text:
CHIN CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY (CCU) is a Christian University in Hakha, Chin State, Burma. CCU is one of the departments of Chin Association of Christian Communication (CACC). After 25 years (1990-2015), God blessed Chin Christian College’s long vision: “To Transform the College into a University” and the name of the institution was changed into Chin Christian University by the 9th Triennial Meeting of Chin Association of Christian Communication, held at Hakha Khuahlun Baptist Church on April 4, 2015.[1]

Today, CCU is one of the full-fledged accredited members of the Association for Theological Education in South East Asia (ATESEA).[2]

CCU accepts students from variety denominations. Moreover, she also has students from other parts of Myanmar such as Kachins, Nagas and Burmese.

History

A BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CHIN CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY[3]

Rev Dr Chester U. Strait and spouse, an American Baptist missionary couple to the Chins, started a Bible school in Hakha in 1928. Unfortunately, the school was closed in 1932. To meet the needs of the growing churches, two Bible Schools were opened again at two places; one at Tiddim in 1947 running up to 1950 by Rev & Mrs Franklin and Phileda Nelsons (also American Baptist missionary couple), the other one at Hakha in 1948 running up to 1950 by Rev Dr & Mrs Robert G. and Elizabeth Johnsons, the last American Baptist missionary couple to the Chins. Because of the long furlough of the missionaries the two Bible Schools were discontinued and a new Bible School was started again at Tiddim in 1953. Rev S.T. Hau Go (Native Chin) was put in charge of it. Rev S.T. Hau Go was elected as General Secretary of the newly formed Zomi Baptist Convention (Present Chin Baptist Convention) and thus moved to Falam. As a result, the Bible School was moved to Hakha in 1954 with a view that it would be better managed by the returned Johnsons. The Bible School was again moved from Hakha to Falam in 1959 in accordance with the decision of the Executive Committee of Zomi Baptist Convention.

The re-establishment of the Bible School in Hakha, as needs arose, began with the emergency meeting of the Board of Directors (BD) of Chin Christian Literature Society (CCLS) held on March 25, 1989 at U Pek Thang's residence in Falam. At that meeting, all attendants agreed and decided that CCLS found the Bible School in Hakha. At the same time a working committee was formed for the purpose of materializing the decision at that meeting. God blessed the diligent and restless work of the working committee and CCLS was able to open the Bible school in Hakha on June 1, 1990 with Diploma in Theology program, and was named “Chin Bible School (CBS)”. The fourth CCLS BD meeting held at Hakha Baptist Association office in Hakha in 1993 changed the name to “Chin Biblical Seminary (CBS)”. And for a third time the name was changed again to “Chin Christian College” (CCC) by the 8th CCLS Executive Committee meeting held at Thantlang Association of Baptist Churches (TABC) office on May 22, 1993. At the 2nd Triennial Meeting of CCLS, which was held on January 8–9, 1994 at Zion Baptist Church, Hakha, the name CCLS was changed to “Chin Association for Christian Communication” (CACC). The meeting also confirmed the Constitution of CACC and Chin Christian College functioned as the main ministry of the Education Department of CACC. Then, the secretary of Education Department of CACC, according to the then constitution, was the principal of CCC.

After 25 years, God blessed CCC’s long vision: “To Transform the College into a University” and the name of the institution was changed into Chin Christian University by the 9th Triennial Meeting of CACC, held at Hakha Khuahlun Baptist Church on April 4, 2015. Today, CCU is one of the full-fledged accredited members of the Association for Theological Education in South East Asia (ATESEA). Up to March 2015, CCU has produced a total of 1021 graduates. At present, CCU has three departments: Theology, English Languages Studies, and Business Administration, with 18 full-time faculty members and 10 members of office staff.

Principals

-   Rev. Dr. Jones Mang Hope (1990), Acting Principal
-   Rev. Dr. David Van Bik (1990−1996)
-   Rev. Dr. John Cuai Sang (1996−1998)
-   Rev. Dr. Hla Aung (1998−2004)
-   Rev. Dr. Henry Siang Kung (2004−Present)

Programs

The college offers the following degree programs:[4]

-   Diploma in Theology (Dip.Th.)
-   Bachelor of Theology (B.Th.)
-   Bachelor of Ministry (B.Min.)
-   Bachelor in Religious Education (B.R.E.)
-   Bachelor of Arts (English) (B.A. English)
-   Bachelor of Business Administration (B.A. Business in 2014).
-   Master of Divinity (M.Div.)

The university has a rigorous academic curriculum and its reputation continues to grow in Burma. CCU is the only college in Chin State that offers Bachelor of Arts in English (BA English) & Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Most of the faculty members have degrees from well-known theological colleges from Asia, Europe, and the United States. CCU recently completed constructing additional academic buildings and a football field with the support of Chin people and Chin diasporas.

Future Plan

CCU's Principal states the dreams to have courses in IT, agro-livestock, technical, and medical fields. The Uni is now in the midst of a construction program to accommodate students and staff. To accommodate the students, she holds classes at male and female quarters and library rooms.

Accreditation

CCU is accredited by Association for Theological Education in South East Asia (ATESEA).

[1]

[2]  ATESEA.NET By BCD Softwares|website=atesea.net|access-date=2016-04-27}}

[3]

[4] {http://www.chinchristiancollege.net/degree-programs.html/}

title: Chin Christian College

question: In which country is Chin Christian University located?

answer: Burma.

question: What was its first name?

answer: Chin Association of Christian Communication.

question: When did Rev Dr Chester U. Strait and spouse start their Bible school in Hakha?

answer: 1928.

question: Who is the current principal, as of the time this article was updated?

answer: Dr Henry Siang Kung.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Chin Christian University is a Christian university located in Hakha, Chin State, Burma. It changed names from Chin Christian College to Chin Christian University in 2015. The school was started in the 1920s as part of a group of schools begun by American missionaries.


split: train

text:
ALL SAINTS EPISCOPAL CHURCH is a historic Episcopal church in Appleton, Wisconsin. A parish in the Diocese of Fond du Lac, it is the only Episcopal church in Appleton. The congregation first met circa 1854 and organized in 1856.[1] The current church building was consecrated in 1905.

History

Missionary bishop Jackson Kemper held the first Episcopal service in Appleton in “1854 or 1855”.[2] The parish was organized in 1856, and originally named Grace Episcopal Church. The first church building's cornerstone was laid by Bishop Kemper in 1864 and completed in 1866. The wooden structure cost $6,000 and was located at Appleton and Edwards (now Washington) streets. In 1883, the original building was moved to the current church site at College Avenue and Drew Street, adjacent to Lawrence University.

In 1905, that building was moved across the street while the current church building was constructed on the site. The 1905 building was designed by Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge.[3] All Saints Norman stone tower is modeled on the tower of the church in Appleton-le-Street, Yorkshire. In 1905, the name of the parish was changed to All Saints Episcopal Church. An estimated 1,500 to 2,000 people attended the cornerstone-laying service, presided over by Bishop Charles Chapman Grafton, on October 1, 1905. The first service in the completed building was celebrated on Easter Sunday, April 15, 1906. Bishop Reginald Heber Weller preached; the Rev. S. P. Delany was rector.

At 3:50 a.m., November 30, 1949, a taxi driver reported that a fire had broken out at All Saints. The fire started in the basement and burned through the floor, causing the altar to fall into the basement and charring the rest of the interior of the church. The altar, which was fairly new, the reredos, the organ, the carved choir stalls, a Tiffany window, and the bishop's chair were destroyed, but the baptistry was spared. Vestments and other fabrics were smoke-damaged. The total loss was estimated at $75,000. The interior of the church dates from 1950, rebuilt after the fire by architectural firm Maurey Lee Allen.[4] Bishop Harwood Sturtevant officially rededicated All Saints with special services featuring a new organ on All Saints Sunday 1952.[5] The organ, built by M. P. Moller, was installed in 1951.[6]

The 1910 Reid Memorial Window, a Tiffany window depicting Dorcas, Acts of the Apostles (9:36–42,) was destroyed in the 1949 fire.[7][8]

In 1959, building plans by J. Rouman & Associates for the parish center were approved,[9] and the rectory and neighboring house on the corner were torn down. Construction began in 1960 and was completed in January 1961. Parish “work parties” painted and did other finishing work. The dedication of the parish center was on April 30, 1961.

