text:
| population_ref = (, , wards )[1] | area_total_km2 = 7.51 | official_name = Heston | coordinates = | os_grid_reference = TQ1277 | post_town = HOUNSLOW | postcode_area = TW | postcode_district = TW5 | dial_code = 020 | london_borough = Hounslow | constituency_westminster = Feltham and Heston }} HESTON is a suburban area and part of the Hounslow district in the London Borough of Hounslow. The residential settlement covers a slightly smaller area than its predecessor farming village, 10.8 miles (17.4 km) west south-west of Charing Cross and adjoins the M4 motorway but has no junction with it; Heston also adjoins the Great West Road, a dual carriageway, mostly west of the 'Golden Mile' headquarters section of it. Heston was, historically, in Middlesex.

History

The village of Heston is north of Hounslow, and has been settled since Saxon times. It is first recorded as having a priest in the 7th century, though the present Anglican parish church dates to the 14th century. A charter of Henry II gives the name as Hestune, meaning “enclosed settlement”, which is justified by its location in what was the Warren of Staines, between the ancient Roman road to Bath, and the Uxbridge Road to Oxford. Another suggested etymology is Anglo-Saxon _Hǣs-tūn_ = “brushwood farmstead”.

Before 1229, Heston was part of the parish of Gistleworth (Isleworth) before being taken by Henry III, who subsequently granted it to the Earl of Cornwall. It covered until the late 19th century creation of Hounslow from outlying parts of two adjoining parishes, .[2] The close association pre-dates the town of Hounslow, when that was simply Hounslow Priory, the two parishes had long been associated: the medieval manor of Isleworth covered all of that parish and this. After Henry III died in 1316, Heston was owned by the Crown, and later by the wardens of St. Giles Hospital, until it was surrendered to Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Elizabeth I granted Heston to Sir Thomas Gresham, and, after eating some bread made from locally grown wheat, insisted on a supply for her own personal use. [Heston Village Hall]

The separation from Isleworth in the 14th century gave the locals a sense of independence from the inhabitants and feudal lords of Isleworth, with whom they frequently quarrelled. The practice of “beating the bounds” was practised annually when the inhabitants went in procession around the parish boundaries, to show locals the extent of their lands. A contemporary account of such a procession describes an occasion when the parishioners of Heston came across some from Isleworth, and the ensuing “quarrel” saw men from Heston throwing the others across a ditch.

A single board of health for the parishes mentioned was formed in 1875 and a very large civil parish in 1927.[3] The Great West Road was completed in 1925, forming the southern border with Hounslow and the farming and market garden land around the village was snapped up for industry and housing developments.[4] The southern part of Heston up to the Great West Road was previously called 'Sutton' (also known as 'The Deans'),[5] the location of a small hamlet subsequently built up as part of the suburb;[6] this name still appears in some road names and other local features. A Roman Catholic parish church was also built for Heston in the 20th century.

Heston Aerodrome

Heston Aerodrome was operational between 1929 and 1947. In September 1938, the British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, flew from Heston to Germany three times in two weeks for talks with Adolf Hitler, and he returned to Heston from the Munich Conference with the paper referred to in his later “Peace for our time” speech from 10 Downing Street.[7]

Housing and industrial estates have been built on some of the area that was Heston Aerodrome, and the M4 motorway with its large service area (Heston services) cuts across the former aerodrome site east-west, but a substantial area to the north of the M4 is host to the Airlinks 18-hole golf course. Many of the roads in the area have aviation-related names: Alcock Road (Alcock and Brown), Brabazon Road (Lord Brabazon), Bleriot Road (Louis Blériot), Cobham Road (Sir Alan Cobham), De Havilland Road (Geoffrey de Havilland), Norman Crescent (Nigel Norman), Phoenix Way (Heston Phoenix), Sopwith Road (Thomas Sopwith), Spitfire Way (Supermarine Spitfire), Whittle Road (Frank Whittle), and Wright Road (the Wright brothers).[8]

Schools

There are five primary schools in Heston: Berkeley, The Rosary Catholic School, Westbrook Primary, Springwell Junior School, Heston Primary School. Heston Community School is a secondary school with a sixth form.

Community

There are three active community groups in Heston: Heston Residents Association,[9] formed in 1918, Heston West Big Local,[10] formed in 2015 and Heston Action Group,[11] formed in 2018.

Transport

London Underground

Hounslow West tube station is just within the area's southern boundary and is ( from the village hall). To the East, the nearest underground station is Osterley tube station ( from the village hall)

East–West roads

The A4 Great West Road, having left the historic A315 on the Chiswick–Brentford border, forms the southern border of Heston and then reaches Henlys Roundabout by Hounslow West from which two routes leave. A WNW route passes Heathrow Airport Terminals 1–3 and 5 as the _Bath Road_ and a WSW route, the A30, passes Terminal 4, bypasses Staines and reaches the M25; the remainder is for the most part a minor route to Land's End, Cornwall.

The M4 motorway is north; its nearest junction is J3, accessed from Hyde Lane or Southall Lane, crossing over the M4 motorway into North Hyde and then turning left (west) to reach the A312, _The Parkway_, north of the junction.

North–South roads

The north–south A312, _The Parkway_, to the west of Heston leads south to Feltham and Hampton or north to Harrow passing Waggoners' Roundabout (WNW of Henlys Roundabout in Hounslow West), Hayes, Yeading and Northolt.

Three minor roads converge on Heston from the A315 in parts of Hounslow, the A3063, A3005 and B363. The single road re-divides just north in Norwood Green into a northwest road to Southall (the A3005) and into the A4127 that passes by Hanwell, briefly using the A4020 west before bypassing Dormers Wells, passing Greenford to reach Sudbury, the town immediately to the west of Wembley and North Wembley.

For longer journeys north, the M4 then M25 provide the best routes. For longer journeys south, Hanworth Road in Hounslow leads to the A316 which becomes the M3 motorway.

Nearest places

Notable people

-   Oarsman Don Allum (1937–1992), first man to row the Atlantic Ocean in both directions, lived in Heston.[12]
-   Guitarist Ritchie Blackmore, of rock bands Deep Purple and Rainbow, grew up in Heston.
-   Anthony Collins (1676–1729), philosopher friend of John Locke, was born in Heston.
-   Composer Ernest John Moeran (1894–1950) was born in Heston.
-   Guitarist Jimmy Page, of rock band Led Zeppelin, was born in Heston.[13]
-   Horticulturist Ellen Willmott (1858–1934) was born in Heston.
-   Lynwood Palmer (1868-1941) painter of race-horses lived in Heston between 1911 and 1941.
-   Motorcycle racer Mike Hailwood had a bachelor flat in Heston, where he kept his high-powered sports cars.
-   Actor Sanjeev Bhaskar grew up in a flat above the shops on Vicarage Farm Road.

Gallery

File:St Leonard, Heston - Window - geograph.org.uk - 1776313.jpg|St Leonard's Church
Main window: the crucifixion File:St Leonard, Heston - Window - geograph.org.uk - 1776304.jpg|St Leonard's Church
Madonna and Child File:St Leonard, Heston - Window - geograph.org.uk - 1776302.jpg|St Leonard's Church
St Clare and St Francis File:St Leonard, Heston -Window - geograph.org.uk - 1776306.jpg|St Leonard's Church
Inscribed window File:St Leonard, Heston - East end - geograph.org.uk - 1776299.jpg|St Leonard's Church
Interior File:Heston Type 1 Phoenix II G-AESV Elstree 1951x.jpg|Heston Type 1 Phoenix II G-AESV at Elstree Aerodrome File:Moto Heston East services.jpg|Moto Heston East services

Demography and housing

  Ward             Detached   Semi-detached   Terraced   Flats and apartments   Caravans/temporary/mobile homes/houseboats   Shared between households[14]
  ---------------- ---------- --------------- ---------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------- -------------------------------
  Heston Central   215        1,930           534        1,210                  1                                            6
  Heston East      287        1,680           749        1,282                  1                                            5
  Heston West      175        1,405           855        1,558                  20                                           3

  : 2011 CENSUS HOMES

  Ward             Population   Households   % Owned outright   % Owned with a loan   hectares[15]
  ---------------- ------------ ------------ ------------------ --------------------- --------------
  Heston Central   12,288       3,896        24                 31                    168
  Heston East      12,319       4,004        25                 32                    200
  Heston West      12,438       4,016        20                 26                    383

  : 2011 CENSUS HOUSEHOLDS

Heston's ethnic groups in 2011 were:

14.9% White British

7.2% Other White (Not covering Irish and Gypsy)

60.9% Asian

7.2% Black

This is 2011 combined data for Heston's three wards, Heston East, West and Central.

Notes

[1] Key Statistics; Quick Statistics: Population Density 2011 census _Office for National Statistics_

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] https://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/MDX/Heston

[6] Kelly's Directory of Middlesex, as quoted at http://forebears.io/england/middlesex/heston/sutton

[7] Sherwood (1999)

[8]

[9] http://www.hestonresidentsassociation.org/

[10] https://www.hestonwest.org/

[11] https://www.facebook.com/hestonactiongroup/

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

title: Heston

question: Summarize the history of the village of Heston.

answer: The village of Heston is north of Hounslow and has been settled since Saxon times. The first records of having a priest dates back to the 7th century. By 1229, Heston was part of Gistleworth (Isleworth) before it was taken by Henry III, who then granted it to the Earl of Cornwall. After Henry III died in 1316, Heston was owned by the Crown and later by the wardens of St. Giles Hospital. It was eventually surrendered to Henry VIII during the Dissolution of the Monasteries. When Heston was separated from Isleworth in the 14th century, it gave locals a sense of freedom from the feudal lords with whom they quarreled. In the 20th century, the Great West Road was completed and it formed the southern border with Hounslow. The southern part of Heston was previously called "Sutton" which still appears on some road names.


split: test

text:
Rule 3.3 Candor Toward the Tribunal

(a) A lawyer shall not knowingly:

(1) make a false statement of material fact or law to a tribunal or fail to correct a false statement of material fact or law previously made to the tribunal by the lawyer;

(2) fail to disclose to the tribunal legal authority in the controlling jurisdiction known to the lawyer to be directly adverse to the position of the client and not disclosed by opposing counsel; or

(3) offer evidence that the lawyer knows to be false. If a lawyer, the lawyer's client, or a witness called by the lawyer, has offered material evidence and the lawyer comes to know of its falsity, the lawyer shall take reasonable remedial measures, including, if necessary, disclosure to the tribunal. A lawyer may refuse to offer evidence, other than the testimony of a defendant in a criminal matter, that the lawyer reasonably believes is false.

