text:
Affiliations

-    PMID: 11125689

Clinical Trial

 W W Pang et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 2000 Sep.

Abstract

BACKGROUND: During its use in pain management the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) devices are capable of registering the course of treatment at patient request, the condition of drug delivery and total amount of drug being given. The patients could determine the need of medication to their own satisfaction while forced treatment by the bias of the health care personnel is avoided and the safety of patients is further warranted. In pain relief with this device, the number of requests for analgesia and the dose of analgesic used can be easily measured. Therefore, it is more objective to compare the pain intensity among different types of operation when PCA device is used. Using PCA morphine consumption as a parameter, we attempted to elucidate the difference of intensity of pain associated with total hip and total knee replacements by comparing their morphine requirement.

METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 50 patients who underwent either total hip replacement (THR, n = 24) or total knee replacement (TKR, n = 26) were enrolled. After recovery from general anesthesia when the patients first complained intense pain in the recovery room, morphine was given intravenously in titration with a calculated loading dose in 30 min to achieve an acceptable analgesia (VAS < or = 3) followed by morphine PCA at 1 mg bolus with a lockout interval of 6 min. The patients were then followed for 48 h. During and at the end of the course the data relevant to pain score, total dose, demand, delivery, and adverse effects were recorded for assessment.

RESULTS: With the use of PCA, the pain scores were similar in both surgical groups in the 48 h observation. Total consumption of morphine in THR was 13.2 +/- 8.1 mg as against 19.7 +/- 5.7 mg in TKR in postoperative day 1 and 25.2 +/- 12.7 mg as against 34.1 +/- 13.9 mg in postoperative day 2 (P < 0.05, t-test). Demand/delivery ratio was not statistically significant between the 2 groups at 24 and 48 h (t-test). Minor adverse effects were seen in both groups but the differences were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS: Using PCA morphine consumption as parameter, we can distinguish the magnitude of pain intensity between 2 major orthopedic surgeries. The deeper and more extensive operation would in total hip replacement does not mean that it is a more painful procedure than total knee replacement. Several speculations are proposed.

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LinkOut - more resources

-   Medical

    -   ClinicalTrials.gov
    -   MedlinePlus Health Information

question: What does PCA stand for?

answer: Patient-controlled analgesia.

question: What's a PCA device?

answer: It allows the patient to determine their own pain level and manage accordingly.

question: What's one of the benefits of using this device?

answer: It could be a more accurate diagnostic tool for assessing pain levels.

question: What is one of the findings of the study?

answer: Hip replacement surgery-while a deeper procedure-is not more painful than knee replacement surgery.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: A study in which post-op surgical patients were given a patient-controlled analgesic device to administer their own pain medication has given evidence that while hip replacement surgery may technically be a deeper operation, knee replacement surgery can be just as painful. One of the benefits of using a PCA device is that the patient can administer the medication in accordance with their own needs, thereby providing a more accurate reading of their pain for scientists.


split: train

text:
“UN ENFANT DE TOI” is a 1987 pop song recorded by the French singer Phil Barney. It was released as a single twice : first in 1987 from the album _Recto-verseau_, then as a duet with Marlène Duval in 2002. Both versions were hits, reaching the top three on the French Singles Chart, and the cover version being more successful than the original.

Background

“Un Enfant de toi” was written and the music composed by Pierre Zito and Phil Barney.

With a romantic melody, the song deals with the story of a man whose wife being pregnant. However, the delivery takes place badly and the woman dies by giving birth to a boy, named Jason. The father, who addresses directly his deceased wife in the song, tells ten years later how he brought up their son.[1]

In 2002, Marlène Duval, a contestant of the French TV reality show _Loft Story 2_, regularly sang the song when she participated in the show. Therefore, when she came out the loft, Barney proposed her to recording the song in a duet version. She accepted and the song was released as a single.[2] The two singers started a tour to promote the song.[3]

Chart performances

In France, the original version charted for 23 weeks in the top 50, from 5 September 1987 to 6 February 1988. It debuted at the bottom of the chart and eventually reached a peak of number three in its 10th and 15th weeks. It remained in the top ten for ten consecutive weeks.[4] The single earned a Gold disc awarded by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique.[5] According to Infodisc website, it version is the 669th best-selling single of all time in France, selling about 467,000 units.[6]

The duet version entered the French Singles Chart at number 70 on 1 June 2002, although being officially released three days later (several stores sold it before the official date). It directly climbed to number two, topped the chart for three consecutive weeks, then dropped on the chart, totalling seven weeks in the top ten, 16 weeks in the top 50 and 21 weeks on the chart (top 100).[7] About one month after its release, it was certified Platinum disc[8] and ranked at 12 on the year-end.[9] As of July 2014, it is the 89th best-selling single of the 21st century in France, with 321,000 units sold.[10]

On 29 June 2002, the single started at number 20 on the Belgian (Wallonia) Ultratop 40, then jumped straight to number one. It stayed there for four weeks, then kept on dropping and fell off the chart after 14 weeks.[11] It was the 13th best-selling single of 2002.[12]

Track listings

1987 version
; 7" single

1.  “Un Enfant de toi” – 3:46
2.  “Ma Vie c'est la musique” – 4:12

2002 version
; CD single

1.  “Un Enfant de toi” by Phil Barney and Marlène Duval – 4:05
2.  "Un Enfant de toi (instrumental) – 4:05

Charts

Peak positions

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Chart (1987)                      | Peak                              |
|                                   | position                          |
+===================================+===================================+
| Eurochart Hot 100                 | 28                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| French SNEP Singles Chart[13]     | 3                                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Chart (2002)                      | Peak                              |
|                                   | position                          |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| |Belgian (Wallonia) Singles       | 1                                 |
| Chart[14]                         |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| French SNEP Singles Chart[15]     | 1                                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

Year-end charts

  Chart (2002)                           Position
  -------------------------------------- ----------
  Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart[16]   13
  French Singles Chart[17]               12

Certifications

  Country       Certification   Date           Sales certified
  ------------- --------------- -------------- -----------------
  France¹[18]   Gold            1987           500,000
  France²[19]   Platinum        26 June 2002   500,000

¹ 1987 version
² 2002 version

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] French certifications Chartsinfrance.net (Retrieved 24 April 2008)

[6] Best-selling singles of all time in France (original version) Infodisc.fr (Retrieved 25 April 2008)

[7]

[8] French certifications Disqueenfrance.com (Retrieved 24 April 2008)

[9] 2002 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com (Retrieved 25 April 2008)

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

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[18]

[19]

title: Un enfant de toi

question: What made the cover version of "Un Enfant de toi" more commercially successful than the original?

answer: "Un Enfant de toi" ito and Phil Barney in 1987. It was released as a single and was a hit. In 2002, Marlène Duval, a contestant on a French reality show regularly sing the song whenever she is on the show. Barney reached out to her and proposed that they sing together in a studio. Duval accepted and they recorded the song. The song became a bigger hit than the original, selling about 467,000 units. Considering all things, the popularity of Marlène Duval might have made a contribution to the success of the cover.


text:
The first thing I remembered was finding myself in a mist-ridden marsh just around nightfall. It was not the first time I've been there. It seems as if I'm returning to that place due to unlucky circumstances which lead me no other choice but to accept my fate and find a place to stay for the night, however much I want to do the exact opposite: run as far away as I can back into the civilised, for there is something unknown, some peculiar feeling that makes me feel unwanted and a burden to that place. Yet, fate has dropped me off here once again.
How will I go about it this time? I know of some of the traditions and uses the locals have here. For instance, there is a town's hall where the men meet at Sunday to discuss important matters. Only a selection of men is allowed in there, as the outsiders dare not interfere with the local matters. Me being an outsider I was tempted to do just that. An old man with a bleak face blocked me the way murmuring in some distant language probably not yet known by the men of yesterday, or already forgotten by the men of now. I can never access the secrets that lie within, the very information that can keep me out of this eerie place. A place which doesn't want me there yet is appointed by fate to keep me there for periods of time it rather remained hidden and unknown to me.

The first time I remember visiting this place was after a car I was sitting in broke down. I don't remember who was accompanying me at the time, needless to say I didn't see those people again. When we found the first house we could, we asked to stay there. I am the only person I remember seeing after that time. The people who lived there took me in, but there was no sincerity, no intention to it. It was as if they were obliged by higher rules or morals to do the same thing that had happened to them, making them sufferers of the same grey fate as the rest of this secretive community.