Gerald F. Gilmore, formerly assistant minister at St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square, became rector in 1949.[10] Rev. Patrick Twomey had been rector for 19 years when he retired in 2015.[11]

A five volume scrapbook, _History of All Saints Episcopal Church (Grace Church),_ was compiled by Ann P. Kloehn and Joyce Barlow Helien is in the possession of the church.[12]

People and Community

Nathan Pusey, who was a member while serving as President of Lawrence College from 1944–1953, was an active partisan in the movement that pushed All Saints into the “low church” column at a time when Wisconsin was predominately “high church.”[13](See folder 4, Correspondence, Nathan Pusey Presidential Papers, 1925-2005 | Lawrence University Archives)

All Saints is a worship community with activities including Sunday School, adult education, youth group, music ministry, pastoral care and a parish nursing program. Parish-organized outreach efforts see parishioners devote time and assistance to local charitable organizations including Emergency Shelter of the Fox Valley, Harbor House Domestic Abuse Shelter and Leaven. All Saints also holds several large in-gatherings each year to support these organizations. The Outreach Committee, based on determination of need, directs the in-gatherings.

With its central, downtown location, the building is used by community groups including Attic Theatre, events for Lawrence University and meetings of the Diocese of Fond du Lac.

[1] A. Parker Curtiss, “Appleton: All Saints' Church”, in _History of the Diocese of Fond du Lac and Its Several Congregations_. 1925. Retrieved 26 April 2008.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] “History” , All Saints Episcopal Church. Retrieved on 26 April 2008

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

title: All Saints Episcopal Church (Appleton, Wisconsin)

question: Summarize the original construction of All Saints Episcopal Church.

answer: The congregation of All Saints Episcopal Church first met in 1854, and was organized in 1856. It was originally called Grace Episcopal Church. The original cornerstone was laid by Bishop Kemper in 1864and was completed in 1866. The wooden structure was $6,000 and located at Appelton and Edwards streets.

question: Summarize the construction of the current building of All Saints Episcopal Church.

answer: In 1905 the church site was cleared for the new church. Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge designed the new church. The church's tower is modeled on the tower of Appleton-le-Street in Yorkshire. About 1,500-2,000 people attended the cornerstone laying service. The first service in the new building was Easter Sunday 1906.

question: Summarize the damages of the 1949 fire.

answer: In 1949 a fire started in the All Saints Episcopal Church's basement. The church's floor was damaged and the altar destroyed. The organ and choir stalls were also destroyed, as was a Tiffany stained glass window. Total losses were estimated at $75,000. The interior was redone in 1950 by Maury Lee Allen.

question: Summarize All Saints Episcopal Church's community programs.

answer: The All Saints Episcopal Church has several community programs and activities. Some of these include Sunday School, adult education, youth group, music ministry, pastoral care, and parish nursing program. They also donate to several local charitable organizations, such as Emergency Shelter of the Fox Valley, Harbor House Domestic Abuse Shelter and Leaven. The Outreach Committee directs the support of these organizations. The church's building is used for several local organizations, including Attic Theatre and the Diocese of Fond du Lac.


text:
A story I wrote while waiting for the train one day. I have never read it, or attempted to edit it after I was finished. It is how I felt during an argument with my girlfriend. Enjoy.

An Afternoon In The Park

     There is an old man that everyday can be found on the same bench, feeding the same birds, and he always shows up at 12-noon on the dot. Although few take notice of him, he goes about his day and keeps to himself.
	It has been almost a year since his wife passed, and everyday his age starts to become more and more transparent. Every Saturday his son keeps him company. Usually the two sit in silence and face outward toward those passing by or the birds as they wrestle over crumbs of bread. Occasionally one nods to the other, and gets acknowledgments through a grunt. Call it guilt; call it the universal fear of regret that every son holds onto when they realize that they can lose a father without really ever knowing him. Today the son decides to reach out and learn something about the people who brought him into the world.
“Tell me about mom.”
	The old man stops moving. He looks out to the horizon, up to the sky, and finally right into his son’s eyes and offers a simple response of, “She was my heart and soul.” He maintained eye contact until he could no longer hide the weight of the tears that were beginning to form in his eyes. Even as a proud man he could not hide how much he truly missed his wife. Her death left him a hollow shell that could only continue on by maintaining the same mundane schedule.
	The son sat silently in a state of shocked disbelief. Throughout his life he thought he had seen every emotion possible from his father. Yet he had never seen grief such as this. When his father looked him in the eyes he could see an old lonely man. While the two had a loving relationship they had never really connected with each other. His father’s face displayed the many hardships and loss that go along with the happiness and joy in life. The youthfulness that he always attributed to his father had been replaced with a visage that resembled a young boy whose dog has ran away never to return. He wanted to lighten the mood so he tried to recall a happy family memory.
“Remember my first day of college and moving into the dorms? Remember how much mom embarrassed me by handing me a box of condoms in front of that big group of girls in the lobby?”
	Sitting on his left, all the son could see was a smile and chuckle as the old man replied, “Your face was redder than the school’s mascot.” His son would never know, but a single tear feel down the right side of the old man’s cheek as he relieved such a happy memory.

“Didn’t you and mom meet at state?” asked the son.

“Yep.” The old man replied.

“She always told me you went there to be with her and how romantic it was.”

“Nope, I went there for myself.”

	This surprised the son. He had grown up with the idea that his parents met because his father went to State to be with his mother; if this wasn’t the case, than what about all the other stories?

“Didn’t you quit drinking for mom?”

“Nope, I did it for myself.”

“What about your job? Wasn’t there a time you got offered a corporate position and you turned it down to start family?”

“Nope, I did it for myself.”

	Frustrated, his son couldn’t believe what he was hearing from the man he called father his whole life.

“What about all the money you worked for? The Corvette? The house you bought? Why you quit smoking and drinking?”

	With each question asked the old man would give the same response: “I did it for myself.” Fed up with getting nowhere the son stopped his inquiry, and the two sat in silence for a while. Eventually it became overwhelming to the son and he blurted out uncontrollably, “What did you do for mom then?” Once again the old man looked out, took a deep breath and replied:

“Everything else.”

	For the rest of the afternoon the two sat together in silence. For the first time in his life the son felt that he finally saw a glimpse of his father that he swore did not exist. The old man never made a claim toward achieving perfection in his life, but those two words will forever leave an imprint on the son’s impression of the man he calls his father.

title: An Afternoon In The Park

question: Describe the son's emotional journey.

answer: The son is initially stuck in the awkward moments with his father, and is longing to connect. He becomes agitated when he feels his mother is being disrespected, and then calms upon realizing that his father truly loved her, and settles into a lifelong appreciation for his father's words.

question: Why are the characters meeting in the park on this afternoon?

answer: The father and son regularly meet at the park - the man is there every day at noon and his son joins him every Saturday. The story is set on one of those Saturdays. The reason for the park trips in general is that it's a new routine for the father since his wife died a year earlier.

question: What is the son's motivation?

answer: He is driven by the social instinct to connect with his father, out of fear that he will lose the chance after his father dies.

question: Why might the father have quit drinking for himself?

answer: Because he felt it was the right thing to do for his health and likely to keep his marriage and family in tact without regrets, as alcoholism can be destructive for relationships. Doing it as the right thing for his family doesn't mean he only did it for them; it serves his own values and desires, hence his correction.


text:
TWICE is arguably Asia's most in-demand female act, and it’s easy to get a sense of their domination from sales stats on Twitter, videos of airport mobs on Instagram and fancams that collect millions of views. The nine-member girl group have taken over their home base in South Korea with eight consecutive number one singles, boast chart-topping success in Japan, China, and and even America. And after performing as headliners at KCON 2018 Los Angeles — the world's largest K-pop festival and convention that brought out a reported 94,000 fans on August 11 and 12 — it was more than clear that Jihyo, Nayeon, Jeongyeon, Sana, Momo, Mina, Dahyun, Chaeyoung, and Tzuyu are primed to take on an entire arena stateside, too.

