text:
Coronavirus Ongoing Coverage

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    As vaccine nears, study shows prior vaccination rates fall short

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    Nurses missing holiday celebrations with family for first time

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    Officials warn of fake vaccines sold online

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    Azar: COVID-19 vaccinations could begin 'Monday or Tuesday'

Local News

Butte is going Hollywood as more filmmakers work in the Mining City

John Emeigh

Local News

EPA to host virtual community meeting about Superfund cleanup progress

Kaitlyn Aguiles

Local News

Thrift store sees increase in customers during the holiday season

Kaitlyn Aguiles

Local News

Butte health officer and COVID-19 task force member confident vaccine will end pandemic

John Emeigh

Local News

The 4th Annual Mason Moore calendar features nine Butte First Responders

Kaitlyn Aguiles

Coronavirus

Orphan Girl Children's Theater goes virtual during pandemic

John Emeigh

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    [COVID-19 in Montana (Monday, Nov. 23)]

    Coronavirus

    Montana COVID-19 case report - Dec. 11, 2020

    MTN News

    11:59 AM, Dec 11, 2020

    [Flathead City County Health Department]

    Coronavirus

    Flathead County reports 89 new COVID-19 cases

    Mark Thorsell

    11:18 AM, Dec 11, 2020

    []

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    [VIAL PHOTO .jpg]

    Coronavirus

    Missoula County reports 95 additional COVID-19 cases

    Mark Thorsell

    10:46 AM, Dec 11, 2020

    [Mountain snowpack.jpg]

    Weather

    Mountain snowpack and weekend snow potential

    Matt Elwell

    8:48 AM, Dec 11, 2020

    [Top stories from today's Montana This Morning, 12-11-2020]

    Local News

    Top stories from today's Montana This Morning

    MTN News

    8:28 AM, Dec 11, 2020

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    [Bullets, ammunition]

    National News

    Gun sellers reporting ammunition shortage

    WPTV Staff

    7:31 AM, Dec 11, 2020

    [Virus Outbreak US Surge]

    Coronavirus

    U.S. records 3,000 COVID-19 deaths for a second straight day

    Alex Hider

    7:18 AM, Dec 11, 2020

    [VIAL PHOTO .jpg]

    Coronavirus

    Missoula County reports 78 additional COVID-19 cases

    Mark Thorsell

    6:23 PM, Dec 10, 2020

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    [Gianforte speaks.jpg]

    Local Politics

    Gianforte supports Texas lawsuit to invalidate presidential election results

    Mike Dennison

    4:28 PM, Dec 10, 2020

    [COVID Latest RED]

    Local News

    5 new COVID-19 deaths in Gallatin County

    MTN News

    4:01 PM, Dec 10, 2020

    [COVID-19 vaccine]

    Coronavirus

    Poll: Willingness to get COVID vaccine ticks up to 63% in US

    Kyle Hicks

    2:53 PM, Dec 10, 2020

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    [Missoula County jail]

    Coronavirus

    COVID-19 outbreak confirmed at Missoula jail

    MTN News

    2:27 PM, Dec 10, 2020

    [DEC10JET.png]

    Weather

    Snow is possible Friday night and Saturday morning

    Mike Heard

    2:09 PM, Dec 10, 2020

    [Oliver Marion (1).jpg]

    Crime and Courts

    Bozeman man arrested after reportedly firing gun in neighborhood

    Cody Boyer

    2:09 PM, Dec 10, 2020

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    [foxy.jpg]

    Montana joins Texas election lawsuit seeking to overturn Biden win

    MTN News

    1:20 PM, Dec 10, 2020

    [Flathead City County Health Department]

    Coronavirus

    Flathead County adds 87 new COVID-19 cases

    Mark Thorsell

    1:17 PM, Dec 10, 2020

    [COVID-19 in Montana (Monday, Nov. 23)]

    Coronavirus

    Montana COVID-19 case report - Dec. 10, 2020

    MTN News

    11:47 AM, Dec 10, 2020

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    [Montana State Prison reports missing inmate]

    Coronavirus

    Montana Dept. of Corrections reports 5th COVID-19-related inmate death

    MTN News

    11:39 AM, Dec 10, 2020

    [6th COVID-19-related death reported in Gallatin Co.]

    Coronavirus

    Lake County confirms 16th COVID-19 related death

    MTN News

    11:39 AM, Dec 10, 2020

    [Gallatin Rest Home Administrator reflects on nine month lockdown]

    Local News

    Gallatin Rest Home Administrator reflects on nine-month lockdown

    Gaby Krevat

    11:39 AM, Dec 10, 2020

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    [fup.jpg]

    Coronavirus

    Yellowstone County health officer extends COVID-19 order, warns about virus spread during the holidays

    Q2 News

    11:35 AM, Dec 10, 2020

    [VIAL PHOTO .jpg]

    Coronavirus

    Missoula County reports 47 additional COVID-19 cases

    Mark Thorsell

    11:06 AM, Dec 10, 2020

    [Bozeman triathlete spends 88th birthday training for next year's races]

    Community

    Bozeman triathlete spends 88th birthday training

    Ashley Washburn

    8:52 AM, Dec 10, 2020

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    [Top stories from today's Montana This Morning, 12-10-2020]

    Local News

    Top stories from today's Montana This Morning

    MTN News

    8:17 AM, Dec 10, 2020

    [Showdown preps for ski season]

    News

    Showdown ski area has postponed its opening day

    Colter Anstaett

    8:14 AM, Dec 10, 2020

    [mmart5.PNG]

    Crime and Courts

    Billings police seek public's help in identifying murder suspect

    Q2 News

    7:13 AM, Dec 10, 2020

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    [Driver leads officers on a high-speed chase through central Montana]

    Crime and Courts

    Driver arrested after high-speed chase through central Montana

    MTN News

    7:06 AM, Dec 10, 2020

    [Whitefish Mountain COVID-19.jpg]

    Whitefish Mountain Resort to open with COVID-19 restrictions in place

    Sean Wells

    9:01 PM, Dec 09, 2020

    []

    Homepage

    Butte nursing homes getting hit hard by coronavirus

    John Emeigh

    6:56 PM, Dec 09, 2020

-
    []

    Local News

    Bozeman man identified as pilot in Dillon plane crash

    John Emeigh

    6:44 PM, Dec 09, 2020

    [Tom Vilsack at USDA.jpg]

    Montana AG Network

    Montana ag leaders weigh in on Vilsack's return as Agriculture Secretary

    Russell Nemetz

    6:28 PM, Dec 09, 2020

    [106317774_3356669691021654_8767048868123075180_o.jpg]

    National News

    Swastika stickers placed in Boise's Anne Frank Memorial

    KIVI Staff

    5:47 PM, Dec 09, 2020

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    [vaccine]

    Coronavirus

    US panel endorses widespread use of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine

    Scripps National & Associated Press

    5:09 PM, Dec 09, 2020

    [East Missoula Shooting]

    Authorities release name of Missoula shooting victim

    Mark Thorsell

    4:51 PM, Dec 09, 2020

    [Christopher Newrider]

    Crime and Courts

    Missoula police arrest homicide suspect

    Connor McCauley

    4:47 PM, Dec 09, 2020

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    [Butte Central]

    Local News

    Maroon Activities Association to be hosting nationwide phonathon for Butte Central athletics

    Kaitlyn Aguiles

    4:26 PM, Dec 09, 2020

    [A Wilder View: Communicating effectively about science]

    A Wilder View: Communicating effectively about science

    Tanner Saul

    3:59 PM, Dec 09, 2020

    [vaccinesmultidose.jpg]

    Coronavirus

    How officials will encourage public to take both vaccine doses

    Scripps National

    3:04 PM, Dec 09, 2020

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    [Arlee High School]

    Coronavirus

    Arlee High School moving to all-remote learning

    MTN News

    2:59 PM, Dec 09, 2020

    [Sally Demarais Smith]

    Sheriff releases cause of death of Sally Jane Demarais-Smith

    Colter Anstaett, David Sherman

    1:11 PM, Dec 09, 2020

    [Corrections Dept.jpg]

    Montana News

    Hearing next week on former Corrections employee’s human-rights complaint

    Mike Dennison

    11:48 AM, Dec 09, 2020

Next Page

[]

StormTracker Weather App

question: Why is the Bozeman man arrested?

answer: He is arrested after reports suggest he fired a gun in the neighborhood.

question: Do the officials encourage the public to take both the vaccine doses?

answer: It may be implied that the officials do try their best to encourage the public to take both the vaccine doses.


split: test

text:
XLEAGUE.TV was a broadcast production unit owned by The New World Assembly Group, creating and providing content on its primary subject of Video Games. It covered competitive video gaming by providing coverage for organisers including the Electronic Sports League and United Kingdom eSports Association.

History

XLEAGUE.TV was launched on Sky channel 291, on 16 May 2007.[1]

The channel partnered with EVS Broadcast Equipment, to use its live outside broadcast digital video production systems on television productions.[2]

Fresh new programming was announced to air alongside its existing line-up of shows. This was the result of community feedback from its viewers.[3]

On 12 October 2007, the channel announced that it was partnering with fellow UK tournament organisers, Enemy Down to run a series of team games for titles including Counter-Strike: Source in the Packard Bell European Open, which the hardware manufacturer will be supporting with prizes.[4]

On 8 November 2007, XLEAGUE.TV announced a brand alliance with the Alex Zane Breakfast Show on UK radio station, XFM.[5]

It was revealed on 22 January 2008 that the channel had entered into an agreement with US men's entertainment channel MavTV, who had provided the niche sports content.[6]

The channel rebranded as Pulse on 13 February 2008, which was made up of separately branded XLEAGUE.TV and MavTV blocks. The EPG channel number moved to Sky channel 208.[7] The channel still retained all the XLEAGUE programmes and website, prior to the rebrand.

XLEAGUE.TV, alongside the Metropolitan Police Service, TNWA Group, Packard Bell, London Borough of Southwark, Microsoft and Electronic Arts launched Project Gamerz on 28 February 2008, an initiative to bring eSports to the local community.[8]

In February 2008, the channel held its biggest prize funded event yet and was the biggest Halo 3 tournament Europe had seen. From September 2007, the teams had been playing to fight to the top of the leaderboard, and in February 2008, the finals were held in the studios and broadcast on the channel. The Incredibles (now Team Dignitas – http://www.team-dignitas.net/) came 1st and won 5k between them. Team Devastation (http://www.devastationuk.com) came second and won 2.5k to share. This was the last tournament XLEAGUE held.