(b) A lawyer who represents a client in an adjudicative proceeding and who knows that a person intends to engage, is engaging or has engaged in criminal or fraudulent conduct related to the proceeding shall take reasonable remedial measures, including, if necessary, disclosure to the tribunal.

(c) The duties stated in paragraphs (a) and (b) continue to the conclusion of the proceeding, and apply even if compliance requires disclosure of information otherwise protected by Rule 1.6.

(d) In an ex parte proceeding, a lawyer shall inform the tribunal of all material facts known to the lawyer that will enable the tribunal to make an informed decision, whether or not the facts are adverse.

Comment

[1] This Rule governs the conduct of a lawyer who is representing a client in the proceedings of a tribunal. See Rule 1.0(n) for the definition of "tribunal." It also applies when the lawyer is representing a client in an ancillary proceeding conducted pursuant to the tribunal's adjudicative authority, such as a deposition. Thus, for example, paragraph (a)(3) requires a lawyer to take reasonable remedial measures if the lawyer comes to know that a client who is testifying in a deposition has offered evidence that is false.

[2] This Rule sets forth the special duties of lawyers as officers of the court to avoid conduct that undermines the integrity of the adjudicative process. A lawyer acting as an advocate in an adjudicative proceeding has an obligation to present the client's case with persuasive force. Performance of that duty while maintaining confidences of the client, however, is qualified by the advocate's duty of candor to the tribunal. Consequently, although a lawyer in an adjudicative proceeding is not required to present an impartial exposition of the law or to vouch for the evidence submitted in a cause, the lawyer must not allow the tribunal to be misled by false statements of material fact or law or evidence that the lawyer knows to be false.

_Representations by a Lawyer_

[3] An advocate is responsible for pleadings and other documents prepared for litigation, but is usually not required to have personal knowledge of matters asserted therein, for litigation documents ordinarily present assertions by the client, or by someone on the client's behalf, and not assertions by the lawyer. Compare Rule 3.1. However, an assertion purporting to be on the lawyer's own knowledge, as in an affidavit by the lawyer or in a statement in open court, may properly be made only when the lawyer knows the assertion is true or believes it to be true on the basis of a reasonably diligent inquiry. There are circumstances where failure to make a disclosure is the equivalent of an affirmative misrepresentation. The obligation prescribed in Rule 1.2(d) not to counsel a client to commit or assist the client in committing a fraud applies in litigation. Regarding compliance with Rule 1.2(d), see the Comment to that Rule. See also Rule 8.4(b), Comment.

_Legal Argument_

[4] Legal argument based on a knowingly false representation of law constitutes dishonesty toward the tribunal. A lawyer is not required to make a disinterested exposition of the law, but must recognize the existence of pertinent legal authorities. Furthermore, as stated in paragraph (a)(2), an advocate has a duty to disclose directly adverse authority in the controlling jurisdiction that has not been disclosed by the opposing party. The underlying concept is that legal argument is a discussion seeking to determine the legal premises properly applicable to the case.

_Offering Evidence_

[5] Paragraph (a)(3) requires that the lawyer refuse to offer evidence that the lawyer knows to be false, regardless of the client's wishes. This duty is premised on the lawyer's obligation as an officer of the court to prevent the trier of fact from being misled by false evidence. A lawyer does not violate this Rule if the lawyer offers the evidence for the purpose of establishing its falsity.

[6] If a lawyer knows that the client intends to testify falsely or wants the lawyer to introduce false evidence, the lawyer should seek to persuade the client that the evidence should not be offered. If the persuasion is ineffective and the lawyer continues to represent the client, the lawyer must refuse to offer the false evidence. If only a portion of a witness's testimony will be false, the lawyer may call the witness to testify but may not elicit or otherwise permit the witness to present the testimony that the lawyer knows is false.

[7] The duties stated in paragraphs (a) and (b) apply to all lawyers, including defense counsel in criminal cases. See Comment [9].

[8] The prohibition against offering false evidence only applies if the lawyer knows that the evidence is false. A lawyer's reasonable belief that evidence is false does not preclude its presentation to the trier of fact. A lawyer's knowledge that evidence is false, however, can be inferred from the circumstances.See Rule 1.0(g). Thus, although a lawyer should resolve doubts about the veracity of testimony or other evidence in favor of the client, the lawyer cannot ignore an obvious falsehood.

[9] Although paragraph (a)(3) only prohibits a lawyer from offering evidence the lawyer knows to be false, it permits the lawyer to refuse to offer testimony or other proof that the lawyer reasonably believes is false. Offering such proof may reflect adversely on the lawyer's ability to discriminate in the quality of evidence and thus impair the lawyer's effectiveness as an advocate. Because of the special protections historically provided criminal defendants, however, this Rule does not permit a lawyer to refuse to offer the testimony of such a client where the lawyer reasonably believes but does not know that the testimony will be false. Unless the lawyer knows the testimony will be false, the lawyer must honor the client's decision to testify. See also Comment [7].

_Remedial Measures_

[10] Having offered material evidence in the belief that it was true, a lawyer may subsequently come to know that the evidence is false. Or, a lawyer may be surprised when the lawyer's client, or another witness called by the lawyer, offers testimony the lawyer knows to be false, either during the lawyer's direct examination or in response to cross-examination by the opposing lawyer. In such situations or if the lawyer knows of the falsity of testimony elicited from the client during a deposition, the lawyer must take reasonable remedial measures. The lawyer's action must also be seasonable: depending upon the circumstances, reasonable remedial measures do not have to be undertaken immediately, however, the lawyer must act before a third party relies to his or her detriment upon the false testimony or evidence. The advocate's proper course is to remonstrate with the client confidentially, advise the client of the lawyer's duty of candor to the tribunal and seek the client's cooperation with respect to the withdrawal or correction of the false statements or evidence. If that fails, the advocate should seek to withdraw if that will remedy the situation. If withdrawal from the representation is not permitted or will not undo the effect of the false evidence, the advocate's only option may be to make such disclosure to the tribunal as is reasonably necessary to remedy the situation, even if doing so requires the lawyer to reveal information that otherwise would be protected by Rule 1.6. It is for the tribunal then to determine what should be done - making a statement about the matter to the trier of fact, ordering a mistrial or perhaps nothing.

[11] The disclosure of a client's false testimony can result in grave consequences to the client, including not only a sense of betrayal but also loss of the case and perhaps a prosecution for perjury. But the alternative is that the lawyer cooperate in deceiving the court, thereby subverting the truth-finding process which the adversary system is designed to implement. See Rule 1.2(d). Furthermore, unless it is clearly understood that the lawyer will act upon the duty to disclose the existence of false evidence, the client can simply reject the lawyer's advice to reveal the false evidence and insist that the lawyer keep silent. Thus the client could in effect coerce the lawyer into being a party to fraud on the court.

_Preserving Integrity of Adjudicative Process_

[12] Lawyers have a special obligation to protect a tribunal against criminal or fraudulent conduct that undermines the integrity of the adjudicative process, such as bribing, intimidating or otherwise unlawfully communicating with a witness, juror, court official or other participant in the proceeding, unlawfully destroying or concealing documents or other evidence or failing to disclose information to the tribunal when required by law to do so. Thus, paragraph (b) requires a lawyer to take reasonable remedial measures, including disclosure if necessary, whenever the lawyer knows that a person, including the lawyer's client, intends to engage, is engaging or has engaged in criminal or fraudulent conduct related to the proceeding.

[13] The general rule that an advocate must reveal the existence of perjury with respect to a material fact-even that of a client-applies to defense counsel in criminal cases, as well as in other instances. However, the definition of the lawyer's ethical duty in such a situation may be qualified by constitutional provisions for due process and the right to counsel in criminal cases. These provisions have been construed to require that counsel present an accused as a witness if the accused wishes to testify, even if counsel knows the testimony will be false. The obligation of the advocate under these Rules is subordinate to such a constitutional requirement.

_Duration of Obligation_

[14] A practical time limit on the obligation to rectify false evidence or false statements of material fact or law has to be established. The conclusion of the proceeding is a reasonably definite point for the termination of the obligation. A proceeding has concluded within the meaning of this Rule when no matters in the proceeding are still pending before the tribunal or the proceeding has concluded pursuant to the rules of the tribunal such as when a final judgment in the proceeding is affirmed on appeal, a bankruptcy case is closed, or the time for review has passed.

_Ex Parte Proceedings_

[15] Ordinarily, an advocate has the limited responsibility of presenting one side of the matters that a tribunal should consider in reaching a decision; the conflicting position is expected to be presented by the opposing party. However, in any ex parte proceeding, such as an application for a temporary restraining order, there is no balance of presentation by opposing advocates. The object of an ex parte proceeding is nevertheless to yield a substantially just result. The judge has an affirmative responsibility to accord the absent party just consideration. The lawyer for the represented party has the correlative duty to make disclosures of material facts known to the lawyer and that the lawyer reasonably believes are necessary to an informed decision.