View more

Before the full group appeared for their set, Jihyo, Momo, and Tzuyu delivered a cover of Beyoncé's "End of Time" — a song the trio is performing on their TWICELAND ZONE 2 Fantasy Park tour that currently only has dates in in Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia. Wearing flapper-esque dresses, Jihyo nailed a slew of impressive ad-libs and Momo slayed a chest bump-heavy dance break to mark a moment American fans though they might only ever see live if they flew halfway across the world. Later in the night, Jihyo and Mina went into the crowd to introduce fellow performers Wanna One, earning meme-ready reactions from standing next to fans on the verge of tears.

By the time the full group hit the stage, TWICE fans — affectionately known as ONCE, get it? — were treated to the full-stan experience as they delivered recent hits like "Dance the Night Away," "What Is Love?" and "Likey" complete with the group's precise-yet-fun-to-follow choreography and adorable plays to the camera that overseas supporters usually only experience through YouTube. Momo, Dahyun, and Sana seemed to earn the biggest cheers from the SoCal crowd, with the latter member's famously adorable "Shy Shy Shy" lyric in "Cheer Up" earning an eruption of screams from the arena. It was a mini-trip to TWICELAND, but it was just long enough for ONCE and K-pop fans to get a visible sense of the superstars that make up the continuously growing phenomenon.

Less than an hour before hitting the stage, the ladies appear more than used to the chaos of lights being taken down and cameras shuffling through press junket–style interviews backstage at the Staples Center. Instead of allowing themselves to be distracted, the group makes direct eye contact, and cracks each other up when they look around to see who will answer a tougher question. That same personable energy seeped into the KCON crowd to earn TWICE the type of screams most expect to hear for America's biggest pop sensations and act as a thunderingly audible reminder to why TWICE is one of K-pop's global leaders.

_TEEN VOGUE_: TWICE WAS LAST IN LOS ANGELES IN AUGUST 2016 WHEN YOUR CAREERS WERE JUST STARTING TO TAKE OFF WITH 2016'S "CHEER UP," WHICH WENT ON TO BE KOREA'S MOST-DOWNLOADED SONG OF THE YEAR. TAKE US THROUGH WHAT'S CHANGED.

JIHYO: In two years, we released a lot of new songs. The first time we were here it was only our second release but this time we have a lot of songs under our belt [that have found success].

NAYEON: We haven't been here in Los Angeles in two years, but when we went out shopping and went to eat, a lot of people recognized us. We were so surprised! _[Laughs]_

_TV_: TWICE MOST RECENTLY RELEASED YOUR ALBUM _SUMMER NIGHTS_, LED BY "DANCE THE NIGHT AWAY.”. HOW DO YOU DESCRIBE THAT SOUND IN COMPARISON TO YOUR PAST SINGLES*?

JIHYO: "Dance the Night Away" is the first time we've released a single during the summer so we had high expectations and prepared a lot [to make sure it fit the season]. It's really a refreshing song [when you’re] like, going to a swimming pool. It’s a great track to play when going on a drive.

_TV_: THE "DANCE THE NIGHT AWAY" MUSIC VIDEO SEES ALL NINE OF YOU STRANDED AND PARTYING ON A DESERT ISLAND. BUT IF THE SITUATION WAS REAL, WHO WOULD BE LEAST LIKELY TO SURVIVE?

JEONGYEON: Jihyo wouldn't survive because she doesn't like bugs.

JIHYO: I probably wouldn't survive because of boredom. _[Group laughs]_

_TV_: WHEN YOU LOOK AT YOUR SOCIAL MEDIA NUMBERS OF YOUTUBE VIEWS, IT'S CLEAR TWICE CONNECT WITH MANY PEOPLE AROUND THE WORLD. WHY DO YOU PERSONALLY THINK THAT IS?

JIHYO: As the group's leader, I believe our team is overflowing with energy when we're on stage. But I think it's all possible due us getting along and our teamwork being so great. I think that's why our team has this atmosphere of being really energetic in a way that we can feel like we're friends with fans.

_TV_: YOU HAVE A LOT OF FAMOUS FANS IN KOREA AND JAPAN, AND MOST RECENTLY CAMILA CABELLO GAVE YOU A SHOUT OUT, BECAUSE COULDN'T STOP SINGING YOUR SINGLE "CANDY POP" AFTER MEETING YOU IN JAPAN. ARE YOU FANS OF HER TOO?

NAYEON: We met her at a Japanese music show, _Music Station_, and we're also really big fans of her single "Havana" so it was an honor to meet her.

_TV_: AS YOU'VE GROWN IN YOUR CAREERS, YOU'RE ALSO GROWING AS SONGWRITERS. ON _SUMMER NIGHTS_, THE SONG "SHOT THRU THE HEART" SAW MOMO, SANA, AND MINA EARNING THEIR FIRST WRITING CREDITS. CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT POLISHING THIS PART OF YOUR CRAFT?

CHAEYOUNG: All the members are writing and or trying to write now. If Tzuyu just writes then all members will have been involved in at least one song on a TWICE album! I think it's great that everyone wants to be involved in participating in the production of the album.

MINA: And specifically with "Shot Thru the Heart," the three of us would meet up every night, talk about it, and think about the song and the lyrics. It was a really fun time for us and now we have a song we've written.

_TV_: YOU MUST BE VERY BUSY THESE DAYS. CAN YOU GIVE US A HINT OF WHAT'S COMING NEXT, AS WELL AS HOW YOU DEAL WITH YOUR BUSY SCHEDULES?

TZUYU: My favorite ways to relax are eating with the members and watching movies. As a major self-care tip, we try to get as much sleep as possible whenever we have time.

JIHYO: We could tour or not. If people really want it, we could be coming to your country.

LET US SLIDE INTO YOUR DMS. Sign up for the _Teen Vogue_ daily email.

WANT MORE FROM _TEEN VOGUE_? CHECK THIS OUT:

-   A K-Pop Star Just Removed His Makeup In Front of 170,000 Fans
-   The BTS Army Is Calling Out Racism Within the Fandom With a New Hashtag

question: What is Twice?

answer: It is a South Korean female group with nine members—Jihyo, Nayeon, Jeongyeon, Sana, Momo, Mina, Dahyun, Chaeyoung, and Tzuyu.

question: What does Jihyo think about their song "Dance the Night Away"?

answer: She thinks it is a refreshing song that is fit for the summer and great to play while driving.

question: What does Jihyo think about their social media connection around the world?

answer: She thinks they connect with a lot of people because of their team's energy on stage and teamwork and they feel they are friends with fans.

question: What does Chaeyoung think about her team members' careers as songwriters?

answer: Chaeyoung says she thinks it's great that all Twice members want to participate in the production of the album.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Teen Vogue interviewed the South Korean female group Twice. In two years since their careers started to take off in 2016, they had released a lot of new songs. At the time of the article, their recent hits were "Dance the Night Away," "What Is Love?" and "Likey."


text:
A couple of you asked how an Intel SandyBridge Core i7 M series processor compares to the recently launched Intel Broadwell U processors.

My old Lenovo ThinkPad X220 happens to run on an Intel Core i7-2620M CPU, the Dell XPS 13 packs a Broadwell Core i5-5200U and I’ve also tested several Core i7-5500U configurations lately. In this post we’re going to pitch these CPUs one against the other in a few benchmarks.

This comparison is actually more important then it might seem on a first look. Nowadays ultra-portables are exclusively built on Intel ULV hardware platforms, but back in the days of the SandyBridge platform (2011), some portable laptops actually bundled full-voltage M series processors. That’s the case of my ThinkPad X220, the Sony Vaio Zs and a few Dell and HP business machines. Of course, those processors weren’t as efficient as the newer platforms used today, but they were fast in their times and the configurations often allowed for 16 GB of RAM and various types of storage, which transformed these machines in compact power-horses.

In the following years Intel and the OEMs took a different direction: smaller and more efficient platforms and computers. But that left those that actually needed power more than anything craving for something that would be worth their money. Something that never came, which is part of the reason why I’ve kept my old X220 all these years. That hasn’t changed today with the Broadwell U platform, but the question is whether the performance of this 2015th platform has surpassed that of the old Core i7 M-series SandyBridge processors.