I become more and more accustomed being there every time, though I tend to forget the roads and where they all lead to. The sky is an everlasting dark grey, as if the storm never passes, just hangs there to pour down the tentative misery all people are overcome. They still do not give up and continue with their daily life, forgotten of the fact that there is a different world out there, or am I the only one who really dares to dream of a different setting and is that the reason I am not taken seriously by anyone residing there?
How DID I end up here? Why were we driving this way into despair as if no other better routes were open in the first place?

The more I seem to wind up there, the more I seem to understand the functioning of it all, though there is no distinction to be made of what is there and what really isn't. As interchangeable as it is, itis not a certain designated village; more a living being feeding off of the not yet corrupted vicinity on the one hand and leaving places to change to something else again on the other.
A cloud not big enough to hide away all the sunlight.

It is what a Medieval village would look like in its contemporary setting with all the fears and unvertainties of life still present as if technology had not added to the welfare of these people. They were having none of it. It was as alien to them as the place was to me. A clash of ideology and sanity with no arbitrator watching if the rules be applied.
Somehow I managed to find my way out of there finding a deserted busstop amongst tall grass and trees. The darkness of it all did not add to my understanding of it, but there was something that reminded me of modern society, something which is very well known to me and where I can live as a regular person instead of being directed by the commune's wishes. Time had passed very swiftly, though as irrelevant as their language or theiri habits, it did not directly affect me. The existence of it was meaningless from the perspective I was in.

Taking the bus I realized. I didn't want to leave this, I had to find out the reason I was being dragged to that shithole over and over again. What a foolish remark to make though. I know I'll end up there tomorrow again.

title: Dream

question: Does the story describe a real event?

answer: It is implied it is about a dream.

question: Summarize the narrator's dream in one sentence.

answer: The narrator has the same dream every night - that they are in a Medieval village.

question: How does the narrator feel about the dream?

answer: It seems they are not happy about it.

question: Does the narrator want to leave the dream?

answer: It seems not before they find out why do they have the dream.


text:
KILIAN KLEINSCHMIDT (born 1962 in Essen, Germany) is a German entrepreneur and former UNHCR official who served as the director of the Zaatari refugee camp.[1]

Personal life

Kilian was born in Essen, Germany as the son of teachers. He grew up in Berlin and went on to become a roofer. He then joined a cooperative that raised 35 goats in the Pyrenees to make cheese. At 26, during a motorcycle trip in Mali, he met an aid worker and helped out to build a school in Youvarou. He subsequently went on to be associated with UN aid agencies in different capacities. He has five biological children from three relationships and currently resides in Thessaloniki .[2][3] [Kleinschmidt briefing John Kerry at Zataari]

Career

He worked in Sudan during the Second Sudanese Civil War and helped organise a camp for the Lost Boys of Sudan. He was in Mogadishu in 1993 during the Battle of Mogadishu. He spent two years in Sri Lanka as a liaison to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam rebels. He also coordinated the rescue of Rwandan Hutu refugees caught in the rain forests of Congo in 1997 for UNHCR. He repaired an old railroad built by the Belgians, and used a train powered by a steam locomotive to rescue many of the refugees. He has also worked as the Deputy UNHCR representative in Kenya and deputy to the Special Envoy of the UN Secretary General for assistance to Pakistan.[4][5][6]

He took over as the 'Senior Field Coordinator' for UNHCR at the Zaatari refugee camp on March 12, 2013 following a series of temporary camp directors. He was tasked with restoring order in the second largest refugee camp in the world. After a 25-year stint with the UN, he founded his own aid consultancy called Switxboard. He also serves as a consultant on refugee matters to the Austrian Ministry of the Interior.[7][8][9]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

title: Kilian Kleinschmidt

question: According to this text, where does Kilian Kleinschmidt currently live?

answer: Thessaloniki.

question: Name 3 locations Kilian Kleinschmidt worked duing his career?

answer: Kenya, Sri Lanka, and Congo.

question: Is Kilian Kleinschmidt married?

answer: The text doesn't say.

question: What is the name of Kilian Kleinschmidt's aid consultancy?

answer: Switxboard.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This text is a short biography of Kilian Kleinschmidt, a German entrepreneur, and former UNHCR official. Kleinschmidt began his career as a roofer, before working in several capacities with the UN and eventually founding his own aid consultancy, Switxboard.


text:
The CHURCH OF SANTÍSSIMA TRINDADE () is an 18th-century church located in the civil parish of Mosteiro in the municipality of Lajes das Flores, in the Portuguese island of Flores, in the archipelago of the Azores.

History

The church dates to 1846, from the inscription over the principal portico.[1] It was the same year that Florentine António de Freitas (an ex-Seminarian born in Fajãzinha, likely from the locality of Mosteiro, which was part of the parish at the time) returned from Macau, where he had made his fortune in the traffic of opium and child slavery.[2] For or _“as a sign of his recognition for the safety of all his possessions”_, for his gratitude to God for saving his fortune, he decided to finance the construction of a new church in Mosteiro, to the invocation of the Holy Trinity.[3]

The first burial in the new church occurred on 8 October 1847.[4]

On 23 October 1850, by royal decree, Queen D. Maria II elevated Mosteiro administratively, forming (along with locality of Caldeira) the new parish Mosteiro, that substituted the former _Mosteiros_[5] that dominated until this point.[6] It was later supported by the elevation of the religious parish to the status of ecclesiastical parish on 18 November in the same year, by friar D. Estêvão de Jesus Maria, then bishop of Angra.[7]

Between 18 November 1895 and 18 January 1898, the parish was integrated into the municipality of Santa Cruz das Flore, at a time when the municipality of Lajes was extinguished.[8] From 1896 to 195, the old chapel in the parochial church was expanded, under the initiative of Father Caetano Bernardo de Sousa, then the parish priest.[9] The collateral retables were designed and sculpted by Father Guilherme, priest for Mosteiro and Fazenda das Lajes.[10]

Architecture

The church was erected in an area along the southwest of the island, in an isolated urban area inserted into a level area and courtyard. Around the church yard is the Império do Espírito Santo, that dates to 1879.[11][12]

The single-nave church longitudinally extends to the presbytery, which is narrower, and addorsed by lateral bell tower and sacristy, plastered and painted while, while covered in ceiling tile.[13][14] The principal facade with embrasure, pilaster cornerstones, terminates in a central frontispiece delimited by curvilinear forms and surmounted by stone cross.[15][16] In the centre is the rectangular, framed doorway surmounted by frieze and cornices, topped by an inscription and a large circular oculus flanked by stone sculptures in the form of candles.[17][18] The entranceway inscription includes:[19][20]

    _DA SANTÍSSIMA TRINDADE FEITA NO ANNO DE 1846_
    _Of the Holy Trinity built in the year 1846_

The tympanum is decorated by two scrolls and stars, also from sculpted stone.[21][22] The belltower with pilasters cornerstones is two registers and separated by cornices, with a rectangular window on the ground floor (lighting the old baptistery) and topped by rounded belfry with three bells.[23][24] The tower is decorated with a bulbous cupola and pinnacles on each corner, while it is accessed from the rear through a door located at the level of the choir, preceded by an exterior staircase, constructed over washrooms.[25][26]

The interior, plastered and painted in white, includes a wood choir, supported by three stone cormels, superseded by narrow staircase leading to the epistle.[27][28] In the sub-choir is a wooden wind protector and opposite the epistole, the old baptistery, over the belfry (now used for storage).[29][30] To the side of the access to the baptistery is a marble inscription:[31][32]

    _À MEMÓRIA DE MARIA LUÍSA RODRIGUES JORGE QUE COSTEOU UM GRANDE RESTAURO DESTA IGREJA E LEGOU, NO SEU TESTAMENTO, AVULTADA HERANÇA A ESTA PARÓQUIA. HOMENAGEM DE GRATIDÃO DOS SEUS CONTERRÂNEOS._
    _In memory of Maria Luísa Rodrigues Jorge who costed the great restoration of the church and connected, in her testament, great inheritance to this parish. Homage in gratitude of her contemporaries._

There are doors on the lateral walls, which a smaller door leads to the sacristy.[33][34] The triumphal arch is supported by pilasters flanked by two lateral retables on angles, decorated in polychromatic and gilded woods. The ceiling is covered in painted wood forming panels.[35][36]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] The parish name (plural or singular) derives from the immense stone cliffs and spiers that encircled the communities, and specifically the coastal megaliths, and not to the existence of any religious buildings in the parish.