Pulse continued with its “brand block” by introducing Martial Arts TV onto the channel on 8 July 2008.[9]

Portland TV denied that XLEAGUE.TV has been axed.[10] The channel was in a consultation period and reassessing its content and format.

On 6 February 2009, it was announced that it had been bought out by TNWA Group and that it will become a productions unit to create shows for other outlets.[11] Its online operations has been merged with Enemy Down.[12]

The channel

When XLEAGUE.TV was previously owned by Portland TV, it was an eSports channel concentrating on the competitive side of video gaming. In this respect, it differed from other examples of video game programming in the country, such as Cybernet, which had a broader remit, to cover video games in general. The channel was closely paired to its own self-titled website.[13] The online resource encouraged community discussion, while also serving as a platform to organise tournaments and invitational events, some of which may later be screened, on the channel, via its flagship programme, _The Match_.

The website provided interviews with standout competitors, be they clans or individuals. General news updates were provided from the world of gaming, along with the ability to sign up to participate in league or tournaments, in the search of recognition, fun and prizes. Some games offer sponsored free-play, whilst others required a subscription for entrance.[14]

Users could upload videos they have created on the website as well. The site also offered a community podcast in the form of Talkback, in which the XLEAGUE.TV community and channel staff offered their views on raised concerns, and filled the audience in as to upcoming highlights.

The channel went through a rebrand, where XLEAGUE.TV became a “brand block”, alongside MavTV, Cultra and Martial Arts TV on Pulse, an entertainment channel previously on the British Sky Broadcasting satellite network in both Ireland and the United Kingdom.

Recent programmes and projects

Since its departure as a television channel, the production unit has produced or has been involved in the following:

-   UKESA SEASON 1 GRAND FINALS –

    XLEAGUE.TV and QuadV worked together to broadcast the United Kingdom eSports Association Season One finals over IPTV via QuadV.com and Enemydown.eu.

Past programmes

A wealth of shows were produced during the air of its television channel on the British Sky Broadcasting platform:

-   CASUAL GAMING SHOW – _Runtime: 60 mins / Episodes: 1_

    Aimed at a younger audience, the show was family orientated, and offered a competitive but fun way of playing against one another. It only lasted one episode.

-   DOWNLOAD – _Runtime: 30 mins / Episodes: 3_

    Weekly gadgets and film review show, which looked at the latest technological products and digital movies.

-   ESPORTS WEEKLY – _Runtime: 15–30 mins / Episodes: 9_

    eSports Weekly was a news magazine, reporting on the activities and results of competitive video games competition around the world.

-   GAME60 – _Runtime: 1 min / Episode: Unknown_

    Game60 was a news programme which aired for sixty seconds and broadcast daily.

-   GAMES NIGHT – _Runtime: 30–60 mins / Episodes: 32_

    Games Night was a discussion and review show that aimed to discuss issues suggested for inclusion by members of the XLEAGUE.TV forums. Special guests were selected from a pool of recognised community members, pro-gamers and industry experts.

    The show went on to win the Intent Media's Games Media Awards in 2008, taking the Games Broadcast category.[15]

-   GEAR SLOT – _Runtime: 15 mins / Episodes: 3_
-   GURU LARRY'S RETRO CORNER – _Runtime: 15 mins / Episodes: 49_

    Guru Larry's Retro Corner was a weekly segment, which covered a different title from gaming history.

-   H3O – _Runtime: 30 mins / Episodes: 13_

    A magazine style show dedicated to the Halo franchise. The show covered news, such as the expansion map packs, and the competitive nature around the world.

-   INSIDE GAMING – _Runtime: 15–60 mins / Episodes: 45_

    Inside Gaming was a documentary, in which a reporter cover key events related to gaming. It often covered interviews from key people in the industry, as well as pre-release video game events, and eSports competitions.

-   REVIEWMAGEDDON – _Runtime: 15–30 mins / Episodes: Unknown_

    Reviewmageddon was an alternative review show, which took a light-hearted, humorous look at video game titles. The show was originally fifteen minutes in length, but due to its popularity, the show was increased to a full thirty minutes after the fourth episode.[16]

-   ROAD TO BERLIN: FIFA INTERACTIVE WORLD CUP – _Runtime: 30 mins / Episodes: 6_

    Road to Berlin was an off-the-wall documentary and studio discussion series following potential UK champions of the Electronic Arts' FIFA video game.

-   THE CHART – _Runtime: 30 mins / Episodes: Unknown_

    The Chart was a weekly video game chart show, compiled from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association video game sales charts.

-   THE EDGE – _Runtime: 15 mins / Episodes: 1_

    The Edge was a video games guide on how to play a particular video game at a competitive level, generally narrated by professional eSports players.

-   THE MATCH – _Runtime: 45–90 mins / Episodes: Unknown_

    The Match was a studio based show, delivering highlights from tournament and league play from eSports competitions.

-   TRAILBLAZERS – _Runtime: 15 mins / Episodes: 14_

    Trailblazers showed the latest trailers from games to be released in the future.

-   WEZ AND LARRY'S TOP TENS – _Runtime: 30 mins / Episodes: 10_

    Wez and Larry's Top Tens was a comedy based top ten series featuring the best and the worst of the gaming world.

[1] “XLEAGUE.TV Launches Tomorrow”, Oli Welsh, _gamesindustry.biz_ 15 May 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2009

[2] “XLEAGUE.TV Partners With EVS”, Jan Harris, _IPTV Watch_ 30 July 2007. Retrieved 12 February 2009

[3] “XLEAGUE.TV Listens To Community”, _MCV_ 14 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 February 2009

[4] “Enemy Down Partners With XLEAGUE.TV”, _yetanotherreviewsite.co.uk_ 12 October 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2009

[5] “XEAGUE.TV Announces Brand Alliance With XFM”, _marketingservicestalk.com_ 08 Nov 2007 retrieved 12 February 2009

[6] “Content Deal With MavTV”, _marketingservicestalk.com_ 22 Jan 2008 retrieved 11 February 2009

[7] “Gaming Channel Renames”, _digitalspy.com_ 13 February 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2009

[8] “Project Gamerz”, _MCV_, 28 February 2008 retrieved 11 February 2009

[9] “Pulse Unveils Martial Arts TV”, Rob Shepard, _Broadcast Now_ 8 July 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2009

[10] “Portland Denies XLEAGUE.TV Axe”, Matt Martin, _gamesindustry.biz_ 16 July 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2009

[11] “Standalone Media Business and Content Provider”, _developmag.com_ 6 February 2009 retrieved 11 February 2009

[12] “Enemy Down Welcomes XLEAGUE Community”, _enemydown.eu_ 6 February 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009

[13] “UK’s First Dedicated eSports Channel Launches”, _spong.com_ 16 May 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2009

[14] “Reveals Games For Showdown Launch”, _CVG_ 24 April 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2009

[15] “Games Media Awards 2008: The Winners in Full” . _Develop_. Retrieved 16 June 2009.

[16] Heywood, Reece. 10 April 2008. “Reviewmageddon Extended To 30 Mins Show” . _Ve3tro_. Retrieved 2009-06-16.

title: XLEAGUE.TV

question: What does the text say about XLEAGUE.TV's history?

answer: XLEAGUE.TV's channel was launched on May 16, 2007. On October 12, 2007, they announced their partnership with Enemy Down then on November 8, 2007, they announced their brand alliance with the Alex Zane Breakfast Show. On January 22, 2008, they agreed with MavTV to provide sports content. On February 13, 2008, the channel rebranded to Pulse. The channel still retained all its programs. Ten days after the rebranding they launched Project Gamerz. Pulse then introduced Martial Arts TV onto the channel on July 8, 2008. On February 6, 2009, it was announced that the channel was bought by TNWA Group.

question: What does the text say about the channel's past programs?

answer: The channel's past programs included: Casual Gaming Show, Download, Esports Weekly, Game60, Games Night, Gear Slot, Guru Larry's Retro Corner, H30, Inside Gaming, Reviewmageddon, Road to Berlin, The Chart, The Edge, The Match, Trailblazers, and Wez and Larry's Top Tens.

question: What does the text say about rebranding channels?


text:
I will love you if you tell me how to write better :)

  It certainly was a great accident. There I am, lying in a hospital bed and in coma. I thought this was going to be different, you know. I didn't think that when you're about to die, your sole leaves your body. But it's not like I'm transparent or something, the only difference I can see is that my brown hair looks a bit blacker, and my skin looks more white. So now I'm there, half dead in the bed, and here, standing besides the bed, looking at myself. My mother sister and father is also here. Clearly they cannot see me. They're crying. Maybe there is a way to come back to life? It has happened, people have waked up before.

  I walk over to the window. It doesn't look like the city I live in. I turn around, looking at myself. Maybe I could go around and see if there are other souls walking around. The hospital corridor is empty. Not a single patient or doctor. Nor is there anybody on the floor below. I can't spot another living, or dead, anywhere on the way down to the main floor. Except from my mother, my father and sister. But they're still with the half dead me.

  There, on a bench outside, is there an old man with grayish clothes and a long beard. I walk over to him.
"Why are there nobody here" I ask.
he old man looks at me and smiles. "Because you're the one that's dying," he answers, "But you're wondering why you can see yout family?"
I nod.
"Because they mean the world to you," he smiles again, "They are the most important you have in your whole life, so you'd like to see them, don't you?"
At that moment, I realize something. "Why are you here, then? I don't think I've ever seen you before."
This time, the old man doesn't answer. He stands up and starts walking. I follow him.
"Where are you going? What am I going to do?" I ask nervously, "Hello? Wait!"
He steps into a red bus, and sits down in the driver's seat. I stop in the doorway.
"If you wish to go on, to leave this life, you will travel with me on this bus," he tells me, "But if you'd rather go back to your life and your family, you must run, You must run as you've never run before".
Now I realy don't understand. "I have to run? Will you tell me where I have to run? I ask.
He start the engines, and I take a step backwards. I'm standing on the street now, looking into the bus.
"Run back to your family. But remember this; if you stop running, you won't get back!" At the same time as he is finished talking, he starts driving, slowly. I turn around to run.

  Running as just a soul is much more exhausting than running as a living body, with a proper body-soul-combination. I am already so very tired. But I cannot stop- I will not take the risk to stop. I keep on running, just like Alice did when she and the Queen ran. Even though I run as fast as I can without having to stop, it doesn't feel as I'm making such progress.