First though, let’s have a quick look at the processors involved in this comparison. I’ve also included a SandyBridge QM i7 processor in there, the i7-2670QM, which was one of the most popular such CPUs in 2011.

  -------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------
                             INTEL CORE I7-2620M (ARK)        INTEL CORE I7-2670QM (ARK)       INTEL CORE I5-5200U (ARK)        INTEL CORE I7-5500U (ARK)
  NUMBER OF CORES            2, with Hyper-Threading          4, with Hyper-Threading          2, with Hyper-Threading          2, with Hyper-Threading
  PROCESSOR BASE FREQUENCY   2.7 GHz                          2.2 GHz                          2.2 GHz                          2.4 GHz
  TURBOBOOST MAX FREQUENCY   3.4 GHz                          3.1 GHz                          3.7 GHz                          3.0 GHz
  CACHE                      4 MB                             6MB                              3 MB                             4 MB
  TDP                        35 W                             45 W                             15 W                             15 W
  MEMORY SIZE                up to 16 GB DDR3, dual-channel   up to 32 GB DDR3, dual-channel   up to 16 GB DDR3, dual-channel   up to 16 GB DDR3, dual-channel
  GRAPHICS                   Intel HD 3000                    Intel HD 3000                    Intel HD 5500                    Intel HD 5500
  -------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------

And a few things to consider before we proceed:

-   The i7-2620M processor is paired with an Intel 310 SSD on the Lenovo, which is an older mSATA Sata 2 SSD, thus not as fast as what’s available on the more recent laptops. This has an impact on performance.
-   At the same time the Core i7-2620M only offered support for DDR3 1066/1333 MHz RAM, while the newer processors work with DDR3 1333/1600 MHz memory.
-   For the Core i7-2670QM I took this list of benchmarks as reference.
-   While the Haswell and Broadwell U platforms support up to 16 GB in theory, the vast majority of the available systems only offer up to 8 GB of RAM, with very few exceptions that are still compact or portable (like the Asus Zenbook UX301LA or the UX303LN).

With that in mind, here are the results:

  ----------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------- --------------------- ---------------------
                                      INTEL CORE I7-2620M   INTEL CORE I7-2670QM   INTEL CORE I5-5200U   INTEL CORE I7-5500U
  CINEBENCH R11.5 CPU                 3.05 pts              ~5.2 pts               2.84 pts              3.23 pts
  CINEBENCH R11.5 CPU – SINGLE CORE   1.35 pts              –                      1.18 pts              1.43 pts
  CINEBENCH R15 CPU                   280 cb                ~460 cb                259 cb                290 cb
  CINEBENCH R15 CPU – SINGLE CORE     117 cb                –                      100 cb                122 cb
  X264 HD BENCHMARK 4.0 – PASS 1      88.01 fps             ~115 fps               86.66 fps             99.14 fps
  X264 HD BENCHMARK 4.0 – PASS 2      16.39 fps             ~26.5 fps              16.23 fps             18.12 fps
  ----------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------- --------------------- ---------------------

There’s no point comparing the graphics performance, since the Intel HD 5500 is miles ahead of the HD 3000 embedded on the SandyBridge processors, while the Core i7-2670QM processor was pretty much always paired with dedicated graphics anyway. In fact, the Intel HD 5500 chip can handle most of the things one would throw at it, including 4K video playing/streaming and light gaming.

When it comes to the raw CPU power though, the old Core i7-2620M is only barely surpassed by the Intel Core i7-5500U in benchmarks. As a whole the Broadwell i7 is of course a more versatile option, due to its efficiency, faster graphics and various other platform improvements, but also because it’s paired with overall faster components in nowadays configurations. In fact, even the Core i5 powered Dell XPS 13 feels snappier in daily use than my Lenovo X220 and boots up a faster, although it trails it in raw CPU benchmarks.

On the other hand, a Broadwell U processor is still not a match for the SandyBridge QM processors, which was of course expected. But that’s obviously not a fair comparison, as these quad-core CPUs were never intended for ultraportable laptops, unlike the modern Us and even the QMs.

[When it coems to raw CPU power, the Broadwell U Core i7 processors barely outmatch the 4 years old SandyBridge M Core i7 CPUs]

When it comes to raw CPU power, the Broadwell U Core i7 processors barely outmatch the 4 years old SandyBridge M Core i7s

So, to wrap this up, if you have an older SandyBridge laptop and you’re looking for an upgrade, 2015 could be the right time to get something new. Just keep in mind that a Broadwell U top-tier configuration will not necessarily offer increased performance in heavy use and multitasking, but it is a major improvement when it comes to battery life, heat/noise and low-demanding activities. BTW, here’s a complete list of all the available Broadwell U portable laptops, in case you’re interested.

I for one took the plunge on the Dell XPS 13 and retired, at least for the time being, the ThinkPad X220. The new XPS is snappier in any everyday use, but when I launch Photoshop or Premiere, it doesn’t feel much different than my nearly 4 years old Lenovo. Thus for someone interested strictly in performance under heavy load, the upgrade might not be justified.

On top of this, if you need more than 8 GB of RAM on your machine, you’ll struggle to find any modern ultraportable that would fit the bill. With Intel’s next Skylake platform scheduled for the end of the year though, that could change (although I won’t hold my breath for it). So you could still hold on of your old machine and hope Skylake processors would be even faster and even more efficient, and maybe someone will actually build ultraportables with 16 GB of RAM by then. Maybe…

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question: Summarize the final paragraph.

answer: The author says if someone needs more than 8 GB of RAM on their machine, they’ll struggle to find any modern ultraportable that would fit the bill. However, one could hold onto their old machine if someone builds ultraportables with 16 GB within the next year.

question: How does the i7-2620M processor have an impact on performance due to being an older model?

answer: It causes the performance to be slow.

question: Explain the benefits of the Intel HD 5500.

answer: It's better with graphics performance compared to other models, and can handle 4K video playing/streaming and light gaming.

question: What does the author mean by the Core i5 powered Dell XPS 13 feeling "snappier"?

answer: It means that it's probably a smoother, faster design in terms of performance.

question: What is the context around "that's obviously not a fair comparison"?

answer: The author says that a Broadwell U processor is still not a match for the SandyBridge processes. However, it's not a fair comparison because quad-core CPUs weren't intended for ultraportable laptops like modern Us.


text:
[]
[Elías Þórsson]

Yesterday, police in east Iceland charged a group of nine tourists with stealing and killing a lamb, reports RÚV.

Locals watched as the tourists chased down the lamb and called the police. When police arrived, the people initially tried to hide the lamb, but then claimed to have been relieving it of its suffering.

Björgvin Gunnarsson, a farmer in Berufjörður and the owner of the lamb, says that he was at a dinner party when his daughter called to inform him of tourists chasing a lamb. He arrived at the scene with the police shortly afterwards. The group maintained their innocence until the officer searched their vehicle, where he found the animal.

“They started out by lying, claiming they had just been taking pictures and didn’t want to admit anything,” Björgvin said. “It was harrowing seeing the lamb with its throat cut inside of a black plastic bag.”

MEOW, THINGS ARE EXPENSIVE

We can only assume that the tourists were very hungry and couldn’t afford to buy the overpriced Icelandic food. The problem with hunting and killing sheep, however, is that you need to be in the countryside to find them. So, if you are in Reykjavík there is a better alternative—cats.

Cats are everywhere in Reykjavík, there are up to 20,000 cats in the capital. That’s a lot of easy meals. There are also more benefits to eating cats rather than sheep.

First, they are less valuable, so the police are less likely to kick up a fuss about a dead cat than a lamb–just remember to dispose of the microchip. Second, they are smaller than sheep and, therefore, easier to lug around. Third, they are actually surprisingly easy to cook.

You just heat oil in a large frying pan with a lid and brown the cat for 5-8 mins until golden. Then remove and set aside. Tip in onions and cook for 3-4 mins until soft. Then add pepper, garlic, chorizo and Cajun seasoning, and cook for 5 more minutes. Stir the cat back in with the rice, add tomatoes and stock. Cover and simmer for 20-25 mins until the rice is tender.