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

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[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

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title: Church of Santíssima Trindade (Mosteiro)

question: Who built the church?

answer: The church's construction was financed by Florentine Antonio de Freitas.

question: Who was Florentine Antonio de Freitas?

answer: He was an ex-Seminarian who returned from Macau after making a fortune. To thank the almighty, he decided to finance the church's construction.

question: Where is the Church of Santissima Trindade situated?

answer: The church is situated in Mosteiro, Flores.

question: When was the church built?

answer: 1846.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer:
The Church of Santissima Trindade is situated in Mosterio, Flores. The church was built in 1846, financed by Florentine Antonio de Freitas.

The church is erected along the southwest area of the island. "DA SANTÍSSIMA TRINDADE FEITA NO ANNO DE 1846 Of the Holy Trinity built in the year 1846" is inscribed on the church's entrance. The tower of the church is decorated with copula and pinnacles on each corner. The ceiling is covered in painted wood-forming panels.


text:
NEPAL–NORWAY RELATIONS are bilateral relations between Nepal and Norway. Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1973. Norway established an embassy in Kathmandu in 2000.[1]

State visits

In 2008, Norwegian Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg and Minister of the Environment and International Development Erik Solheim visited Nepal.[2]

In 2009, the Nepalese Prime Minister Prachanda visited Norway.[3]

Norwegian aid

Norway's aid to Nepal was around 32 million USD in 2017. Norwegian aid prioritizes education, good governance and energy.[4]

Embassy bombing

In May 2008, a small bomb exploded outside the Norwegian embassy in Kathmandu. No one was injured.[5][6]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

title: Nepal–Norway relations

question: When were diplomatic relations between Nepal and Norway established?

answer: On 26 January 1973.

question: Who was Norway's Prime Minister in 2008?

answer: Jens Stoltenberg.

question: What was the Norwegian aid for?

answer: The Norwegian aid was for education, good governance, and energy.

question: Did anybody die in the embassy bombing?

answer: No.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer:
Diplomatic relations between Nepal and Norway were established on 26 January 1973. In 2000, Norway set up an embassy in Kathmandu.

In 2008, the Norwegian Prime Minister and the Minister of Environment and International Development visited Nepal. A year later, the Nepal Prime Minister visited Norway.

Norway aided Nepal with $32 million in 2017 for education, good governance, and energy.


text:
I don’t remember how I got there or where it started. So, in a way, it started off like most dreams do. I was running. But not in solidarity; with a group. I wasn’t exactly sure who they were, I just felt a deep camaraderie with them as if they were close to me. It’s hard to explain. None the less, we trekked on. The barren, gray landscape made me feel empty and thirsty inside, like I knew something better than this was out there somewhere. Or was it somewhere in the past? Was this the aftermath of a dispute between our territory’s leader with another? Regardless, I knew that there was something better than this. It was eating at me.

We ran for what seemed like hours, passing abandoned houses, ransacked for their valuables. Finally, we stopped in a small neighborhood. Three houses stood there seemingly untouched by the madness of what the earth was now. It was a comforting feeling to be back home. We set down our valuables and watched the sun slowly make its dissent over the orange horizon. We felt closer than we ever have before to each other. Quickly afterwards, we all wished each other good night. I lied in my bed wishing for this to be over. Whatever “this” was, I don’t know.

The next morning, I awoke with a kick of my own leg. This seems to happen every time I die in a dream.

The rest of my group awoke, and we packed up again. This time though, we carried only the necessities as if we would come back. Maybe I could call this place home again. It’s been so long since I could. I kept that from the others. I found it difficult to show much weakness to them. Not now. One must be callused and strong in these times.

The morning sun was beautiful, it was the only thing that gave me hope, as we marched onward. We didn’t talk about the past much, but when we did, It was certainly a touchy subject. You can only joke and play around for so long before conversion turns serious. It’s what we needed to keep sane, none the less, as we walked on this abandoned interstate. The hours were long, but I felt as if we were coming up to something big..something worth our while. Just then, our leader, average in height with a weathered face and wrinkly brow, raised his binoculars that hung around his neck. He trembled as he said, “There! Over there! Something… miraculous!”. Every one of us immediately perked up at the thought and made a mad dash towards the undiscovered locale.

We stopped and gazed in awe of what we saw, a large neighborhood of houses. What struck them as odd though was their toy-like appearance. The orange and green houses looked almost gelatin-like. Maybe they were? Relishing at the thought, I was the first one down the steep hill that separated me and this mysterious village, but before I could make it, a married couple from my group had already beaten me there and had sunken into the gelatin-made streets. It was the most peculiar thing we had all ever seen, but at the same instant, it was beautiful. We laughed, and we became children again. I didn’t look back or even think of the home that I left behind.

At that very moment, my leg kicked. I awoke in my bedroom; It was all a dream.

**Note:** I am in high school and a very amateur writer, and I'm sure that is apparent by my grammar. I would love to hear some feedback though. The good and the bad, I want it all! Thank you!

title: A dream that I had.

question: Where is the story set?

answer: A post-apocalyptic Earth in a dream

question: What does the group find that the leader calls "miraculous?"

answer: A large neighborhood, apparently made of gelatin

question: Where does the group spend the night?

answer: A small neighborhood of three houses

question: Why does the narrator believe the group will come back to the small neighborhood?

answer: They leave most of their things there

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator is running with a group of people, passing many abandoned houses. They stop and spend the night at a small neighborhood of three houses. The next morning, they resume running until they spot a large neighborhood, which seems to be made of gelatin.


text:
LAGOS WATER CORPORATION formerly FEDERAL WATER SUPPLY is the principal supplier of water throughout Lagos State. It is owned by the Lagos State Government.[1][2]

The Waterworks was commissioned by Mr. Frederick Lugard, the then Governor General of Nigeria, in 1915 at Obun Eko Area of Lagos. The Lagos Water Corporation then under the federal government was established with the construction of Iju Water Works.

The Iju treatment plant had an initial design capacity of 2.45 million gallon per day (MGD) and was constructed primarily to supply Water to the Colonial residents of Ikoyi in those days.

Currently, the total installed water production capacity is about 210 million gallons per day (MGD)[3]

Iju Waterworks

Iju Waterworks is a facility in Ifako-Ijaiye, LGA, Lagos Mainland that is designed to provide drinkable water to Lagos State residents.[4] The idea of piped water for colonial and Lagos residents emerged from medical advice noting the poor quality of water sourced from water-bodies adjoining colonial Lagos and wells used by residents. Experimental wells dug in Lagos Mainland had proved to be of higher quality that those in the Island. The Iju scheme was conceived to supply better quality water to old Lagos which at the time primarily meant Lagos Island, Ikoyi and its immediate environs such as Iddo, Apapa, and Ebute Metta.[5] To commence the scheme colonial authorities acquired 151 acres of land at Iju on Aworiland from the Egba United Government on a lease for 999 years.[6] The site was situated at the confluence of the Iju and Adiyan rivers. Construction started in 1910, commissioning occurred on July 1, 1915,[7] and supply of water began in August 1915.[8] The total cost of Iju Waterworks was estimated at just over £300,000.[9][10]

The initial capacity of the waterworks was close to 2.5 million gallons per day. It had three engines pumping 5,000 gallons of water per minute.[11] After completion about 200 water fountains and 250 water hydrants were established all over Lagos. Water was distributed to colonial Lagos through a cast iron trunks mains pipeline with a 28-inch diameter. The initial beneficiaries were European residents of Ikoyi and then Lagos Island but gradually pipe water reached others areas including Ijora, Apapa, Iddo, and Ebute Metta. The distribution capacity was increased in 1943 with the addition of a second pipeline. Prior to 1954, the source of water for the scheme was from the Iju and Adiyan streams. Further increase in capacity occurred in 1954 to serve Ikorodu rd, Ikeja and Eastern Lagos and abstraction of water was extended to the Ogun River. In the years 1962, 1965, 1973 and 1985 capacity was further increased. In 1985, capacity had reached 45 million gallons per day.[12] After the creation of Lagos State in 1967, the responsibility of Iju Waterworks was transferred to the state.