  When I finally reach the entrance to the hospital, I can see a doctor. And another one. And a person that could be a patient or just a visitor. I feel like I'm moving a bit faster. I reach the first flight of stairs. And soon enough, the second one. I slow down, exhausted. I tell myself that I cannot stop now, I've come so far! So I run more.
Third flight of staird is behind me, and the only thing I have left is a very long corridor. In contrary to when I walked out of here, the corridor is now full of people. Doctor, patients, and visitors. There is a name on the door at the end of the corridor. "Jim". That's my name. And it's the room where my body lies. I reach the door, and try to open it. Instead of opening, it stays shut. And I crash into it. I fall backwards on my back. My eyes are shut.

  This means I stopped. But I couldn't stop. What happens to me now? I almost start to panic. I sit up, leaning on my elbows. I'm not on the floor anymore. I'm in the hospital bed. My whole family is there. Through the door comes a man, the old man, but in a doctor's suit. He smiles.
"You made it, how are you feeling? Tired?" He fixes something on my head. I feel my forehead. I've got a bandage. But I'm absolutely and completely alive.

  You can have many reasons to run. But this, this would be my favourite one.
Jim (15)

title: My 'out-of-body experience'

question: How did the accident happen?

answer: This information can't be found.

question: Does the narrator die?

answer: The narrator is presumed dead but then he comes back to life.

question: Is the narrator's soul looking over her/his body?

answer: Yes.

question: Who is the old man?

answer: The old man is Jim's doctor.

question: Write a ~7 sentence summary.

answer:
Jim looks over his body lying on the hospital, bed half-dead. He questions the only old man in the corridor why there is nobody in the hospital.

The old man goes and sits on the driver's of a red bus. He guides Jim to run back to his family and not stop running if he wants to stay alive. Jim runs as fast as possible and this time with people around him in the hospital corridors. He reaches his room and crashes into the door and falls.

Jim wakes up on the hospital bed and the old man arrives in a doctor's suit.


text:
s selected individual genes to be transferred from one organism into another, and between nonrelated species. Foods produced from or using GM organisms are often referred to as GM foods.

Speaking to The New Times, Emmanuel Kabera, the National Focal Point for Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, said that the draft legislation, the policy, the national biosafety framework and regulations consider various aspects of GMOs application, including placing on the market food or feed products, environmental release, contained use, emergency cases, among other things.

In Africa, Kenya, Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and South Africa have biosafety laws in place, he said.

Though the country is already protected through existing policies and laws, there is need for specific laws and regulations to ensure the country’s preparedness for proper management of risks that may result from modern biotechnology.

It is expected that the proposed law will serve to complement other legislations for sustainable protection of biological diversity in a rapidly changing and globalised environment.

He noted that when the absence of such a law creates a vacuum where everyone can do whichever way they want.

Regulation with caution

According to the biosafety focal point, ‘‘if we look at our country’s agriculture and biodiversity at large, they often face a combination of constraints.’’ Some of those constraints are geographical and structural while others are climatic and biotic in nature.

‘‘So, farmers who are predominantly smallholders, make a living from small family plots, typically measuring less than 1ha. In some of our regions, soils have become impoverished and others prone to drought, soil erosion and floods, he said.

“Research about GM crops is very important as it is looked at with the potential to contribute to agricultural development that range from crop yields to stress-related constraints caused by pests, diseases and climate change effects, among others.

However, we need to be careful and opt for a precautionary approach. There are persistent concerns about the safety of GMOs to consumers and the environment,” he said

Dr Patrick Karangwa, the Head of Research Department at Rwanda Agriculture Board (RAB), said some people fear that GMOs could cause cancer yet such fears are baseless, because some countries such as the US have been using and consuming foods that were produced through GMO technology for over 30 years.

Highlighting the importance of effective and well regulated genetic engineering, Karangwa said that experts in biotechnology can realise that a crop is being attacked by a pest which destroys it causing yield damage, and, for instance, they take a gene from an herb whose smell repulses such pest, and transfer it into that crop.

The result, he said, will be that the pest will no longer damage the crop because of the traits of the leaf it loathes which are in the crop, hence saving farmers from yield loss.

“What we consider most important is to have the means to use such a GMO technology, including having laws that regulate it so that it is not done by anyone who does not have capacity to do it, or might have bad intention to endanger people’s lives,” he told The New Times adding that GMOs can play a great role if it is effectively used.

He said that Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya have started the GMO technology but at a small scale.

According to him, Rwanda is building capacities in research and biotechnology to make the most of this technology.

As per the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), in order to produce food in a sustainable way for an additional 2 billion people by 2050, a business-as-usual approach will not be sufficient; rather, science and the application of biotechnologies as well as conventional technologies will play a key role.

The World Health Organization says that GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health.

No effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have been approved.

Once the pieces of legislation have been approved by the Law Reform Commission, they will be forwarded to the Cabinet and eventually taken to parliament for consideration.

_EDITORIAL@NEWTIMES.CO.RW_

Follow https://twitter.com/EmNtirenganya

question: What is the focus of this article?

answer: The article is about biosafety with regards to international GMO production and usage.


text:
A shock winner at the first major TCT regular season event.

[]
BFG was a shock winner at the Pro-Elite Challenge, demonstrating that Seattle has multiple elite mixed teams this season. Photo: Scobel Wiggins — UltiPhotos.com
As expected with a Worlds year, we saw some big roster moves in the offseason for the mixed division as top teams try to consolidate talent to make a run at a WUCC bid. This past weekend, we got the first look into how those rosters stack up at the Pro-Elite Challenge, as the Triple Crown Tour regular season got fully underway.

So, where do we stand after the first test of the club season? Unlike the relative predictability of the women’s and men’s divisions, mixed always manages to keep us on our toes. Although it was clear that many teams are still working in new players and fine-tuning their systems, the tournament was a great showcase of the excitement and action of the mixed division. The upsets started early in pool play on a sweltering Saturday at the Aurora Sports Park and keep coming all the way through Sunday’s final.

Pool A: Boston Escapes Despite Taking A Surprising Loss

Pool A saw perhaps the biggest surprise of Saturday. After starting their weekend strong by easily handling Denver Love Tractor 13-9, top-seed Boston Slow White fell flat against Florida’s G-Unit in their second game of the tournament. Gainesville came out hot, using monster pulls to pin Slow White’s offense deep in their own endzone and earning some early short-field break opportunities. Brawley Adams had a big game for G-Unit, leading his squad to a 7-6 halftime lead over the defending national champs. With Boston’s energy low, one break out of halftime was enough for G-Unit to pull away for the upset with a final score of 12-10.

Meanwhile, the hometown team Denver Love Tractor was able to upset pool two-seed Ambiguous Grey 11-8. After two rounds, all teams in the pool sat at 1-1, setting up a pressure-filled final round where any team could earn a bye to quarters — or be knocked out of the tournament entirely.

As you might expect from an experienced top seed, the squad from Boston was able to regroup and refocus and put Washington, DC Ambiguous Grey away fairly easily (10-6). One field over, Love Tractor knocked off a G-Unit squad (12-6) that was looking rundown after the close game against Slow White. With the win, Denver earned the second spot in the pool while Gainesville was dumped to the consolation bracket despite their big upset.

Pool B: Where Everything Is Made Up And The Seeding Doesn’t Matter

Those who were paying attention last season may not have been overly surprised to see the Pool B results. Fort Collins shame. shocked many fans by winning the South Central region in 2016, but after their debut on the Nationals stage — including a fantastic game against Mixtape that was streamed on Ultiworld — shame. wasn’t going to be able to hang under the radar this weekend. While they came into the tournament at the bottom of their pool, Fort Collins notched convincing wins over Madison NOISE (13-8) and Pittsburgh Alloy (13-10), falling only to top seed Drag’n Thrust (13-6) in pool play.

Shame. still seems to live and die by the huck, but what they lack in strategic nuance, they make up for in their throwing arsenal and athleticism. The team has more depth in personnel and skill this year than they did last year, picking up Tina McDowell and Ashley Daly Morgan from Molly Brown. Their women are big and fast and played a huge role in their two Saturday wins. Despite missing one of their big play makers this weekend — Nick Snuszka, who appeared sidelined with a knee injury — shame. are currently looking like the strongest team in the South Central.

Minneapolis Drag’n Thrust started their day strong and looked untouchable in their first two outings against Alloy (13-6) and shame. At their best, their vert stack was looking smooth, they connected in the deep game, and they played physical person defense — all familiar characteristics of the three-time national champs. However, Minneapolis showed cracks in their system down the stretch on Saturday, losing on double game point to regional rival NOISE in the last round.

Even with the big win, Madison unluckily sunk to third in the pool, as three teams finished 2-1. Like their Pool A counterparts, top-seed Drag’n earned a prequarters bye despite picking up a loss, while Fort Collins slotted in at the second spot ahead of NOISE.

Pool C: Tight Games See Favorites Advance

In a much more straightforward, but still not-to-seed finish, second-seeded San Francisco Blackbird, put away the competition in Pool C and finished Saturday 3-0. In order to avoid prequarters, Blackbird went through Cincinnati Steamboat (13-11), Minnesota No Touching (13-10) and Iowa’s Chad Larson Experience (10-9). San Francisco looked strong behind the on-field play of Mac Taylor and off-field leadership from new coach, Bhavin Parikh. Given the number of new players on the Blackbird roster, they showed good chemistry and cohesion.

Steamboat looked to be the clear second team in the pool, beating out No Touching (13-9) and Chad Larson Experience (13-7), to secure their spot in prequarters. There they beat a third North Central squad in NOISE, to advance to Sunday’s championship bracket.

Longtime division stalwart Chad Larsen Experience is looking to get back on track after missing Nationals for the first time in program history in 2016. The Iowans were hard-luck losers in two double game point matches during Saturday’s pool play, leaving them on the outside looking in for the championship bracket. They recovered on Sunday to top the 13th place round robin, winning three games through the efforts of the ageless Kevin Seiler.

Pool D: Disappointment For Dallas

Coming into the weekend, many expected that Dallas Public Enemy — with the addition of 2016 Offensive Player of the Year Chris Mazur — had a chance to take a big step forward and make a deep run at PEC. But those hopes were quickly dashed in pool play. In the first game of the day, Public Enemy was loose with the disc, making poor decisions and simple execution errors that an efficient Philadelphia AMP happily punished them for. The same storyline would play out all day, as Public Enemy went 0-3, missing out on the championship bracket and the opportunity to even hold seed.

While it was a disappointing display of early-season miscues for Dallas, their struggles may have been equally a result of the quality of the other teams in the pool — three of which would go on to earn spots in the semifinals.