_Update: the writer of this article was cooked for 5-8 minutes and eaten by his colleagues at the Grapevine for inciting violence against cats._

question: Who did the police arrest in east Iceland and why?

answer: Police arrested and charged nine tourists for stealing and killing a lamb.

question: How did the lamb die?

answer: Its throat was cut.

question: Who is Björgvin Gunnarsson?

answer: He is a farmer in Berufjörður and the owner of the lamb.

question: What are Elías Þórsson's (the article's author), thoughts on the incident?

answer: He assumes that the tourists killed the lamb because they were hungry and couldn't afford overpriced Icelandic food. He then mentions that cats are a better alternative for poor and starving tourists because the capital city of Reykjavík has more than 20,000 cats. He details how to prepare and cook the cats.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: East Iceland police charge nine tourists for stealing and cutting the throat of a lamb belonging to a local farmer in Berufjörður, Björgvin Gunnarsson. The article's author, Elías Þórsson, assumes that the tourists were hungry and couldn't afford to buy overpriced Icelandic food, hence their crime of killing a lamb. Þórsson jokingly suggests that cats are a better alternative for poor and starving tourists because Reykjavík has more than 20,000 of them.


text:
[how-to-get-design-clients-0]

Focus on one type of service that you enjoy and do it well.

How to get design clients to pay you a premium for your services

Say I was looking for someone to design a logo and I came across two online portfolios.

Let’s call them something creative like Graphic designer A and graphic designer B.

By looking at graphic designer A’s website, I could see that they do logo design, web design, posters, SEO, videos editing, copywriting and a ton of other stuff.

Not only do they provide all of those services but their turnaround time is fast and the quote that I receive is pretty cheap.

Now I travel to graphic designer B’s online portfolio. Their website is very minimal and I could see that they only focus on designing logos. They also have a page explaining their logo design process.

For example, they spend a 2 days on research, 3 days on sketching and brainstorming, 4 days on rendering and 2 days on tweaking the final logo.

After receiving a quote back from designer 2, I find that their pricing is twice as much and their turnaround time is twice as long.

But you know what?

If it’s for the benefit of my business, I would rather go with designer 2.

I would rather spend that bit extra with the peace of mind that my logo will be designed with some real expertise.

This is the same with your freelance business.

By focusing on 1 thing and doing it right, not only will you be able to charge a premium for your services and products, but clients will be more than happy to pay you that extra since you’ve shown you’re a specialist and that you know what you’re doing.

Why be a jack of all trades and a master at none?

HOW WOULD I GET DESIGN CLIENTS IF I STARTED FROM SCRATCH?

Let’s say I have a passion in branding.

The first step I would take is to do some research on what makes a good brand identity. I would also look at other branding projects on sites such as Behance and Dribbble.

However I know that if I spend too much time on research, I’m bound to procrastinate. So what I’ll start doing is create side projects on branding while learning along the way.

When Quentin Tarantino was asked to give advice to aspiring filmmakers, this is what he said:

“I worked 3 years on a 16mm film that ended up becoming nothing but a guitar pick. I was very disappointed after I realised that it wasn’t any good but it was my film school. And I actually got away real cheap. When it was all over, I knew how to make a movie.”

When you start working on projects you like, you’re more likely to be motivated.

And when you’re motivated, you’d be able to finish 3 weeks of work in 3 days. You’ll also be more likely to experiment, make mistakes and learn along the way.

On a slightly different note, Paul Jarvis wrote an interesting article about school vs life. It’ll probably answer some of your questions on whether design school is really necessary.

So the next step I’d take is to create a portfolio site and publish only my best work.

For each branding project, I’ll mention an imaginary brief (to make it look like I’ve worked for real clients), some text and images showing my design process and then display the final outcome.

To save money, I would invest in a DSLR camera and photograph the full brand identity project myself.

In order to get my name out there, I would publish everything mentioned above on Behance. I would then start following the followers of designers with good branding projects. Hopefully if my work is good enough they’ll follow me back, give me appreciations and leave comments on my projects.

I’ll also post a few articles on my blog about how clients can benefit from having a brand identity.

After this, I’ll slowly start getting enquires that will then lead to jobs. While working for clients, I’ll go the extra mile and do a little extra. Something that doesn’t take too much time but something that the client will appreciate.

My clients will then start referring me to other clients. Soon I’ll be booked out, and will need to start increasing my rates.

After increasing my rates, I’ll have filtered out a lot of the bad clients but let’s leave that for another post.

HOW NOT TO BE SCREWED OVER IF YOU’RE A STUDENT

I get a lot emails from students telling me that they’ve been screwed over by clients.

Fake it till you become it.

My advice is never, never and I mean NEVER tell anyone that you’re a student or a graduate. That way your clients won’t try to rip you off since you’re a noob and you’ll be treated the way you deserve to be treated.

Be sure to signup if you’ve found this post useful. I have some great stuff coming up.

question: What is this article about?

answer: The article provides some tips for designers on how to attract clients

question: What do design clients want?

answer: According to the article, clients want a designer who will give specialized quality work for the benefit of their business over something rushed by someone who does not specialize in their output.

question: Why is motivation important?

answer: Motivation will help a designer work faster, be more open to experimentation, and learn from mistakes.

question: How does a design students avoid getting screwed over by clients?

answer: The advice given is to not disclose that the designer is still a student or is otherwise new to the industry as clients are more likely to try to take advantage if they know the designer has less experience.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Designers will gain more clients by specializing in their output instead of being a jack-of-all-trades since clients was people with expertise. Designers should focus on the type of work that motivates them, as it will polish their area of specialization. It is also advised that young designers not disclose how new they are to the industry in order to avoid being taken advantage of.


text:
    It's hard to believe that there was ever a time when my life had been empty. Ever since birth my wall has been filling up and I've been followed by tons of people. I'm 16 now, and I live like everyone else. I go to school with all the others. We learn grammar and spelling, but really they might as well teach us another language because these things do not matter. Who says "you" or "I have to go." Stupid teachers, they just don't understand.
   Life is simple. It's basically a game. You fit in and develop a certain part of yourself to appeal to others. The more appealing, the more followers. And followers is equal to popularity. Susie "CrayCray" Johnson has a pack of people following her all the time. She's practically a god. She talks to them all the time, she practically does nothing else. "You won't believe what this boy did today!" and "OMG you just have to try this." I honestly don't believe she's ever talked to a boy or tried anything. I myself have a decent following, but I can never find the time to talk to them, nor do I try to. They are mostly consisted of my friends and then the occasional random person. But it's ok, I'm never alone. They're always just a few steps behind me wherever I go.
   With the Followed there is also the Unfollowed. Johnny McGuire is one of these unpopular scums of society. He's a poker, hence he has no followers. He doesn't even attempt to have followers. He just sits in place, poking at each passerby. He gets the occasional poke back and has a few friends. Other than that he kinda just...is. He's just there looking around. What a weirdo.
   School. A bombardment of educational videos. I swear half the stuff they are telling us isn't even true. There was a time when there were no followers? Pssh yeah right. These people probably think we're stupid. They try to tell us "You're spelling it wrong" or "That doesn't even make sense." I think they are wrong. Why should we make things harder on ourselves. Life is supposed to be easy right?
   Everyday I come home, walk into my room, hang a quick left and check my wall for the scribbles and chicken scratch of the day. Friends, strangers, aquaintences, well really they're all my friends, have all left messages for me. I sort through it finding the blaring red ads and viruses and erasing those. Can't have those in my timeline, don't want an impure record of my life. I also have to keep my wall clean for the stalkers. These mega-users are looked up to throughout the world. They have millions of friends and it's their job to sort through everyone's walls, feeds, and photos. It's truly an honor to be a stalker. And yet, they are not the highest ranking citizens in the world. Above them are the likers. These elite beings act as moderators and judges for our lives. The take into account all the different aspects of life, and whenever they feel someone deserves it, they award them a like. I myself have racked up about 600 likes so far in my life. Nowhere near Susie but got about 601 more than Johnny.
   I guess I should be honest though. I make about three new friends a day and add a follower every two days or so. I'm decent, but not amazing. People laugh at me. They think I'm not cool. Apparently I don't live deep enough. I don't talk to my followers enough. I don't update my friends on what I'm doing or update my timeline enough. I don't post pictures up on the public feed enough. They consider me a "skimmer." I scratch the surface. I don't delve deeply into the inner workings of life enough. I try, but I can't. I'd rather talk to myself than my followers. I guess I'm just weird.
   I go to sleep, wake up, school. Go to sleep, wake up, school. Go to sleep, wake up, school. It's life. What else is there. I'm happy, aren't I?
    I wake up one morning. I'm sitting in my room, is it mine? I see no writing on my wall, no pictures or words or any such thing on my feed. I had no followers. But I feel something different. Life has changed. I walk, and I feel different. I open my door and step through. A bombardment of senses hits me and I feel like I never have before. I SMELL then scents in the air, so intricate and airy . I HEAR the noises, a bird, a stream, the wind. I TASTE the sweet taste of springtime it seems for the first time. I FEEL the sun beating down on my skin and the grass underneath my feet as I tread towards a group of people. I SEE things. I've seen pictures posted on walls, but this, this was the most vivid picture I have ever witnessed. I thought I knew. I thought I knew what living was, but this, this is different. I have no followers, no friends, nobody. I am not alone though. Before, I was alone. I was connected to people, but I didn't KNOW them. In fact, I didn't know anything. I approach the group of people. They turn, they look, and I can see in their eyes that they have SEEN for longer than I. A man steps out, spreads his arms wide and speaks, "Welcome to life." And I'll never go back.

