinks. Although the insects seem to disgust, Anna finds their music beautiful. Her proof, she would say, that silence isn't natural.

Finally, Anna spotted the coffee shop up the street. Before entering, she takes one more moment to admire the twilight.

*When the sky's that silky color between blue and black,* she thinks, *and the moon's starting to glow, and the air rests on your skin just right, it just feels so beautiful. Twilight makes anywhere feel like somewhere - as if the key to happiness really was so simple. But it isn't. Twilight doesn’t last forever. Nothing does.*

James sits against the back wall of the coffee shop, sipping on his now tolerably hot black coffee with a slight look of disgust. It isn't hard for Anna to recognize him; the only other customer is a woman.

"This place doesn't even have any music on," Anna says to herself, before she even acknowledges James. But then she flashes him a smile and walks to his table. They hug, and as she sits down across from James, a reflection in the store window catches her eye.

*What was that?* she thinks to herself. It is gone, but Anna cannot simply let it go, for it did not only raise her curiosity, it frightened her.

*Well, what was it, Anna? What was so startling, so scintillating? Quivering blue eyes? A face, a little girl? But so pallid and frightened!* And after all, where *did* those small blue coruscations come from? She decides that, surely, it must have been the reflection of the woman sitting across the shop. A firm young woman – good posture.

Her skirt was high enough to display the confidence she had in her thighs, but not so high as to give the wrong idea about her character. The same could be said for the cut of her Moroccan tunic, the color of which adds a nice accent to her auburn hair.

But the eyes were so familiar. Indeed Anna only dares to admit to herself that a thousand times before she has known those timid eyes, which exist in the dark, quiet places. And as if the sun was starting to fall, Anna could feel darkness flood the coffee shop, drowning everyone. Even her. A horrible quiet began to ensue. A return to the dark, quiet places. And Anna is there, a little girl now – too sad to smile, too hurt to cry. Her pale blue eyes lingering on. *It 's always so quiet in Misery 's parlor* – a line from a children's book, which she remembers so well.

"Well, what's up?" asks James, more from the fear of boredom than silence. He cocks his neck slightly and glances at the store window-hoping to catch a glimpse of what has her attention, as he takes another sip. She finally turns to him, a little skittish, and then rubs her temple. "It's good to see you," he says, putting down his mug.

“It's good to see you too, James. Your call was perfect timing, too, because I was thinking about calling *you* up and asking *you* if you’d  want to have coffee."

"Oh really," replies James, folding his arms. "Any particular reason?"

"Well, just like you said on the phone: 'it’s been a while,"'

"Yeah..."

"And I wanted to tell you that I'm moving. I'm leaving Blount Point."

"What? Really?"

"Yeah ... I found a place in Morgansburg , and I have enough money saved up to last until I can find a job there."

James does not say anything. Instead, he looks confused and concerned so Anna will feel obliged to explain.

"It really is for the best. I... I can't live in Blount Point anymore. I'm constantly haunted by the memories. I can't even go near that movie theatre anymore, where I was almost raped. Whenever I'm at the mall I always think about that time my dad slapped me. He'd hit me before, but it wasn't until then that he slapped me in public."

*It was because you peed your pants.*

Anna 's lower lip twitched slightly.

"What can I get you to drink, Miss," comes from behind the counter.

Slightly shaken, Anna scratches her eyebrow while her mind stutters. "Oh, I'll just have some water, thank you," she fmally says.

"The minimum charge for seating is two-fifty, ma'am," says the twenty something gentlemen, pointing to a handwritten sign by the cash register.

"Oh," replies Anna, "then I'll have a large coffee and an oatmeal cookie."

James takes another sip.

“You know I'm blunt, and I won't disappoint you, so I'll get to the point," he says, "I was thinking you might want to get back together. Or hoping, I should say."

"Back together? Well ... I certainly didn't see *that* coming."

"I know. I knew it would be a surprise to you. I mean, I couldn't forget that we ended on a bad note, but I think that if we gave it another shot we could be good for each other."