_Withdrawal_

[16] Normally, a lawyer's compliance with the duty of candor imposed by this Rule does not require that the lawyer withdraw from the representation of a client whose interests will be or have been adversely affected by the lawyer's disclosure. The lawyer may, however, be required by Rule 1.16(a) to seek permission of the tribunal to withdraw if the lawyer's compliance with this Rule's duty of candor results in such an extreme deterioration of the client-lawyer relationship that the lawyer can no longer competently represent the client. Also see Rule 1.16(b) for the circumstances in which a lawyer will be permitted to seek a tribunal's permission to withdraw. In connection with a request for permission to withdraw that is premised on a client's misconduct, a lawyer may reveal information relating to the representation only to the extent reasonably necessary to comply with this Rule or as otherwise permitted by Rule 1.6.

History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 84-23

Adopted by the Supreme Court: July 24, 1997

Amendments Approved by the Supreme Court: March 1, 2003

Ethics Opinion Notes

CPR 92. An attorney who knows that criminal clients gave arresting officers fictitious names should call upon the clients to disclose their true identities to the court and, if they refuse, seek to withdraw. ( See also Rule 3.3(a)(3))

CPR 122. An attorney representing the defendant in divorce action, when advised by the client that parties have not been separated a year, must file an answer denying the allegation of separation even though the client does not wish to contest the divorce.

CPR 284. An attorney who, in the course of representing one spouse, obtains confidential information bearing upon the criminal conduct of the other spouse must not disclose such information.

RPC 33. Opinion rules that an attorney who learns through a privileged communication of his client's alias and prior criminal record may not permit his client to testify under a false name or deny his prior record under oath. If the client does so, the attorney would be required to request the client to disclose the true name or record and, if the client refused, to withdraw pursuant to the rules of the tribunal.

RPC 203. Opinion rules that dismissal of an action alone is not sufficient to rectify the perjury of a client in a deposition and the lawyer must demand that the client inform the opposing party of the falsity of the deposition testimony or, if the client refuses, withdraw from the representation.

98 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 1. Opinion rules that a lawyer representing a client in a social security disability hearing is not required to inform the administrative law judge of material adverse facts known to the lawyer.

98 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 5. Opinion rules that a defense lawyer may remain silent while the prosecutor presents an inaccurate driving record to the court provided the lawyer and client did not criminally or fraudulently misrepresent the driving record to the prosecutor or the court and, further provided, that on application for a limited driving privilege, there is no misrepresentation to the court about the prior driving record.

98 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 20. Opinion rules that, subject to a statute prohibiting the withholding of the information, a lawyer's duty to disclose confidential client information to a bankruptcy court ends when the case is closed although the debtor's duty to report new property continues for 180 days after the date of filing the petition.

99 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 16. Opinion rules that a lawyer may not participate in the presentation of a consent judgment to a court if the lawyer knows that the consent judgment is based upon false information.

2001 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 1. Opinion rules that, in a petition to a court for an award of an attorney's fee, a lawyer must disclose that the client paid a discounted hourly rate for legal services as a result of the client's membership in a prepaid or group legal services plan.

2003 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 5. Opinion rules that neither a defense lawyer nor a prosecutor may participate in the misrepresentation of a criminal defendant's prior record level in a sentencing proceeding even if the judge is advised of the misrepresentation and does not object.

2008 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 1. Opinion rules that lawyer representing an undocumented worker in a workers' compensation action has a duty to correct court documents containing false statements of material fact and is prohibited from introducing evidence in support of the proposition that an alias is the client's legal name.

2008 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 3. Opinion rules a lawyer may assist a pro se litigant by drafting pleadings and giving advice without making an appearance in the proceeding and without disclosing or ensuring the disclosure of his assistance to the court unless required to do so by law or court order.

2010 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 1. Opinion rules that a lawyer retained by an insurance carrier to represent an insured whose whereabouts are unknown and with whom the lawyer has no contact may not appear as the lawyer for the insured absent authorization by law or court order.

2011 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 3. Opinion rules that a criminal defense lawyer may advise an undocumented alien that deportation may result in avoidance of a criminal conviction and may file a notice of appeal to superior court although there is a possibility that the client will be deported.

2011 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 12. Opinion rules that a lawyer must notify the court when a clerk of court mistakenly dismisses a client’s charges.

2012 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 10. Opinion rules a lawyer may not participate as a network lawyer for a company providing litigation or administrative support services for clients with a particular legal/business problem unless certain conditions are satisfied.

2016 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 2. Opinion rules that, when advancing claims on behalf of a criminal defendant who filed a pro se Motion for Appropriate Relief, subsequently appointed defense counsel must correct erroneous claims and statements of law or facts set out in the previous pro se filing.

2018 FORMAL ETHICS OPINION 2. Opinion rules that a lawyer has a duty to disclose to a tribunal adverse legal authority that is controlling as to that tribunal if the legal authority is known to the lawyer and is not disclosed by opposing counsel.

question: What does the article say about what a lawyer should not do knowingly?

answer: A lawyer should not knowingly make a false statement of material fact or law to a tribunal or fail to correct a false statement of material fact or law previously made to the tribunal by the lawyer; fail to disclose to the tribunal legal authority in the controlling jurisdiction known to the lawyer to be directly adverse to the position of the client and not disclosed by opposing counsel; offer evidence that the lawyer knows to be false. The first rule requires a lawyer to take reasonable remedial measures if the lawyer comes to know that a client who is testifying in a deposition has offered evidence that is false. The second rule says that the lawyer must not allow the tribunal to be misled by false statements of material fact or law or evidence that the lawyer knows to be false.

question: What does the text say about preserving the integrity of the adjudicative process?

answer: Lawyers have a special obligation to protect a tribunal against criminal or fraudulent conduct such as bribing, intimidating, or otherwise unlawfully communicating with a witness, juror, court official, or other participants in the proceeding. They also have obligation to protect a tribunal against unlawfully destroying or concealing documents or other evidence. A lawyer should take reasonable remedial measures, including disclosure if necessary, whenever the lawyer knows that a person, including the lawyer's client, intends to engage, is engaging, or has engaged in criminal or fraudulent conduct related to the proceeding.

question: What does the article say about prisons?


text:
MOTTINGHAM is a district of south-east London, England, in the London Boroughs of Bromley and Greenwich. It is located south of Eltham, southeast of Charing Cross. It is within the historic county of Kent.

History

Toponymy

The earliest records of Mottingham are from 862 AD when it was recorded as _Modingahema_, which means the land of Moda's people and is commonly interpreted as “the proud place”. In William Henry Ireland's 1830 work _England's Topographer: Or A New and Complete History of the County of Kent Volume 4_,[1] he writes

In the seventeenth century Thomas Fuller recorded in _The Worthies of England_ a curious incident that happened on 4 August 1585:

The cause of the incident, referred to as a “marvellous accident” at the time, was then unknown, and it is likely that a sinkhole had developed. The area is well coursed with streams, both above and below ground, and the collapse or shifting of subsoil might be attributed to them. The site of the sinkhole is now unknown, and the incident is also largely unknown. The only body of standing water that is in the area today is a lake at The Tarn Bird Sanctuary.

Mottingham was originally a farming hamlet, with a few large houses on Mottingham Lane, one of them Fairy Hall. Development began in the mid-19th century with the building of cottages on what is now Mottingham Road and the Terrace shops. Mottingham station opened in 1866, but was originally named for Eltham. In the 1880s the West Park estate, housing intended for the middle class, was developed and St. Andrew's church was built between the station and the village.[2][3]

The opening of the Sidcup arterial road in 1923 led to suburban development at Mottingham, with the London County Council creating the Mottingham estate, with 2,000 houses, schools and shops, on Court Farm. The estate opened in 1935. The King and Queen pub, later used as a performance venue, opened in 1937; it was replaced by housing in 1992.[4]

In January 2019, Bromley council approved the borough's Local Plan, a document outlining how and where Bromley will be developed up to 2030. Policy 18 details the commitment to improve the vitality and viability of the Mottingham Local Centre and Kimmeridge Cross Neighbourhood Centre, and to enhance links to other areas of Bromley and adjoining boroughs, particularly in relation to centres of employment.[5]

Local government

Mottingham was originally a hamlet in Eltham parish, in the Blackheath hundred of Kent. In 1840 it was included in the Metropolitan Police District by the Metropolitan Police Act 1839. In 1866, the same year the station was opened, Mottingham was separated from Elham as a distinct civil parish.[6][7] In 1881, the parish had a population of 779 and covered an area of .

When the County of London was created in 1889, Mottingham was excluded from the new county and formed a protrusion of Kent, bordering London to the west, north and east. From 1894 to 1934, it formed a 'detached part' of Bromley Rural District and had its own parish council.[8] In 1931, the parish had a population of 2,120. In 1934, the rural district and the Mottingham civil parish were abolished and the area was transferred to Chislehurst and Sidcup Urban District.[9] In 1965, the urban district was abolished and the area was transferred from Kent to Greater London, to form part of the London Borough of Bromley. The boundary between Bromley and Greenwich,[10] and between Bromley and Lewisham,[11] around Mottingham was adjusted in 1994. Most of Mottingham is contained within the Mottingham and Chislehurst North ward of Bromley constituency, but the area around Mottingham Station is in the Coldharbour and New Eltham ward of Eltham constituency.[12]

Landmarks

[Mottingham war memorial] The first church in Mottingham was St Andrew's Church on Court Road, which was established in 1884 and further helped establish Mottingham as separate from Eltham.[13]

Eltham College, a private school founded in 1842 as the London Missionary Society's School for the Sons of Missionaries, has been housed since 1912 in the former Fairy Hall in Mottingham, which had earlier been the Royal Naval School from 1889 to 1910.

