text:
. 2018 Jan 1;75(1):47-55.

 doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3523.

Lorena Fernández de la Cruz 1, Gustaf Brander 1, Kayoko Isomura 1 3, Andreas Jangmo 4, Inna Feldman 5, Eva Hesselmark 1, Eva Serlachius 1, Luisa Lázaro 2 6 7 8, Christian Rück 1 3, Ralf Kuja-Halkola 4, Brian M D'Onofrio 4 9, Henrik Larsson 4 10, David Mataix-Cols 1 3

Affiliations

-    PMID: 29141084
-    PMCID: PMC5833536
-    DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.3523

Free PMC article

 Ana Pérez-Vigil et al. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018.

Free PMC article

Abstract

IMPORTANCE: To our knowledge, the association of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and academic performance has not been objectively quantified.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of OCD with objectively measured educational outcomes in a nationwide cohort, adjusting for covariates and unmeasured factors shared between siblings.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This population-based birth cohort study included 2 115 554 individuals who were born in Sweden between January 1, 1976, and December 31, 1998, and followed up through December 31, 2013. Using the Swedish National Patient Register and previously validated International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes, we identified persons with OCD; within the cohort, we identified 726 198 families with 2 or more full siblings, and identified 11 482 families with full siblings discordant for OCD. Data analyses were conducted from October 1, 2016, to September 25, 2017.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The study evaluates the following educational milestones: eligibility to access upper secondary school after compulsory education, finishing upper secondary school, starting a university degree, finishing a university degree, and finishing postgraduate education.

RESULTS: Of the 2 115 554 individuals in the cohort, 15 120 were diagnosed with OCD (59% females). Compared with unexposed individuals, those with OCD were significantly less likely to pass all core and additional courses at the end of compulsory school (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] range, 0.35-0.60) and to access a vocational or academic program in upper secondary education (aOR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.45-0.50 and aOR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.58-0.63, for vocational and academic programs, respectively). People with OCD were also less likely to finish upper secondary education (aOR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.41-0.44), start a university degree (aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.69-0.75), finish a university degree (aOR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.56-0.62), and finish postgraduate education (aOR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36-0.77). The results were similar in the sibling comparison models. Individuals diagnosed with OCD before age 18 years showed worse educational attainment across all educational levels compared with those diagnosed at or after age 18 years. Exclusion of patients with comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders, psychotic, anxiety, mood, substance use, and other psychiatric disorders resulted in attenuated estimates, but patients with OCD were still impaired across all educational outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Obsessive-compulsive disorder, particularly when it has an early onset, is associated with a pervasive and profound decrease in educational attainment, spanning from compulsory school to postgraduate education.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Mataix-Cols and Dr Fernández de la Cruz receive royalties for contributing articles to UpToDate, a part of Wolters Kluwer Health. Dr Larsson has served as a speaker for Eli-Lilly and Shire and has received a research grant from Shire Pharmaceuticals (all outside the submitted work). No other disclosures are reported.

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question: What kind of article is this?

answer: An academic article.

question: Which academic field does this article deal with?

answer: Psychiatry.

question: Which mental illness is being discussed?

answer: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

question: Which educational milestones does this study evaluate?

answer: Eligibility to access upper secondary school after compulsory education, finishing upper secondary school, starting a university degree, finishing a university degree, and finishing postgraduate education.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: This is an academic article in the field of psychiatry. The study looks to quantify the association of OCD and academic performance in Swedish individuals. They concluded that those with OCD, especially yearly onset, show a pervasive and profound decrease in educational attainment.


split: train

text:
[Top 10 Thinking Traps Exposed]

Our minds set up many traps for us. Unless we’re aware of them, these traps can seriously hinder our ability to think rationally, leading us to bad reasoning and making stupid decisions. Features of our minds that are meant to help us may, eventually, get us into trouble.

Here are the first 5 of the most harmful of these traps and how to avoid each one of them.

1. The Anchoring Trap: Over-Relying on First Thoughts

“Is the population of Turkey greater than 35 million? What’s your best estimate?”
Researchers asked this question to a group of people, and the estimates were seldom too far off 35 million. The same question was posed to a second group, but this time using 100 million as the starting point. Although both figures were arbitrary, the estimates from the ‘100 million’ group were, without fail, concomitantly higher than those in the ’35 million’ group. _(for the curious, here’s the answer.)_

Lesson: Your starting point can heavily bias your thinking: INITIAL IMPRESSIONS, IDEAS, ESTIMATES OR DATA “ANCHOR” SUBSEQUENT THOUGHTS.

This trap is particularly dangerous as it’s deliberately used in many occasions, such as by experienced salesmen, who will show you a higher-priced item first, “anchoring” that price in your mind, for example.

What can you do about it?

-   ALWAYS VIEW A PROBLEM FROM DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. Avoid being stuck with a single starting point. Work on your problem statement before going down a solution path.
-   THINK ON YOUR OWN BEFORE CONSULTING OTHERS. Get as much data as possible and explore some conclusions by yourself before getting influenced by other people’s anchors.
-   SEEK INFORMATION FROM A WIDE VARIETY OF SOURCES. Get many opinions and broaden your frame of reference. Avoid being limited to a single point of view.

2. The Status Quo Trap: Keeping on Keeping On

In one experiment a group of people were randomly given one of two gifts — half received a decorated mug, the other half a large Swiss chocolate bar. They were then told that they could effortlessly exchange one gift for the other. Logic tells us that about half of people would not get the gift they prefered and would hence exchange it, but in fact _only 10% did_!

We tend to repeat established behaviors, unless we are given the right incentives to entice us to change them. THE STATUS QUO AUTOMATICALLY HAS AN ADVANTAGE OVER EVERY OTHER ALTERNATIVE.

What can you do about it?

-   CONSIDER THE STATUS QUO AS JUST ANOTHER ALTERNATIVE. Don’t get caught in the ‘current vs. others’ mindset. Ask yourself if you would choose your current situation if it weren’t the status quo.
-   KNOW YOUR OBJECTIVES. Be explicit about them and evaluate objectively if the current state of affairs serves them well.
-   AVOID EXAGGERATING SWITCHING COSTS. They frequently are not as bad as we tend to assume.

3. The Sunk Cost Trap: Protecting Earlier Choices

You pre-ordered a non-refundable ticket to a basketball game. On the night of the game, you’re tired and there’s a blizzard raging outside. You regret the fact that you bought the ticket because, frankly, you would prefer to stay at home, light up your fireplace and comfortably watch the game on TV. What would you do?

It may be hard to admit, but staying at home is the best choice here. The money for the ticket is already gone regardless of the alternative you choose: IT’S A _SUNK COST_, AND IT SHOULDN’T INFLUENCE YOUR DECISION.

_(This example is from an earlier article which focuses entirely on the sunk cost effect. Check it out if you want to know more.)_

What can you do about it?

-   BE OK WITH MAKING MISTAKES. Examine why admitting to earlier mistakes distresses you. Nobody is immune to errors, so you shouldn’t make a big deal out of it — just make sure you learn from them!
-   LISTEN TO PEOPLE WHO WERE NOT INVOLVED IN THE EARLIER DECISIONS. Find people who are not emotionally committed to past decisions and ask their opinion.
-   FOCUS ON YOUR GOALS. We make decisions in order to reach _goals_. Don’t become attached to the particular series of steps you took towards that goal; always consider how you can better fulfill that goal _from now on_.

4. The Confirmation Trap: Seeing What You Want to See

You feel the stock market will be going down and that now may be a good time to sell your stock. Just to be reassured of your hunch, you call a friend that has just sold all her stock to find out her reasons.

Congratulations, you have just fallen into the _Confirmation Trap_: LOOKING FOR INFORMATION THAT WILL MOST LIKELY SUPPORT YOUR INITIAL POINT OF VIEW — while conveniently avoiding information that challenges it.

This confirmation bias affects not only where you go to collect evidence, but also how you interpret the data: we are much less critical of arguments that support our initial ideas and much more resistant to arguments against them.