Perennial national title contender Seattle Mixtape finished pool play undefeated, earning a three point victory over crosstown foes BFG and a blowout win against Dallas before sneaking by Philadelphia AMP on double game point. AMP was similarly efficient in dispatching Seattle’s second team and Public Enemy before Mixtape handed them their sole Saturday loss. Philadelphia made easy work of Ambiguous Grey in their prequarter late in the afternoon to stay alive heading into Sunday.

Entering the tournament as the bottom seed, the lesser known Seattle mixed team, BFG, went 1-2 in Saturday’s pool play, beating a reeling Public Enemy 13-11 in the last round. After succumbing rather easily to the juggernauts at the top end of the pool, BFG had quietly secured a spot in the championship bracket without looking overly threatening — yet. With the pool winners gone from the fields after earning their byes, Seattle knocked off last season’s PEC champion, Love Tractor, to start what became an incredible bracket run.

Sunday, Sunday, Sunday

Overall top-seed Slow White faced shame. in the quarterfinals on Sunday morning. The national champs’ depth of talent on both sides of the disc overpowered shame. and helped propel them to a confident 13-6 win. Boston was able to slow the deep game that shame. heavily relies on by poaching the lanes and throwing some straight-up marks. While Fort Collins had been able to lean on their women in pool play, Slow White’s ladies were able to contain their speed and remained consistent offensive threats, running the shame. women ragged. Second Team All-Club selection Jake Juszak was impressive for shame. in the quarterfinal, standing out both as a thrower and receiver, even in the loss. Shame. certainly flashed the potential to remain a threat this season but will have to find ways to win late in tournaments if they want to break into the top echelon of the division.

Similarly, Steamboat was outmatched by Mixtape’s talent and flashy playing style. Cincinnati’s traditional zone was impotent in the windless conditions, as Seattle’s skilled throwers picked the Steamboat defense apart. Mixtape took a commanding lead going into halftime and the Ohioans were never able to get back into it. Seattle is clearly a top team this season and showed their depth in this game, cycling in their entire squad throughout the second half and getting contributions from up and down the roster.

In the most exciting game of the quarterfinal round, Blackbird and AMP traded points nearly the entire game en route to a double game point thriller. AMP ran their offense through their strong female roster, often putting four women on the line for O-line. Several times over the course of the game, Blackbird was able to come up with big plays when Philadelphia threatened to pull ahead. At one point, Blackbird launched a huck deep that was well covered by AMP defender Matt Zumbrum. Zumbrum was able to get a hand on the disc, but macked it into the hands of the Blackbird receiver who held on for the score — a clearly deflating moment for a typically unflappable Philly squad. Ben Pelleg and Raha Mozaffari were linchpins for AMP throughout the game, steadying their team and igniting their offense. After a grueling double game point with multiple turnovers from each side, AMP was able to knock off Blackbird and secure their spot in the semifinals.

Not as exciting as a double game point finish, but in the most surprising result of the quarters, Seattle BFG took control and kept their energy high, securing the upset against powerhouse Drag’n Thrust. BFG captains Alexa Kirkland and Lili Gu said after the game that the team was focused on what was within their control.

“We focused on just trying to play our game without thinking too much about the outcome,” Kirkland said with a smile. “We always wanted to be supporting each other and just focus on throwing and catching…Sideline energy was huge for us.”

The game plan ended up being enough to tee up a semifinal against AMP — a rematch from pool play.

On Saturday, AMP didn’t have much of a problem putting away BFG 12-7. This game was a much different story. BFG struck early with a break on the first point. The teams traded a few before a very long, multiple-turn point that Seattle would eventually win (after a well-timed timeout) for another break, putting them up 4-2. AMP was able to earn one of the breaks back late in the first half but BFG took half 7-6 and up a break.

Out of the half, AMP tried to slow the BFG offense with a straight-up mark and some force middle defense but they were not able to disrupt Seattle’s fluid, quick disc movement. BFG mixed up their offense between ho, split, and side stacks and easily moved the disc downfield. Their receivers, CB Wolf, Cody Rebholz, and captain Alexa Kirkland had great chemistry with their throwers and were impressively consistent. The teams traded points throughout the second half meaning BFG’s break on the first point ended up being enough to hang on for the win.

On the other side of the bracket, the semifinal between Mixtape and Slow White was a game of runs. Boston opened the game with a couple of quick breaks early in the first half. After a strategic time out, Mixtape was able to go on a little run of their own to tie it up 6-6 and then break to go into half up one. Mark Burton showed his importance on offense for Seattle along with Abbie Abromovich, who had an impressive game against Slow White’s strong female defenders. Brad Houser continued his big weekend as a consistent presence on the Mixtape D line, disrupting a number of plays for the Boston O.

In the second half, Slow White’s women ignited their defense — Mia Bladin and Olivia Hampton got a couple of monster layouts, which sparked the entire squad. Jeff Smith and Lexi Zalk were huge contributors as usual, as Boston tied it up late in the game as the cap horn sounded. The game would go to double game point and came down to a critical foul call as Khalif El-Salaam tried to get off an around reset by throwing through Tannor Johnson’s stationary mark. The observer overruled the foul call, giving Slow White the disc. Johnson busted deep and was able to haul in the goal over El Salaam to secure the win for Boston.

After the game, Slow White captain Alex Trahey said that the keys to winning were shutting down the Mixtape’s deep game early on D and knowing their strengths.

“We know Mixtape is a good team and that they use all their players but we also know that they really want to huck. Our defense came out with a poach in the middle to stop those hucks,” Trahey commented. He went on to note that while Slow lost a few men in the offseason, they’re very excited about the strength of the women they picked up. “We’re going to plan to run our entire team through our women this year. Against Mixtape, we wanted to make adjustments to challenge their women and our women definitely came up big!”

BFG Tops Slow White In Unlikely Final

In an unlikely final matchup, #1 Slow White faced off against #16 BFG for the tournament title.

After a series of straightforward holds from both sides, a huge layout D from BFG when the game was tied 3-3 ignited the first break for the underdog. The BFG D-line (or “BFD”) was able to generate a couple more breaks by relying on their strong person defense to force errors out of Slow White’s O-line, which was starting to look gassed after their tough semifinal battle against BFG’s crosstown rivals. On the other side of the disc, Seattle was disciplined and patient — they rarely forced throws, executed at a high level, and worked the disc around, waiting for opportunities to present themselves.

BFG earned a couple of really impressive layout Ds in the first half that they were able to convert to breaks, taking half up 7-6. Seattle received out of the break and were able to hold for a score through a multiple turn point. BFG were able to snag another break off of an inspired block to go up 10-7, before trading points through the end of the second half. Slow White showed signs of fatigue and had trouble stopping the quick disc movement and energy from BFG, but continued battling.

The final point of the game was emblematic of the game as a whole. Slow White received the pull and looked good moving the disc up the field before turfing a throw outside of the BFG end zone on a tired execution error. Seattle patiently worked this disc laterally across the field multiple times and eventually called a timeout to queue up a set play. Slow White was able to foil the BFG plan out of the timeout and got the disc back with a smart poach block on a reset. Unfortunately for Boston, their offense was not able to capitalize, a miscommunication quickly turning the disc back over to a BFG player who launched a wide-open hammer to the endzone to lock in the win for the #16 seed.

BFG’s performance on Sunday was a testament to the importance of efficiency on offense and sideline energy. That’s not to say that BFG didn’t have flashy moments, however their success in Aurora was largely due to their strong team chemistry and ability to execute fundamental ultimate patiently and consistently.

Unfortunately, the same could not have been said of Slow White in the final, who seemed a bit out of sync with each other and exhausted down the stretch. They missed quite a few huck connections and had some bad turnovers on throwing and catching execution.

Trying to put their tournament victory into words, the BFG captains said that the team “just felt lucky” to be able to compete on this stage together as a team. They’re excited to ride this momentum and continue to play hard and have fun all season. The team will next be competing at the Elite-Select Challenge in Appleton, WI in August and then at the Pro-Flight Finale, which will be on their home turf outside of Seattle in early September. They’re hoping to earn another Nationals bid for the Northwest Region, who only had one bid in 2016.

question: Summarize what happened in Pool D.

answer:
Dallas Public Enemy came into the match against Philadelphia AMP in Pool D with the 2016 Offensive Player of the Year, Chris Manzur. However, things did not go as they planned as simple errors ensured that AMP crushed them 3-0.
In another match, Seattle Mixtape finished the pool play undefeated with 3 points against BFG, a win against Dallas, and a narrow victory against AMP.

question: Why did Manzur sign for Dallas?


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From secret underground labs to UFO landing pads, Canada can be a weird, wild and wonderful place. Here are 13 strange facts you didn’t know about our home and native land.

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Did you know Canada is the garter snake capital of the world, or that we hold an annual bathtub race? How about our strange attempts to make contact with extraterrestrials, or Newfoundland’s unique connection to Mars? Here are the 13 strangest things about Canada that you never knew.

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1. You Can See More Snakes in Winnipeg Than Anywhere Else

Just 130-km north of Winnipeg is the Narcisse Snake Dens conversation area, where each spring, tens of thousands of red-sided garter snakes slither out from their dens for a few weeks from mid-April to early May. Fortunately there are viewing platforms set up so you can watch them from afar.

(_Photo courtesy of Germanpickle/Flickr_)

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2. We Have a Secret Underground Labratory in Sudbury, Ont.

Canada is at the forefront in the international search for new forces and forms of matter thanks to SNOLAB. Designed for the study of neutrino and dark matter physics, it’s the deepest clean laboratory in the world dedicated to this type of work. The lab, which was once the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, was built in a mine to avoid interference from environmental and solar radioactivity.

(_Photo courtesy of queensu/Flickr_)

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3. McGill put the Green in Greenbacks

We’ve taken a lot of jabs from the U.S. for our Monopoly-coloured Canadian currency, but what most don’t realize is the green ink used for American money was invented at McGill University in Montreal, in 1857, by Thomas Sterry Hunt.

(_Photo courtesy of Thinkstock_)

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5. We Built a UFO Landing Pad in St. Paul, Alta.

One of Canada’s most unique Centennial projects in 1967 was the building of the world’s first UFO Landing Pad in St. Paul, Alberta. The town provided the land, and local businesses provided building supplies and labour for the raised cement pad. Making things even stranger? Paul Hellyer, then Minister of National Defense, flew in (by helicopter, not spaceship) to officially open it.