Sir Robert Geffrye's almshouses on Mottingham Road were built by the Ironmongers' Company in 1912 to replace the almshouses in Hoxton that are now the Museum of the Home; they were remodelled by the Greater London Council and additional housing built in the grounds.[14]

Martins Bank had a branch in Mottingham village, facing the war memorial; it was the first branch of the bank to undergo an armed raid, in 1967. It became a Barclays following their 1969 takeover of Martins, was closed in 1992.[15]

Also by the war memorial stood the Porcupine Inn public house, licensed as long ago as 1688. The premises dated from about 1800 and were replaced in 1922. The pub closed in 2013 and was acquired by German global discount supermarket chain Lidl, who have tried and failed to obtain permission to develop the site.[16]

Mottingham has a branch of the fraternal order Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity.[17]

Mottingham village contains a sign depicting Eltham College within the branches of a tree, a cricket bat and ball (making reference to W G Grace) and the date AD 862.[18]

Mottingham and some of its landmarks appear in filmmaker Dewyne Lindsay's mini-documentary series _London Districts_.[19][20]

Education

Mottingham Primary School

  ------------------ -------
  Age range          4–11
  Gender             Mixed
  Number of pupils   408
  School capacity    480
  ------------------ -------

[21]

Castlecombe Primary School

  ------------------ -------
  Age range          3–11
  Gender             Mixed
  Number of pupils   235
  School capacity    210
  ------------------ -------

[22]

Capel Manor College

Capel Manor College offers further and higher education on a campus that was previously part of Hadlow College.[23]

Geography

Mottingham borders Eltham to the north, New Eltham to the east, Chislehurst to the south, Elmstead to the south west, Lewisham to the west and Lee to the north west. Since 2010, Mottingham has fallen within the Mottingham and Chislehurst North polling[24] and policing[25] districts.

Quaggy

A tributary of the River Quaggy known as the Little Quaggy flows through Mottingham; rising on the borders of Chislehurst and Mottingham,[26] it flows through The Tarn and emerges alongside the Sidcup bypass to join the Quaggy, which continues to Mottingham playing fields (colloquially known as 'Foxes').

Mottingham Estate

London County Council bought the Court Farm estate in the early 1930s and planned a 2000 home cottage estate. The first houses were to the west of Mottingham Road and completed in 1935. The estate was fairly self-contained; the community facilities included a shopping centre and several schools.

The British gangster film _Piggy_ was filmed around North Kent, Mottingham and London and one scene was filmed in The Prince of Wales pub on Mottingham Road.[27] African American boxer Frank Craig trained at the Prince of Wales for the bout he ultimately lost to Australian Dan Creedon in 1895.[28]

Coldharbour Estate

In 1946 Woolwich Council built the Coldharbour Estate to the east of Mottingham Road, primarily to provide accommodation for local people made homeless by the Blitz. This completed the use of the LCC land.[29]

Transport

Rail

Mottingham railway station serves the district with Southeastern services to London Charing Cross, London Cannon Street via both Lewisham and Woolwich Arsenal, and Dartford.

Bus

-   124 to Eltham and to Catford via Grove Park
-   126 to Eltham and to Bromley via Grove Park
-   161 to North Greenwich via Eltham & Woolwich and to Chislehurst
-   273 to Lewisham Tesco and to Petts Wood
-   624 to Woolwich and to Grove Park (school bus)
-   638 to Kemnal College and to Coney Hall (school bus)

Notable residents

-   W. G. Grace, cricketer[30][31]
-   Eric Liddell, athlete and missionary[32]
-   Denis Healey, politician[33]
-   Rob Beckett, stand-up comedian[34]
-   Sir John Bertram Adams, physicist[35][36]
-   Jeffrey Lawal-Balogun, athlete[37]
-   Charles Folkard, illustrator[38]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7] Vision of Britain - Mottingham CP (historic map)

[8] Vision of Britain - Bromley RD (historic map)

[9] Vision of Britain - Chislehurst and Sidcup UD (historic map)

[10] Office of Public Sector Information - Bromley and Greenwich (London Borough Boundaries) Order 1993

[11] Office of Public Sector Information - Bromley and Lewisham (London Borough Boundaries) Order 1993

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

title: Mottingham

question: What are the noteworthy aspects of Mottingham?

answer: St. Andrew's Church on Court Road is the first church of the region, established in 1884. Eltham College is a private school dating back to 1842. The Martins Bank was the first bank branch that suffered an armed raid in 1967; the branch is closed in 1992.

question: What does the article say about Shakespeare's famous play Hamlet?


text:
Just hours after he was charged with one drug crime, actor Robert Downey Jr. was arrested on a new narcotics charge when he slipped unnoticed into a neighbor’s Malibu home and passed out in a bedroom--only to be found by a stunned homeowner, authorities said Wednesday.

Downey, 31, was arrested late Tuesday night on suspicion of trespassing and being under the influence of a controlled substance, which authorities believed to be heroin. He spent the night in the jail ward at County- USC Medical Center and was released Wednesday morning on his own recognizance.

The Oscar-nominated actor’s troubles set off alarm bells in Hollywood. Agents around town said they feared the arrests could hurt his career.

On Tuesday, Downey was charged with felony counts of cocaine and heroin possession in connection with a June 23 speeding arrest in Malibu. He also faces misdemeanor counts of driving under the influence and having a concealed weapon in his vehicle in that incident. He will be arraigned July 26 in that case.

Downey’s latest misadventure appeared to stem from a mistake.

He wandered into the home of neighbors Bill and Lisa Curtis, who live 17 houses south of Downey on Broad Beach Road, a quiet two-lane street that runs along the coastline. Both homes are on the west side of the road and have similar-looking double wooden garage entrances.

Bill Curtis said his wife, who was home at the time, offered this account:

Downey entered the multileveled home through an open door and probably descended a circular staircase of about 70 stairs before finding a spare bedroom. There he laid his pants neatly over a chair and, wearing a T-shirt and boxer shorts, tucked himself into the sheets and fell asleep.

“He got real cozy,” Bill Curtis said.

Curtis’ wife noticed Downey sleeping when she entered the room, sometime around 9 p.m., thinking one of her children was playing a game. She called sheriff’s deputies and a neighbor, who found Downey’s identification. Paramedics revived the actor.

“He was sitting up--groggy, looking very white and gaunt,” Curtis said. “At no time was he doing anything the least bit threatening.”

Curtis said Downey even made funny faces at his daughter as he was led away by sheriff’s deputies. “He still took out time to be entertaining,” Curtis said.

Agents across town offered their own sad assessments.

“Two drug arrests in a row? Yes, this can seriously damage your future in this town,” said one agent at United Talent Agency, which used to represent Downey. “There is too much young talent on the rise, too much competition. Nobody wants someone that’s high-maintenance and it can be a detriment at his age.”

Added an executive from the now-defunt Carolco Pictures, which was involved with the movie “Chaplin,” a role that brought Downey an Oscar nomination and is widely considered to be his finest performance: “Poor Robert, he’s rock-bottoming out.”

Downey has bounced among three talent agencies in the last year. He left Creative Artists Agency last November for the Gersh Agency, leaving there and signing one week ago with International Creative Management Agency.

The movement, agents say, has mirrored the actor’s turbulent personal life in recent months.

Downey is separated from his wife, model Deborah Falconer; the couple has a 3-year-old son.

He was most recently involved in two movies, filming simultaneously. He just wrapped his performance in New Line Cinema’s upcoming “One Night Stand,” in which he plays a young man dying of AIDS. The other film, “Hugo Pool,” is being directed by Downey’s father, Robert Downey Sr., known for such ’70’s cult classics as “Pound” and “Putney Swope.”

*

Downey was resting at his home Wednesday and did not comment about his arrest. His attorney, Charles English, told a throng of reporters camped on the street that the actor was sorry for his actions and had apologized to the Curtis family.

“Mr. Downey has a problem,” English said. “He’s taking care of it. He appreciates everyone’s concern. A treatment program is under way.”

Bill Curtis said he hopes the district attorney’s office does not file trespassing charges against Downey.

“This is a nice guy who has troubles,” he said. “It was a very unfortunate incident, whatever caused the problem. We hope he gets better.”

question: What does the article say about drug abuse?

answer: The article is about Robert Downey, Jr. being arrested twice for possession of drugs. The first time, he had felony-level amounts of cocaine and heroin and was driving under influence. The second time, he was found inside a neighbor's house (Curtis residence) after entering the house by mistake and going to sleep in the spare bedroom he chanced upon. It's thought that he was under the influence of heroin. One agent said that such a record is heavily detrimental to an actor's career since no one wants to work with someone who's high-maintenance. Downey apologized to his neighbors, and his attorney said he's taking care of the problem. The Curtis family said they wish the district attorney's office wouldn't file trespassing charges against Downey, commenting that he's a nice guy who's having a hard time.

question: What does the text say about how to get rid of drug dependency?


text:
A team of researchers at York University has warned that the American bumblebee is facing imminent extinction from Canada, and this could lead to “cascading impacts” throughout the country.

[]

The American bumblebee — a species once more commonly seen buzzing around southern Ontario — is critically endangered, according to a new study led by York University experts. (York University/CBC)

A team of researchers at York University has warned that the American bumblebee is facing imminent extinction from Canada, and this could lead to "cascading impacts" throughout the country.

The imminent extinction classification is considered the highest and most at-risk classification before extinction.

About 42 of the more than 850 species of bees in Canada are bumblebees — important pollinators needed to grow crops, including apples, tomatoes, blueberries and legumes, as well as trees, shrubs and wildflowers.