No matter how neutral we think we are when first tackling a decision, our brains always decide — intuitively — on an alternative right away, making us subject to this trap virtually at all times.

What can you do about it?

-   EXPOSE YOURSELF TO CONFLICTING INFORMATION. Examine all evidence with equal rigor. Don’t be soft on disconfirmatory evidence. Know what you are about: Searching for alternatives or looking for reassurance!
-   GET A DEVIL’S ADVOCATE. Find someone you respect to argue against the decision you’re contemplating making. If you can’t find one, build the counterarguments yourself. Always consider the other positions with an open mind (taking into account the other mind traps we are discussing here, by the way).
-   DON’T ASK LEADING QUESTIONS. When asking for advice, make neutral questions to avoid people merely confirming your biases. “What should I do with my stocks?” works better than “Should I sell my stocks today?”

5. The Incomplete Information Trap: Review Your Assumptions

_Harry is an introverted guy. We know that he is either a librarian or a salesman. Which one do you think he most probably is?_

Of course, we may be tempted to think he’s almost certainly a librarian. Haven’t we been conditioned to think of salesmen as having outgoing, if not pushy, personalities? Too bad this reasoning may be dead wrong (or at least incomplete).

This conclusion neglects the fact that salesmen outnumber librarians about 100 to 1. Before you even consider Harry’s character traits, you should have assigned only a 1% chance that he’s a librarian. (That means that even if _all_ librarians are introverted, all it takes is 1% of introverts among the salesmen to make the chances higher for Harry being a salesman.)

That’s just one example of how OVERLOOKING A SIMPLE DATA ELEMENT CAN MAKE OUR INTUITIONS GO COMPLETELY ASTRAY. We keep mental images — simplifications of reality — that make we jump to conclusions before questioning assumptions or checking whether we have enough information.

What can you do about it?

-   MAKE YOUR ASSUMPTIONS EXPLICIT. Don’t take a problem statement as it is. Keep in mind that for every problem you’re using implicit information — your assumptions. It’s usually not hard to check the validity of assumptions, but first you need to know what they are.
-   ALWAYS FAVOR HARD DATA OVER MENTAL SIMPLIFICATIONS. Our preconceptions — such as stereotypes — can be useful in many situations, but we should always be careful to not over-rely on them. When given the choice, always prefer hard data.

_For five more thinking traps, check out part II._

Related Posts

question: How many tips are actually provided in the sample?

answer: 5

question: What proportion of subjects exchanged gifts in the referenced experiment

answer: 10%

question: What population of people are listed as taking advantage of "anchoring"

answer: salesmen

question: What types of questions are best for mitigating confirmation bias?

answer: neutral ones

question: Where are the other 5 "traps" shown?

answer: In the Part II article.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article summarizes 5 common "thinking traps" that humans experience when making decisions. It defines them, gives examples, and provides strategies for mitigating them.


text:
T.S. MARTIN AND COMPANY, also known as KARLTON'S, FISHGALLS & CAMEO, is a historic building located in Sioux City, Iowa, United States. It is an L-shaped structure that fronts both Fourth Street and Nebraska Street. It was occupied by one of three locally owned department stores from 1894 to 1919.[1] The buildings on Fourth Street were originally built in 1885. T.S. Martin and Company itself dates from 1880 when Thomas Sanford Martin opened a dry goods store in rented commercial space. He first acquired 515-517 Fourth Street in 1885, which he leased to a clothing store, and his brother Louis opened T.S. Martin and Company Shoes by leasing 519 Fourth Street the same year.

[The annex at 409-411 Nebraska St.] Local architect William McLaughlin was hired to renovate 515-17 Fourth and neighboring 519 Fourth Street, and T.S. Martin and Company moved their whole operation in 1894. In 1901 they hired another local architect, Henry Fisher, to design an annex along Nebraska Street. The three-story building completed in 1902 features Beaux-Arts styling that includes a roof-line knee wall, and a cornice with acanthus leaf brackets and decorative swags. Martin's acquired 521 Fourth Street, a mirror image of 519 Fourth Street, in 1904. In 1911 they hired yet another local architect, William L. Steele, to design a completely new facade to unify 515–517, 519 and 521 Fourth Street. Designed in the Prairie School mode, it features white terra cotta, long decorative bands of terra cotta details of foliage and geometric patterns, and Chicago-style windows.

After T.S. Martin and Company moved into a new six-story building across Nebraska Street, no longer extant, in 1919 this facility was divided into multiple storefronts and occupied by a variety of commercial enterprises. The 515-517 portion of the Fourth Street facade was covered with a wood face and its cornice removed, before it was significantly altered to its present appearance. T.S. Martin and Company was bought by The May Department Stores Company of St. Louis in 1948. It was the last locally owned department store at the time.[2] The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.[3]

[1]  with

[2]

[3]

title: T.S. Martin and Company

question: What is T.S. Martin and Company also known as?

answer: Karlton's or Fishgalls and Cameo

question: When was T.S. Martin and Company originally built?

answer: 1885

question: What city is T.S. Martin and Company located in?

answer: Sioux City, Iowa, United States

question: What is the National Register of Historic Places?

answer: the article does not answer this question

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: T.S. Martin and Company is a building in Sioux City, Iowa, United States first constructed in 1885.


text:
DAWU MOUNTAIN (), is a mountain of historical and cultural significance located north of the city of Xinyi in Guangdong province, China. The tallest peak is the Datian Peak (), as the tallest peak in the west of Guangdong province, which is commonly reported as 1703.8 metres (5,588 ft) tall.[1][2]

DaWu Mountain is associated with the Dawu Mountain Nature Reserve, which was declared set up as municipal natural reserve by Xinyi Government in 1994, promoted as provincial natural reserve. It is known for its plant resources and scenery.[3]

Geography

The area is located in southwest Guangdong, just north of the city of Xinyi and to the south of the city of Gaozhou, located at 22°14′N to 22°17′N and 118°8′E to 111°15′E. It extends from 800 to 1704 metres (2,624 to 5,588 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 3534 hectares (35.3 sq mi) at its base. The Datian Peak is 1703.8 metres(5,588 ft), the second tallest peak reaches 1423 metres(4,667 ft).[4]

Climate

The climate is warm and humid. The area is natural boundary in tropic and subtropics of South China.The yearly average temperature is between 17 ℃ to 18 ℃, the annual precipitation is between 2300 mm to 2600 mm and the annual average relative humidity is about 85%.[5]

Natural resources

The area is between the tropical zone and the subtropical zone, is a transitional zone with distribution of various flora in south China. With superior natural condition, the Dawu Mountain Nature Reserve, as one of the most well-preserved natural ecological system in southwest Guangdong, abounds in animal and plant resources, including a wild range of rare species, and has contained tremendous economic plant resources.[6]

Vegetation

The forest coverage this area is about 98%, which plant resources are rich and there are 195 families, 703 genera and 1453 species of wild higher plants in which 20 species are under national protection and 3 species under provincial protection. Medicinal plants over 500 species and include gynostemma pentaphyllum, Paris polyphylla, dysosma versipellis and Dendrobium nobile, which are renowned throughout the country. Some trees are very old and famous, notably the Han Dynasty Cypresses (planted 2,100 years ago by Emperor Wu Di of the Han Dynasty), 'Welcoming Guest Pine' (500 years old) and 'Fifth Rank Pine' (named by Emperor Qin Shi Huang of the Qin Dynasty and replanted some 250 years ago).[7][8][9]

Rare animals

Among them, the first class protected animals are the leopard, Elliot's pheasant, yellow-bellied pheasant, monitor lizard, boa. The second class protected animals are the Crested Serpent Eagle, Palea steindachneri, Rana tigerina, giant salamander, pangolin, rasse, golden cat.