title: Anti-Social Networking

question: Why are the students against the system of teaching done in schools?

answer: The students do not seem to believe grammar and spelling have any use in the real world. Also, they do not believe the narrative that there was ever any time in the past where there were no followers or stalkers.

question: What caused the writing on the narrator's wall to disappear?


text:
RUTHERFORD HEALTH is a private oncology provider. It was founded by Mike Moran and Karol Sikora in 2015, with investment from Neil Woodford and the Wales Life Sciences Investment Fund, to develop proton therapy facilities in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Until 2019 it was known as Proton Partners International.[1]

Proton therapy

Rutherford Health has proton therapy centres in Newport, Wales, Bedlington, Northumberland, and Reading, Berkshire. Equipment and services have been provided by Ion Beam Applications,[2][3] Philips and Elekta. The Newport site was the first to open with construction starting in 2016.[4] The Reading site cost £30 million and work began in December 2016,[5] before opening in October 2018.[6] The Bedlington site was opened in 2018.[7]

Funding included £10 million from the Wales Life Sciences Investmunt Fund in 2016[8], as well as continued investment of over £100 million through fund manager Neil Woodford.[9] The Wales Audit Office has criticised handling of the Wales Life Sciences Investment Fund due to Woodford being the main shareholder in the company which managed it. Proton Partners secured £30 million from Shawbrook Bank in January 2016.[10] The Northumberland site benefited from a grant of £450,000 from the Let’s Grow regional growth fund programme.[11]

In November 2016 Proton Partners purchased the Gulf International Cancer Centre in Abu Dhabi as part of plans to create the first proton beam therapy treatment centre in the United Arab Emirates.[12] Work began in 2019.[13]

In March 2017, the company announced the development of its fourth UK centre to be built by Interserve on the Knowledge Quarter site in Liverpool.[14] In 2018 it was announced work had started on a headquarters for their Rutherford Diagnostics subsidiary. The building will also serve as a research centre and is sited next to their cancer treatment centre in Liverpool.[15]

Other activities

It has established a number of wholly owned subsidiary companies; Rutherford Estates, Rutherford Innovations and Rutherford Diagnostics.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

title: Rutherford Health

question: When was Rutherford Health founded?

answer: 2015

question: Which site was the first to open?

answer: Newport

question: What facility did Rutherford Health purchase in 2016?

answer: The Gulf International Cancer Center in Abu Dhabi

question: Who founded Rutherford Health?

answer: Mike Moran and Karol Sikora

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Rutherford Health is a private oncology provider founded in 2015 by Mike Moran and Karol Sikora. Prior to 2019, they were known as Proton Partners International.  They have locations in the UK, and in 2016, they purchased a site in Abu Dhabi with the intention to become the first proton beam therapy treatment center in the United Arab Emirates.


text:
ICAO PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION (PBN) specifies that aircraft required navigation performance (RNP) and area navigation (RNAV) systems performance requirements be defined in terms of accuracy, integrity, availability, continuity, and functionality required for the proposed operations in the context of a particular airspace, when supported by the appropriate navigation infrastructure.[1]

Description

Historically, aircraft navigation specifications have been specified directly in terms of sensors (navigation beacons and/or waypoints). A navigation specification that includes an additional requirement for on-board navigation performance monitoring and alerting is referred to as a required navigation performance (RNP) specification. One not having such requirements is referred to as an area navigation (RNAV) specification.

Performance requirements are identified in navigation specifications, which also identify the choice of navigation sensors and equipment that may be used to meet the performance requirements. The navigation specifications provide specific implementation guidance in order to facilitate global harmonisation.

Under PBN, generic navigation requirements are first defined based on the operational requirements. Civil aviation authorities then evaluate options in respect of available technology and navigation services. A chosen solution would be the most cost-effective for the civil aviation authority, as opposed to a solution being established as part of the operational requirements. Technology can evolve over time without requiring the operation itself to be revisited as long as the requisite performance is provided by the RNAV or RNP system.

PBN offers a number of advantages over the sensor-specific method of developing airspace and obstacle clearance criteria:

1.  reduces the need to maintain sensor-specific routes and procedures, and their costs. For example, moving a single VOR can impact dozens of procedures, as a VOR can be used on routes, VOR approaches, missed approaches, etc. Adding new sensor-specific procedures would compound this cost, and the rapid growth in available navigation systems would soon make sensor-specific routes and procedures unaffordable;
2.  avoids the need for developing sensor-specific operations with each new evolution of navigation systems, which would be cost-prohibitive. The expansion of satellite navigation services is expected to contribute to the continued diversity of RNP and RNAV systems in different aircraft. The original basic global navigation satellite system (GNSS) equipment is evolving due to the development of augmentations such as satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS), ground-based augmentation systems (GBAS) and ground-based regional augmentation systems (GBAS), while the introduction of Galileo and the modernisation of the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) will further improve GNSS performance. The use of GNSS/inertial integration is also expanding;
3.  allows for more efficient use of airspace (route placement, fuel efficiency and noise mitigation);
4.  clarifies how RNAV systems are used; and
5.  facilitates the operational approval process for civil aviation authorities by providing a limited set of navigation specifications intended for global use.

Within an airspace, PBN requirements will be affected by the communication, surveillance and air traffic control (ATC) environments, the navaid infrastructure and functional and operational capability needed to meet the ATM application. PBN performance requirements also depend on what reversion, non-RNAV means of navigation are available and what degree of redundancy is required to ensure adequate continuity of operations.

To achieve the efficiency and capacity gains partially enabled by RNAV and RNP, the FAA will pursue use of data communications and enhanced surveillance functionality.[2]

Background

Area navigation techniques and specifications started to evolve regionally without overall ICAO guidance. This consequently meant that terms and definitions such as “RNAV” and “RNP” had slightly different meanings in different regions of the world, and even other terms could be used locally. An example of this is the term “P-RNAV” (Precision RNAV) that Europe still uses (2019), which elsewhere is called “RNAV 1”.

The terms RNAV and RNP was earlier used with little functional difference. RNP _required_ a certain level of performance but made no attempt to define how it was to be guaranteed. [The two upper chart strips show the current norm. The two strips below reflect the same two approaches only with the correct RNP-designation. “RNAV (GNSS)” becomes “RNP”, and “RNAV (RNP)” becomes “RNP AR”. Sweden is one example of a member state who has already adopted the new correct RNP-designation for the PBN implementation.] PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION (PBN) is ICAO's initiative to standardise terminology, specifications and meanings. One example is to standardise the terminology used around APV's (Approaches with vertical guidance). All APV's have until recently been designated as RNAV-approaches, while these in fact are RNP-approaches with respect to the PBN implementation. All APVs require on-board performance monitoring and alerting, so the system cannot only be capable of navigation down to the required degree of accuracy, but also needs to continuously monitor the performance and be capable of alerting you if its performance falls below that which is required.