Professor Laurence Packer said quite a few of the 42 species of bumblebees are exhibiting substantial declines.

"We've got a situation where  ... the number of species that you can find in an area has decreased," Packer told CBC Toronto.

  These kinds of declines in important pollinators are going to have cascading impacts throughout the entire ecosystem.
  - Professor Laurence Packer

He said with fewer bumblebee species around, plants will be pollinated in a different way.

Packer explained that bees have different preferences, so when some species are lost, the flowers that they prefer are likely to be less frequently pollinated.

"These kinds of declines in important pollinators are going to have cascading impacts throughout the entire ecosystem."

[]

Professor Laurence Packer says quite a few of the 42 species of bumblebees found in Canada are exhibiting substantial declines in abundance and also in their geographic range. (John Grierson/CBC)

The findings of the York University researchers are included in a new study, published in the _Journal of Insect Conservation_ on April 17_._

The researchers found that the American bumblebee's area of occurrence has decreased by about 70 per cent and its relative abundance fell by 89 per cent from 2007 to 2016 compared to 1907 to 2006.

They have ranked the risk of the American bumblebee higher than a federal advisory committee's most recent assessment, which said the species is at special concern for extinction, rather than imminent risk.

"This species is at risk of extinction and it's currently not protected in any way despite the drastic decline," said assistant professor Sheila Colla, an expert in bees and endangered species in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University.

-   How Toronto is 'at the lead' in the effort to save its bees

-   Ontario beekeepers struggling after long winter

Colla has been studying bumblebees in southern Ontario since the mid-2000s. The new study relies on the annual data that she and her fellow researchers have collected.

The study's research team — led by Victoria MacPhail, Colla's doctoral student, and including a scientist from the University of Vermont — used data from three sources.

They analyzed southern Ontario data from the citizen science program Bumble Bee Watch, a collaboration of volunteers who submit bumblebee photos through a website or phone app for experts to identify. The researchers used the Bumble Bees of North America database to obtain records of bumblebee species in Ontario and Quebec dating back to the late-1800s. They also used their own field survey work, which allowed them to evaluate the status of the species within its Canadian range, using the globally recognized International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessment criteria.

[]

There are more than 850 species of bees in Canada, 42 of which are bumblebees. (John Grierson/CBC)

"This is a really drastic decline that we noticed," MacPhail told CBC Toronto.

"We looked at historic data over a period of 100 years and compared it with the last 10 years and found an almost 89 per cent decrease in abundance relative to the other bees ... it's really concerning."

MacPhail said while they are not entirely sure what's happening to the species, the researchers have some theories.

"It is a grassland specialist and grassland is one habitat in Ontario we're quickly losing. It's one that also often has disturbances in terms of agriculture," she said.

"We also have issues with diseases with non-native species either transferring diseases or out-competing the bumblebees. We have concerns about climate change ... All these things could be impacting the bees."

[]

Victoria MacPhail, doctoral student, led the York University study's research team. (John Grierson/CBC)

It's a worldwide problem

Packer said the American bumblebee joins other bumblebee species, like the rusty patched bumblebee, which have also shown remarkable declines over recent decades.

"We've got similar declines in bumblebees on just about every continent," he said.

"In Asia, we know that some bumblebees are declining. And in southern South America, there's a spectacular huge, bright orange one and the population there has gone through the floor for the last 15-20 years, so it's not just a local issue here, it's a problem worldwide."

Meanwhile Greenpeace Canada's Shane Moffatt said news of the disappearing bumblebee species should serve as "an important reality check" for the country.

"Sometimes these things can seem a bit abstract or a bit academic, but this is anything but an abstract issue. The fate of these species is connected to all of our fates."

question: Explain why the American bumblebee is in decline.

answer: It's a species that thrives in grasslands and grasslands are particularly susceptible to agricultural disturbances, and its a habitat that's in decline. Moreover there are non-native species transferring disease or out-competing the bumblebees. And climate change also has an impact.


text:
It was a dark and cold night when the boy stepped out of his room. He had heard loud noises and great shouts. It was his father again ranting and fighting with himself in the living quarters, the father worked in the mines during the days and drank during the night. The boy who just turned 15 had two older brothers whom left home because of the toxic environment created by the Father. The Father was never always liked this, when the Mother had passed away five years ago in a murder the Father had become dark and lonely not talking with his children whom he prized very much. The Father turned into the warm arms of liquor and women. “David!, David do you know what I had to do to keep you boys alive all these years?” asked the Father. David had heard this questions many times over and each time there was a different answer. “Yes Father, you tolled many years in the mine to provide for us” said David. “Well let this be a lesson to you, don’t ya ever go into the mining, it will cut you worse than we cutting the rock. I never had the time to do anything I wanted and now I just did something great, but you’re too young to understand, now get back to bed.” Replied the Father, the longest time he spoke to his child since the death, as he lifted up his shirt there was a forearm lengthen gash across his chest, blood seeping out of the make-shift bandages. Overnight the Father bled out over the cot he slept in since he didn’t change the wrappings and even loosened it to sleep.

David awoke from his slumber, rubbing his eyes, and heads into the bathroom to freshen up. Once done David goes into the living quarters and shrieks as he looks at the pool of blood around his Father. Blood all over the floor, on the walls, David shakes his father and then runs out to the neighbor’s house. Annie is a worker in the mines and works with David’s father. As David bangs on the door Annie opens up “What is it?” Annie asks, naked as a goat. “My da is dying you got to help him” David said in a panic. “Oh yea what’s wrong with him, aint waking up” Annie winked, scratching herself. “There is blood everywhere, just come” David said with anger. David pulling Annie’s arm to into his house. “Dear god what did you do to your Pa, David?” Annie asks. “Nothing, I swear I did nothing” David says confused, he would not hurt a fly so why would he hurt his Father. Annie stumbles outside, she had her eye on David’s Father, Annie began to yell and gathers a crowd. “Look and help, Matthew is dead and his own boy killed ‘em. Look at the gash and beating he gave to his da!”. Miners begin to rush inside the house to view the body, some of the men grab David and force him on his knees, and some begin to question David, why did he do this. “I didn’t do it, I swear on me mum” David said weeping. It was too late men had bought rope with them and began to tie a noose around David’s neck.
	They watched the situation unfold while drinking tea in the Clock Tower. The two managers of the mining town had a duty to their stockholders to guarantee continuous profits and flow of goods. A easy way of keeping overhead low was to cut wages for workers and then keep them in a reliance position, for low pay was easier said than done since they would not be able to purchase necessity’s without any cash at all. By having alcohol and cheap women around men would spend their salaries and become dependent on their jobs to provide for more vices, a little of supply and demand. There was no space for negations and no other jobs for miles. “So should we intervene on this one?” asked Lawrence. “Nope I don’t think that is a good idea” said Jacob. “Oh why do you say that?” Lawrence asked. “Look at them they are in their bloodly frenzy, and the last one was only a few months ago” said Jacob. “You’re right, but he’s only a kid” Lawrence said with a panic tone. “Oh, I have forgotten this is your first time, you haven’t seen them kill a child, well in short, like a pack of wild animals they will tear into him, it’s quite enjoyable” exclaimed Jacob. “Seesh, you seem hungry for blood too” Jacob said with worry, will I be like that he wondered. “Well this is another way of controlling them” Jacob said coyly. “Well I want to know why they chose to hang this kid, I am going to see why.” Lawrence said as he walked away. “Have fun” Jacob said with a smile and chuckle

As the men begin to tie the rope on a high post, people began to throw rocks at David who was being dragged and heaved upwards. “Kill him, kill him” they all chanted. The women began to sing a song of their people when such life or death events occur.
	In the mines we are already at the mercy of god
	In the light we are blind and in the dark we see all
	When the rumbling begins we take our last breath
	It’s all over just think of our song
A shot is rung off. With that the rope goes taunt and David hangs three feet off the ground. Kicking around grabbing his neck but with nothing to support him David slowly dies with a broken neck. David has a flashback of his favorite times he spent with his family. David just could not understand why this was happened and he did not have the time find out.

Lawrence walks through the crowd “Why was this child hang?” Lawrence bellowed. “He killed his Father” someone called out. “Where is the proof he killed his Father” Lawrence boomed. The crowd looked distraught, why was this manager interrupting their ceremony. Lawrence pushed into the front into the crowd and asked where fathers the body is. Darren one of the men who hanged David walked up to Lawrence “The boy had killed his Pa with a cut to the body, follow me I’ll show ya” Darren said leading Lawrence.

title: [MS] The one who flew over the moon (5Mins)

question: What does the author mean when they say "the Father was never always like this"?

answer: The father wasn't a supposed alcoholic and toxic father until his wife had been murdered years prior.

question: What question had David hear many times over?

answer: "Do you know what I had to do to keep you boys alive all these years?"

question: Describe David.

answer: David is a 15 year old who had lost his mom five years prior. He lives in a toxic environment with his father. He is falsely accused of murdering his father after his father dies from a wound.

question: What is the main event of this story?

answer: When David's father dies, people falsely accuse him of killing his father and set out to hang him.

question: Who is Lawrence?

answer: He is a manager of the mining town. He has a duty to the town's stockholders to guarantee continuous profits and flow of goods.

question: What is the relationship between David and Jacob?

answer: There is no true relationship between them beyond David being a resident of the mining town and Jacob being its manager.

question: Why is "kill him" being chanted?

answer: Several men believe David killed his father and intend to hang him for it.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: David lives in a toxic environment created by his alcoholic father after David's mother was murdered years prior. When David's father dies from a wound, David is falsely accused of murdering him by the town's miners. As they get ready to hang him, the mining town's managers, Jacob and Lawrence, watch the events from a distance. They believe allowing this violence is a way to control the miners. Regardless, Lawrence sets out to investigate the scene.


text:
The GEOLOGY OF NORTHUMBERLAND NATIONAL PARK in northeast England includes a mix of sedimentary, intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks from the Palaeozoic and Cenozoic eras. Devonian age volcanic rocks and a granite pluton form the Cheviot massif. The geology of the rest of the national park is characterised largely by a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks of Carboniferous age. These are intruded by Permian dykes and sills, of which the Whin Sill makes a significant impact in the south of the park. Further dykes were intruded during the Palaeogene period. The whole is overlain by unconsolidated sediments from the last ice age and the post-glacial period.[1]

The exploitation of various of these rocks and deposits has contributed to economic activity in the area and left a number of legacies in the landscape. Various archaeological and historical sites are associated with the geological landscape, not least Hadrian's Wall built in large part by the Romans along the outcrop of the Whin Sill. This landscape and that of the Cheviot Hills were key to the area's designation as a national park in 1956.