Natural landscape

The area is 38 kilometers far from the downtown of XinYi city. It is one of eight scenic spots of XinYi. Because of the southeast side of it is influenced by the Pacific climate, in addition it has big amplitude of temperature changes, so that the clouds and mist drift through the mountains, providing tourists the wonderful sights to appreciate.[10]

Local legend

At the ancient times, it was a tremendous jade called south jade that in the bottom of the lake. It was said that people who bathed in that lake would have bright white skin. So there were seven fairies from the welkin spending a whole day for bathing in that lake on midsummer every year. One year, a cow boy who gazed his cattle and horses near the lake and then peeped the sight of bathing by those fairies. After one of those fairies called Scarlet who found that they had been peeped by that cowboy, she breathed on the lake surface, leading to make the mountain surrounded by wind and fog so that the cowboy was not able to see them at all, which is the reason of the name of DaWu mountain.[11]

[1] 大雾岭 粤西第一峰 , Xinyi Government Official Site. Accessed 29 Nov.2016.

[2] [http://www.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?QueryID=0&CurRec=3&filename=1011063600.nh&dbname=CMFD2012&dbcode=CMFD≺=&urlid=&yx=&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhcTdWYVFpVVcrYVJlVWRMNVVkdGZ6K2hGWjJ5az0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!&v=MjcwMDU3TytIZGZNcjVFYlBJUjhlWDFMdXhZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTHllWmVacEZ5RG5WYjNBVkYyNkg= 自然保护区生态规划与景观设计研究 ——以广东大雾岭自然保护区为例], The Dawu Mountain Nature Reserve, Accessed 6 Dec.2016.

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8] [http://www.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?QueryID=1&CurRec=7&filename=XYSK200802019&dbname=CJFD2008&dbcode=CJFQ≺=&urlid=&yx=&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1FhcTdWYVFpVVcrYVJlVWRMNVVkdGZ6K2hGWjJ5az0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!&v=MDAxMDVMeWVaZVpwRkNubFVickxQVFRZWmJHNEh0bk1yWTlFYllSOGVYMUx1eFlTN0RoMVQzcVRyV00xRnJDVVI= 大雾岭自然保护区植物多样性及其保护研究], protection and utilization, Accessed 6 Dec.2016.

[9] [http://www.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?QueryID=0&CurRec=6&recid=&filename=HNNB199001011&dbname=CJFD9093&dbcode=CJFQ&pr=&urlid=&yx=&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jeVVYOEF6RkxZUlc0Vm9Bd1pyYmYyVFhyYz0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!&v=MTA0MDZZUzdEaDFUM3FUcldNMUZyQ1VSTHllWnVSbUZDam1VTHJBTFNQRmJMS3hGOUhNcm85RVpZUjhlWDFMdXg= 大雾岭的植物资源], Plant resources of Dawu mountain. Accessed 29 Nov.2016.

[10]

[11] 大雾岭传说 , 茂名新闻网, Accessed 6 Dec. 2016.

title: DaWu Mountain

question: Where is the mountain?

answer: North of the city of Xinyi in Guangdong province, China

question: What is the name of the mountain's tallest peak?

answer: Datian Peak

question: What nature reserve is associated with the mountain?

answer: Dawu Mountain Nature Reserve

question: When was the area made a municipal natural reserve?

answer: 1994

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: DaWu Mountain is a mountain in Guangdong province, China, north of Xinyi. Its tallest peak, Datian Peak, is also the tallest peak in the west of Guangdong province. The mountain is associated with Dawu Mountain Nature Reserve, which was set up in 1994. The region has a warm and humid climate and is home to a number of protected plants and animals.


text:
I was going through my email recently when I came across an article that caught my attention. It was about a team of .NET developers that learned Node.js and React while building a product. The following reflection stood out to me:

  The philosophy of React is totally different to anything we have worked on so far. We were in a constant fight with it. One of the problems was finding the correct source of truth. There are so many different articles and tutorials online, some of which are no longer relevant. React documentation is OK-ish, but we didn’t want to invest too much time going over it and opted for a quick start instead.

For the past two+ years I’ve worked exclusively on React projects and I’ve had my own up-and-down learning experience with it. Over that time, I’ve developed some advice for how to learn React—the resources, the sequence and the important takeaways.

What follows is a five-step plan for learning React. All of the steps point you to free resources whenever possible.

Finally, we finish with an “other things to consider” section. You’ll often hear people say that React is just a view library. While that’s true to some extent, it’s also a large and vibrant ecosystem. This last section will touch on important things to know or consider that aren’t covered in the five main steps. These things aren’t essential to building something real and significant, but you should look into them as you continue learning how to build software with React.

Step One - React Documentation + Code Sandbox

Yes, you should start by reading the React documentation. It’s well written and you’ll understand the essential terminology and concepts by the time you’re finished. The link I shared above points to the first section of the documentation on installation. There is a link there to a CodePen to help you get started.

An alternative that I prefer is Code Sandbox. I think it gives a better feel for a basic React application. You can use it to try things out as you work through the docs.

There is another option on that page under the “Create a New App” tab, which is to use Create React App to build a development environment on your local machine.  Create React App is a great tool and perhaps using it right away will help you. Everyone has a learning approach that works best for them.

Personally, I feel it adds mental load right as you’re getting started. My advice is to stick with Code Sandbox or CodePen when you’re beginning and focus on fundamental concepts instead of the development environment. You can always circle back later.

KEY TAKEAWAYS
My recommendation is to read the Quick Start and Advanced Guides sections. I know not everyone likes reading documentation, particularly those that are visual or auditory learners. If you’re struggling with getting through those, then the key areas to focus on are in the Quick Start:

-   Introducing JSX
-   Rendering Elements
-   Components and Props
-   State and Lifecycle (super important!)
-   Handling Events
-   Composition vs Inheritance
-   Thinking In React

Again, my advice it to read the full two sections, but at a bare minimum, power through the areas in the list above. They include basic concepts that you will need.

Step Two - React Fundamentals Course

After Step One, you should have a gist of what React is all about. Maybe not everything is clear, but you’re starting to see some of the concepts take shape in your mind. The next step is the React Fundamentals course from React Training. It’s free and it’s good. The instructor is Tyler McGinnis and he’s both knowledgeable and easy to follow in his instruction.

Why this course? If you’re more of a visual or auditory learner, this will help you. It covers the basics as well as introduces key things that you’ll need to build something real—like webpack and fetching remote data.

By the end of the course you will have what you need to build a basic React application. Depending on what your goals are in learning React, you may even have all the information you need upon completing this course. Most of you—those learning React to build client projects—will need to keep going.

UPDATE: Weird things happen and this course went behind a pay wall on the same day this article was published. I reached out to Tyler and it turns out he has launched a new venture and can no longer offer this course for free. The single month cost of a subscription for his new site is $20, less if you sign up for an annual plan. That said, I still recommend this as Step Two and here's why:

-   The course quality is high.
-   There are no comparable free resources (but I'll provide two suggestions in a moment if you can't afford this course)
-   It's idiomatic React.

Remember the development team that struggled to learn React that I mentioned at the beginning of this post? The were having trouble finding resources that pointed them toward the "right" way of doing things. Tyler shows you the right way.

If this course is not in your budget, here are a couple free alternatives:

-   React Fundamentals on egghead.io by Joe Maddalone.
-   React JS Tutorials by LearnCode.academy on YouTube (through tutorial #8, skip the Flux stuff for now)

These two aren't a perfect substitution for Tyler's course, but they'll get you 80% of the way there.

KEY TAKEAWAYS
With these courses you’ll want to come away with a handle on the following:

-   Re-enforcement of principles from React docs
-   Intro to the build tools for React projects, particularly webpack
-   Stateless functional components
-   Routing (how you navigate from one “page” to the next)
-   Fetching async data

ANOTHER OPTION
I’ve heard nothing but good things about the courses Wes Bos creates. If you have the budget, his React for Beginners may be something to consider. It’s not cheap, though. Depending on the option, it’s $89-127. If your employer is paying, it may be helpful. To get a feel for how he teaches, check out his free course, JavaScript 30.

Step Three - Read ReactBits

The next step is ReactBits, a wonderful resource from Vasa at WalmartLabs. This isn’t a book, really. It’s more a series of tips - in a very useful outline format—that can help fill in the gaps left by other tutorials.