(_Photo courtesy of mylegalta/Flickr_)

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6. Most of the World’s Caesium is in a Lake in Manitoba

The best-known use of this element is in Caesium-based atomic clocks – which are so accurate they would only be off by 2 seconds over a 65 million year lifespan. It’s also used as a lubricant for large drilling projects. The world’s richest deposit of caesium (roughly two-thirds of it) is at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.

(_Photo courtesy of Thinkstock_)

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7. We Have the World’s Safest Highways (for Animals)

There are million-dollar highway overpasses in Banff National Park which have been used by grizzly and black bears, wolves, coyotes, cougars, moose, elk, deer, bighorn sheep, wolverine and lynx. By 2014, there will be 38 wildlife underpasses and six overpasses from Banff National Park’s east entrance to the border of Yoho National Park. Ontario built its first bridge for animals over Hwy 69, south of Sudbury, in 2012.

(_Photo courtesy of cmh2315fl/Flickr_)

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8. Alberta has a National Park Larger Than Switzerland

Wood Buffalo National Park straddles the border of Northern Alberta and southern Northwest Territories. It was created in 1922 to protect the world’s largest herd of roaming Wood Bison, and the park is also home to the last known nesting site of whooping cranes.

(Photo courtesy of _mrjorgen/Flickr_)

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9. Vancouver Island is Home To an Annual Bathtub Race

It’s a crazy competition that started as Nanaimo’s Centennial event in 1967. The first year close to 200 ‘tubbers’ raced a 36-mile course in converted bathtubs – 48 finished. Today, the high-performance “bathtubs” cover the 90-minute course the last weekend of July, as part of the weekend-long Nanaimo Marine Festival, which includes a Bathtub Parade. 2013’s race day is July 28.

(_Photo courtesy of kams-world/Flickr_)

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10. Buffalo Was Almost a Province

The province of Buffalo proposal was spearheaded in the early 1900’s by Sir Frederick Haultain, who was the first Premier of the Northwest Territories. His proposal failed to sway Prime Minister Wilfred Laurier, and in 1905 the section of N.W.T. was divided via a north-south line, creating Alberta and Saskatchewan in the process.

(_Photo by Thinkstock)
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11. We Speak on Behalf of Santa Claus

It’s thanks to thousands of kind Canadians that kids around the world get answers to their letters and emails to Santa each year. Canada Post volunteers have answered more than 1 million letters in 30 languages (including braille). They ask that you don’t include cookies, but do include the postal code: HOH OHO.

(_Photo by Thinkstock_)

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12. Peterborough, Ont. is the Canoe Capital of the World

You can learn more about canoeing at the Canadian Canoe Museum in Peterborough, Ontario, home to the world’s largest collection of canoes and kayaks. National Paddling Day, which was originally celebrated on June 26th, has now evolved into National Paddling Week, which will be celebrated across Canada, June 15-23, 2013.

(_Photo by Thinkstock_)

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13. Newfoundland Left its Mark on Mars

Commander Hadfield has been educating and entertaining us from space for the last few months, but Canada’s reach into space extends further than the International Space Station. There is a crater on Mars that has been named for the town of Gander, Newfoundland. The 39-km (diameter) crater was dedicated to Gander in 1991 because of the town’s history of pioneering aviation and aerospace technologies.

(_Photo courtesy of Thinkstock_)

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Originally Published: April 24, 2013

question: What does the text say about the Toronto Maple Leafs?

question: Summarize the relationship between Canada and outer space (including celestial bodies and aliens).

answer: Canada built the world's first UFO Landing Pad in St. Paul, Alberta in 1967. It was a partnership between local businesses, which provided labor and building supplies, and the town, which provided the land for the raised cement pad. Commander Hadfield is a Canadian astronaut aboard the International Space Station. In 1991, a crater on Mars measuring 39-km in diameter has been named for the town of Gander, Newfoundland, because of its history in aerospace technologies and pioneering aviation.

question: What does the text say about Canada's commitment to animals and wildlife?

answer: The Narcisse Snake Dens conservation area 130-km north of Winnipeg makes Canada the "garter snake capital of the world" because tens of thousands of red-sided garter snakes slither out from their dens from mid-April to early May. Canada has million-dollar highway overpasses in Banff National Park used by grizzly and black bears, wolves, cougars, moose, coyotes, elk, lynx, deer, wolverine, and bighorn sheep. The park also has 38 wildlife underpasses and six overpasses from Banff National Park's east entrance to the border of Yoho National Park. Ontario built its first bridge for animals over Highway 69, south of Sudbury, in 2012. Wood Buffalo National Park, which is larger than Switzerland, was created in 1922 to protect the world's largest herd of roaming Wood Bison and is also home to the last known nesting site of whooping cranes.

question: What does the text say about Canada's valuable contributions to science and technology?

answer: Canada has SNOLAB (Sudbury Neutrino Observatory), the deepest clean laboratory in the world dedicated to dark matter physics and neutrino research. It's an underground laboratory in Sudbury, Ontario built into a mine to avoid interference from environmental and solar radioactivity. The green ink used in American currency was invented by Thomas Sterry Hunt at McGill University, Montreal, in 1857. Canada has the world's richest deposit of cesium - an element used in atomic clocks and as a lubricant for large drilling projects - at Bernic Lake, Manitoba.

question: What does the text say about Canada's weirdest race?

answer: Vancouver Island holds an Annual Bathtub Race. In 1967, a crazy competition started as Nanaimo’s Centennial event saw 200 nearly 'tubbers' race a 36-mile course in converted bathtubs, with only 48 finishing the race. Today, high-performance "bathtubs" cover the 90-minute course during the last weekend of July, as part of the weekend-long Nanaimo Marine Festival, which also includes a Bathtub Parade. At the time of the article (2013), the race day was on July 28.

question: Summarize the relationship between Santa Claus and Canada.

answer: Thousands of Canada Post volunteers answer letters and emails from children around the world on behalf of Santa Claus. Kind Canadians have answered more than 1 million letters in 30 languages, including braille.


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Khuram Shazad Butt, Rachid Redouane and Youssef Zaghba killed seven and left scores injured on Saturday night. Two of them had been flagged by the authorities and one had even appeared in a TV documentary about Muslim extremism in Britain.CreditCredit...Metropolitan Police
-   June 6, 2017
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LONDON — Islamic State propaganda had been found in the bag of one attacker while he was trying to board a flight in Italy. An F.B.I. informant said he had raised alarms about the second attacker two years ago. The third attacker, denied asylum in Britain, appeared to have sneaked in from Ireland.

The warning signs about the three assailants in a white van who smashed and stabbed their way through a trendy London neighborhood tumbled into the open on Tuesday, compounding the pressure on the police and Prime Minister Theresa May to explain them.

What has become clear since the Saturday night assault is that again and again, the young men who killed seven people before they were shot to death by the police had been reported to law enforcement authorities, bumping into what should have been the country’s security net, only for those signals to be played down, ignored or missed.

The latest revelations have placed Mrs. May, a former home secretary who was in charge of counterterrorism for six years before taking over as prime minister last year, under intense scrutiny two days before a general election. Even her own foreign secretary, Boris Johnson, a former London mayor, voiced the question many here are asking.

“How on earth could we have let this guy or possibly more through the net — what happened?” he asked in an interview on Sky News.

Some of the missed warnings were especially glaring because they came from the very people the British government had entrusted with identifying extremists.

Usama Hasan, a former Islamic extremist who now works with the police to help de-radicalize others, said he had a physical altercation in a London park less than a year ago with one of the assailants, Khuram Shazad Butt.

Mr. Butt’s brother, Saad, who did paid work for the police on counterextremism issues and was estranged from the assailant, missed signs of how dangerous his brother’s extremism had become.

Other warnings had also been raised about Mr. Butt, 27, who held odd jobs, including at KFC and a six-month stint as a customer service trainee for the London subway system that ended in October. His second child was born weeks before the attack, neighbors said.

In 2015, an F.B.I. informant, Jesse Morton, wrote a report to his handler in the United States, identifying Mr. Butt as a person to watch because of what Mr. Morton described as his rising role in extremist chat rooms run by Al Muhajiroun, an organization banned in Britain because of its sprawling links to terrorism.

“My handler got back to me and said it was ‘excellent work’ and forwarded it to the head office,” said Mr. Morton, a former Qaeda recruiter from New York who served prison time on terrorism charges before recanting and agreeing to work undercover for law enforcement.

Mr. Morton, who recently started Parallel Networks, an organization combating extremism, said it was unclear to him whether his F.B.I. report had been forwarded to British officials. A spokesman for the F.B.I., Andrew C. Ames, said the agency had no comment.

Even excluding the F.B.I. report, plenty of alarms were ringing for the British authorities about Mr. Butt.

Neighbors and friends noticed his behavior, including a mother of three who lived in the same apartment building as Mr. Butt in Barking, a suburb in eastern London.

The mother, Erica Gasparri, was quoted by The Guardian as saying she confronted Mr. Butt two years ago after he tried to convert her son to Islam. When she found him in a local park, she recalled, Mr. Butt said he was ready to do “in the name of Allah what needs to be done, including killing my own mother.”

Ms. Gasparri said she had called a police hotline and passed on photographs she had taken of him, but never got a call back.

At the KFC where he worked in Barking, employees were on edge after a video surfaced of Mr. Butt alongside other Muhajiroun members sparring with the police, who were called to a London park where the men had unfurled an Islamic State flag, said Ishtiaq Ahmed, whose brother worked at the same restaurant.

That video clip was also featured in a Channel 4 television documentary broadcast last year, “The Jihadis Next Door,” about extremists living in Britain.

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Jesse Morton, a former Al Qaeda recruiter who became an informer, knew the London attacker Khuram Shazad Butt and flagged him to the F.B.I. in a report in 2015.
Meanwhile, in Italy, the authorities allowed the second attacker, Youssef Zaghba, to walk past them last year at an airport security check, even though he was carrying Islamic State propaganda. Mr. Zaghba, 22, an Italian of Moroccan descent, was en route to Syria to fight for the Islamic State when he was stopped in March at the airport in Bologna. He was traveling on a one-way ticket, and the authorities found Islamic State material on one of his electronic devices, said two former European intelligence officials, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because they were not authorized to discuss the matter.

Giuseppe Amato, the chief prosecutor in Bologna, told a different account to Radio 24 in Italy, saying that Mr. Zaghba had been stopped en route to Istanbul because he was carrying nothing more than a knapsack, which raised suspicion.

“He told the security guard, who checked him — and then he corrected himself — that he was going to be a terrorist,” Mr. Amato said.

Mr. Zaghba was arrested and his belongings were confiscated, but after a judge charged with verifying the accusations against him found there were no grounds to hold him, they were returned, “so the contents on his device” were not examined, Mr. Amato said.