These approaches had some confusing names and designations on charts, and the changeover is currently being conducted across all member states. The two types of RNAV-approaches have traditionally been named _RNAV (GNSS)_ and _RNAV (RNP)_ respectively, where the former is the traditional straight-in approach from the final approach fix, and the latter is a more complex approach that curves in the horizontal plane after the final approach fix which requires authorization for it to be commenced (_AR = Authorization Required_). The correct naming and designation for these approaches under the PBN implementation are _RNP_ and _RNP AR_ respectively. The images to the right show the naming of the current charts being used, and what they will look like under PBN.

Impact on airspace planning

When separation minima and route spacing are determined using a conventional sensor-based approach, the navigation performance data used to determine the separation minima or route spacing depend on the accuracy of the raw data from specific navigation aids such as VOR, DME or NDB. In contrast, PBN requires an RNAV system that integrates raw navigation data to provide a positioning and navigation solution. In determining separation minima and route spacing, this integrated navigation performance “output” is used.

The navigation performance required from the RNAV system is part of the navigation specification. To determine separation minima and route spacing, airspace planners fully exploit that part of the navigation specification which describes the performance required from the RNAV system. Airspace planners also make use of the required performance (accuracy, integrity, availability and continuity) to determine route spacing and separation minima.

In procedurally controlled airspace, separation minima and route spacing on RNP specifications are expected to provide a greater benefit than those based on RNAV specifications. This is because the on-board performance monitoring and alerting function could alleviate the absence of ATS surveillance service by providing an alternative means of risk mitigation.

Transition to PBN

It is expected that all future RNAV and RNP applications will identify the navigation requirements through the use of performance specifications rather than defining specific navigation sensors.

The Valley of Mexico will be the first in Mexico where the performance-based navigation]] system is used, which will allow the new Felipe Ángeles International Airport, the Mexico City International Airport, and the Toluca International Airport to operate simultaneously without the operations of one impeding those of the others.[3]

Scope

For legacy reasons associated with the previous RNP concept, PBN is currently limited to operations with linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints. For this reason, operations with angular lateral performance requirements (i.e. approach and landing operations with GNSS vertical guidance—approach procedure with vertical guidance APV-I and APV-II), as well as instrument landing system (ILS) and microwave landing system (MLS) are not considered. Unlike the lateral monitoring and obstacle clearance, for barometric VNAV systems there is neither alerting on vertical error nor is there a two-times relationship between a 95% required total system accuracy and the performance limit. Therefore, barometric VNAV is not considered vertical RNP.

On-board performance monitoring and alerting

On-board performance monitoring and alerting is the main element that determines whether a navigation system complies with the required safety level associated with an RNP application. It relates to both lateral and longitudinal navigation performance; and it allows the aircrew to detect that the navigation system is not achieving, or cannot guarantee with 10−5 integrity, the navigation performance required for the operation.

RNP systems provide improvements on the integrity of operations. This may permit closer route spacing and can provide sufficient integrity to allow only RNAV systems to be used for navigation in a specific airspace. The use of RNP systems may therefore offer significant safety, operational and efficiency benefits.

On-board performance monitoring and alerting capabilities fulfill two needs, one on board the aircraft and one within the airspace design. The assurance of airborne system performance is implicit for RNAV operations. Based upon existing airworthiness criteria, RNAV systems are only required to demonstrate intended function and performance using explicit requirements that are broadly interpreted. The result is that while the nominal RNAV system performance can be very good, it is characterised by the variability of the system functionality and related flight performance. RNP systems provide a means to minimise variability and assure reliable, repeatable and predictable flight operations.

On-board performance monitoring and alerting allow the air crew to detect whether or not the RNP system satisfies the navigation performance required in the navigation specification. On-board performance monitoring and alerting relate to both lateral and longitudinal navigation performance.

On-board performance monitoring and alerting is concerned with the performance of the area navigation system.

-   “on-board” explicitly means that the performance monitoring and alerting is affected on board the aircraft and not elsewhere, e.g. using a ground-based route adherence monitor or ATC surveillance. The monitoring element of on-board performance monitoring and alerting relates to flight technical error (FTE) and navigation system error (NSE). Path definition error (PDE) is constrained through database integrity and functional requirements on the defined path, and is considered negligible.
-   “monitoring” refers to the monitoring of the aircraft's performance as regards its ability to determine positioning error and/or to follow the desired path.
-   “alerting” relates to the monitoring: if the aircraft's navigation system does not perform well enough, this will be alerted to the air crew.

RNAV and RNP specific functions

Performance-based flight operations are based on the ability to assure reliable, repeatable and predictable flight paths for improved capacity and efficiency in planned operations. The implementation of performance-based flight operations requires not only the functions traditionally provided by the RNAV system, but also may require specific functions to improve procedures, and airspace and air traffic operations. The system capabilities for established fixed radius paths, RNAV or RNP holding, and lateral offsets fall into this category.

Fixed radius paths

Fixed radius paths (FRP) take two forms:

1.  the radius to fix (RF) leg type is one of the leg types that should be used when there is a requirement for a specific curved path radius in a terminal or approach procedure. The RF leg is defined by radius, arc length and fix. RNP systems supporting this leg type provide the same ability to conform to the track-keeping accuracy during the turn as in straight line segments. Bank angle limits for different aircraft types and winds aloft are taken into account in procedure design.
2.  the fixed radius transition (FRT) is intended to be used in en-route procedures. These turns have two possible radii, 22.5 NM for high altitude routes (above FL195) and 15 NM for low altitude routes. Using such path elements in an RNAV route enables improvement in airspace usage through closely spaced parallel routes.

Fly-by turns

Fly-by turns are a key characteristic of an RNAV flight path. The RNAV system uses information on aircraft speed, bank angle, wind and track angle change to calculate a flight path turn that smoothly transitions from one path segment to the next. However, because the parameters affecting the turn radius can vary from one plane to another, as well as due to changing conditions in speed and wind, the turn initiation point and turn area can vary.

Holding pattern

The RNAV system facilitates the holding pattern specification by allowing the definition of the inbound course to the holding waypoint, turn direction and leg time or distance on the straight segments, as well as the ability to plan the exit from the hold. For RNP systems, further improvement in holding is available. These RNP improvements include fly-by entry into the hold, minimising the necessary protected airspace on the non-holding side of the holding pattern, consistent with the RNP limits provided. Where RNP holding is applied, a maximum of RNP 1 is suggested since less stringent values adversely affect airspace usage and design.

Offset flight path

RNAV systems may provide the capability for the flight crew to specify a lateral offset from a defined route. Generally, lateral offsets can be specified in increments of 1 NM up to 20 NM. When a lateral offset is activated in the RNAV system, the RNAV aircraft will depart the defined route and typically intercept the offset at a 45° or less angle. When the offset is cancelled, the aircraft returns to the defined route in a similar manner. Such offsets can be used both strategically i.e. fixed offset for the length of the route, or tactically i.e. temporarily. Most RNAV systems discontinue offsets in the terminal area or at the beginning of an approach procedure, at an RNAV hold, or during course changes of 90° or greater.

Minimum navigation performance specifications

Aircraft operating in the North Atlantic airspace are required to meet a minimum navigation performance specification (MNPS). The MNPS specification has intentionally been excluded from PBN because of its mandatory nature and because future MNPS implementations are not envisaged.[4]

Future developments

It is likely that navigation applications will progress from 2-dimensional to 3-dimensional/4-dimensional applications, although time-scales and operational requirements are currently difficult to determine. Consequently, on-board performance monitoring and alerting is still to be developed in the vertical plane (vertical RNP) and ongoing work is aimed at harmonising longitudinal and linear performance requirements. Angular performance requirements associated with approach and landing will be included in the scope of PBN in the future. Similarly, specifications to support helicopter-specific navigation and holding functional requirements may also be included.

[1] ICAO. _Doc 9613, Performance-based Navigation (PBN) Manual_, 2008.

[2] FAA. _Roadmap for Performance-Based Navigation: Evolution for Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Capabilities 2006-2025_. 2006.