KEY TAKEAWAYS
There is gold here. And it’s a resource that gets regularly updated so you can return to it as React continues to evolve. Again, I encourage you to read all the tips, but if you struggle with it, here’s what to focus on:

-   Design Patterns and Techniques (most important tip is probably this)
-   Anti-Patterns (if nothing else, read this section)
-   Perf Tips

Another great thing about ReactBits is that each tip includes references so you can do more research on the topic yourself - or at least understand why the author thinks it’s a best practice.

Architecture Interlude

Thus far we have identified resources that will teach how to create simple applications. Before we continue, however, we need to pause to consider what happens when a React application becomes more complex. As a React application grows, common problems often arise. For example, how does one share state across multiple components? How can one clean up API calls that have been scattered throughout the app as functionality has been added?

Facebook came up with an answer to these questions—the Flux architecture. Some time later, Dan Abramov created an implementation of Flux he called Redux. It has been hugely influential in the React community and beyond.  Facebook liked Dan’s work and subsequently hired him as part of the React team.

I recommend you learn Redux, but you should know there are other options, most notably, MobX. I’m not going to do a Redux vs. MobX run down in this post. I will only note that the general consensus is that MobX is typically easier to learn, but Redux is better suited to larger projects.

One of the reasons Redux is viewed as especially suitable for large projects is that, much like React itself, Redux is more than the simple library it is often billed as. It is also an architectural pattern that can bring a lot of predictability to your app. On a big project with lots of moving parts (and developers), this is a tremendous asset.

One final thing to note about Redux is it also has a very robust ecosystem around it. Redux supports middleware and there are a large number of libraries that can add debugging (with time travel), data handling, user flows, authentication, routing and more.

I encourage you to learn Redux. If you take a look at it and decide it’s not right for you, then MobX may be something that will work better. These are just tools. Use what helps you.

I’m including a talk below by Preethi Kasireddy from React Conf 2017 on Redux vs. MobX so you can get a feel for the pros and cons of each.

ONE LAST THING ON ARCHITECTURE…
If it feels like Redux or MobX are too heavy for your application, consider the container component pattern. It can tidy things up by separating logic from presentation. It can help you see at a glance where API calls and other logic resides and may be all that you need to improve the organization of your app.

Step Four - Redux Documentation + Redux Video Series

The documentation for Redux is good and you should start there. One thing to note is that Redux uses a functional programming style and if you’re coming from a Java or C# background, there may be some unfamiliar syntax. Don’t worry about it. If you see something weird, set it aside. After you’re through with this step and the next, you’ll have a handle on it.

There is a series of videos called Getting Started with Redux by Dan Abramov. They’re available for free on Egghead.io and they’re a good resource. I have a colleague who thought that the videos made the documentation easier to understand. If you learn better from video tutorials, then start with them, but be sure you go back to the docs. The documentation has information that will help you and is omitted in the videos.

KEY TAKEAWAYS
The thing you want to have at this point is not mastery, but a basic handle on Redux terminology and concepts:

-   Three principles of Redux
-   Actions
-   Reducers
-   Data flow
-   Usage with React
-   Async actions
-   Async Flow
-   Middleware

Go through these resources and if, when you’re finished, you feel like you somewhat get it, then you’re on track. Redux has an easy/hard thing to it at first. The individual pieces are mostly easy to understand. Putting them all together in your head often takes a bit more time. The resources in the next step will help with this.

Step Five - The Complete Redux Book + Redux Video Series Part 2

There is a great book on Redux that can be had for free, The Complete Redux Book. This is a book written by developers who are building serious React applications. It will help you learn how to architect your application and go deep into the concepts introduced in the previous step. It will also help you understand the basics of functional programming and make working with Redux easier.

Note that this book is on LeanPub and the suggested price is $32, but you can get it for free. If you have the money, consider paying. The authors have done a very good job and it’s worth the money.

The next resource is a second video tutorial series by Dan Abramov —Building React Applications with Idiomatic Redux. There is overlap between these videos and the book. What you choose to do here will depend on how much time you have and what learning style best suits you. If you can, do both.

ANOTHER OPTION
There is a book that runs $39 called FullStackReact. It’s $79 if you want all the code samples and a three hour screencast. I haven’t read the book, but one of the authors is Tyler McGinnis. I recommended his work in Step Two.

This might be worth a look if you have the funds. One thing I’m cautious about is the emphasis on GraphQL and Relay. Those two technologies—particularly GraphQL—are interesting. They are worth learning. However, if you are going to be building an app that uses a REST API, then maybe postpone the purchase.

KEY TAKEAWAYS
Congratulations - this is the final step! At this point you should have:

-   Re-enforcement of principles from Redux docs and/or first video series
-   Understanding of basic functional programming principles
-   Understanding of creating and writing Redux middleware
-   Understanding of how to architect a React + Redux application

Of course, when it comes to software, our learning is never complete…

Other Things

Learning how to build JavaScript applications can be difficult, particularly if you need to build enterprise software. It doesn’t matter if it’s React, Angular or some other framework or library. However, if you’ve gone through these five steps, which should take a dedicated student about a week, then you have the basic tools you need to get started.

There are a few other things about the React ecosystem I’d like to share that can be the subject of future learning. I won’t go into too much detail, but be aware that you may run into these sooner or later, depending on your projects.

WEBPACK
Webpack is the primary bundler tool for React applications. It’s discussed in the React Fundamentals course, but you’ll probably have to go deeper at some point. You can use another tool, but finding examples if you get stuck may be difficult. A good, free introduction is this presentation by Emil Oberg and it includes a link to the code he writes in the video.

Another good resource—not free—is Webpack 2 the Complete Developer’s Guide by Stephen Grider. This is a good course and is available on Udemy for $10-75. Udemy frequently offers discounts on courses, so you should be able to get a good deal on it.

SERVER RENDERING
Most JavaScript frameworks do not support server rendering without additional work. Server rendered apps are also referred to as isomorphic or universal applications.  At Lullabot, we do a lot of websites with React and that makes server rendering essential. If you’re not familiar with the issue, server rendering builds the initial page on the server before sending it to the browser. This is important for two reasons.

First, search engines don’t render JavaScript. If you don’t have server rendering set up then it’s typically a big hit for your SEO. Meta tags and body content will likely be missing. Not good if you want your app to show up in search results.

Second, it helps with the performance of the app. If you’ve already done an initial render on the server, your page will load up with the initial content while the rest of the app loads in the background. Without server rendering, all of your JavaScript has to first load into the browser and then render. It’s slower.

With regard to server rendering with Redux, the docs are a good place to start. Another free resource you may find helpful is this post from Emil Ong on Hacker Noon. When I first learned about server rendering, I pieced it together from many different sources. One book that might help is Isomorphic Application Development with JavaScript by Konstantin Tarkus. It costs about $32 for the Kindle version.

If you need server rendering and your head feels full from too much learning, you might consider Next.js which I will discuss shortly.

REDUX SAGA
Redux Saga is middleware for Redux. It acts as a single place for side effects in your application. Side effects are often asynchronous things like data fetching and keeping them contained is an important concept in functional programming—something that is big in the React community.

Using middleware like Redux Saga can help with the architecture of your application. It will certainly make writing tests easier (see Jest and Enzyme to learn more about testing React apps). The downside to Redux Saga is that it adds more mental load, particularly if you aren’t yet familiar with ES6 generators. In the long term, however, it’s a good investment. Consider learning it and other Redux middleware once you’ve got a firm handle on the content in the five steps.

RESELECT
Reselect is a selector library for Redux. It can help improve performance by computing derived data. For example, if you have an item in your Redux store that needs be calculated, it won’t recompute unless one of the arguments changes, preventing unnecessary re-rendering. This can be useful for shopping carts, “likes”, scoring, etc.

APP SCAFFOLDERS
At the beginning of this post, I mentioned Create React App. It’s an app scaffolder. It can help you get started building an app very quickly. I leave it to you to read up on it, but one potential downside is that it doesn’t have server rendering. If you want that, you’ll have to add it on your own.