''Well yeah, yeah I'm surprised... I do love you, James. When I was so alone, you were always there for me. But that’s all. You were just there. You never offered any support or compassion. You never had anything comforting to say. There was never any emotion in you. Not even when you talk."

James purses his lips, and his mug changes hands.

"Just like this fucking town," she continues. "This town is so dead. It's no place to raise a family." But then Anna cracks a smile. "But I do still love you, James."

*Perhaps love is real,* he thinks. *Maybe there is a chance.* And a slight twinkle starts to grow in his eyes.

"Why don't you come with me?" she asks, almost smiling. And then the twinkle starts to fade from James' eyes.

"Come with you, to Morgansburg? Anna, I can't. This is where I live."

The woman on the other side of the shop slowly crosses, then uncrosses, and then re-crosses her legs.

"No one lives here; they just grow old and die."

“I live here. I like it here. There aren't a lot of people ... I have my apartment and my things and I'm happy."

"Don't you feel trapped here?" Anna asked.

"No."

The man from behind the counter sets down Anna's coffee and cookie on the table.

"Come on! This town sickens me. Isn't there any life in you worth saving? It would hurt me to watch you just waste away like everyone else in this place. I mean ... you may seem emotionless, but I know you'd make a good father..."

"Don 't say that. There's no point in telling me such things. It's not even true."

"...if only you'd get out."

"I'm happy here."

"James...you're just afraid."

"I am not."

"You can't be afraid!"

"I'm not!"

"That's why I'm moving. I can't be afraid anymore-of change, of my memories... My therapist said-"

"Stop!" he shouts. And then the man behind the counter says: "Will you two please lower your voices?" James knows he needs not reply with words, so he simply turns from the young gentleman, back to Anna, with a slightly frustrated looks in his eyes. Anna looks as though she did not even hear the man, but she continues speaking in a stifled tone.

"My therapist said-" she continued.

"Stop."

"I can't stop, James. I can't suppress the truth anymore."

"What truth?"

"The truth that things aren't going to get better unless I take charge."

"Well then go, go take charge," he says while rigidly waving his hand away.

As Anna begins to digest what her former lover has told her, her lower lip quivers and the tip of her nose is overcome by a tingling sensation. She puts her left hand on her lap and her right hand over her face, as if she could hide her shame. A tear lands next to a drop of coffee on the black Formica table. The coffee in her mug is absurdly expressionless.

"See, I was afraid of this. You’re still a child! You're just gonna have to learn to grow up!"

"You haven't changed. You never understood what it's like to be me and you never will! You're emotionless, inhuman.”

"Will you two *please*--,” comes again from behind the counter. But before the java jockey can finish, James is already on his way out the door.

Anna continues to cry. Her tears have softened parts of the oatmeal cookie lying in front of her, half-eaten. She realizes it is there, but she remembers the stretch marks on her hips and decides to leave the rest of the cookie. The man behind the counter does not know whether to comfort Anna in some manner, or ignore her suffering. With increasing guilt, he simply eyes her while putting away cleaned mugs. The woman across the cafe is too caught up in her book to even notice that Anna is crying.

Before the man behind the counter can give in and say something, Anna leaves. Without a word, she smoothly lifts up her purse and puts it on her shoulder in one curt motion. As she exits the cafe, she nervously looks back to see if either the man behind the counter or the young woman is looking at her. No, the young man is looking at the young woman, grinning at the idea of a shorter skirt.