Water supply from Iju is dependent on power supply and incessant power outages affects the productivity of the plant. In 2010, the state government commissioned an independent power plant to supply electricity to the facility.[13]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] Olukoju, Ayodeji. Chapter three. Water supply in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries In: Infrastructure Development and Urban Facilities in Lagos, 1861-2000 [online]. Ibadan: Institut français de recherche en Afrique, 2003 (generated 25 December 2016). Available on the Internet: <http://books.openedition.org/ifra/830> via OpenEdition.org. .

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

title: Lagos Water Corporation

question: What is the capacity of the Iju treatment plant?

answer: The capacity of the Iju plant is currently 210 million gallons per day.

question: Where is the site situated?

answer: The site is situated at the confluence of the Iju and Adiyan rivers.

question: When was Iju Waterworks' ownership was transferred to the state?

answer: Ownership of Iju Waterworks was transferred to the state in 1967, when the state of Lagos was created.

question: In what years was the capacity was increased at the plant?

answer: Capacity was increased in 1962, 1965, 1973, and 1985.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article is about the creation and usage of the Lagos Water Corporation, the principal supplier of water throughout Lagos State.


text:
I'm sitting in a bar that’s way too far from home.  Smoking a cigarette  at the counter and looking down at the space between my hands, elbows resting on the table and I’m hunched over.  The bartender just walked by again.  Should I even ask for another drink?  It’s getting late anyways and this brandy can’t be that good for me.
	“Hit me again, Mickie.”

_

The band’s playing some jazz with a tenor sax.  I can hear them.  Can I see them?  I look over my left shoulder.  There’s so much smoke in the room you can barely tell if they are black or white.  I know it’s a tenor though.  I know that sweet sound.

_

So many bottles on a snazzy display in front of me.

“Hey Mick, what do you think makes people come to a place like this on a Thursday?”

“Well, I can’t say I haven’t thought about it.  I should know really, since half of the people sitting up here at the counter are looking for some conversational relief.  Venting, whatever the kids call it these days.  Hey, want another?”

“I don’t know what I’d do if I didn’t, Mick.” He filled up my glass.  How many drinks have I had?  What’s the bill at?  Don’t know, don’t really care I guess.  I don’t even know what I’m doing or how this helps.  It doesn’t, to tell you the truth.

_

It’s raining outside I think.  Though you wouldn’t know from inside this bar.  Brown walls, only a few windows, and through the smoke I can’t see if there is anything out there.  Real dim lighting in here, too.

A fella just tripped and spilt a little of whatever he was drinking onto my lower pant leg and black wingtip shoes.  I don’t know why I bother to even dress for going out anymore.  Who am I even trying to impress?  There’s no pretty women here.  Not alone anyways.  I look over my left shoulder again.  There actually is a fine lady in a red dress sitting alone in a booth by the band, tapping ashes into a tray.  Never mind, her company was just taking a leak in the bathroom.  He’s got the same jacket and pants I have on.

_

I look up at my hat on the counter.  I can’t go home yet.  Not now, anyways.  I light another cigarette and look back down at the counter.  Someone taps me on the right shoulder and takes  a seat to the left of me.  “Hey there” they say.

title: A Bar Too Far From Home

question: Why is the narrator at a bar?

answer: The story doesn't really say why he's at the bar.

question: Does the narrator interact with anyone?

answer: He interacts with the bartender.

question: How is the narrator feeling?

answer: He seems to be a bit lonely.

question: Why can't the narrator go home yet?

answer: The story doesn't say why he can't go home yet.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: A man sits at a bar drinking a brandy. He watches the people around him, noticing there aren't any pretty single women there. He talks to the bartender. Someone taps him on the shoulder.


text:
Oba IDEWU OJULARI (died c 1835) reigned as Oba of Lagos from 1829 to about 1834/5. His father was Oba Osinlokun and his siblings were Kosoko (who was Oba from 1845 to 1851) and Opo Olu, a wealthy and powerful female slave holder.[1]

Idewu Ojulari's ritual suicide

Idewu Ojulari became Oba after his father Osilokun died in 1829. However, Idewu Ojulari's reign was unpopular and at the behest of the Oba of Benin, to whom the people of Lagos had petitioned, Idewu Ojulari committed suicide. Notably, Lagos had hitherto been under Benin suzerainty up until the reign of Oba Kosoko who was dethroned by British forces in 1851. Thereafter, Oba Akitoye and his successor, Oba Dosunmu, rebuffed payment of annual tributes to Benin.[2][3]

According to historian Kristin Mann, Idewu Ojulari's unpopularity may have been caused by the economic downturn in the slave trade following the prosperous years of Osinlokun's reign. His chiefs reportedly communicated their displeasure with Idewu to the Oba of Benin, who sent him a skull, a sword, and a message that “the people of Lagos would no longer recognize him as their King”. Idewu Ojulari, recognizing the skull as an invitation to take poison and in the sword a call to battle, he committed suicide.[4]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Idewu Ojulari

question: What does "Oba" mean?

answer: The text doesn't explicitly say but it is implied that an Oba is a designated leader in Lagos (Nigeria).

question: At whose behest did Idewu Ojulari commit suicide?

answer: The Oba of Benin.

question: How did Idewu Ojulari know that he was being asked to commit ritual suicide?

answer: The Oba of Benin sent him a skull, a sword, and a message that “the people of Lagos would no longer recognize him as their King”.

question: In what century did the events in this article occur?

answer: The 19th century.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article briefly introduces Oba Idewu Ojulari of Lagos and then discusses the historical understanding of his death by ritual suicide in 1835.


text:
KEVIN MCLEAN (born 10 September 1942) is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood and Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1960s.

McLean was used in the key positions by Collingwood, mostly at centre half back. He played as a centre half forward in the 1964 VFL Grand Final, which they lost to Melbourne. The former Alphington Amateur had kicked one of his two career goals in the Preliminary Final win the previous weekend. He finished his career with a two-season stint at Hawthorn.

title: Kevin McLean

question: Who is Kevin McLean?

answer: He is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood and Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1960s.

question: What position did McLean play at Collingwood?

answer: Center half back.

question: When did McLean play center half forward?

answer: In the 1964 VFL Grand Final, which they lost to Melbourne.

question: Where did McLean finish his career?

answer: Hawthorn.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Kevin McLean is a former Australian rules footballer who played for Collingwood and Hawthorn in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the 1960s.


text:
Christ Mass. Even as an adult it sent a shiver down his spine. Christ Mass, a time for repentance, a time for respect, a time for sorrow. Nick shook his head, it was getting late and his mind was starting to wander. He had a lot of work to do, tomorrow was a big day, tomorrow he would test the time suit.

It was no coincidence that Nick had chosen the 25th of December to test his machine. Nick's machine was an affront to everything the OTC stood for and he couldn't think of a better way of saying "Screw You!" then to violate the very laws of Physics on their most important day.

By 8.00am he was already in the suit. He settled the butterflies in his stomach by finishing a glass of milk - his favourite. After a moment's pause he stood up, pressed the button and fell out of time.

Nick was a genius by anyones' standards with an unnatural aptitude for working with multi-dimensional problems. At university he came to understand that our perception of time is simply a shadow of a multidimensional field. This realisation was coupled with the reality that he was beyond his peers and professors, he dropped out. It took 3 years to finish the machine. 3 years of working in secret. 3 years of sleepless nights, unhealthy eating and personal neglect. By the time it was complete Nick was a state, morbidly obese with an ungainly beard, but his work was done.

Falling backwards, the world dimmed and blurred. His brain struggled to process the unphysical reality. He perceived a stream of colours as visual information from multiple moments arrived simultaneously - it was nauseating. Fortunately he didn't need to make sense of it all, his suit did all the work. He pressed another button and started hurtling sidewards a year at a time. The surface of history spun in front of his eyes, the motion sickness faded and a rainbow of colours washed over him as the years passed. Coming out from a trance he had the shocking realization - the colours were fading, he was still falling! In a panic he pressed the button to return to the time event horizon.

He came too lying on a crowded street. A quick survey of the dense terraced houses and thick smog suggested that he had emerged around the Victorian era. With ease that surprised himself he sprung to his feet. The people around him remained motionless. Something was wrong. An examination of his suit controls revealed the problem - he wasn't back! Draining its batteries, competing with an unanticipated force, the machine had died anchoring him on the very edge of time.