Another option is Next.js from Zeit. I haven’t used it, but it looks interesting. Maybe it could help you get started. It’s sort of a framework within a framework (React). It does a lot for you and as a result, is opinionated, but there are good docs for it. My concern would be the “black box” nature of it. I would need to understand the internals well before I felt confident using it on a client project. I’d be interested to hear from anyone that has experience with it.

UPDATE OCT. 25TH, 2017:
Simple React Patterns is a new article that provides a good review of some common React design patterns. Don't worry if these don't all seem "simple" to you. Some of the things discussed are often a bit challenging to get your head around at first. However, the article is a good resource and definitely worth a read.

And Finally…

Thanks for hanging with me. This was a long post. I wish I could have have written a post called, “How to Quickly Learn React in Five Easy Steps,” but that’s not how it goes. There is a lot to learn and the learning never stops. It’s something I like about software development, but there are times it can be stressful.

If you’ve found yourself on a React project and you feel like you’ve been thrown in the deep end, hang in there. The React community is large, active and helpful. More than any other JavaScript framework, React will help move your career forward. Stick with it and have fun.

_Have a React project you'd like help with? Looking for a React architect? We'd love to help. Feel free to contact us._

question: What is the general roadmap the author suggests for learning React?

answer: He suggests reading the documentation, taking a React Fundamentals course, perusing ReactBits, where lots of tips are shared. Then, he suggests learning Redux through its documentation and a video course.

question: What does the author suggest for a beginner to avoid?

answer: He suggests avoiding too much complexity at the beginning.

question: What are the critical advantages of Redux?

answer: It's more suitable for large-scale applications. This is caused by the way its structured, which is predictable.

question: What prompted the author to write the article?

answer: He saw the problems other people had while learning React and decided to compile a resource to point people in the right direction.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The author, having seen the issues other programmers had while learning React, writes to inform about the most useful resources and topics to cover while learning React. Briefly, he suggests reading the documentation, taking a React Fundamentals course, perusing ReactBits, where lots of tips are shared. Then, he suggests learning Redux through its documentation and a video course.


text:
Luis and I were both students and research assistants in mathematics at a decent enough university. At least, we hoped it was a decent enough university. We shared the fear that our professors were all scam artists and the problems we were working on were worthless and uninteresting to the rest of the mathematical community. I always chalked these fears up to a  couple cases of the Dunning-Kruger Effect but I got the feeling that Luis just couldn't get past it.
	As chance would have it, we arrived at the office at the same time, early one summer morning. He had a dejected look in his face and the principles of deduction told me something was up. “What's up?” I asked. Luis didn't look away from the closed elevator doors in front of us. A few moments passed as Luis seemed to debate whether or not he would answer me. He spoke matter-of-factly, “Not too much. I've just finally solved an interesting problem, though the answer was not what I was hoping it would be.” I gave him a curious look that must have told him “Do go on.” And, so, he did.
	“I have been working on a problem recently. Attempting to find a way to maximize my own happiness. I have recently come to the conclusion that I am getting less and less happy as the days go by. The solution unfortunately is clear. The sooner I end my life, the happier, on average, my life will have been.”
	Most people, it would seem, accept the axiom that suicide is never the way to go. I accept this axiom. However, as silent seconds ticked by, I realized that I didn't have a very good argument for continuing to live an unhappy life.  I opened my mouth to speak and was cut off.
	“I've been to every therapist in the city. I've tried every over-the-counter and under-the-counter drug thus far invented. It would be bordering on insanity to assume, with all the evidence to the contrary, that something left out there is going to finally do the trick.”
	It just so happened, I did not have my phone on me to call the police or an ambulance or anybody that could provide some much needed back-up. I calculated the probability of being able to tackle him or knock him unconscious to give myself time to get some help. I then decided I was being a bit dramatic. It wasn't like Luis was about to kill himself here in the office, much less directly in front of me. Of course, I also didn't want to let him out of my sight.
	Time ticked by, and I still hadn't thought of anything to say, but I hoped if I pried some more information out of him, he'd give me something to go on. “Why did you come to work today.” For a moment, I was hopeful that the question alone would stir something in his mind. He must still want to live if he resolved to come to work, right?
	“I've only just decided while walking here. This building is high enough to do the job, I figure. Plus, not only would it take much longer to turn back, go home, and fill the bathtub but I'm not even sure I have a toaster.”
	This sent my mind in two directions. On one hand, this all seemed a bit like an elaborate joke. On the other hand, assuming this was no joke, Luis would be jumping off something very high, very soon. Afraid the elevator would arrive at any moment, I pressed him again. “Why did you tell me about all of this?” Luis replied, “Force of habit. Don't all mathematicians feel the need to share their results?”
	“Perhaps you wanted your results peer reviewed?”
	“That could be it, too.”
	I felt a glimmer of hope. A small crack in his plan but a crack nonetheless. “Well, I think there are some holes in your reasoning.”
	“Point them out, and I'll be happy to address them.”
	I had nothing to say. I didn't think the “hold on, it will get better” argument would work. The “hold on, it might get better” argument seemed more accurate but probably not enough to change his mind. I had nothing else so I went with it.
	“Hypothetically, if you did hold on and find that your life improved, wouldn't you some day look back and think it was a good decision not to go through with this?”
	“Yes. You are right. But it won't get better. Unfortunately, time does not permit me to fully explain it here.”
	“OK, Fermat...”
	Luis grinned at the joke but it quickly disappeared. The elevator still had not arrived. Luis turned away from me and headed for the stairwell. I followed behind him, still struggling to come up with some argument. He wasn't thinking right, but I just couldn't prove it. Philosophy was not my strong suit. I take it on faith, which is a socially damning thing to admit as a man of science, that the question of whether or not it is good to kill oneself has been settled. I could not for the life of me, or more accurately for the life of Luis, think of the line of reasoning that must have led to that result.
	As the ground floor sank below us, I started to panic. Luis could jump at any moment. I thought on this and figured he would very likely survive a jump from this height. I considered if pushing him off here would give him a better chance at survival then letting him go higher and jump on his own. I ran through the events that would follow such an action and they didn't look to turn out well for either of us. The line of thinking gave me an idea.
	“I don't think you've reached the optimal solution, yet.”
	“How do you mean.” Luis continued climbing.
	“Consider this. The higher you climb up this building, the longer you are certain to live, though the probability of you succeeding in killing yourself of course climbs higher as you do the same. On the other hand, if you were to, say, jump right now, you might have only a few more seconds of life to endure, though the possibility of surviving the fall would be higher. Do you know what the optimal floor from which to jump would be?”
	“That is a much more clever argument than I was expecting.” It garnered another fleeting grin, but Luis continued to climb.
	“Uh, thanks. So, what are you doing? Shouldn't you be back at work, fixing the hole in your logic?”
	Luis stopped unexpectedly and turned to me. “You're too god-damned literal. I was using math as a metaphor. That's the only way I know how to talk or think. Math is logical. There is nothing logical or illogical about happiness or unhappiness or wanting to kill yourself or not wanting to kill yourself. You either understand it, or you don't. I can't explain to you why I know I should do this, and you can't explain to me why you know I shouldn't.”
	“What about your family? Think about how selfish you're being!”
	“I don't buy that. I think it is much more selfish it is for others to prefer I live another sixty- something years of misery.”
	“Here is something to consider. I just so happen to be the worst person to argue with you in this case. I am not particularly excited about life but I am also not in anyway depressed or interested in killing myself. I do not have a sunshine filled vision of the world to prove to you that great happiness is possible nor can I empathize with you enough to know what it is you need to hear. The words that would change your mind exist somewhere but I am out of my league.”
	I looked at Luis' face. Some part of what I had just said seemed to hit home. He leaned over the side of the railing and looked down. I looked, too. I had tried not to think about how high up we were getting. There wasn't much of a chance of survival from up here.
	Luis looked up at me. “It takes a big man to admit when he is out his league.” There was a tense pause before he continued. “Welcome to the club.”
	And he jumped.