As Anna makes her way back to the parking garage, she adjusts her route to avoid the homeless woman. Turning down an alleyway, she is intimidated by the crumbling brick around her. *Everything is dying,* she thinks to herself. But from the small cracks in the brick and concrete, Anna can hear the music of the crickets grow louder as more start to say good morning to the night. Their music grows like a fever, battling against the nullifying, infectious sunset.

title: [RF] Wild Snozzberries Part 2/2

question: What does the story say about the old man?

answer: James finds the old man, a homeless, lying in his bed and asks him what is he doing there. The old man says that does not mean to hurt James nor to rob him. He is dying and needs a place he can lay down and die. The old man is breathing heavily and painfully and dies soon.

question: What does the story say about how does James feel about the old man's visit?

answer: James gets annoyed when he notices that someone broke into his apartment. He is surprised to see an old man in his bed, breathing heavily and painfully. When James asks him what he is  doing in my apartment, the man says that he is dying and needs a place he can lay down and die. James wonders what it feel like to watch a man die.

question: What does the story say about James' relationship with Anna?

answer: James and Anna are former lovers who broke a while ago when Anna asked him to start a family. Now James calls her to meet at a coffee. Anna tells him she cannot live in Blount Point anymore because she is constantly haunted by the memories and is moving to Morgansburg. He asks her if she wants to get back together. Anna replies that she loves him but Blount Point is dead. It is no place to raise a family and invites him to go with her. He refuses because he likes it there and leaves the coffee. Anna is crying.

question: What does the story say about James' education?


text:
A JINX (also JYNX), in popular superstition and folklore, is a curse or the attribute of attracting bad or negative luck.

The word _“jynx”_ meaning the bird wryneck and sometimes a charm or spell has been in use in English since the seventeenth century. The modern spelling and connotations developed late in the nineteenth century. In the 21st-century press, the suggestion a ship might be “jinxed” was made in connection with two cruise liners after misfortunes, MS Queen Victoria and the Emerald Princess.[1][2] In the 20th century, the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne was sometimes said to be jinxed, having twice struck a friendly ship, with considerable loss of life.

Jinx is also the name given to a game between friends (especially children) when two people say the same word or phrase at the same time; and they then call 'jinx'. There are several rules to the game, which are widely variable, as the jinxer is allowed to decide the consequences for the jinxee of 'losing' a jinx.

Etymology

The _Online Etymology Dictionary_ states that 'jynx', meaning a charm or spell, was in usage in English as early as the 1690s.[3] The same source states that 'jinx', with that specific spelling, is first attested in American English in 1911. Jynx/jinx is traced to the 17th-century word _jyng_, meaning “a spell”, and ultimately to the Latin word _iynx_, also spelled _jynx_, as 'j' and 'i' are the same letter in Latin.[4] The Latin _iynx_ came from the Greek name of the wryneck bird, _iunx_, associated with sorcery; not only was the bird used in the casting of spells and in divination, but the Ancient Romans and Greeks traced the bird's mythological origins to a sorceress named Iynx, who was transformed into this bird to punish her for a spell cast on the god Zeus.

History

A _“Mr Jinx”_ appeared in _Ballou's monthly magazine_ - Volume 6, page 276, in 1857.

Barry Popik of the American Dialect Society suggests that the word should be traced back to an American folksong called _Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines_ written by William Lingard in 1868.[5]

In 1887, the character Jinks Hoodoo, described as _“a curse to everybody, including himself”_ appeared in the musical comedy _Little Puck_, and the name was quickly picked up by the press.[6]

In sports

One of the uses of the word “jinx” has been in the context of baseball; in the short story _The Jinx_ (1910) – later collected in the book _The Jinx: Stories of the Diamond_ (1911) – Allen Sangree wrote:

  By th' bones of Mike Kelly, I'll do it! Yes, sir, I'll hoodoo th' whole darned club, I will. I'll put a jinx on 'em or my name ain't Dasher, an' that goes!

And again

and later referenced in _Pitching at a Pinch_ (1912), Christy Mathewson[7] explained that “a jinx is something which brings bad luck to a ball player.” Baseball's most common “jinx” belief is that talking about a pitcher's ongoing no-hitter will cause it to be ended. See also Curse of the Bambino.