Nick explored the town. Here on the cusp of time he could feel the air, the sun on his back, feel gravity pulling him down, even smell the local bakery but the experience was diluted, ethereal. Walking the back alleys put his life in perspective. The strict discipline that came with Christ Mass made him feel like he had suffered hardships, but here was true suffering. At the edge of town he found the worst of it; an orphanage. Most of the kids looked 3 missing meals from starvation. Nick remembered the bakery he past earlier.

He felt guilty taking bread from under the plump baker's nose but couldn't shake the image of the starving children. Eight trips and several hours later he'd managed to supply most of the kids with loaves, rolls and pastries. He stole one last glance at the baker as he carried the bread-filled sacks out the door. The baker's mouth was formed into an "O", his expression one of shock. It was strange, Nick didn't remember seeing this before. The final visit to the orphanage confirmed it - the smallest glimmer of joy showed in the eyes of the kids Nick supplied first. Time wasn't frozen! It was just passing imperceivably slow.

The joy he saw in those children's faces elated him. This was the first time in Nick's life he had ever felt purpose, felt useful. He was especially gleeful that he could bring such joy on the day of Christ Mass, a traditional day of suffering for children.... Cogs whirred in his brain, his version of Christ Mass didn't exist yet! The OTC hadn't been formed! The OTC gained absolute power exploiting the misery of people during the hard winter months. It was ironic that the children in the orphanage would always associate this day with a happy memory. It was a shame, he thought, that every child couldn't feel this way about Christ Mass because then the OTC would never happen. But you couldn't possibly make every child on earth happy. Right?

It was evening by the time he finished. It had taken the whole Tunguskan forest, but he had finally made enough toys for all the children of the earth. His body within the suit remained in time stasis, but his hands and face had aged and his beard had turned to purest white. He set off with his first payload. It would likely be midnight before his work was done, he just hoped he would get to see those glimmers of joy once more before *his* time ran out. Either way, Christ Mass would have a different meaning for the world of the future than it did to Nick.

It was a magical night that night. Those lucky enough saw a flash of a giant smiling man with perfect white beard and glowing redshifted suit. And if you listened carefully, you could even hear his Doppler shifted laughter resonating through the air.

"Ho Ho Ho! Merry Christ Mass!"

title: The Nick Of Time

question: What is the time suit?

answer: It is a machine for time traveling.

question: Is Nick Santa Claus?

answer: The text implies that Nick becomes Santa Clause and this is part of his origin story.

question: Where is the bakery Nick passes?

answer: The "Victorian Era" is mentioned so England is implied.

question: What is the "OTC?"

answer: Can't say.

question: How old is Nick?

answer: He begins quite young - probably in his early twenties, then ages due to time travel.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: In this text, Nick - who hates "Christ Mass" because it was a time of sorrow and repentance - uses his extreme intelligence to build a time-travel suit. While experimenting with it the first time, he ends up stopping somewhere and feeding hungry orphans and loves it. He makes gifts for every child on earth and delivers them using his machine, thus changing the meaning of Christ Mass for children forever.


text:
ETI-ONI is a town located in Atakumosa East local government area of The State of Osun,[1] south-west Nigeria. Eti-Oni is one of the numerous towns that make up the ancient majestic Kingdom of Ilesa. Eti-Oni is the home of the 2nd oldest known cocoa plantation in Nigeria with the oldest in Ijon, Lagos, it is believed cocoa was first introduced in Nigeria at Ijon by Captain JPL Davies,[2] it was from Eti-Oni that cocoa was spread to many other communities of south-west Nigeria. The crop over time became one of Nigeria's major cash crops, a major source of income for the then South West Region of Nigeria before the discovery of crude oil in the late 1950s.[3] The indigenes of Eti-Oni are part of the Ijesha clan of The State of Osun. The town is ruled by a monarch bearing the title _Oloni of Eti-Oni_ Land the incumbent is His Royal Majesty Oba Dokun Thompson[4] who ascended the throne in 2008.

History of Eti-Oni

The Eti-Oni town was founded after the Ekiti-Parapo War against the Ibadan empire. The sounds made by the guns used for the war between 1878–1886, supplied by Gureje Thompson (the founder of the town) gave the name to the war called the Kiriji war.[5] The chaos unleashed by the war got the attention of the British colonialist army which had to step in. The war ended on September 23, 1886.[6]

Upon peace achieved in the land, Gureje-Thompson who founded the town introduced crops like cocoa, cassava, rice and kola nuts to the new thriving community by 1896 - 1910 with the fertile land of Eti-Oni the crops thrived making the town a great place of reckoning for its crop yields.

Rebirth of Eti-Oni

The 2016 Cocoa Festival is a commemoration of 130 years end of the bloody Kiriji war which brought lasting peace to Yorubaland.

The recently held cocoa festival of Eti-Oni was organised to celebrate 120 years of cocoa cultivation in the Town.

The EDG's vision is to transform Eti-Oni into a sustainable town[7] while maintaining its African identity, furthermore by 2020 Eti-Oni is planned to be a fully developed town with functional cocoa processing plants for premium chocolate product and a tourist destination for its environs, upgrading the once-forgotten town to one of the major economic hubs for cocoa in the region.

Notes

[1] http://tribuneonlineng.com/eti-oni-sad-tale-120-year-old-cocoa-settlement-trapped-neglect/

[2] https://aguntasolo.co/captain-jpl-davies-cocoa-lessons-guardian-c1276d31b5e4

[3] http://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/03/60-years-after-nigerias-first-crude-oloibiri-oil-dries-up-natives-wallow-in-abject-poverty/

[4] http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/12/04/i-was-installed-oba-in-a-church/

[5] http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/12/04/i-was-installed-oba-in-a-church/

[6] http://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2016/12/04/i-was-installed-oba-in-a-church/

[7] http://tribuneonlineng.com/turning-eti-oni-smart-town-120-years-existence-adaeze-ceo-eti-oni-development-group/

title: Eti-Oni

question: What is Eti-Oni's most important product?

answer: Cocoa.

question: When was Eti-Oni founded?

answer: After the Kiriji war (1878-1886).

question: Who founded the town?

answer: Gureje Thompson.

question: What kind of town is Eti-Oni developing into?

answer: It is transforming into a sustainable town while maintaining its African identity. It is planned to be a fully developed town with functional cocoa processing plants for premium chocolate and a tourist destination.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The text is about Eti-Oni, a town in south-west Nigeria, famous for its cocoa production.