title: First short story in a while. Not sure on what to title it. I currently have it saved as "Luis"(<1500 words)

question: Who are the main characters in the story?

answer: The narrator and Luis

question: What the narrator's relationship with Luis?

answer: They're both students and research assistants in mathematics, presumably friends.

question: Where does the story happen?

answer: They're both at the office. Exact location or address unspecified.

question: What are the narrator and Luis trying to accomplish?

answer: Luis is planning to commit suicide and the narrator is trying to talk him out of it.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator and Luis are university students and research assistants in mathematics. One day at the office, Luis uses math as a metaphor to tell the narrator that he wants to kill himself because he's living an unhappy life. The narrator tries to get Luis to rethink his suicide plans by throwing arguments at him and pointing out holes in Luis's logic. When the elevator doesn't arrive, Luis takes the stairs and the narrator follows him because Luis expressed an opinion that their building is high enough for one to jump off and die. As they talk more, Luis says that the narrator is too literal, and he was only using math because it's the only language he knows to express himself. When the narrator finally says that he's out of his league in trying to rationalize or provide help, Luis tells him it takes a big man to admit he's out of his league and jumps.


text:
INTERNAL AFFAIRS GROUP (IAG)

acts as the investigative arm of the Chief of Police (COP) with respect to employee misconduct.  All complaints are reviewed by IAG to determine the appropriate investigative entity.  Internal Affairs Group is responsible for investigating the more serious complaints of misconduct.  Complaints investigated by IAG are normally divided between its Administrative and Criminal Investigation Divisions.

FILING A COMPLAINT OF POLICE MISCONDUCT
A complaint can be filed in person at any police facility in Los Angeles, Internal Affairs Group, the Police Commission, or the Office of the Inspector General.  Although it is not required, the Department encourages community members to make these reports in person so a supervisor has an opportunity to do a thorough initial assessment of your complaint.
  If you do not wish to report your complaint in person, you may obtain a “Complaint of Employee Misconduct” form from any police facility or City Council field office.   Complaints may also be filed online by clicking

here or on the button below.

If you prefer to make your complaint by phone, you may call our 24-hour toll free hotline at (800) 339-6868.

Anonymous and third-party complaints are also accepted and will be investigated to the extent that sufficient information is provided.  However, if you choose to not provide your contact information, the investigators will be unable to ask you follow-up questions that might be needed for a thorough, complete investigation.

The Investigation Process
All complaints are reviewed by IAG before being assigned for investigation.  However, not all complaints are investigated by IAG.  Depending on the misconduct alleged, personnel complaints may be investigated by IAG investigators or at the divisional level.  Complaints not investigated by IAG are assigned to the accused officer’s division of assignment for investigation.

Your complaint will be investigated by a trained supervisor.  The investigation may include interviews of witnesses and officers; a review of Department records, policies, and procedures; an inspection of medical records, photographs and other evidence; and legal analysis.

The investigation of a personnel complaint and subsequent actions (including the administration of discipline when warranted) are involved and time consuming processes.  The amount of time they take depends on a number of factors and generally varies from several months to about a year.  Once the process has been completed, you will be notified of the outcome in writing if you have provided your mailing address.

Mediation Program and Alternative Complaint Resolution Process
Some complaints are eligible to be resolved through Mediation or the Alternative Complaint Resolution (ACR) process rather than the traditional, fact-finding investigation.  These alternative complaint procedures, which take place in an informal setting, were developed to resolve complaints through dialogue and with the intent to strengthen relations between the community and the LAPD.

Mediation is a form of confidential dispute resolution in which complainants and LAPD employees meet face-to-face with impartial mediators to discuss the alleged misconduct.  The mediators are trained volunteers from the City Attorney’s Office, and have no power to influence the outcome of the mediation.

Similarly, for the ACR process, the parties meet to resolve the complaint through a discussion. The conversation is facilitated by an LAPD supervisor, and the ACR process is also confidential.

If your complaint is determined to be appropriate for mediation or the ACR process, you will be notified.  However, your participation would be completely voluntary.

PUBLIC REPORTS ON DISCIPLINE
•    Annual Complaint Report
•    Quarterly Discipline Reports
•    Quarterly Biased Policing and Mediation Reports

•    Disciplinary Penalties Reports

-You may file an online complaint here-

question: Is it advisable to file police misconduct in person?

answer: Yes.

question: Can a person file a report anonymously?

answer: Yes, provided sufficient information is provided.

question: What do you do if you wish not to file a report in person?

answer: You obtain a "Complaint of Employee Misconduct" form from any police station.

question: Who investigates the reports filed?

answer: Either the IAG or the accused officer's division of assignment.

question: How long does an investigation take?

answer: It appears it can take from 6 months to a year, depending on several factors.

question: How do the mediation and Alternative Complaint Resolution (ACR) process work?

answer: It happens in an informal setting where issues are resolved through dialogue between the police and the complainant.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: The Internal Affairs Group (IAG) serves as an administrative arm to the Chief of Police and reviews and investigates misconduct in the office. If a person wants to file a report, it's best done in person because a supervisor will have a thorough initial assessment of your complaint. But if you wish to file anonymously or through a third party, you will be required to provide sufficient details and a contact for follow-up questions for effectiveness. There is also a mediation program and an Alternative Complaint Resolution (ACR) process, which works by having the complainants and the LAPD in an informal setting resolve their issues through dialogue. An LAPD supervisor will facilitate this, and the procedure is made confidential.


text:
[The entrance of the School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Rochester Medical Center]

The UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER MEDICAL CENTER (URMC), now known as UR MEDICINE,[1] is located in Rochester, New York, is one of the main campuses of the University of Rochester and comprises the university's primary medical education, research and patient care facilities.

Schools and facilities

URMC is one of the largest facilities for medical treatment and research in Upstate New York and includes a regional Prenatal Center, Trauma Center, Burn Center and the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, an Epilepsy Center, Psychiatric/Behavioral Health Emergency and treatment departments, Liver Transplant Center and Cardiac Transplant Center and also includes a major AIDS Treatment Center and an NIH-designated AIDS Vaccine Evaluation Unit. A large portion of the university's biomedical research is conducted in the Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building and the Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences.

URMC occupies a complex located between Elmwood Avenue, Mount Hope Avenue (NY 15), Genesee Valley Park, and Lattimore Road.

In January 2008 the University of Rochester announced a $500 million strategic plan geared toward expansion in research and patient services. The plan will potentially add 800 new jobs to the university. Part of the expansion will include building a new 6-story, 123-bed addition to the hospital, a building for clinical and translational sciences, and a new ambulatory surgery center to be built on Westfall Road.

Strong Memorial Hospital

STRONG MEMORIAL HOSPITAL is the main teaching hospital and patient care facility at the University of Rochester and is housed within the main complex of the URMC. It is a Level I trauma center serving the Rochester community and is the most prominent member of the Strong Health System.

Golisano Children's Hospital

GOLISANO CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL (GCH) formerly CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL AT STRONG, is a nationally ranked, freestanding acute care children's hospital in Rochester, New York. It is affiliated with the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. The hospital features all private rooms that consist of 190 pediatric beds. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout the region. The hospital also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. The hospital shares the rooftop helipad for the attached Strong Memorial Hospital and is an ACS verified level I pediatric trauma center, one of the only ones in the region. The hospital features a regional pediatric intensive-care unit and an American Academy of Pediatrics verified level IV neonatal intensive care unit. GCH also offers one of the country's few Ronald McDonald Houses that is located within a hospital.

[The Flaum Atrium between the School of Medicine and Dentistry and the Arthur Kornberg buildings]

School of Medicine and Dentistry

The SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY (SMD) is an accredited medical school and school for advanced dental education,[2] with graduate education programs in biomedical, biological and health sciences. The facilities of the school are located in its own wing of the main URMC complex and the adjoining Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building with a total of more than of research space. Dental education and patient facilities are located within the URMC complex and the adjacent Eastman Institute for Oral Health.