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title: Jinx

question: Summarize the difference the use of word "jynx" in the 17th century versus the 20th century.

answer: The word "jynx", meaning a charm or spell, was in usage in English as early as the 1690s. It can be traced to the 17th century word "jyng". In the 20th century, it's used to suggest a curse or bad luck. In the 20th century, an Australian aircraft carrier was sometimes said to be jinxed, having twice struck a friendly ship with considerable loss of life. It was also used to reference anything that brought bad luck to a baseball player.

question: Summarize how "jinx" is used in sports.

answer: The word "jinx" is also used in the context of baseball. There is a short story called "The Jinx" (1910) and a book "The Jinx: Stories of the Diamond" (1911) where it's used in this context. In the book "Pitching at a Pinch" (1912), Christy Mathewson explains that "a jinx is something which brings bad luck to a ball player." Baseball's most common "jinx" belief is that talking about a pitcher's ongoing no-hitter will cause it to end.

question: What does the text say about Latin?

answer: Jynx can be traced back to the 17th century word "jyng" meaning "a spell", and ultimately to the Latin word "iynx". In Latin "j" and "i" are the same letter. The Latin "iynx" came from the Greek name of the wryneck bird "iunx", which is associated with sorcery.

question: What does the text say about the word "Jinx" in Southeast Asia?


text:
Florida’s system of barring felons from voting unless they receive executive clemency is unconstitutional, a federal court judge ruled Thursday.

In a sharply worded ruling, U.S. District Court Judge Mark Walker of the Northern District of Florida said a clemency board with “unfettered discretion in restoring voting rights” violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments.

Walker blasted Florida’s process at length, writing that it makes felons “kowtow” to a board that can accept or deny their application for any reason.

“A person convicted of a crime may have long ago exited the prison cell and completed probation. Her voting rights, however, remain locked in a dark crypt,” Walker wrote. “Only the state has the key – but the state has swallowed it. Only when the state has digested and passed that key in the unforeseeable future, maybe in five years, maybe in 50, … does the state, in an ‘act of mercy’ unlock the former felon’s voting rights from its hiding place.”

[Floridians will vote this fall on restoring voting rights to former felons]

Floridians for a Fair Democracy had more than 799,000 certified signatures to get a proposed constitutional amendment to restore felon voting rights on the November ballot.

By Steven Lemongello

 Jan 23, 2018 4:40 PM

The ruling throws into limbo the status of 1.5 million ex-felons eligible to seek the restoration of their rights. The judge required the state and the nine ex-convicts who brought the lawsuit to file motions by Feb. 12 on how to fix the rights restoration system.

Gov. Rick Scott’s office said he was reviewing the ruling but would “continue to defend this process in the court.”

“The discretion of the clemency board over the restoration of felons’ rights in Florida has been in place for decades and overseen by multiple governors,” Scott spokesman John Tupps wrote in an email. “The governor believes that convicted felons should show that they can lead a life free of crime and be accountable to their victims and our communities.”

The Fair Elections Legal Network, a national voting rights group that filed the lawsuit last year on behalf of nine ex-felons seeking to vote, hailed the ruling.

“Today a federal court said what so many Floridians have known for so long— that the state’s arbitrary restoration process, which forces former felons to beg for their right to vote, violates the oldest and most basic principles of our democracy,” said Jon Sherman, senior counsel for FELN.

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Florida is one of a handful of states where felons’ voting rights aren’t automatically restored after they serve their sentence.

Felons must apply to the state clemency board, comprised of Scott and Florida Cabinet members – Attorney General Pam Bondi, Chief Financial Officer Jimmy Patronis and Agriculture Commissioner Adam Putnam.

The order comes as the movement to quash Florida’s rights restoration system gains momentum. Voters’ rights groups gathered enough petitions to place a constitutional amendment on the November ballot that would automatically restore voting rights to felons after they complete their sentences. If 60 percent of voters approve the measure, it would become law.