text:
	Today is as good as any tomorrow, but it is never as good as yesterday. For most, yesterday was the day that they were younger. They use yesterday as an escape from their lives that are filled with more materialistic value, but neither the strength nor the wits to work their possessions. Others see yesterday as the day they had their chance in the limelight. Nobody remembers the fourth or fifth person to set foot on the Moon, none but themselves and their colleagues. They remember that day they set foot on the most uncommon landscape as the day they did something truly great, no matter how many others had disturbed the sand there before them. Yesterday is better than today any day of the week.
	Yesterday was better for me because yesterday I had three friends. These friends were the only people that I could tolerate. The first of the three was Juliana. I had met her at a high school party a few years back. She seemed out of place, being such a small and innocent looking girl. Her long brunette hair always seemed a little disheveled, but somehow it worked well with her golden brown skin. What made her look so innocent were those tiny freckles she had clustered around her nose. For as long as I’ve known her she’s been trying to prove herself to be hard, but her guiltlessness can be seen as clear as glass.
	My second friend I met a year after I had become acquainted with Juliana. His name was Christian. What an odd boy he was. When I first met him he was dressed like a ninja and jumped at me out of a tree. I never knew why he did so, and nobody ever knows why he does anything. He just does things because he can or he wants to be able to. When Christian removed his ninja mask I saw that he had long hair, with a color similar to Juliana’s. He had lots of acne and light scars on his face, but a strong chin to make up for it. He is the only person I’ve ever met whose yesterday is not as good as today.
	I met my third friend through Juliana. I wouldn’t call him a friend, but more of someone that I was forced to take care of. His name was Jack. He had soulless black eyes and glasses. A peach fuzz mustache covered his upper lip and his black hair contrasted his pale white skin. When I first met him he seemed like the most plane person that has ever breathed air. I was forced to be friends with Jack because Juliana is best friends with him. He was normal at the start, but once I knew him longer I made it clear that I was one to be trusted. That was a mistake. Every other day there was another threat of suicide and another plea for attention. In his eyes yesterday was bad, today is worse, and there is no tomorrow. This time he was right.
	Christian had started to date Juliana. I had no clue they knew each other, but apparently they met through school. I had never thought them to be together but they made the perfect couple. I can’t imagine what a fight between them would’ve been like. Juliana was too sweet and Christian was too stupid, and both of them were selfless. Their care towards others would soon cause their own downfall. You see, Jack was desperately in love with Juliana. He had been ever since they met in first grade. That is the reason he has stuck around for so long. He had seen Juliana go through so many heart breaks and he knew, or at least thought he knew, that he would be the best for her. That is, until he saw her with Christian. They say Christian is immature and needs to grow up. In my opinion he is the most mature. Jack is the one still holding onto his elementary school crush.
Four-hundred and something days after Juliana and Christian started dating, and over three-hundred suicide threats of Jack’s later, we all stopped caring. Even Juliana was getting sick of his selfishness after her numbered days with her beloved started to be interrupted by Jack’s cries for attention. He acted like the threats were real, but that was all they ever were-threats. There was nothing for him to be sad about anymore, but he needed to be spoon fed attention or else more threats would ensue. None of them seemed real. Every night he would get upset and leave his house around midnight and walk around his suburban town and pout. Then the next morning everything would be fine. He would be friends with everyone again until night time. The main cause of his depression was believed to be Christian. Jack’s yesterday was a day without Christian.
The real yesterday, August 16, 2013, was a good day. That day Juliana, Christian, and I decided to not give in to Jack’s threats. I stayed home most of the day and left Juliana and Christian alone, up until it was time to go to the fair. It was the last time they’d see each other for a few months since Christian was heading back to college soon so I gave them their space. I knew we were going to the fair after Juliana finished with her job, but we had no intention of running into Jack there. He had told me that he was at the mall, and I am assuming that is what they thought as well. The evening went exactly as planned until we saw him. His head was peeking out from behind one of the rides at the fair. Christian called to him to get his attention, but Jack turned and disappeared behind the ride. We all walked briskly toward the ride he was hiding behind. When we arrived we saw him again, further away and in the parking lot. Christian screamed a friendly hello. Jack looked back then started running. We all stood in the parking lot confused for a minute, then saw his car speed away. We thought nothing of his actions and went back to the fair.
After the fair we decided to meet up at Juliana’s house. I got there first and played inside with her dog, while Juliana and Christian were off playing with each other in Christian’s car. I sat there for a shorter time than expected when Christian’s car screeched to a stop in front of Juliana’s house. Out of the car came a worried couple who rushed inside the house. Jack had been following them. Not just from the fair, but all day. Everywhere they went they caught a glimpse of his car. When they thought they were alone they decided to get intimate with each other in an empty parking lot. Then a car sped into the parking lot and hid behind a building. They were scared at first, then skeptical. Juliana and Christian kept with the activities until Christian spotted Jack from around the corner the car slid behind. Just as quick as they got dressed and left, Jack was on their tail. When Juliana and Christian reached Juliana’s neighborhood they turned then looked behind them. Jack hadn’t turned after them. He kept whizzing down the road until he was out of sight.
We all stayed in Juliana’s house until about midnight. It was time for us to leave. Christian walked up to Juliana and gave her a long kiss on the lips then a solemn last goodbye. I smiled to see the two getting along, although they always do. Christian opened the door and walked slowly to his car. I stayed behind Juliana and held the door while she waited at the doorstep for Christian to leave. He unlocked his car and his lights turned on. Just as he did so, Jack paced from the right side of the yard to the edge of Christian’s car. He flung out a gun, pointed it at Christian, and fired.
Yesterday is always better and always will be better. Yesterday I had three friends. They were not all happy with themselves, but at least they were there. At twelve ten the morning after that day, one friend was dead in the street. At twelve twenty, another was arrested. Jack may not have killed himself, but he is dead to me anyways. The date now is August 18, 2014. Tomorrow is Juliana’s funeral. She had killed herself the night before, after mourning for one full year about what had happened. Yesterday I had three friends. Today I have none.

title: First post here. "Yesterday"

question: Who does Jack love?

answer: Jack loves Juliana.

question: Who kills Christian?

answer: Jack kills Christian.

question: Why does the group avoid Jack?

answer: He is always threatening to kill himself to gain attention.

question: What happens to the narrator at the end?

answer: She loses three friends.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator makes friends with three people, Jack, Juliana, and Christian. Jack is in love with Juliana but she is dating Christian. Jack threatens to commit suicide the group eventually avoids him. Then his behavior becomes unhealthy and he arrives with a gun and kills Christian. He is arrested, and a year later Juliana kills herself. Then the narrator has no more friends.


text:
COHORS TERTIA DELMATARUM EQUITATA CIVIUM ROMANORUM PIA FIDELIS (“3rd part-mounted Cohort of Dalmatae Roman citizens, dutiful and loyal”, abbreviated _COH III D_), was a Roman auxiliary cohort mixed infantry and cavalry unit.

300px|thumb|right|Tombstone of _Tiberius Claudius Halotus_, erected by his father _Claudius Iustus_ ()

Origins

It was named after the Dalmatae, an Illyrian-speaking tribe that inhabited the Adriatic coastal mountain range of the eponymous Dalmatia. The ancient geographer Strabo describes these mountains as extremely rugged, and the Dalmatae as backward and warlike. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbours adopted it and that they “made war on the Romans for a long time”. He also criticises the Dalmatae, a nation of pastoralists, for turning fertile plains into sheep pasture.[1] The name of the tribe itself is believed to mean “shepherds”, derived from the Illyrian word _delme_ (“sheep”).[2] The final time this people fought against Rome was in the Illyrian revolt of 6-9 AD.

The revolt was started by Dalmatae auxiliary forces and soon spread all over Dalmatia and Pannonia. The resulting war was described by the Roman writer Suetonius as the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. But after the war, the Dalmatae became a loyal and important source of recruits for the Roman army.

According to Holder, a total of 12 _cohortes Delmatarum_ appear to have been raised after the suppression of the Illyrian revolt in two series, of 7 and 5 respectively. All these units were in existence by the time of emperor Claudius (r. 41-54)[3] Of these, 9 appear to have survived into the 2nd century.[4]

The regiment was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus (r. 30BC-14AD) after 9 AD. It was certainly in existence by the time of Claudius (r. 41-54).[5] Its early movements are unknown.

Home Base

It first appears in the datable epigraphic record in 80, in Germania Superior. It was still there in 134. Not later than 179, it was transferred to Dacia where it remained at least until 257-60, the time of its last datable inscription, a stone dedicated to the safety of emperor Gallienus (r. 260-8). Shortly afterwards, Dacia was definitively evacuated by the Roman army and the regiment presumably withdrawn.

Brick or tile stamps of this regiment have been found at the following Roman forts in Germania Superior, at Rottweil, Oberscheidenthal, Grosskrotzenburg, Rückingen, Wiesbaden, all on the line of the Main river. Attestations have also been found at Martinsfeld (Noricum) and Colonia Agrippina (Germania Inferior).

In Dacia the unit has left traces at Dierna,[6] castra of Moldova Veche,[7] Sucidava, Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa, Praetorium (Mehadia)[8][9][10][11] and Porolissum.[12] The latter are the only datable evidence, for early/mid-3rd century.[13]

Soldiers

The name of one _praefectus_ (unit commander), one _signifer_ (standard-bearer) and three _caligati_ (common soldiers) are attested:[14][15]

-   _Aurelius Cornelius_ - veteranus [16]
-   _Aurelius Proculinus_ - signifer [17]
-   _Aurelius Surus_ - miles [18]
-   _Antestinus Valentius_ - miles [19]

Name And Titles

The regiment's _c.R._ title does not appear in the record until 222-35, but must have been granted considerably earlier, as after 212 all inhabitants of the empire were granted Roman citizenship. The regiment also appears to have acquired a number of titles. _Pia fidelis_ first appears in 116. In 222, it was referred to as _Alexandriana_ after emperor Severus Alexander (r.). In 257, it was called _Valeriana Galliena_ after Gallienus. At that time it is also referred to as _milliaria_ (double-strength), likely a late upgrading.[20] The last epigraphical record mentioning the unit dates around 268.[21]

Citations

[1] Strabo _Geographia_ VII.5

[2] Spaul (2000) 304

[3] Holder (1980) 112

[4] Spaul (2000) 302-14

[5]

[6] Academia Română: Istoria Românilor, Vol. 2, Daco-romani, romanici, alogeni, 2nd. Ed., București 2010,