SMD is ranked 32nd for research and 32nd in the primary care schools category by _U.S. News & World Report_, with the dental programs ranked in the top 10.[3] SMD also received a full six-year accreditation by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education for its 26 residency programs at Strong Memorial Hospital in 2005.[4][5] The medical school opened in 1925, and its first class graduated in 1929.[6]

School of Nursing

The SCHOOL OF NURSING is an accredited nursing education program located in the Helen Wood Hall building of URMC. The school's Pediatric Nurse Practitioner program was ranked the seventh best in the U.S., with the Adult Nurse Practitioner program ranked 13th and the Family Nurse Practitioner program ranked 21st by _U.S. News_.[7]

Recent developments

Recently, several new programs and centers have been founded at URMC. A cancer stem cell research program has been established at the Wilmot Cancer Center, one of only three such programs in the United States, the others being at Harvard University and Stanford University.[8] Also, a new Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute has been announced, which will be housed in a new research and education facility. The program was awarded a $40 million NIH grant, one of the largest in the history of the university.[9] URMC acquired Lakeside Hospital in Brockport and is creating Strong West. It will be an urgent care center with the possibility of having an emergency department system. In addition, a network of new Urgent Care centers branded as UR MEDICINE URGENT CARE have opened in areas surrounding the Rochester, NY area since 2017, with more being added regularly.

Funding and budget

URMC comprises the largest portion of the University of Rochester's annual budget. For the 2004-2005 fiscal year, URMC's patient care and hospital resources accounted for 59% of the total university budget at $910 million.[10] URMC also makes up a large portion of the university's $232 million research budget.

Famous Faculty

-   George Packer Berry (Prof. 1932-1949), later dean of Harvard Medical School[11]
-   Henrik Dam (Prof. 1942-1945), Nobel laureate (1943, physiology or medicine)
-   George L. Engel, psychiatrist and creator of biopsychosocial model
-   George Hoyt Whipple (Prof. 1914-1976), Nobel laureate (1934, physiology or medicine)

Alumni

-   Jason Diamond, plastic surgeon
-   Arthur Kornberg, molecular biologist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 for his discovery of “the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).” Severo Ochoa of New York University was a co-recipient of the award.
-   Richard Locksley, medical doctor, professor and researcher of infectious diseases at the University of California, San Francisco
-   William Masters, sexologist
-   Kenneth Ouriel, vascular surgeon and researcher
-   Philip A. Pizzo, David and Susan Heckerman Professor and Professor of Microbiology and Immunology and former Dean of the Stanford University School of Medicine[12]
-   Renée Richards, former professional tennis player
-   Eric Topol, Scripps Health Chief Academic Officer, cardiologist
-   Warren Zapol, director of the Massachusetts General Hospital Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] ACGME: Strong Memorial Hospital of the University of Rochester

[5] Newsletter: A Gold Star for Graduate Medical Education

[6]

[7]

[8] URMC Press Release: Wilmot Launches Cancer Stem Cell Research Program

[9] URMC: The New Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute

[10]

[11]

[12]

title: University of Rochester Medical Center

question: Why does the University of Rochester Medical Centre (URMC) take a large portion of the University of Rochester's budget?

answer: Because of its sheer size, contribution, as well as a recent $500 million expansion to its facilites.


text:
[Sofia Magarill] SOFIYA Zinovevna MAGARILL (Russian - Со́фья Зино́вьевна Магари́лл; (5 April 1900 – 15 October 1943, Alma-Ata) was a Soviet film actress.

Life

In 1925 she graduated from the A. Morozov theatre studio, after studying in FEKS workshops led by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg - she had married Kozintsev in 1923 and remained his wife until her death. Her first film was in 1924 and she also trained under Boris Sohn at the Lenfilm acting school between 1933 and 1936. She worked at the Leningrad New Theatre and from 1941 in Alma-Ata. She died of typhoid fever during the evacuation of Alma-Ata, which she had caught whilst nursing Sergei Yermolinsky.

Filmography

-   The Club of the Big Deed (1927)
-   Kastus Kalinovskiy (1928)
-   The New Babylon (1929)
-   Cities and Years (1930)
-   Lieutenant Kijé (1934)
-   Masquerade (1941)
-   The Murderers are Coming (1942)

title: Sofiya Magarill

question: When was Sofiya Zinovevna born?

answer: She was born on April 5, 1900.

question: What did Zinovevna die of?

answer: She died of typhoid fever.

question: Where did Zinovevna study?

answer: She studied at the A. Morozov theatre studio, specifically doing the FEKS workshops led by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg.

question: Who did Zinovevna marry?

answer: She married Grigori Kozintsev.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article gives a brief description of the life of Sofiya Zinovevna, a Soviet film actress.


text:
Dwarf planet 750X rolled slowly around its sister. Its artificially pumped atmosphere visibly pulled towards its twin, slowly being teased out into the dead space around it. Sitting cradled between the two was a carrier ship, nearly a quarter of the size of one of the dwarves. The ship was an almost perfect cylinder, slightly tapered on both ends. All along its riveted sides, many legged landing craft waited to be deployed. One of them flashed to life. In the thinly stretched atmosphere the normal noise of sirens and grinding steel the signaled the release of one of the landers was damped to a near whisper.

The lander dislodged its legs from the side of the craft and reversed them downward toward the planet below. Once it was completely free and the magnetic teeth firmly gripped the craft unlatched. leaving it tethered only by a looping black cord. for a moment it lay motionless until a gust of pressurized air sent it adrift in the pitch black space around it. It drifted further and further from its home until being snapped up by the gravity of the planet below. It started to tumble faster and faster but the cord snapped taught catching the tiny craft.

The lander was lowered slowly, carefully, like some giant, many legged spider dissenting on the dust bellow. Cranks clicked as the craft was lowered, swaying in the light breeze from the unmoving carrier ship so many kilometers above. When the craft was 20 feet above the cracked dry earth it, save for the light hushing of hydraulic joints, silently dissented on its prey. One of by one each of its eight legs gently grasped the surface, stirring up the dust around the each of the padded landing feet like sand stirred up in a river bed, cloaking the intruder from the barren plain. The ground pressed down two or three inches, struggling to hold the foreign weight.

The metal beast sat unmoving for a movement. With an audible a hiss and a click the magnetic bond between the lander and the barely visible carrier craft. After a moment the tether between the two ships shuttered. The rope whizzed up moving at a blur, perfectly straight, the noise even cutting through the insulted chambers within the metal craft. Lights flicked on in unison all along the landing gear and illuminating the dust around it that had just begun to settle, lighting up the dark around it in a perfect circle of swirling eerie fog.

A red light stained the fog, pulsing harshly. A platform lowered smoothly from the hovering underbelly of the craft. As it began to lower worried feet peeked out, shifting slightly as they were hit by the chilling breeze now filling the tightly packed innards of their lander. As the platform continued its descent the wind began to pick up, blowing away the last remainder of the stirred up sand. The light reached father in the now clear air. Catching on small rocks and cracks, radiating shadows around the steady light. Dust curled around the metal rectangle as it finally pressed against the powder ground.

For a moment the men shuffled uneasily, moving only an inch as they exhaled. Pressed shoulder to shoulder the three men adjusted their boot straps and checked the atmospheric pressure and oxygen levels on their wrists, all stable. After the moment of hesitation they stepped off, one by one, leaving shallow boot prints in the sand. One of the men, the tallest, walked out away from the crouching ship and Reaching out into the fading umbra, he was careful to keep both feet planted in the brightest part of the light he could. He paused before reaching behind his neck to turn a small dial fixed to his collar. With a warm hum a small light on his wrist grew to life. The father he turned it the stronger a soft light shining from his sleeve became. He shined the light in front of him scattering the darkness and forming a tunnel of white clean light 15 feet in front of him, collapsing slowly after that.

A grey pole, half the man’s height cast a shadow that cut the tunnel clean in two. He looked back at his to companions who had barely moved off the platform. The one farther back smiled sheepishly. He flipped on his wrist light on and clapped the still unmoving third man on the shoulder, jolting him. He spat on the grey dust which hugely grew dark with the moisture and flicked on his light.