Still, Mr. Amato said that Mr. Zaghba had been singled out as a “suspicious person” to the British authorities.

“We did everything we could do,” he said. “But there was no proof he was a terrorist.”

Free to move around in Italy, Mr. Zaghba tapped into that country’s little-known Muhajiroun network, said a retired senior European law enforcement official who was keeping tabs on the investigation. While the dates are unclear, the official said the Italy-based network appeared to have introduced Mr. Zaghba to Mr. Butt.

Al Muhajiroun has been described as perhaps Europe’s most effective jihadist recruitment machine. An estimated one-third of European Muslims who have joined the Islamic State, or ISIS, in Syria in recent years were influenced by the network of groups spawned by Al Muhajiroun and one of its founders, Anjem Choudary, a lawyer turned radical preacher. In Britain alone, at least half of all terrorism cases have publicly documented links to Mr. Choudary, including the 2005 London transit bombings and the killing of a British soldier, Lee Rigby.

“Muhajiroun has significantly been involved in preparing and recruiting for ISIS,” said Rashad Ali, a resident senior fellow of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, a London-based research group that focuses on countering extremism.

Al Mahajiroun has haunted and taunted British security services for two decades. Co-founded in 1996 by Mr. Choudary and another radical cleric, Omar Bakri, the group was banned in 2004. But splinter groups promoting the same ideology kept resurfacing under different names until Mr. Choudary was convicted of promoting the Islamic State and jailed in 2016.

The third attacker, identified as Rachid Redouane, 30, was denied asylum in Britain in 2009, according to news reports, and moved instead to Ireland, where he married, worked as a pastry chef and lived for a time in Dublin. He apparently managed to sneak into Britain through the porous Irish border to join the other attackers.

Image[Khuram Shazad Butt, left, in a London park last year, when he was said to have attacked a counterextremism advocate.]

Credit...Usama Hasan

Of all the warning signs about Mr. Butt, the most detailed account was offered in an interview on Tuesday with Mr. Hasan, the member of the AVE network of former extremists and the head of Islamic studies at the Quilliam foundation.

Last July 6, Mr. Hasan said, he ran into Mr. Butt at a Muslim family fair in East London. He was standing beside a fairground ride that his 9-year-old son had just mounted, when Mr. Butt, wearing a traditional Muslim robe and headdress, assailed him with abuse. “You take money from the government to work against Muslims. You spy on Muslims,” he raged. “You are a murtadd,” an epithet used by the Islamic State.

Then he tried to charge Mr. Hasan.

“He ran straight for me with his face contorted in hatred,” Mr. Hasan recalled.

A fight ensued with multiple people, including Mr. Butt’s wife, dressed in a face-covering veil. Mr. Hasan reported the episode to the police, emailing them photos of Mr. Butt that one of his family members had taken on a cellphone.

He told them Mr. Butt had displayed all the outward signs of a radicalized political Islamist he knew so well from his own past in radical circles and more recent de-radicalization work: the combination of a pious Islamic dress and long unkempt beard with the angry demeanor and the rehearsed lines.

“I told them I was certain these guys were Al Muhajiroun,” Mr. Hasan said. “I said they are a national security threat. They need to be monitored.”

The police constable on duty assured him that his concerns had been passed on to the Metropolitan Police’s counterterrorism unit, SO15, Mr. Hasan recalled.

Six months later, in January, Mr. Hasan said, he received a phone call. The police had identified Mr. Butt, but no charges were brought. “I am sure this man will sooner or later be arrested in some terrorism plot,” he recalled telling students in May at a lecture at Cambridge University.

On Tuesday morning, after having seen photographs of Mr. Butt in the news media, Mr. Hasan emailed the constable who had dealt with his assault case.

“Could you please confirm that my assailant in the above case (CAD 7943 06JUL16) is the same Khuram Butt who was one of the London Bridge terrorists over the weekend?” he wrote.

question: What does the article say about the ignored signs about the radicalization of the three terrorists?

answer: There were a lot of warnings about the first two of Khuram Shazad Butt, Rachid Reouane, and Youssef Zaghba previous to their murder spree that claimed seven lives and left many more injured. A former Islamic extremist who works as a de-radicalization specialist came head to head with Mr. Butt a year prior. An FBI informant flagged Butt to be watched, but it's not known whether the report reached British officials. However, the signs about Mr. Butt were many, from his neighbors, friends, and coworkers. Mr. Butt even appeared in a documentary about the Islamic extremists living in Britain. Youssef Zaghba was allowed past airport security despite the Islamic State propaganda he was carrying with his one-way ticket to Istanbul. Apparently, he even told a security guard that he'll be a terrorist before correcting himself. The last attacker was denied asylum in Britain before.

question: What does the text say about Al Muhajiroun?

answer: Al Muhajiroun is a jihadist organization that recruits extremist Islamists in Europe. A third of Islamic State fighters from Europe reach Syria through the networks created by Al Muharijoun. It is founded by an ex-lawyer radicalist preacher, Anjem Choudary, Omar Bakri, another radical cleric. In Britain, where they were banned in 2004, half of the terrorist attacks are attributed to them, and they've been hounding Britain for two decades. The three attackers mentioned in the article are thought to have met through Al Muhajiroun.

question: What does the article say about violent political activism?


text:
On November 14, 2019, at Saugus High School in Santa Clarita, California, United States, a mass shooting occurred when a student with a pistol, identified as 16-year-old Nathaniel Berhow, shot five schoolmates, killing two, before killing himself.[1][2]

Background

In response to the increased number of school shootings elsewhere in the United States, the William S. Hart Union High School District had undertaken a number of measures to improve security at the school. According to the district's website, all schools have a school resource officer assigned to each campus. Schools are surrounded by fencing and supervisors monitor those who enter and exit the campus.

Saugus High School has fencing and at least a dozen security cameras, but no metal detectors. The gates for the school are routinely locked during instructional time and would be opened only for students to leave for lunch or to leave school at the end of the day. Visitors are required to sign in and out of the school.[3] The schools hold at least two lockdown drills per year, and use a “Text-a-Tip” hotline for students to report suspicious behavior. Each school has a “Safe Schools Ambassador,” a student trained to work within their peer groups to prevent bullying, teasing, and violence on campuses.[4]

Earlier in 2019, students at Saugus High School had participated in a class project to create a training video for dealing with an active shooter. Students who happened to be near this November shooting credited this project with helping them know how to respond.[5] Each classroom was equipped with gunshot wound kits; at least one wounded student was medically treated from one of these kits during this event.[6]

Shooting

Towards the end of period 1 classes at Saugus High School on November 14, 2019, while some students were in the outside courtyard or quad, a shooter later identified as a student at the school pulled a handgun from his backpack and fired on fellow students there.[7]

The weapon was later identified by Los Angeles County Sheriff as a .45 caliber semiautomatic handgun,[8] an unregistered “ghost gun” assembled from a kit.[9] Surveillance footage documented the shooter's actions: after he fired one round, the pistol apparently jammed. He fixed it, shot an additional four people with the next rounds, including one in the stomach,[10] and used the last to shoot himself in the head.[11][12] The shooting started at 7:38 am and lasted sixteen seconds.[13] The handgun was found outside the area of the shooting.[14]

Three off-duty police officers, who had just dropped off relatives at the school, were the first responders on the scene: a detective with the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department and police officers from Inglewood and Los Angeles.[15] They were joined within a minute by uniformed deputies on duty from the sheriff's station in Santa Clarita, as well as a sheriff's deputy who works at the school as the school resource officer.[16] The Los Angeles County Fire Department said firefighters also responded to the shooting before 8 a.m.[17] Santa Clarita is a contract city that uses county sheriff and fire services in lieu of operating its own police and fire departments.[18]

Many students fled the area and some left the campus, while warning others. Teachers moved students away from danger into classrooms.[19] One injured student escaped the quad and took refuge in the school's choir room, where the teacher barricaded the door and rendered first aid.[20] Of those who barricaded themselves in classrooms, many used lessons learned in school shooting drills to fortify their protection.[21][22] One student recounted that a student passed out scissors to all students in the room following the drill's recommendation to arm themselves with scissors, chairs, or anything heavy, in case the shooter were to find the hiding students.[23]

Victims

Two students, 15-year-old Gracie Anne Muehlberger and 14-year-old Dominic Blackwell, were killed.[24]

Two girls, aged 15 and 14, and a boy, aged 14, were injured.[25] Four students were hospitalized at the Henry Mayo Newhall Memorial Hospital, three in critical condition, including the shooter.[26] Two were transported to Providence Holy Cross Medical Center.[27] The last injured student was released from the hospital on November 18.[28] Aside from all being students of Saugus High School, the gunman and his victims reportedly had no known personal connection.[29]

Perpetrator

The perpetrator was identified as NATHANIEL TENNOSUKE BERHOW (November 14, 2003 – November 15, 2019), a student at the school.[30][31][32] Berhow carried out the shooting on his 16th birthday.[33] He shot himself in the head with his last bullet and died the following day in a hospital.[34]

His parents had divorced in 2016, and Berhow lived with his mother and sister. Several students described Berhow as a quiet student who “seemed like one of those regular kids”.[35] Berhow was a Boy Scout and a junior varsity cross country runner for Saugus High School.[36][37] Described as a good student, Berhow was taking an Advanced Placement class in history.[38]

Investigation

Police documented the crime scene using a 3-D scanner. The school arranged to have it cleaned by November 15.[39]

Los Angeles County detectives joined with officials from the Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to determine whether the gun was made from a kit, that is, parts purchased separately and then assembled. Berhow was too young to have legally purchased such a handgun in California.

During a separate investigation of Berhow's family home, the officers discovered several weapons, some of which were not registered. These may have belonged to his late father, who is reported to have been an avid hunter. The police confiscated the arsenal.[40] A friend said that Berhow had grown up around guns and was taught to use them responsibly.[41]

The county sheriff announced that the handgun used in the shooting was a ghost gun, assembled from interchangeable parts without serial numbers. It remained unclear whether the gun was assembled by Berhow or Berhow's father before his death in 2017. Whoever assembled the gun kit was able to avoid many existing regulations regarding definition and registration of firearms, and associated background checks for possession and transfer.[42]

During the same search of Berhow's home, authorities told reporters that they had found no evidence to help them identify a motive: neither manifesto, diary, nor suicide note.[43] Given the shooter's demonstrated familiarity with the weapon and speed of the attack, the county sheriff said he believed that the minor had planned the shooting.[44]

Aftermath

Parents of students commended the school for having undertaken active shooter drills and its response during this event. They said the school's alert system kept them regularly updated about the incident. Some students told reporters they knew what to do based on previous drills.[45] Some students discussed the potential identity of the shooter through social media, but policed the postings and refused to spread false information.[46]

The district closed other schools until the following week. Students were able to collect belongings left at Saugus High accompanied by a guard.[47] Classes at Saugus High did not resume until December 2.