[7]

[8] Mihail Macrea, Nicoale Gudea, Iancu Moțu - _Praetorium - Castrul și așezarea romană de la Mehadia_, Ed. Academiei Române, 1993

[9] Constantin C. Petolescu: Dacia - Un mileniu de istorie, Ed. Academiei Române, 2010,

[10]

[11] Petru Ureche: Tactică, strategie și specific de luptă la cohortele equitate din Dacia Romană

[12]

[13] Spaul (2000) 305

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

title: Cohors III Delmatarum equitata c.R. pf

question: What does the story say about Cohors III Delmatarum equitata c.R. pf?

answer:
Cohors III Delmatarum equitata c.R. pf was a Roman auxiliary cohort mixed infantry and cavalry unit. 'c.R. pf' stands for 'Roman citizens, dutiful and loyal'. It was one of 12 cohorts that were raised after the suppression of the Illyrian revolt. First it was in Germania Superior and it was transferred to Dacia where it remained at least until 257-60
The cohort was named after the Dalmatae, an Illyrian-speaking tribe that inhabited Dalmatia.

question: What etymology data does the article give?

answer: Cohorts of Dalmatae were named after the Dalmatae, an Illyrian-speaking tribe that inhabited Dalmatia. The name of the tribe is believed to mean “shepherds”. The word is derived from the Illyrian word 'delme' ('sheep').

question: What does the story say about the size of the Adriatic Sea?


text:
SHUN LIEN CHUANG (, September 10, 1954 – March 26, 2014) was an American engineer, scientist, Fellow of the IEEE, OSA, APS and JSPS, and Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.[1]

Career

Chuang received a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the National Taiwan University (1976), and M.S. (1980), E.E. (1981), and Ph.D. (1983) degrees in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1983, he joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he remained until his retirement in 2012.[2]

He is the author of a leading textbook on the physical theories for lasers and allied devices, _Physics of Photonic Devices_ (2009).[3]

Awards and honors

Elected member of the Board of Governors, IEEE Photonics Society, 2009–2011.

Humboldt Senior Research Award, Humboldt Foundation, Germany, 2008–2009.

William Streifer Scientific Achievement Award, “For contributions to the development of the fundamental theories of strained quantum-well lasers and the physics of optoelectronics devices.” IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optical Society (LEOS), 2007.

Engineering Excellence Award, Optical Society of America, 2004.

Distinguished Lecturer Award, IEEE/LEOS Society, 2004–2005; and 2005–2006.

Honorable Mention/Graduate and Professional Teaching Award, UIUC, 2004.

Fellow, American Physical Society, 2003, “For the development of the fundamental theories of strained quantum-well lasers and terahertz generation from semiconductors.”

EPSRC Fellow/Visiting Professor 2002 at Cavendish Laboratory, Dept. of Physics, Cambridge University. Sponsored by Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, UK.

Fellow Award, IEEE, 1997, “For contributions to the theory of strained quantum-well semiconductor lasers and the physics of optoelectronic devices.”

Fellow, Optical Society of America, 1997, “For contributions to the theories of strained quantum-well lasers and terahertz generation from semiconductors.”[4]

Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 1996.

Associate, The Center for Advanced Study at the University of Illinois, 1995–96

Andersen Consulting Award for Excellence in Advising, UIUC, 1994

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Shun Lien Chuang

question: When was Shun Lien Chuang born?

answer: Shun Lien Chuang was born on September 10, 1954.

question: Where did Shun Lien Chuang receive his Ph.D.?

answer: Shun Lien Chuang received his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

question: What textbook did Shun Lien Chuang write?

answer: Shun Lien Chuang wrote Physics of Photonic Devices in 2009.

question: When did Shun Lien Chuang win the Fellow Award from IEEE?

answer: Shun Lien Chuang won the Fellow Award from the IEEE in 1997.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Shun Lien Chuang was an American engineer and scientist. For much of his career he was a Professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Much of his research was in the field of optics and lasers, earning him many awards and honors. He also wrote a textbook on the subject in 2009.


text:
He rose to the feeling of movement.

He knew not where the movement came from, but Chris was completely sure that movement was near. His eyes opened and adjusted to the almost impenetrable gloom of his bedroom at midnight. The shelves reached out from his walls, seeming ghostlike in nature at this hour, in the dark. The television at the opposite side of his room peered at him through the dark, reflecting his pale, panicked expression as he sat in his bed, staring around his room. But it didn’t move. Neither did the jeans he wore yesterday, slung across his char, or his shoes, sat haphazardly not too far away.

The movement persisted and Chris knew he would have to investigate. His eyes moved from corner to corner in his room, scoping every inch for tell-tale signs of entry, or even one of his two dogs running around the house, but neither showed; only the lonely emptiness of darkness and silence in the house, and a tap dripping ever so quietly from the bathroom were present at this hour. He checked the time on his mobile phone (he had no clock in his room, he saw no need for such a thing since he already had at least 3 items with clocks built into the software), and the time read 01:32, 08/02/2010.

But still the movement…

He couldn’t hear anything, or see anything, but he knew the movement was near. He could almost sense it, wriggling, crawling around, as if it was under his skin. A sharp pang of panic rang through his body, and he sat still, upright in his bed. The movement *was* under his skin. And it was growing with intensity with every passing second. And then the pain started.

Oh, the pain. His flesh burned at first with only slight discomfort; he could have initially mistaken the sensation for an itch or even a tickle. But it grew. It grew with an alarming pace, the speed matched (possibly even bested) by the growing of his panic at the sudden voluminous pain racking his left arm. He threw off his bed covers and gasped, his mouth agape, at the sight he saw before him on his arm.

His entire forearm was alive - barely - with blisters, open sores, weeping with dull black blood and oozing yellow, sickly pus in equal measure. But that was only intensified by the rate at which this affliction was spreading – the sores were erupting up past his elbow and onto his arm. But worse still, his forearm was only getting deader. The flesh on his forearm was beginning to necrotise, skin peeling back, revealing rotten muscle tissue and tendons ready to snap from pressure.

As his skin began to peel – and his initial shock began to subside – Chris began to scream. Not the classic Hollywood scream, not a voluminous howl you hear in the movies. That sort of scream doesn’t happen in these situations. What came from Chris’ mouth was a low whimper, the sound you would normally hear from someone as they had just received a blow to the stomach that ejected the air sharply from the lungs, but extended over a period of a few seconds. He screamed (although you could call it a sigh and still not be quite wrong) and flopped out of bed and on to all fours, the fingers on his left hand practically disintegrating in the process. They fell off like ash from burned paper – and looked none too different. His entire arm now looked like the result of severe burn damage, and skin

*Or was it muscle? It was becoming increasingly hard to tell. It was all coming off, what was the use in discerning which it was?*

Was flaking off at an alarming rate.

The bones of his arm were becoming visible. Not just visible, but prominent. You’d be forgiven, from looking at a snapshot of this moment, for assuming he was born without flesh on his arm, and at this precise moment was beginning to miraculously generate flesh. His flesh was disappearing before his eyes, flaking away like ash, and all Chris could think was “why isn’t there any blood?”

And as quickly as it began, it was over. He had closed his eyes only for a moment, breathing in with choking sobs, and opened them – to see that his skin was back. But all wasn’t well. He began to scream again; only this time with some real volume.

For his skin had become greasy green scales, and was writhing with a mind of its own, the pain replaced by horrid, grating nausea. Chris rose, stumbling against his bookshelf in the process, knocking a couple of books to the floor, and stumbled out of his room. As he stepped into the hallway, he noticed a new sound, complemented by a strange feeling under his feet.

*Crunch*

Bugs. Cockroaches, spiders, and beetles lay over every surface. Floors, walls, windowsills and doors were coated in bugs, and, Chris noticed, were crawling on a thick coat of viscous dark red liquid. Blood, he thought to himself, barely holding back a gag, heaving at the thought. He brought his right hand to his face to catch a cough, he noticed that his right arm had also become covered in scales, and that they were peeling off just like his skin previously had done, and the pain had returned in full force, and then some.

Yelling through his teeth, Chris pressed on to the bathroom, crushing bugs beneath his feet, noticing that the felt oddly soft against his skin –no, scales. He flicked the bathroom light on and walked to the sink, not yet looking in the mirror, but at his feet which he noticed had a fresh coat of scales on, and claws posing proudly as toenails. He gathered the courage to look into the mirror, and saw that his face was also covered in scales, and that he had webbing protruding from his back; not only that, but as he opened his mouth to scream, he noticed a snake’s tongue in his mouth, and slits for nostrils.