The two men flanked him, their red striped suits crinkling as they walked. The first held back a minute to pick up a small sliver case from the edge of the platform and then went to join his companions that still stood unmoving. The two others joined their lights to widening the tunnel and forcing the clean black shadow to spilt into three fading rays. With a glace to his companions the man with the case shuffled forward down the tunnel keeping his back hunched and his light trained on the grey stones in front of him. As he got father down the tunnel sweat began to drip down his forehead and dripped down marking his way like bread crumbs.

As Reached out his hand to grasp he pole the two wrist-lights behind him flicked in unison leaving him, for a half a second an island in suffocating darkness. He turned back to him companions his face stained white from their relight lights. They blinked back, the one in the red striped suit fiddled with the gauges on his sleeve causing his light to bob. He exhaled and turned back around to his destination he reached out again to the pole and again the light behind him flicked, he didn’t bother to turn around again and the reached out and grabbed it. The lights flicked again, this time not only lights on the teams wrists but the florescent tubes lining the landers legs all in unison, plunging him, just for a fraction second, into complete darkness.

The man tried to turn and run back to his companions but he found he could not move his hand form the pole. He shuffled around the pole to face the lander, his back toward the unending darkness of 750X. He stared longingly into the eyes of companions as he nearly dislocated his shoulder in a vain attempt to rip the fused fabric off the pole. They only stared back at him eyes wide. He could see one screaming wildly in his suit but in his panic had not turned on any means of communication. His companion shook him, trying to get his attention but the man wouldn’t take his eyes off what had a vice grip on his brain after what felt like hours he stopped and pointed slowly behind the man at the pole, still franticly trying to remove his hand from its grasp.

For a moment the two men’s eyes met and turned to look at whatever the deranged man was looking at. He shuffled over turning his back once more to the lander and saw, nothing. Just the same empty darkness and fuzzy outlines of some of the closer rocks greeted him. He was about to flip on his communicator when all the lights, save for the one on his wrists went dead. He spun the light around, it was only able reach as far as the closest lander feet but that was all he saw. The two other men had vanished in an instant without a sound. He called out on every channel on my communicator. The booster to contact the carrier ship was an impossible twenty feet away on the lander platform.

A light scraping brought his attention to his left. He called out the names of his two companions but no one answered. He heard the sound again to right and whirled around as far as his trapped hand would allow. He shone his light out but again only rocks and dust. He heard the sound again, closer, more clearly, like two sheets of sandpaper being rubbed together.

His hand released form pole and he broke out into a run, shining his light wildly. Launched himself towards the lander. The noise was all around him as he struggled to get up. He shook his head. Not like sand paper like wings, thousands and thousands of scarping wings. He could feel them pressing in him clinging to his suit, weighing him down. He could feel the suit pressing against his skin as they struggled to pull him farther into the swirling darkness. They pushed into the light of his wrist light. Tentatively at first but then they pushed against each other until it too flickered and died. Dwarf planet 750X once again devoid of light.

title: Darkness [a shortish short story] [Sci-Fi]

question: What other genre-besides sci-fi-could this story be considered?

answer: It could be cross-classified as horror, as there are many tense moments in darkness.

question: How many people are there on this mission?

answer: The text does not specify the total in the whole mission, but at least a group of three dispatched.

question: What likely happened to all the men by the end of the story?

answer: They died.

question: What unfortunate happening at first spares one of the men from whatever sinister dark being takes the other two?

answer: His hand is fused to a pole so he cannot see what it is that terrifies them before they disappear.


text:
Panicked, Elizabeth sprints away from her pursuers, panic bubbling in her chest. She doesn’t even have time to process what just happened, all she can do is run and pray she won’t get caught. She runs through the marketplace, dodging startled shoppers and angry glares. She almost knocks over a fruit stand, but the owner and a few bystanders manage to catch it before anything falls. As if through a tunnel she can hear him screaming at her to be careful. She doesn’t stop though; all she can do is run.

She can’t breathe, but she can’t stop. She needs to find a place to hide, but where? Suddenly an idea strikes her; she quickly veers left down a muddy alleyway and splashes her way down to a small grate. She usually hides here after her father- no! Now is not the time to think of that! She needs to escape! She needs a plan! She quickly pries the grate open, slides in, and shuts it behind her. She curls up in her all too familiar corner and finally lets everything sink in.

Shivering with cold and fear she runs over the events leading up to this point. She just murdered her father; she stabbed him with a knife. She felt his blood on her hands and saw the life flicker out of his eyes. Her mother had started screaming and cradling his body, a guard heard and came running. She remembered dropping the knife when she realized what she had just done. The guard asked what happened and her mother just hysterically screeched at Elizabeth. As the guard turned, she took one final fearful look at her mother and bolted. Come to think of it, she didn’t even know if the guard had followed her or not. More than likely he did, but she was just too light and fast for him, even in a dress.

Elizabeth tried to calm herself. She had done what she had to do; no-one could fault her for that… right? The hopeful part of her mind prayed that everyone would understand and all would be forgiven, but the rational part of her knew just how wrong that was. She had to escape. Maybe she could find another town somewhere and build a new life… no. That wouldn’t work… Realizing what a hopeless situation she’s in, a small sob escapes her lips, but she quickly stifles it- she can’t let a guard hear her now. She’ll just stay the night here. Maybe in the morning she’ll be able to think of something to do…
__________________________________________________________

Elizabeth wakes up in a very familiar place, curled up like a dog in a ripped dress covered in blood, mud, and straw. Sun is streaming through the grate, but it didn’t quite reach where she’s hiding. She whimpers and buries her face in the straw, not caring how bad it pricks and itches.

She has to go home. Untangling her bruised and cut limbs she crawls out of her hidey-hole. Standing up, she gathers her tattered and torn dress and starts limping through the marketplace. She receives many disapproving glares from the other townsfolk, but she doesn’t care. She makes this walk of shame almost every morning.

She passes a guard on the outskirts of the town who just grunts at her to pass then stumbles up the winding trail to her house. As she walks in her father looks up from the newspaper, grins like a Cheshire cat, and says, “Morning Pumpkin, how’s my baby this morning?” Elizabeth just flinches and hangs her head. God, how she wants to kill this man.

title: Elizabeth (an original story by me)

question: What is Elizabeth running away from?

answer: The guards, after she killed her father.

question: Why did she kill her father?

answer: Information can't be found.

question: Why is Elizabeth constantly reliving the day she killed her father?

answer: The story implies she could be in hell, reliving the day she dreads the most.

question: Where is the story set?

answer: In a small town.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Elizabeth runs away from a guard after she is caught killing her father. The next day she wakes up and relives this day again.


text:
MÁRCIO JOSÉ RIBEIRO E SILVA (born 12 March 1957), known as MÁRCIO RIBEIRO, is a Brazilian footballer who played as an attacking midfielder, and the current manager of Barretos.

Márcio Ribeiro spent his career mainly in charge of clubs in the São Paulo state before taking over Água Santa in 2013. With the club he achieved three consecutive promotions, and made his professional debut in 2016 Campeonato Paulista.[1]

Márcio Ribeiro also had an unassuming spell at Portuguesa during the last months of 2016, suffering relegation to Série D.[2] Back in 2005, he won the Campeonato Alagoano while in charge of CSA.

Honours

Club

CRB

-   Campeonato Alagoano: 1983[3]

Manager

CSA

-   Campeonato Alagoano: 2005

Individual

-   Campeonato Alagoano top goalscorer: 1983[4]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Márcio Ribeiro

question: What was Marcio Ribeiro's role when he played football?

answer: He was an attacking midfielder.

question: How did Ribeiro spend most of his career?

answer: He spent his career mostly in charge of clubs in the Sao Paulo state before taking over Agua Santa in 2013.

question: What happened in 2005?

answer: Ribeiro won the Campeonato Alagoano while in chaege of CSA.

question: What is Ribeiro's current job?

answer: He is the current manager of Barretos.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article is about Marcio Ribeiro, a Brazilian footballer who played as an attacking midfielder, and is the current manager of Barretos.