Members of the community worked to offer emergency mental health support, grief counseling, prayer services or service dedications, and vigils to honor the victims and survivors.[48] A memorial was created outside the high school, and a graduate brought a banner on which to write messages to the dead.[49]

At a football game on November 15, the school and students arranged to commemorate the dead. Fans chanted “Saugus Strong!”, displayed the motto on stickers and signs, held a moment of silence, and released balloons.[50] A “Saugus Strong” website was launched on November 15 for community resources, and supportive, loving messages were included.[51] Another vigil was planned for students and the community on November 17, with a reported 10,000 individuals present to commemorate the two deceased victims and all those affected.[52]

Nearby schools were placed on lockdown throughout the morning of the shooting.[53] At Pasadena High School, a group of students pasted 2,000 encouraging phrases, such as “You can do it”, on each student's locker the day after the shooting, to give support to each other.[54]

Response

Political

Politicians such as President Donald Trump, Vice President Mike Pence, Senator Kamala Harris, and California Governor Gavin Newsom all used Twitter to express condolences for the victims and thoughts on the shooting.[55] Many of the Democratic presidential candidates referred in their posts to gun control and stopping future school shootings.[56] Celebrities also used social media to express their condolences about the shooting.[57]

US Senators Richard Blumenthal and Chris Murphy, both Democrats from Connecticut, had been advocating for universal background checks when news of the shooting broke. When informed of events by an aide, Blumenthal incorporated the news into his speech, saying: “As I speak, on the floor right now, there is a school shooting in Santa [Clarita], California. How can we turn the other way? How can we refuse to see that shooting in real time, demanding our attention, requiring our action?”[58] Organizations and activists such as Fred Guttenberg and Everytown for Gun Safety used the shooting to highlight their frustration at the lack of action by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, since he had led no action since calling for it after the El Paso shooting.[59] Gun rights supporters disputed that any of the proposed gun control laws would have prevented the shooting and pointed to the gun control laws already in place in California that failed to prevent it.[60]

Teacher and students

A teacher wrote an opinion piece about the shooting for _The Washington Post_, in which she stated her concern about the lack of action by politicians and organizations. She noted how common such shootings have become, as someone said to her, “It could have been worse. It's not like Saugus is Sandy Hook.” She objected to US Senator Cindy Hyde-Smith blocking a gun control bill during the shooting.[61] Students took to social media to post about the shooting. Others raised concerns about going back to school in the aftermath.[62] A student said in an interview with CNN that “...with the state of America right now, with gun control not being strict enough, with kids being able to access guns so easily, it didn't surprise me.”[63]

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[61]  The shooting at my school will be yesterday's news. And nothing will come of it.|last=Painter|first=Gina|date=November 19, 2019|website=Washington Post|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-19}}

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title: Saugus High School shooting

question: When did the mass shooting occur at Saugus High School?

answer: November 14, 2019.

question: Where is the school located?

answer: Santa Clarita, California.

question: Who was the assailant?

answer: Sixteen-year-old Nathaniel Berhow.

question: How many students died?

answer: Two students, and Berhow committed suicide.

question: Write a ~7 sentence summary.

answer: On November 14th, 2019, sixteen-year-old Nathaniel Berhow brought a .45 calibre handgun to Saugus High School in Santa Clarita, California. He shot at several students, wounding five and killing two before shooting himself. The school had brought in metal detectors and given training for school shooting situations as part of a response to the prevalence of mass shootings in the United States. Three off-duty officers who were dropping relatives off were the first responders to the scene, followed by other law officers. The two students who died were 15-year-old Gracie Anne Muehlberger and 14-year-old Dominic Blackwell. Berhow was transported to the hospital and died two days later there. Students had described the assailant as "one of those regular kids" and a good student as well as an athlete.


text:
ANDREW JOHNSON (born September 12, 1889) was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives who served from 1942 to 1943.[1]

Johnson was born in Kent County, Michigan. Johnson was a Congregationalist. Johnson married Garnet Dailey in 1915. Together, they had five children. Johnson was a newspaper publisher.[2] In 1948, Johnson was the alternate delegate to Republican National Convention from Michigan. In 1950, Johnson was the Benzie County Republican Party chair.[3]

[1]

[2]

[3]

title: Andrew Johnson (Michigan politician)

question: Who was Andrew Johnson?

answer: He was a member of the Michigan House of Representatives who served from 1942 to 1943.

question: Where was Johnson born?

answer: He was born in Kent County, Michigan.

question: What position did Johnson hold in 1948?

answer: Johnson was the alternate delegate to Republican National Convention from Michigan.

question: What position did Johnson hold in 1950?

answer: Johnson was the Benzie County Republican Party chair.

question: Who did Johnson marry and when?

answer: Johnson married Garnet Daily in 1915.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article describes Andrew Johnson's personal and professional life as a Michigan politician.


text:
Howard Gold's No-Nonsense Investing

Published: June 13, 2020 at 7:50 a.m. ET

Robinhood and day-trading newbies already are getting their comeuppance

[]

“Hertz looks like a bargain.”

 iStockPhoto

In 1929, the story goes, Joseph P. Kennedy, patriarch of the Kennedy clan, went for a shoeshine not far from his Wall Street office. Kennedy was stunned when the shoeshine man gave stock tips to him, a leading trader. He immediately returned to his office and aggressively short-sold stocks, making a fortune in the Great Crash.

This is probably an apocryphal tale that points to a larger truth: When even shoeshine men are so confident in their bullishness they give stock tips to the pros, it’s time to run for the hills.

This week we’ve seen plenty of signs of this. As the Nasdaq Composite COMP, -0.24%  hit all-time highs, briefly closing above 10,000 (nearly double its bubble top from the year 2000), and the Dow Jones Industrial Average DJIA, +0.19%  and S&P 500 SPX, -0.08%  both came within shouting distance of their February record peaks, day traders and newbies emerged, proclaiming their stock-picking genius.

This testosterone-driven overconfidence — and research shows men are more reckless investors than women — has been most pronounced on Robinhood, the commission-free stock trading app preferred by millennials who can make all the trades they want at the tap of their thumbs.

The tale of Robinhood

According to Crunchbase, the Menlo Park, Calif.-based brokerage has raised $1.2 billion altogether. On the strength of three million new customers in the first quarter, it just raised $280 million in a late funding round led by Silicon Valley heavyweight Sequoia Capital. Robinhood has more than 10 million customers whose average age is 31.

It has been having an outsized impact on stock trading. An analyst at Deutsche Bank recently examined Robinhood trading data and found that small investors were behind much of the recent buying in the stock market, so that what we used to call the “smart money” is “now chasing” the day traders. Talk about the caboose pulling the train!

Gone are the days of COVID-19 lockdowns and fears of bodies piling up in emergency rooms. Long forgotten are the 40 million unemployed Americans, the 40% of businesses that may not reopen and the “long road” to recovery that a gloomy Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell laid out in his news conference Wednesday. And don’t even think about the new wave of coronavirus cases and hospitalizations we’re seeing in at least a dozen U.S. states. Oh, no, instead the day traders are sampling and remixing those hits of the 1930s, “We’re in the Money” and “Happy Days Are Here Again.”

And these mini-Masters of the Universe aren’t just buying the Apples AAPL, -0.76%  and Teslas TSLA, -2.41%  of the world; they’re gobbling up stocks of bankrupt companies like Hertz US:HTZ  and those whose businesses are in deep trouble, like American Airlines Group AAL, -4.95%. Both of those stocks and others beaten down badly in the coronavirus bear market have rallied sharply over the past few weeks.

Better than Buffett?

No doubt these very astute people have done deep dives into balance sheets, loan covenants and capital structures the way distressed debt and deep value investors do to make sure they’re protected on the downside. Oh, wait. Screw the guardrails. Damn the torpedoes. Traders on Robinhood and other instant-trading platforms are wagering hundreds maybe a few thousand bucks at a time and are beating the pants off the pros.

One leading day trader who’s particularly proud of himself is Dave Portnoy, the successful founder of Barstool Sports, who thinks his prowess over the last, oh, six weeks or so, has made him better than … Warren Buffett.

“I’m the new breed. I’m the new generation,” he crowed. “There’s nobody who can argue that Warren Buffett is better at the stock market than I am right now. I’m better than he is. That’s a fact.”

This column has recently taken Buffett to task for his performance over the past decade. Three of his recent investments lost at least $7 billion, and he clearly sold airline stocks at the bottom. But really, Dave, really? He sounds like he’s auditioning to host a revival of “The Apprentice.”

The day trading is definitely a sign of the times. As Anthony Denier, CEO of trading platform Webull, told the New York Post: “We’re all home. Some people are making bread, and some are saying, ‘Hey, how can I make the stock market work for me?’ And with the Fed [pumping money] into the markets, they’re thinking ‘How can I lose?’ ”

How? Let me count the ways, starting with today, with the Dow down 1,862 points, the biggest drop since the dark days of March. Who knows if this is profit taking or whether we’re heading for another leg down in stocks? But some of us remember the 1990s, the days of theglobe.com and “boot your broker” and guys in their basements trading Yahoo stock dozens of times a day. You can “OK boomer” me all you want, but I’ve seen this movie many times and it never has a happy ending.