Underlying geological structure

The national park sits astride the Iapetus suture, the line along which the former Iapetus Ocean closed during the Silurian period as the former micro-continent of Avalonia to the south collided with the continent of Laurentia to the north. The suture and the great slab of subducted oceanic crust from beneath the former ocean are concealed from view by a thickness of sedimentary rocks which subsequently accumulated over the area. During the Devonian period a granite pluton was emplaced in the north (under what is now the Cheviot Hills) and volcanic activity led to the accumulation of various volcanic rocks whilst to the south (under what is now the North Pennines, a granite batholith was emplaced.

During the Carboniferous period, a series of blocks and basins developed across what would eventually become northern England. An upstanding Cheviot Block and an upstanding Alston Block were separated by the Solway-Basin – Northumberland Trough

Silurian

Greywackes originating during the Wenlock epoch (428 – 422 Ma bp) of the Silurian Period are assigned to the Riccarton Group and occupy an area either side of the border with Scotland to the north of Byrness. The rocks exposed in the Coquet Head inlier are turbidites.[2]

Devonian

Old Red Sandstone

The late Devonian Stratheden Group is characterised by sandstones with subordinate siltstones and mudstones. A couple of very small area sof these rocks straddle the border to the southwest of The Cheviot.

Igneous rocks

Rocks assigned to the Cheviot Volcanic Formation, itself within the Reston Group, straddle the border with Scotland. This thick pile (over 1000m) of andesitic lavas was erupted during the early Devonian. The sequence includes rhyolites, agglomerates and tuff.[3] The Cheviot Pluton is a mass of Devonian granite.

Metamorphic rock

The intense heat associated with the Cheviot pluton has led to the thermal metamorphism of rocks within its aureole. Hornfelsed volcanic rocks form tors within the Cheviot massif as at The Schil and Auchope Cairn.(https://www.northumberlandnationalpark.org.uk/things-to-do/enjoy-nature/geology/rocks/)

Carboniferous

Sedimentary rocks of Carboniferous age underlie the southern two-thirds of the national park. The oldest of these rocks within the park are assigned to the Inverclyde Group. Overlying these are the rocks of the Border Group and the youngest ones within the park are assigned to the overlying Yoredale Group.

Inverclyde Group

The Inverclyde Group extends into the park in places along its northeastern margin.

Border Group

Rocks of the Border Group extend west from Rothbury to the northern end of Kielder Water. The group is divided into a lower Lyne Formation and an upper Fell Sandstone Formation. The former is absent in the park but the latter reaches up to 370m thickness and is locally prominent around Rothbury Forest where it also forms the Simonside Hills which reach a height of 440m at Tosson Hill. In some areas it forms bold crags such as those at Bowden Doors.

Yoredale Group

The Yoredale Group comprises, in stratigraphic order i.e. lowermost/oldest first, the Tyne Limestone Formation, Alston Formation and Stainmore Formation. This succession is formed from mudstones, siltstones, sandstones and limestone. The Tyne Limestone occupies a large area around Otterburn, Bellingham and Kielder Reservoir extending west to the Cumbrian border. The overlying Alston Formation extends south from the Scottish border along the coastal strip before turning inland through Alnwick towards Greenhead. It plays host to the intrusive Whin Sill.

Permian

The tholeiitic basalt of the Whin Sill was emplaced during early Permian times. The quartz-dolerite was emplaced within lower Carboniferous bedrock in a sheet which extends south and east fromjust within the southern margin of the park. It is typically 30m thick. A series of dyke sub-swarms is associated with the sill. Those within Northumberland are referred to as the Holy Island, High Green and St. Oswald's subswarms. The sill provides the extended north-facing scarp on which the Roman emperor Hadrian had his eponymous wall built. This sill is considered the original sill within geological science; sill is a local term for a broadly flat-lying body of rock and is now used for igneous intrusions parallel to bedding on a worldwide basis.[4]

Palaeogene

Numerous dykes of Palaeogene age cut the sedimentary rocks of the county. The most significant is the Acklington Dyke which running roughly east-southeastwards from the vicinity of the Scottish town of Hawick parallels the course of the Coquet, running just north of Rothbury and through the village of Acklington towards the coast. The dyke which occasionally achieves a width of 30m emanates from a source in the Mull igneous centre in the west of Scotland.[5]

Quaternary

Glacial legacy

Much of the park is mantled by glacial till from the last i.e. Devensian glaciation. There are also a number of areas of glacio-fluvial sands and gravels representing glacially derived material re-worked by rivers. All of this material, till and glacio-fluvial deposits, is assigned to the Caledonia Glacigenic Group; within the park, several different sub-groups are recognised according to the source of the material. North of the Cheviot massif, the till is assigned to the Borders Subgroup and to the south to the North Pennine Subgroup whilst that associated with the massif itself is classed as Cheviot Subgroup. The Pennine tills are generally dark grey reflecting the nature of the Carboniferous bedrock from which they largely originate.[6][7]

Numerous glacial meltwater channels occur in the area between Ingram and Alwinton.

Peat

Large parts of the national park's uplands are blanketed by peat.

Alluvium

The floors of the main river valleys are formed by alluvium, sand, silts and gravel laid down by rivers and streams. River terraces are evident along the Tyne valley and three terraces are developed along that of the River Tweed. Terraces are also developed along the course of the Till, Aln, Coquet, Font, Wansbeck and Breamish.

Geological conservation and protection

Northumberland National Park Authority engaged the British Geological Survey to carry out a geodiversity audit of the national park and the subsequent publication in 2007 of a geodiversity action plan was the first for any national park in the UK. It identified 38 geodiversity sites in addition to existing designated sites.

[1] British Geological Survey 1:625,000 scale geological map _Bedrock Geology UK North_ 5th Edn. NERC 2007

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] Stone, P. et al 2010 British Regional Geology: Northern England (5th edn) (Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey),pp184-5

[6] Stone, P. et al 2010 British Regional Geology: Northern England (5th edn) (Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey), pp212-3

[7] British Geological Survey 1:625,000 scale geological map _Quaternary Map of the United Kingdom South_ 1st Edn. 1977

title: Geology of Northumberland National Park

question: Describe what makes up the geology of Northumberland National Park.

answer: It includes a mix of sedimentary, intrusive, and extrusive ingenious rocks from the Palaeozoic and Cenozoic eras. Devonian age volcanic rocks and a granite pluton form the Cheviot massif. The geology of the rest of the national park is characterized largely by a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks of the Carboniferous age. These are intruded by Permian dykes and sills, of which the Whin Sill makes a significant impact in the south of the park. Further dykes were intruded during the Palaeogene period. The whole is overlain by unconsolidated sediments from the last ice age and the post-glacial period.

question: What year was Northumberland National Park designated a national park?

answer: 1956

question: What separates the upstanding Cheviot Block and upstanding Alston Block?

answer: The Solway-Basin – Northumberland Trough.

question: How many geodiversity sites did the British Geological Survey find?

answer: 38

question: Write a ~8 sentence summary.

answer: The Geology of Northumberland National Park in northeast England includes a mix of sedimentary, intrusive, and extrusive igneous rocks from the Palaeozoic and Cenozoic eras. Devonian age volcanic rocks and a granite pluton form the Cheviot massif. The geology of the rest of the national park is characterized largely by a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks of the Carboniferous age. These are intruded by Permian dykes and sills, of which the Whin Sill makes a significant impact in the south of the park. Further dykes were intruded during the Palaeogene period. The whole is overlain by unconsolidated sediments from the last ice age and the post-glacial period. Northumberland National Park Authority engaged the British Geological Survey to carry out a geodiversity audit of the national park and the subsequent publication in 2007 of a geodiversity action plan was the first for any national park in the UK. It identified 38 geodiversity sites in addition to existing designated sites.


text:
PERKINS COUNTY is a county located in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 2,970.[1] Its county seat is Grant.[2]

In the Nebraska license plate system, Perkins County is represented by the prefix 74 (it had the seventy-fourth-largest number of vehicles registered in the county when the license plate system was established in 1922).

History

Perkins County was organized in 1887. It is believed to have been named for Charles E. Perkins, the president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.[3]

Geography

Perkins County lies on the southwest side of Nebraska. Its west boundary line abuts the east boundary line of the state of Colorado. The county terrain consists of arid, low rolling hills. The planar areas are used for agriculture, usually employing center pivot irrigation.[4] The land slopes to the southeast.[5]

The county has an area of , of which is land and (0.1%) is water.[6]

Most of Nebraska's 93 counties (the eastern 2/3) observe Central Time; the western counties (including Perkins) observe Mountain Time. Perkins County is the easternmost of the Nebraska counties to observe Mountain Time.[7]

Major highways

-   [] Nebraska Highway 23
-   [] Nebraska Highway 61

Adjacent counties

-   Lincoln County – east (observes Central Time)
-   Hayes County – southeast (observes Central Time)
-   Chase County – south
-   Phillips County, Colorado – southwest
-   Sedgwick County, Colorado – west
-   Deuel County – northwest
-   Keith County – north

Demographics

As of the 2000 United States Census[8] there were 3,200 people, 1,275 households, and 893 families in the county. The population density was 4 people per square mile (1/km²). There were 1,444 housing units at an average density of 2 per square mile (1/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 97.69% White, 0.03% Black or African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 1.34% from other races, and 0.44% from two or more races. 2.31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 1,275 households, out of which 32.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.90% were married couples living together, 4.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.90% were non-families. 27.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.01.