“It certainly gives some ammunition to efforts to amend the constitution,” said Darryl Paulson, a member of the conservative Heritage Foundation and USF professor who favors the amendment. “These legal issues have existed in Florida for a long time. A remedy needs to be reached, and the remedy put forward by the restoration group may muster additional support.”

But Paulson also warned the GOP-controlled Legislature “may try to do a quick patch” to fix the rights restoration process.

“[The Legislature] is going to have to consider all issues raised as to why Florida is so far out of the mainstream out of all 50 states,” Paulson added

question: What does the article say about felon's voting rights?

answer: Florida has a system where a person convicted of a crime loses their voting rights. Floridians for a Fair Democracy gathered 799,000 signatures for a constitutional amendment to restore felon voting rights. Felons must apply to the state clemency board to restore their voting rights.

question: What does the article say about voting rights for non-felons?


text:
NATÁLIA PASTERNAK TASCHNER is a Brazilian microbiologist. She is the first president of the Instituto Questão de Ciência (IQC) (English: Question of Science Institute). She was director of the Brazilian arm of the science festival, Pint of Science (2016-2019), founder of the Cientistas Explicam (English: Scientists Explain) initiative, and a founding partner of the science dissemination blog _Café na Bancada_. Taschner is also the publisher of Brazil's first magazine on critical thinking, Revista Questao de Ciencia.

Education and career

Taschner entered the University of São Paulo (USP) in 1998. She completed her BSc, majoring in biology, in 2001. She then enrolled in the university's microbiology PhD programme.

Taschner earned her PhD in microbiology in 2006 from the Institute of Biosciences of the University of São Paulo (IBS-USP), with a thesis entitled _The regulation of alkaline phosphatase by the sigma factor S of RNA polymerase from Escherichia coli_. From 2007 to 2013 she completed a post-doctorate in microbiology, in the field of molecular genetics of bacteria at the University of São Paulo.

Taschner founded the science blog _Café na Bancada_ (English: “Coffee on the Lab Bench”), with the mission statement: “Difundir a ciência com café!” (English: “Spread the science with coffee!”). The website is defunct but continues as a blog, started in 2015, on Facebook. Taschner became director of the Brazilian arm of Pint of Science from 2015 to 2019, in which she coordinated scientific lectures in bars in more than 50 cities in Brazil. As of 2020, Pint of Science was being managed by Luis Gustavo Almeida.

In 2018 she became the first president of the Instituto Questão de Ciência, (IQC) an organisation focused on the defense of scientific evidence used in public policies. Taschner went as far as to invest her own money into the formation of the IQC, making her the second philanthropist in Brazil to invest private money in science communication. IQC is a co-organizer, along with Aspen's Office for Science and Society, of the 2020 “Aspen Global Congress on Scientific Thinking and Action” in Rome.

Early in 2020 Taschner organised the first specialization course in the public communication of science in the city of São Paulo. The course aims to train journalists and other communication professional about the dissemination of science.

Taschner has been made a Fellow of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry in 2020.

Activities

[Natalia Pasternak Taschner CSICon 2018 Politicization of Science CAMs in the Brazilian Public Healthcare System] Taschner has been involved in many activities related to the promotion of science, and attended several conferences and seminars including:

-   Taschner has contributed to the Genetic Literacy Project on the fear of biotechnology, GMO mosquitos, and opposition to pesticides.
-   Taschner presented “Politicization of Science: CAMs in the Brazilian Public Healthcare System” at CSICon 2018 and “Brazilians Love and Support Science! Or is it Pseudoscience?” at CSICon 2019.
-   In 2019 she organised a cycle of seminars about ignorance, in parternership with the University of São Paulo
-   In 2018 she presented “How to spread science in Brazil” at the Academic Congress of Uncisal
-   Taschner exhibited at the International Day of Light in 2018 at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris.
-   She had an exhibition at the 61st anniversary of the Planetarium in São Paulo, 2018.
-   In 2017 she participated in “4º Fala Ciência - Curso de Comunicação Pública de Ciência e Tecnologia” promoted by Universidade Federal de Viçosa
-   She presented a TEDx USP Talk titled “A ciência brasileira e Síndrome de Cassandra” (English: Brazilian science and Cassandra syndrome)
-   In 2016, Taschner was involved in the Brazilian National Science and Technology Week festival
-   In 2008, Taschner participated in the “XII International Congress of Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology” in Istanbul. She presented a paper entitled _The Xanthomonas axonopodis citri PHO regulon_.