And when he did scream, all that came from his mouth was a long, reptilian hiss.

title: The Itch (draft). Just over 1000 words. Criticism needed!

question: How do we know Chris has become a reptile?

answer: His skin turns to scales and he hisses.

question: Why are there bugs littering the floor?

answer: It's likely Chris has been eating them.

question: Why can't Chris fully scream?

answer: Perhaps it's that he is becoming a reptile and they aren't capable of screaming.

question: Why might the bugs suddenly feel soft-not crunchy-under Chris' feet?

answer: He has scales instead of skin.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Chris wakes in a room alone, feeling uncomfortable, like something is crawling under his skin. The feelings changes to pain as his skin changes to scales. He runs to the bathroom, crushing loads of bugs on the floor, and finds he can only utter a reptilian hiss.


text:
EUGEN FISCHER (5 July 1874 – 9 July 1967) was a German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics, and a member of the Nazi Party. He served as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, and also served as rector of the Frederick William University of Berlin.

Fischer's ideas informed the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 which served to justify the Nazi Party's belief in German racial superiority to other “races”, and especially the Jews.[1] Adolf Hitler read Fischer's work while he was imprisoned in 1923 and he used Fischer's eugenic and racist notions to support the ideal of a pure Aryan society in his manifesto, _Mein Kampf_ (_My Struggle_).[2]

Biography

Fischer was born in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, in 1874. He studied medicine, folkloristics, history, anatomy, and anthropology in Berlin, Freiburg and Munich.[3] In 1918, he joined the Anatomical Institute in Freiburg in 1918,[4] part of the University of Freiburg.[5]

In 1927, Fischer became the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics (KWI-A), a role for which he'd been recommended the prior year by Erwin Baur.[6]

In 1933 Fischer signed the _Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State_.

In 1933, Adolf Hitler appointed him rector of the Frederick William University of Berlin, now Humboldt University.[7] Fischer retired from the university in 1942. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer was a student of Fischer.[8][9]

After the war, he completed his memoirs, it is believed that in them he lessened his role in the genocidal programme of the Third Reich. He died in 1967.

Early work

[Shark Island] prisoner, which was used for medical experimentation.|thumb|Head of Herero prisoner at Shark Island used for medical experimentation.]]

In 1906, Fischer conducted field research in German South West Africa (now Namibia). He studied the Basters, offspring of German or Boer men who had fathered children by the native women (Hottentots) in that area. His study concluded with a call to prevent a “mixed race” by the prohibition of “mixed marriage” such as those he had studied. It included unethical human experimentation on the Herero and Namaqua people.[10] He argued that while the existing Mischling descendants of the mixed marriages might be useful for Germany, he recommended that they should not continue to reproduce. His recommendations were followed and by 1912 interracial marriage was prohibited throughout the German colonies.[11][12] As a precursor to his experiments on Jews in Nazi Germany, he collected bones and skulls for his studies, in part from medical experimentation on African prisoners of war in Namibia during the Herero and Namaqua Genocide.[13][14]

His racist ideas related to maintaining the apparent purity of races, influenced future German Nazi legislation on race, including the notorious and racist Nuremberg laws.[15]

In 1927, Fischer was a speaker at the World Population Conference held in Geneva, Switzerland.[16]

Nazi Germany

[Young Rhinelander who was classified as a _bastard_ and _hereditarily unfit_ under the Nazi regime] In the years of 1937–1938 Fischer and his colleagues analysed 600 children in Nazi Germany descending from French-African soldiers who occupied western areas of Germany after First World War and known as the Rhineland Bastards; the children were subsequently subjected to sterilization.[17]

Fischer did not officially join the Nazi Party until 1940.[18] However, he was influential with National Socialists early on. Adolf Hitler read his two-volume work, _Principles of Human Heredity and Race Hygiene_ (first published in 1921 and co-written by Erwin Baur and Fritz Lenz) while incarcerated in 1923 and used its ideas in _Mein Kampf_.[19] He also authored _The Rehoboth Bastards and the Problem of Miscegenation among Humans_ (1913) (), a field study which provided context for later racial debates, influenced German colonial legislation and apparently provided “scientific” support for the blatantly racist and anti-Semitic Nuremberg laws.[20]

Under the Nazi regime, Fischer developed the physiological specifications such as skull dimensions used apparently to determine racial origins and developed the so-called Fischer–Saller scale for hair colour. He and his team experimented on Gypsies and African-Germans, taking blood and measuring skulls to find scientific validation for his now discredited theories. After directing the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics, he was succeeded by Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, who tutored Josef Mengele when he was active at Auschwitz.

Efforts to return the Namibian skulls taken by Fischer were started with an investigation by the University of Freiburg in 2011 and completed with the return of the skulls in March 2014.[21][22][23]

In 1944 Fischer intervened in an attempt to get his friend Martin Heidegger, the Nazi philosopher, released from service in the _Volkssturm_ militia. However, Heidegger had already been released from service when Fischer's letter arrived.[24]

Works

[Eugen Fischer during a ceremony at the University of Berlin 1934]

1909 to 1949

-   Fischer, Eugen. 1899. “Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Nasenhöhle und des Thränennasenganges der Amphisbaeniden”, _Archiv für Mikroskopische Anatomie_. 55:1, pp. 441–478.
-   Fischer, Eugen. 1901. “Zur Kenntniss der Fontanella metopica und ihrer Bildungen”. _Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie_.4:1. pp. 17–30.
-   Fischer, Eugen, Professor an der Universität Freiburg i. Br. 1906. “Die Variationen an Radius und Ulna des Menschen”. _Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie_. Vol. 9. No. 2.
-   Fischer, Eugen. 1908. _Der Patriziat Heinrichs III und Heinrichs IV._ Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck). Fischer's PhD thesis.
-   Maass, Alfred. _Durch Zentral-Sumatra_. Berlin: Behr. 1910. Additional contributing authors: J.P. Kleiweg de Zwaan and E. Fischer.
-   Fischer, Eugen. 1913._Die Rehobother Bastards und das Bastardierungsproblem beim Menschen: anthropologische und ethnographiesche Studien am Rehobother Bastardvolk in Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika_, ausgeführt mit Unterstützung der Kgl. preuss, Akademie der Wissenschaften. Jena: G. Fischer.
-   Gaupp, Ernst Wilhelm Theodor. Eugen Fischer (ed.) 1917. _August Weismann: sein Leben und sein Werk_. Jena: Verlag von Gustav Fischer.
-   Schwalbe, G. and Eugen Fischer (eds.). _Anthropologie_. Leipzig: B.G. Teubner, 1923.
-   Fischer, E. and H.F.K. Günther. _Deutsche Köpfe nordischer Rasse: 50 Abbildungen mit Geleitwarten_. Munich: J.F. Lehmann. 1927.
-   Fischer, Eugen and Gerhard Kittel. _Das antike Weltjudentum : Tatsachen, Texte, Bilder_. Hamburg: Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt, 1943.[25]

1950 to 1959

-   Sarkar, Sasanka Sekher; Eugen Fischer and Keith Arthur, _The Aboriginal Races of India_, Calcutta: Bookland. 1954.
-   Fischer, Eugen. _Begegnungen mit Toten: aus den Erinnerungen eines Anatomen_. Freiburg: H.F. Schulz. 1959.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] Schmul 2003, p. 25.

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11] _Holocaust Encyclopedia_, p. 420

[12] Friedlander 1997, p. 11

[13] http://www.ezakwantu.com/Gallery%20Herero%20and%20Namaqua%20Genocide.htmMedical experimentation in Africa

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17] Bioethics: an anthology Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer page 232 Wiley-Blackwell 2006

[18] “Human biodiversity: genes, race, and history”, Jonathan M. Marks. Transaction Publishers, 1995. p. 88. , 9780202020334.

[19]

[20] _Holocaust Encyclopedia_ p. 420.

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

title: Eugen Fischer

question: What is the greatest accomplishment of Eugen Fischer?

answer: Influencing Adolf Hitler and being assigned as rector of the Frederick William University of Berlin by him.

question: Would Fischer have been as successful as he was without the influence of Hitler?

answer: Considering that all of his theories were discredited, he wouldn't have been a prominent figure based on his scientific merits.