The county population contained 26.60% under the age of 18, 6.00% from 18 to 24, 23.50% from 25 to 44, 24.70% from 45 to 64, and 19.30% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 100.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $34,205, and the median income for a family was $42,112. Males had a median income of $28,438 versus $19,881 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,830. About 9.50% of families and 13.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.10% of those under age 18 and 8.90% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

City

-   Grant (county seat)

Villages

-   Elsie
-   Madrid
-   Venango

Unincorporated communities

-   Brandon
-   Grainton

Politics

Perkins County voters are reliably Republican. In no national election since 1936 has the county selected the Democratic Party candidate (as of 2016).

  Year                               Republican                                  Democratic                                  Third Parties
  ---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
  style=“text-align:center;” |2016   style=“text-align:center;” |83.6% _1,217_   style=“text-align:center;” |11.1% _161_     5.3% _77_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2012   style=“text-align:center;” |81.4% _1,135_   style=“text-align:center;” |17.1% _238_     1.5% _21_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2008   style=“text-align:center;” |76.9% _1,092_   style=“text-align:center;” |21.8% _310_     1.3% _18_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2004   style=“text-align:center;” |82.5% _1,285_   style=“text-align:center;” |16.8% _262_     0.7% _11_
  style=“text-align:center;” |2000   style=“text-align:center;” |80.6% _1,170_   style=“text-align:center;” |16.7% _243_     2.7% _39_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1996   style=“text-align:center;” |66.1% _1,018_   style=“text-align:center;” |22.8% _352_     11.1% _171_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1992   style=“text-align:center;” |50.5% _842_     style=“text-align:center;” |18.0% _300_     31.5% _524_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1988   style=“text-align:center;” |69.7% _1,118_   style=“text-align:center;” |29.2% _468_     1.1% _18_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1984   style=“text-align:center;” |81.8% _1,420_   style=“text-align:center;” |17.7% _307_     0.5% _9_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1980   style=“text-align:center;” |76.2% _1,342_   style=“text-align:center;” |17.8% _313_     6.1% _107_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1976   style=“text-align:center;” |59.5% _981_     style=“text-align:center;” |37.7% _622_     2.8% _46_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1972   style=“text-align:center;” |76.7% _1,165_   style=“text-align:center;” |23.3% _354_     style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1968   style=“text-align:center;” |70.5% _1,165_   style=“text-align:center;” |21.8% _360_     7.7% _127_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1964   style=“text-align:center;” |51.0% _912_     style=“text-align:center;” |49.0% _877_     style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1960   style=“text-align:center;” |65.1% _1,301_   style=“text-align:center;” |34.9% _697_     style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1956   style=“text-align:center;” |66.1% _1,296_   style=“text-align:center;” |33.9% _666_     style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1952   style=“text-align:center;” |78.4% _1,637_   style=“text-align:center;” |21.6% _451_     style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1948   style=“text-align:center;” |51.2% _904_     style=“text-align:center;” |48.8% _863_     style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1944   style=“text-align:center;” |61.8% _1,301_   style=“text-align:center;” |38.3% _806_     style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1940   style=“text-align:center;” |57.3% _1,413_   style=“text-align:center;” |42.7% _1,054_   style="text-align:center;|
  style=“text-align:center;” |1936   style=“text-align:center;” |35.0% _861_     style=“text-align:center;” |64.4% _1,584_   0.6% _15_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1932   style=“text-align:center;” |28.1% _674_     style=“text-align:center;” |69.6% _1,669_   2.3% _55_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1928   style=“text-align:center;” |69.4% _1,461_   style=“text-align:center;” |30.0% _631_     0.7% _14_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1924   style=“text-align:center;” |50.6% _836_     style=“text-align:center;” |29.8% _493_     19.6% _323_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1920   style=“text-align:center;” |61.2% _722_     style=“text-align:center;” |32.8% _387_     6.0% _71_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1916   style=“text-align:center;” |32.1% _210_     style=“text-align:center;” |60.6% _397_     7.3% _48_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1912   style=“text-align:center;” |17.4% _101_     style=“text-align:center;” |43.7% _253_     38.9% _225_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1908   style=“text-align:center;” |48.6% _254_     style=“text-align:center;” |50.7% _265_     0.8% _4_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1904   style=“text-align:center;” |54.7% _179_     style=“text-align:center;” |17.4% _57_      27.8% _91_
  style=“text-align:center;” |1900   style=“text-align:center;” |43.5% _184_     style=“text-align:center;” |54.6% _231_     1.9% _8_

  : PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION RESULTS[9]

[1]

[2]

[3] “Archives Record: Perkins County, Nebraska”. Nebraska State Historical Society. Retrieved 2013-09-14.

[4] [https://www.google.com/maps/place/Perkins+County,+NE/@40.8503606,-101.7854915,47399m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x8776969c1d40f4b7:0x99a7b8c9029054db!8m2!3d40.7922353!4d-101.4339148 _Perkins County NE_ Google Maps (accessed 26 January 2019)]

[5]

[6]

[7] [https://www.google.com/search?q=mountain+time+line+map&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=RUjCMBjeIiO8hM%253A%252C3aqjtMmxdlTA-M%252C_&usg=AI4_-kQk1pvtETGPO2WW6rWODGq6hR_tvQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi1g4GwkYPgAhUprVQKHeIlAt4Q9QEwDnoECAMQCA#imgrc=TpMe2DRg-3OeWM: Map of Time Zone Line through Nebraska (accessed 22 January 2019)]

[8]

[9] Election Results

title: Perkins County, Nebraska

question: What does Perkins County's income median say about the economic prospects of its inhabitants?

answer: The income levels show it is difficult for women and young people to find a good paying job.


text:
November 2nd, 2014

Sam Harris on GPS “Islam has been spread by the sword”

CNN’s FAREED ZAKARIA GPS features an interview with SAM HARRIS, cofounder and CEO of Project Reason. Harris speaks to Fareed Zakaria about his comments on _Real Time with Bill Maher_ that “Islam at this moment is the mother lode of bad ideas.”

TEXT HIGHLIGHTS

_HARRIS ON OSAMA BIN LADEN’S INTERPRETATION OF ISLAM:_ “His interpretation of Islam is very straightforward and honest and you really have to split hairs and do some interpretative acrobatics in order to get it look – get it to look non-canonical.”

_HARRIS ON WHETHER HIS CANDID VIEWS ABOUT ISLAM ARE HELPFUL TO NOMINAL MUSLIMS:_ “I hear from people living in Pakistan, for instance, who say if a liberal like you can’t even speak honestly about the link between ideology and violence, what hope is there for me? I can’t even tell my mother what I believe about God because I would be afraid of my own family or village killing me.”

_HARRIS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE DOCTRINE OF JIHAD IN THE QUR’AN:  _“The reality is, an honest reading of the text and an honest reading of Muslim history makes jihad look very much like holy war.”

A full transcript of the interview is available after the jump.

FULL INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT

FAREED ZAKARIA, HOST: One month ago, the celebrated atheist, author and neuroscientist Sam Harris appeared on “Real Time,” Bill Maher’s HBO show. The conversation about Islam that ensued created quite a bit of controversy. Harris said, among other things, that, quote, “Islam at this moment is the mother lode of bad ideas,” unquote. He went on to say that more than 20 percent of Muslims are either jihadists or Islamists who want to foist their religion on the rest of humanity.

That comes out to about 300 million people. I beg to differ, and said as much when I responded with my own thoughts on this show.

But I wanted to talk to Mr. Harris in person, so here he is. He’s the author of a new book, “Waking Up.” And we might get to it.

SAM HARRIS, NEUROSCIENTIST: Yes.

ZAKARIA: But first I want to ask you about that — that number…

HARRIS: Sure.

ZAKARIA: — which, it strike — struck me as sort of pulled out of a hat. If you do have, you know, something in the range of 20 percent of all Muslims who are either jihadists or Islamists and, you know, which implies condoning violence and such, I’m just doing the math, that comes to about 300 million.

HARRIS: Right.

ZAKARIA: So there’s been — there were 10,000 terrorist events last year. Let’s assume that 100 people — let’s assume all of those were Muslim. Let’s assume each event was planned by 100 people. Neither of those assumptions is right, but I’m being generous.

HARRIS: Right.

ZAKARIA: That comes to about a million people who are jihadists. So that still leaves us with 299 million missing…

HARRIS: Yes.

ZAKARIA: — Muslim terrorists.

HARRIS: Yes, right. Well, there are a few distinctions I think we have to make here. One is there’s a difference between a jihadist and an Islamist. And there I was talking about talking about Islamists and jihadists together. And so Islamists are people who want to foist their interpretation of Islam on the rest of society. And sometimes they have a revolutionary bent, sometimes they have a more of a normal political bent. But they do want to…

ZAKARIA: But the fact that somebody may believe that, for example, sharia should obtain and women’s testimony should be worth half a man’s in court…

HARRIS: Right.