Presence in media

Most media relating to Taschner can be found on the IQC website. In 2020 Taschner co-authored an article with Carlos Orsi for _Skeptical Inquirer_ entitled _“Believing” In Science Is Not “Understanding” The Science: Brazilian Surveys_.

Taschner appeared in the journal _Skeptic_ in 2018 with an article entitled “Brazilian Cancer Quackery”.

Taschner has been interviewed on several occasions, including:

-   Friends of Science in Medicine interviewed her for the April 2019 edition.
-   Susan Gerbic interviewed Taschner for _Skeptical Inquirer_ in the lead-up to CSICon 2018.
-   Stuart Vyse interviewed Taschner for the Jan/Feb 2020 edition of _Skeptical Inquirer_.
-   Rob Palmer interviewed Taschner at CSICon 2019 for _The Skeptic Zone_ podcast, episode 756.
-   Brian Kirby interviewed Taschner at CSiCon 2019 for _502 Conversations_.
-   _Science Magazine_ quoted her in an article about the risk of reducing rigor in testing hydroxychloroquine for treatment of Covid-19.

Taschner has lectures at _Casa do Saber_ on “What is Science and why trust it?”, “Brazilian Science: Unknown to Brazilians” and the anti-vax movement.

Several of Taschner's lectures and presentations are available on YouTube, including:

-   _Follow the opening of the academic semester of UnB with the biologist Natália Pasternak._
-   _Stand Up Scientists!_
-   _Conversations with Scientists_
-   _Brazilian scientists and Cassandra's syndrome_[1]

Selected publications

Journals

Taschner has published several journal articles, including:

-   -   -

Books

Taschner authored chapter 18 of volume 2 of the book:

-

[1]

title: Natália Pasternak Taschner

question: Summarize what Taschner has done to make Science accessible to the public.

answer: Taschner has been a part of, and also created many schemes that are for the purpose of increasing visibility of science to the general public. She founded the science blog 'Cafe na Bancada' and as part of the Pint of Science scheme, coordinated lectures in bars across the cities of Brazil. In 2020, she organised the first specialization course in the public communication of science.

question: What is Taschner's homelife like?


text:
The black rug at the front door was soft like an old dojo mat.  He wiped his wet rainboots and took a look around.  The floors were a dark hardwood, the cafe only had a few open tables, otherwise full of chatty java-heads.

"Korea, Korea, Korea" a grizzled old fellow murmured to himself as he lit up a cigarette.   Seated behind a heavy oak table was the man who had spoke.  He wore army fatigues and had hazy and worn eyes.

"Excuse me sir, I'm going to have to ask you to leave." the quirky barrista interjected with genuine politeness.

"I'm a veteran." he answered.

"Yeah, but I -"

"'I'm offended.' Is that what you were going to say?  Heh, damn millennials, so sensitive."

"What I was going to say was 'I'm afraid you'll have to leave, you'll have to finish that smoke outside."

"Because I said Korea, huh?  This country's going down the tubes."

"No, because legally we can't have you smoking a cigarette in here."

"You know I used to have to kill so that you people could sit here and make coffee."

At this point the entirety of the coffee shop's patrons had halted their pedantic mutterings and turned their bourgeois faces to observe the odd scene that was playing out to the light ambiance of a royalty-free lounge jazz playlist.