_Howard R. Gold is a MarketWatch columnist. Follow him on Twitter @howardrgold._

question: Summarize the theme of this article.

answer: The theme is to not be reckless or hasty with your money. The article opens with an anecdote (or rumor) about Joseph P. Kennedy's listening to an enthusiastic but perhaps green shoe shiner about the stock market and then in turn making a large profit ahead of the Great Crash of 1929. The article goes on to talk about how men are generally more reckless due to testosterone. This is all to set up the framework for Robinhood, a free trading app, which has now been having an exaggerated effect on stocks due to its quick-fingered day trading capabilities.

question: Summarize the confidence of these new day traders.

answer: One trader refers to themselves as "the new breed" who is "better than Warren Buffett". This newer crop of eager day traders seem to shirk all precautions in favor of making big moves at rapid speeds-as fast as the app will allow. Perhaps this is recourse after the Covid business fallout; it's a reaction to the dire global economic situation experienced during the pandemic. Also notable is that people are not working in typica physical spaces the same way; the corona virus altered more traditional ways of making money.

question: Summarize some of the concerns financial analysts have with these emerging practices.

answer: The DOW has been dropping and as of the time this article was written has dropped 1,862 points, which is significant, according to the author. The author also alludes to the 1990s and the dot.com bubble burst, during which people lost their entire life savings and more after taking startling risks. The author also seems skeptical of the tone of some of these eager, cocky younger day traders; they seem like people who only think that they have nothing to lose. The author pulls rank with life experience to illustrate his own foundations for wanting to err on the side of caution.

question: Summarize the alternatives to day trading that have more stable longer-term outlooks.


text:
_Right-Wing Critics of American Conservatism, by George Hawley, University Press of Kansas, 376 pages, $34.95_

George Hawley appears to have completed _Right-Wing Critics of American Conservatism_ before Donald Trump began his rise, which makes it all the more surprising that this scholarly tome is the best guide we're likely to find to the bizarre reality of the 2016 GOP.

As Hawley, a political scientist at the University of Alabama, points out in considerable detail, the post–World War II conservative movement has never been a monolithic bloc. Many of its left-wing critics have perceived it that way, but those who Hawley calls its right-wing critics have known better—particularly the ones who were purged and consigned to the ideological equivalent of Siberia. The movement has always been beset from within and without by dissension, even as its leaders have tried to fashion a sense of unity.

Even the definition of "right-wing" is up for grabs. In Europe, conservatives have historically defended a hereditary aristocracy, an established church, and other fixed social hierarchies. ("The men who supported King Louis XVI during the French Revolution," Hawley notes, "would have had no interest in wars to spread liberal democracy in the Middle East, a free market capitalism that recognizes no social distinctions, or a populist form of evangelical Christianity.") Not so in America. "From the major figures of the conservative movement," he writes, "we consistently hear the same values advanced: limited government, strong traditional families, and strong national defense."

But _conservatism_ is not always identical to _the right_, more broadly defined. If the left is characterized by holding social and economic equality as its primary value, the right is characterized by its skepticism toward—or outright opposition to—equality as a political goal. Hence Hawley's compact definition of the right as "all of those ideologies that, while not necessarily rejecting equality as a social good, do not rank it at the top of the hierarchy of values. The right furthermore fights the left in all cases where the push for equality threatens some other value held in higher esteem."

In similar fashion, the right-wing critics of the present conservative movement criticize it for what they see as its ongoing capitulation to the left's values. Almost without exception, those "purged" from the conservative movement have been so for being too far to the right, not too far to the left.

[]
University Press of Kansas
Hawley's overview begins with the Old Right of the 1930s and earlier. Anti–New Deal, anti-interventionist, and pro-states' rights, the Old Right was not cohesive enough to be called a "movement." It was also not exclusively Republican, as there was considerable overlap with many conservative southern Democrats (the so-called Dixiecrats), the GOP having been associated with the unpopular Reconstruction policies that followed the Civil War. The Old Right had a perhaps unfair reputation for a lack of intellectual depth, despite the presence of colorful and insightful figures in its ranks, from H.L. Mencken to the Southern Agrarians who wrote _I'll Take My Stand_.

Enter William F. Buckley and Russell Kirk, perhaps the two most influential and iconic conservatives to gain a public hearing in the early 1950s. Kirk's 1953 book _The Conservative Mind_ aimed to give his worldview a pedigree, tracing conservatism back to Edmund Burke. Buckley, first with his 1951 book _God and Man at Yale_ and then with the 1955 launch of the magazine _National Review_, took on the task of publicizing conservative ideas and laying the groundwork for what would later coalesce into the current conservative movement.

_National Review_ brought together a mix: a few Old Right survivors, a few ex-communists, a few proto-libertarians, and a good number of traditionalists. The initial glue that held them together was the Cold War, which effectively minimized anti-interventionism as a component of conservatism—much to the chagrin of the libertarian economist Murray Rothbard, who was initially a part of the _National Review_ coalition but fell away quickly because of his anti-war views.

Over time, Buckley took on the role of gatekeeper in chief, reading problematic groups and individuals out of the growing movement. Hawley describes early targets, such as the John Birch Society and the Objectivists, as well as later ones, including various "paleocons" (among them Pat Buchanan, Joseph Sobran, Sam Francis, and Mel Bradford) and others deemed racist or anti-Semitic. Even after Buckley's death, _National Review_ has continued to boot former contributors, such as John Derbyshire and Peter Brimelow, whose so-called "race realism" was considered unacceptable.

Frank Meyer, a _National Review_ editor, championed the idea of "fusionism," an attempt to wed a libertarian emphasis on individual freedom with traditional conservative values. The fruits of this effort included both Young Americans for Freedom and Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign. But fusionism spun apart in the maelstrom of the 1960s: Most conservatives supported the Vietnam war, while figures like Rothbard not only opposed it but attempted to make common cause with New Left groups such as Students for a Democratic Society. Add conflicts over conscription, the counterculture, Black Power, and other issues, and fusionism unraveled; libertarians began to establish their own institutions and organizations, from which the present movement has grown.

Hawley devotes two substantial chapters to the ups and downs of libertarian influence on the conservative movement. The first chapter covers those he dubs mainstream libertarians, by which he means those willing to push for incremental changes in a libertarian direction within mainstream politics and culture. These include Milton Friedman (whom he describes as "conservatism's favorite libertarian"), the Koch brothers, the Cato Institute, REASON, the Paul family, and various libertarian youth organizations. The second chapter covers radical libertarianism, which Hawley defines by its purity of principles and its insurgence against the state. Hawley cites the 19th century individualist anarchists Josiah Warren, Lysander Spooner, and Benjamin Tucker as early examples of this impulse; in the _National Review_ era, he mentions Rothbard and Karl Hess.

In the late '80s and the '90s, long after the New Left dissolved, Rothbard returned to the right to attempt a new fusionism of his own, along with Llewellyn Rockwell Jr., steward of the libertarian Ludwig von Mises Institute in Auburn, Alabama. The goal was to ally with "paleoconservatives." That term—reportedly coined by the conservative historian Paul Gottfried—was a play on "neoconservative," a term applied to Irving Kristol, Norman Podhoretz, and other former leftists and liberals who had not just joined the right but brought along baggage (support for global military crusades, greater tolerance for the welfare state) that the paleocons opposed.

Embodied most memorably in the _Rothbard-Rockwell Report_, a monthly newsletter that spanned much of the '90s, the "paleolibertarian" alliance combined free market economics with Rothbard's cultural conservatism, which had little patience for gay rights and other liberation movements championed by the mainstream libertarians. Rothbard's death in 1995 cut this initiative short, however, dooming yet another effort at libertarian-conservative fusion.

Hawley isn't just interested in libertarian critiques of conservatives. (If that were the case, he wouldn't have much to tell us about the Trump moment.) Hawley breaks form with most summaries of American conservatism by devoting a chapter to the European New Right (_Nouvelle Droit_), a predominantly French intellectual movement spanning the late '60s to the present. The "New Right" label was chosen not by the movement's participants but by its critics (many of whom consider it neofascist), and in many ways the movement is neither left nor right, instead combining elements from all over the ideological spectrum: pan-Europism, anti-colonialism, a critique of egalitarianism and democracy, a nod toward polytheism, and so on.

Rather belatedly, the works of New Right writers such as Alain de Benoist and Guillaume Faye are being translated into English and finding an American readership, particularly on the "alternative right," a largely online milieu of white nationalism and opposition to multicultural immigration. Hawley's New Right discussion thus dovetails with his following chapter, which is about white nationalists—perhaps the most vociferous right-wing critics of mainstream conservatism.

Hawley notes that while the internet has enabled an explosion of racist websites and blogs, many "offline" membership organizations, such as the National Alliance, Aryan Nations, and the Ku Klux Klan, have fallen by the wayside, and it is difficult to tell who is a genuine leader in this political niche and who is "simply a lone blogger, broadcasting his or her ideas to no one." One suspects that a tech-savvy teaching assistant might have been able to direct Hawley to available web ranking data, but that's neither here nor there. The fact remains that even a wildly popular website (or network of aligned sites) does not constitute a social movement per se.

In the book's concluding chapter, Hawley touches on the so-called Dark Enlightenment, the online neoreactionary crew who have spent considerable time and energy dissecting "the Cathedral," their term for the egalitarian values upheld by both the American left and the mainstream American right. Hawley concludes: "At this point, the Dark Enlightenment is predominantly interesting because of its unique style and lingo, but it adds relatively little to the political debate that is truly inventive." Perhaps I'm just a sucker for unique styles and lingo, but I've found the milieu to be at least entertainingly provocative if not truly inventive—and the neoreactionary belief that the antidote for democracy's failures is a return to monarchy does strike me as inventive, if unconvincing.

Hawley has captured the present moment surprisingly well, even though his book was researched and written before Trump's candidacy arrived. That Trump has proven popular with some of the movements described here—all but the libertarians, basically—is unsurprising, as he has given voice to many opinions shared by those who criticize conservatism from the right.

Whether it be his opposition to unconstrained and illegal immigration, his argument that free trade agreements facilitate the offshoring of Americans' jobs, his sporadic skepticism toward foreign entanglements, or his refusal to kowtow to P.C. truisms, Trump has leap-frogged over the mainstream right and landed in the proximate zone of the dissident right. This is not to say that he has done so with conscious calculation. His off-the-cuff bluster seems more an instinctual feel for topics that have been taboo in the well-policed conservative movement than a self-conscious pivot to the far right. In that sense, his campaign is less an expression of his own giant ego than an eruption of the national id.

Hawley notes in his concluding sentence that "the day may be approaching when one or more of these other right-wing movements is given the opportunity to make its case, and it is therefore important to know what that case will be, even if such knowledge is used only to refute their arguments." That day may be already upon us, making Hawley's book more timely than even its author could have anticipated.

question: What does the text say about Edmund Burke?

answer: Edmund Burke wrote the book God and Man at Yale, which is published in 1951. He first publicized the political ideas of conservatism.

question: What does the text say about George Hawley?

answer: George Hawley is the author of the book Right-Wing Critics of American Conservatism. He is a political scientist at the University of Alabama.

question: What does the text say about racism?

answer: In his book, George Hawley mentions that while there are "offline" membership organizations such as National Alliance, Aryan Nations, and the Ku Klux Klan, that promote racism, there are also many racist websites and online blogs.

question: What does the text say about the positive reviews of Hawley's book?