ZAKARIA: — doesn’t mean that they want to kill people…

HARRIS: Well, no…

ZAKARIA: Right, those are two — being conservative…

HARRIS: Yes…

ZAKARIA: — and religious, which, by the way, is not my orientation at all, but it — but it’s different from wanting to kill people.

HARRIS: Yes. Yes. Well, we should… again, this — you have to parse this on specific points, like do you favor killing apostates, do you think adulterers should be killed? Even among Islamists, you’d find more subscribing to one versus the other, depending on the poll you trust.

But I didn’t just pull the number out of a hat. There’s a group at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill that looked at 40 years of parliamentary elections in the Muslim world — literally every election that has occurred — and found that Islamists got 15 percent of the votes.

So I would say that — that when you… if you take this number 15 percent who vote for Islamist parties and then you look at the poll results on specific implementation of Sharia law — so do you want adulterers and thieves given the traditional punishment or should apostates be killed — you find — you never find the number, with very few exceptions, you never find the number as low as 15 percent voting in favor of those — those punishments. It’s often 60 percent…

ZAKARIA: Right.

HARRIS: — depending on the society.

ZAKARIA: And…

HARRIS: So I was — I believe nudging that up to something around 20 percent is still a conservative estimate of the percentage of Muslims worldwide who have values relating to human rights and free speech that are really in zero sum contests with our own. And I just think we have to speak honestly about that.

ZAKARIA: Clearly, Islam has a problem today. But there have been periods when Islam was at the vanguard of modernity. You know, it was the place that preserved Aristotle and preserved science.

So if it was Islam that was the problem, how come it was OK then? In other words, that would suggest that it is the social and political conditions within Muslim societies or, you know, the people now. In other words, clearly, Islam has been compatible with peace and progress…

HARRIS: Well…

ZAKARIA: — and it is compatible with violence, I would argue…

HARRIS: Well…

ZAKARIA: — just like all religions.

HARRIS: Yes, well, up to a point. I would say that specific ideas have specific consequences. And the idea of jihad is not a new one. It’s not an invention of the 20th century. And many people are now spreading a very PC and sanitized history of religious conflict. Islam has been spread by the sword for over 1,000 years.

And yes, there are — there’s been an intensification and, for obvious political reasons, of intolerance in the 20th century. But the idea that life for Christians and Jews as dhimmi under Muslims rulers for 1,000 years was good doesn’t make any sense. And certainly life for Jews…

ZAKARIA: Well, wait a second…

HARRIS: When you compare — compare it to Medieval Christendom, then, OK, it might…

ZAKARIA: But that was the main alternative. I mean that’s why…

HARRIS: Yes.

ZAKARIA: — when the Jews left Spain and were expelled, they went to the place that they thought was most hospitable to them…

HARRIS: Yes.

ZAKARIA: — which was the Ottoman Empire…

HARRIS: OK, but so…

ZAKARIA: — which was the caliphate, right?

HARRIS: If you…

ZAKARIA: So…

HARRIS: — you know, I criticize Christianity as much as anyone. I wrote a book, “Letter To A Christian Nation.”

ZAKARIA: Right.

HARRIS: — which is just a vilification of the history of Christianity, the influence of the beliefs in the modern world…

ZAKARIA: And I would have thought having written that book, you would recognize that there are elements of Christianity that, as you point out in that book…

HARRIS: There are…

ZAKARIA: — are…

HARRIS: There are.

ZAKARIA: — compatible with and celebrate slavery and…

HARRIS: Yes, absolutely.

ZAKARIA: — violence.

HARRIS: Absolutely.

ZAKARIA: — and, you know, all these very, very backward attitudes. And yet there are times when Christianity represented that and there are times when it has represented peace and modernity.

HARRIS: OK, but there’s a few things we have to distinguish here.

One is specific ideas have specific consequences. So when you ask why Jews aren’t living out of Leviticus and Deuteronomy anymore and not – they’re not sanctioning genocide, they’re not sanctioning killing people for working on the Sabbath, there are several answers to that question. One is that there’s no Sanhedrin. But the fact that they don’t have a Sanhedrin makes…

ZAKARIA: Explain what a Sanhedrin is.

HARRIS: It’s a consecrated body of elders in the community that can judge whether or not somebody should be killed for working on the Sabbath.

So the details matter. And one of the details here is that a belief that — in Islam, that the one true faith has to conquer the world through jihad, essentially, and that — and that free speech…

ZAKARIA: But jihad is — means different things…

HARRIS: But…

ZAKARIA: — in different, different people…

HARRIS: Again, you can — we — I agree with you that we have to convince the Muslim world or get the Muslim world to convince itself that jihad really just means this inner spiritual struggle.

ZAKARIA: Yes.

HARRIS: That is the end game for civilization.

ZAKARIA: Right.

HARRIS: But the reality is, an honest reading of the text and an honest reading of Muslim history makes jihad look very much like holy war.

ZAKARIA: So in that sense, the problem is you and Osama bin Laden agree, because…

HARRIS: Well…

ZAKARIA: — after all, you’re saying this is, his interpretation of Islam is correct.

HARRIS: Well, his interpretation — this is the — this is the problem. His interpretation of Islam is very straightforward and honest and you really have to split hairs and do some interpretative acrobatics in order to get it look — get it to look non-canonical.

ZAKARIA: But do you really think that the path to reforming Islam is to tell Muslims that their religion is the mother lode of bad ideas, that they should become atheists or symbolic followers or nominal, I think was the word you used…

HARRIS: Right.

ZAKARIA: — nominal followers?

HARRIS: Well, I…

ZAKARIA: I mean do you really think that 1.6 billion devout Muslims are going to go oh, damn, of course, Sam Harris is right, my religion is crap and I should just abandon it?

HARRIS: No. No. Well — and I slightly misspoke there. I didn’t mean nominal followers in the sense that only Muslim atheists could reform the faith. What I meant is followers who don’t take these specific dangerous beliefs very seriously and want to interpret jihad as an inter-spiritual struggle as opposed to holy war.

ZAKARIA: But do you think you’re helping them or you’re making it harder for them by, as I said…

HARRIS: No…

ZAKARIA: — adopting the Osama bin Laden interpretation of Islam?

HARRIS: I’ll tell you who’s making it harder for them, liberals who deny the problem. I get e-mails every day from atheists and secularists living in the Muslim world who say I can’t…

ZAKARIA: But forget about others. Are you helping?

HARRIS: I’m telling you…

ZAKARIA: Are you helping?

HARRIS: I’m telling you the only metric I have for that is I hear from people living in Pakistan, for instance, who say if a liberal like you can’t even speak honestly about the link between ideology and violence, what hope is there for me?

I can’t even tell my mother what I believe about God because I would be afraid of my own family or village killing me.

ZAKARIA: Sam Harris, thank you very much. Stimulating conversation.

### END ###

question: Summarize why Sam Harris was interviewed.

answer: Sam Harris, CEO and co-founder of project reason, was selected for the CNN due to his strong opinions on how a significant number of Muslims are either Jihadists or Islamists. As a celebrated atheist, author, and neuroscientist, his value and opinions weigh heavier than those who do not have the same qualifications. This is further given a degree of validity thanks to his ability to cite statistics or studies. The interview also attempts to emphasize on the contrasting elements of the contents of Harris' books, which means another reason he was interviewed was an attempt by the interview to provide viewers with a more open view of the issue by showing that even a published and educated person can have their opinions questioned.

question: Summarize the questions that Bill Maher gave in his interview with Sam Harris.


text:
Review

 Mark F McCarty et al. Open Heart. 2015.

Free PMC article

Abstract

The α-glucosidase inhibitor acarbose, which slows carbohydrate digestion and blunts postprandial rises in plasma glucose, has long been used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance. Like metformin, acarbose tends to aid weight control, postpone onset of diabetes and decrease risk for cardiovascular events. Acarbose treatment can favourably affect blood pressure, serum lipids, platelet aggregation, progression of carotid intima-media thickness and postprandial endothelial dysfunction. In mice, lifetime acarbose feeding can increase median and maximal lifespan-an effect associated with increased plasma levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and decreased levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). There is growing reason to suspect that an upregulation of fasting and postprandial production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-stemming from increased delivery of carbohydrate to L cells in the distal intestinal tract-is largely responsible for the versatile health protection conferred by acarbose. Indeed, GLP-1 exerts protective effects on vascular endothelium, the liver, the heart, pancreatic β cells, and the brain which can rationalise many of the benefits reported with acarbose. And GLP-1 may act on the liver to modulate its production of FGF21 and IGF-I, thereby promoting longevity. The benefits of acarbose are likely mimicked by diets featuring slowly-digested 'lente' carbohydrate, and by certain nutraceuticals which can slow carbohydrate absorption. Prebiotics that promote colonic generation of short-chain fatty acids represent an alternative strategy for boosting intestinal GLP-1 production. The health benefits of all these measures presumably would be potentiated by concurrent use of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors, which slow the proteolysis of GLP-1 in the blood.

Figures

[Figure 1]
FIGURE 1
Potential health benefits of lente carbohydrate/acarbose. GLP, glucagon-like peptide-1; FGF21, fibroblast growth factor 21; IGF-I,  insulin-like growth factor-I; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FFA, free fatty acids; SCFA, short-chain fatty acids.

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2.  1.  Hanefeld M, Schaper F, Koehler C. Effect of acarbose on vascular disease in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2008;22:225–31. 10.1007/s10557-008-6091-1 - DOI - PubMed

3.  1.  Ferey-Roux G, Perrier J, Forest E et al. The human pancreatic alpha-amylase isoforms: isolation, structural studies and kinetics of inhibition by acarbose. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998;1388:10–20. 10.1016/S0167-4838(98)00147-2 - DOI - PubMed

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question: What are the side effects of acarbose treatment in diabetes or glucose intolerance?

answer: Unknown.