"I had to kill them," the old fellow continued.  "They put a gun in my hands and told **me** to put **them** in the **ground**."  He took a long drag from his cancer stick.  That's what he had called them ever since Jim died from colon cancer.  Tears welled up in the old fellow's eyes.  Jim was the one Korean soldier he spared.  Jim was his lover and now Jim was gone.  The old fellow pulled out a second cigarette.

"Sir I'm very sorry but I'm going to have to ask you to leave immediately or I will alert the authorities." The barista said as she tried to take control of the situation.

"Alerting the authorities won't bring Jim back."

"What.  Who is Jim?"

Without warning two old Korean gentlemen entered the shop.The old fellow turned.

&#x200B;

"J-ji-j-ji-j-j-j-ji-"  the old fellow in army fatigues who killed Koreans stammered.

"Jim Chun.  Is that what you meant to say?" the tall Korean man on the right said. He towered over the old fellow, standing with presence and authority.

But that wasn't who the old fellow was tongue-tied over.  It was the quiet unassuming man standing next to the big Korean gent.

"Jim, I thought you were dead." the old fellow managed to get out of his mouth before bringing a fresh dart to his lips and sparking it.

"Ok," the frustrated barista barked, " I understand this is a *big,* like, moment for you but you really can't be smoking three cigarettes in here."

Her name was Isabella. "This is ridiculous." she hissed from behind the steaming Americano she was previously sipping on.  Isabella had her own Jim: Jim Beam.  Twelve years of sobriety later she was still happier every day since dumping alcoholism like a fuckboy who still lives with his mummy.  She, too, lit a cigarette.

"Yeah, sure, you thought I was dead." Jim finally answered.

The old fellow became pale, "Jim, I can't believe I'm hearing your voice again."

"I faked my own death so that I could be with you." Jim answered earnestly, "But once I got a taste for American life, I had to pave my own path.  **We only knew each other for two weeks** and I had my whole life ahead of me."

"Those were the best two weeks of my life, Jim."

"Hey!" a concerned voice bellowed from behind the emotional racially-fueled melodrama in the coffee shop.  It was Liam McGrath from the beginning of this tale.  Liam was a real estate agent who recycled and paid his taxes as early as possible.  He pierced the coffee shop's new found silence: "What's with all the smoking in here?  My kids are with me!",  He settled on a tense, stern glance. Liam knew what it was like to fall in love in two weeks.  He lit a Belmont.

At this point on-lookers had all started projecting their own sad pasts onto the sappy cheese-fest that they had all turned to watch, and as a result the majority of them had begun smoking cigarettes of their own.  Soon the entire cafe began to look more like a heavy rain cloud and it slowly floated off the ground.

"Jim, I buried thirteen Koreans and didn't feel a damn thing.  But I didn't want to bury you."

"I did what I had to do." Jim answered the deflating old fellow.  Now the cafe was hovering high above the city, headed towards other rain clouds.

Liam McGrath was now smoking many cigarettes and so was the barista and Liam McGrath's children and Jim Chun's big Korean associate and Jim Chun and the old fellow in the army fatigues who killed Koreans and hated millennials.  In fact, everyone in the place was billowing tobacco fumes, except for one person.

An even older fellow, glimpsed out the shop window, uninterested in the communal ruminative horse shit occurring to his rear.  Through the weathered glass he peered at the other rain clouds that they were surely headed for.  The closer they got, the wiser the even older fellow grew, because the other clouds were formed by other emotionally-unstable coffee shops.  His lips quivered and trembled, "This is why I vape."

The End.

title: [MF] Liam McGrath walked into a coffee shop.

question: What does the story say about nostalgia?

answer: An old man in a coffee shot begins reminiscing about a Korean man (Jim) he couldn't kill during the war. They had shared two weeks together, and the old man loved Jim. He lights a cigarette in the shop, and the barista tries to stop him, but he gets lost in memories. Jim enters the shop, and the old couple has an awkward confrontation. Other people around start reminiscing about their lives, and eventually everyone lights up a cigarette, even the barista, except one man who vapes.

question: What does the story say about the health risks of vaping?