[3]

[4] The requirements for MNPS are set out in the _Consolidated Guidance and Information Material concerning Air Navigation in the North Atlantic Region_ (NAT Doc 001) (available at http://www.paris.icao.int/documents_open/show_file.php?id=209)

title: Performance-based navigation

question: What does the acronym PBN stand for?

answer: The acronym PBM stands for Performance-Based Navigation.

question: Where is the term P-RNAV used?

answer: The term P-RNAV is used in Europe.

question: Where will be the first place PBN will be used in Mexico?

answer: The Valley of Mexico will be the first place PBN will be used in Mexico.

question: How many forms can fixed radius paths take?

answer: Fixed radius paths take two forms.

question: Where are aircraft required to meet a minimum navigation performance specification?

answer: Aircraft are required to meet a minimum navigation performance specification in the North Atlantic.

question: What specification has been intentionally excluded from PBN?

answer: The MNPS has been specifically excluded from PBN.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Aircraft Performance Based Navigation offers several advantages over traditional sensor based methods. It is theorized that future systems will use PBN rather than sensor based. Included are some limitations of PBN and specific maneuvers specific to PBN.


text:
In June 2011, the Election Commission of India (ECI), established the INDIA INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DEMOCRACY AND ELECTION MANAGEMENT (IIIDEM) to advance its professional competence in election management, promote peoples participation, contribute to developing stronger democratic institutions and support the efforts of ECI in carrying out its mandate and functions.[1]

History

Over the last six decades, the structure and functions of the Election Commission have undergone major changes and thus the management of elections has become increasingly complex.[2] A rapid transformation in social context and reality, rising number of political parties, changing dynamics and demands of coalitions and alliances, frequent elections and bye-elections, increase in number of eligible voters and continuous updating of electoral rolls have led to new challenges for election management bodies of today.[3]

The ‘Vision @ 60’ document of the Commission aims to conduct elections that are completely free of crime and abuse of money power, based on a seamless electoral roll with voters’ full participation.[4] To translate this to reality, close to 11 million personnel at various levels are engaged to carry out the constitutional mandate of the Commission.[5] They need to be equipped with competency and skills, in response to which the Commission has signed Memorandums of Understanding with a number of countries and inter-government agencies for sharing best practices and providing technical assistance.[6]

With regard to institutionalizing training for election management bodies to be fully equipped for undertaking such visionary action; the Election Commission of India had created a separate training division.[7] However, this division was not in a position to provide undivided attention to the changing needs of training, capacity development, research and documentation. Therefore, to provide coordination for all training activities across the country and assist young and emerging democracies abroad, IIIDEM was established to ensure that all election managers maintain high professional standards in imparting their election duties.[8]

Academics

IIIDEM has a team of senior experts and professionals to run its academic and research programmes. It holds domestic and international courses and training programmes that are residential and non-residential. Till date, 36% of the training programmes have been residential and 64% have been non-residential.[9] Since 2011, a total of 30 international programmes have been conducted, training 571 trainees from 72 countries. Hundreds of domestic training's are conducted annually across the country.[10]

Campus

The IIIDEM is presently housed in the premises of the Election Commission of India.[11] A sprawling 5 acre campus of the Institute is underway at Dwarka (Sector 13) in New Delhi, which is just 10 kilometers away from the Indira Gandhi International Airport.[12]

Structure

IIIDEM is headed by a Director General and has the following centers of excellence:

i. CENTRE FOR TRAINING AND CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT This Centre provides comprehensive training programmes along with refresher courses and theme-based programmes in election management. A team of National Level Master Trainers (NLMTs) is developed to deliver a cascaded training approach targeted at District Election Officers, Returning Officers and Electoral Officers.[13]

ii._' Centre for International Cooperation and Capacity Building:_' This Centre foresees international collaboration with focus on overseas training development, tie- ups with international electoral organizations and other international workshops in collaboration with international organizations.[14]

iii. CENTRE FOR IT AND E- LEARNING: The Centre is tasked with development of E-Learning LMS and improvement of available modules to achieve professional quality. The Centre also forms partnerships with E- Learning Organizations/ Institutions in India and across the globe.[15]

iv._' Centre for Voter Education:_' This Centre works on capacity development for voter education, documentation for international best practices in voter education and also formalizes international collaboration in this field.[16]

v._' Centre for Innovation, Research and Documentation:_' This Centre does research on electoral data, promotes innovation and prepares documents on various electoral subjects. The Centre also interacts with academic institutions for development of collaborative projects and literature on elections.[17]

vi. CENTRE FOR ELECTORAL LAWS: This Centre is engaged in the study of Indian and international electoral laws.[18] Additionally, the Centre also provides necessary support to other wings in developing modules for training. The Centre is also involved in developing international standards and practices for improving electoral laws and election management processes.[19]

Publications

IIIDEM brings out several handbooks/ guidebooks for different types of election functionaries. Along with this, IIIDEM also develops materials like case studies, films, mock polling materials et al.[20] The Institute also undertakes applied research to connect the world of theory on democracy and election management to actual practice and hands on experience.

Alumni

International Alumni

International alumni includes senior functionaries such as Chairpersons, Director of Elections, Deputy Director General, Election Officers et al. from Afghanistan, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belize, Bhutan, Botswana, Cambodia, Cameroon, Costa Rica, Cote D’Ivore, Democratic Republic of Congo, East Timor, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gambia, Georgia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Lesotho, Lithuania, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Samoa, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, St. Lucia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Yemen and Zambia.[21]

Domestic Alumni

Domestic alumni include Chief Electoral Officers of Indian states, additional Chief Electoral Officers, Returning Officers and other Election Functionaries.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

title: India International Institute of Democracy and Election Management

question: Where is the IIIDEM campus?

answer: The institute is currently at the premises of the Election Commission of India

question: What is the 'Vision @ 60'?

answer: The 'Vision @ 60' is a document of the Commission. It aims to conduct elections that are completely free of crime and abuse of money power.

question: What all centers does the institute have?

answer:
The institute has 6 centers:
- Centre for Training and Capacity Development
- Centre for International Cooperation and Capacity Building
- Centre for IT and E-Learning
- Centre for Voter Education
- Centre for Innovation, Research and Documentation
- Centre for Electoral Law

question: Who are the domestic alumni?

answer: The domestic alumni are the Chief electoral officers of states, additional chief electoral officers, returning officers, and other election functionaries.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer:
The Indian International Institute of Democracy and Election Management (IIIDEM) is an institute created by the Election Commission of India. The institute is established with the motive of bringing in professional competence and supporting the efforts of ECI in carrying out its functions.

The institute was established in 2011 and has a team of experts and professionals to run the academic and research programs. They hold international and domestic courses.

The IIIDEM is headed by a Director-General and has six centers of excellence.


text:
This is a short story that I've slowly been working on for some time. I understand there are grammar and other issues. I would love to have some feedback though.
-

It is 8:47 AM. Gary feels the cool ocean breeze on his face as he looks out into the horizon. Looking up into the sky, he can see the bright streak of light of what is to come. To think that it was only a year ago that they had found out what was going to be happening. On any normal day, Gary would be working. He loved his job, working in the lab attempting to find a weakness in today’s most deadly diseases. Gary’s job no longer matters anymore. If there was some way to ensure the work he loved so much would be preserved, Gary would have made it his duty to preserve as much of humanities knowledge as possible.

 A year ago, the world’s leading space agencies had found an asteroid headed straight for Earth. Humanity had made this discovery far too late to be able to circumvent any disaster. After the announcement was made by the world’s governments, people were in disbelief. People had continued to do their jobs, go shopping for food, cleaning bathrooms, and repairing cars. That is all the people knew to do; what they had been doing for years prior to the announcement. What else were we to do in the meantime?

There was no rioting any time after the announcement was made. Crime rates had dropped dramatically as well. Churches were empty on Sundays; the individuals preferred to be with friends and family at home. This is perhaps the most peaceful time that mankind has ever seen, facing its demise. The asteroid is large enough to kill all life on land.

Gary remembers doing as much research as he could about the incoming rock. The asteroid is moving fast enough to vaporize any water in the immediate area of the impact and create a wave of intense heat. The heat will be hot enough to kill any land animals in an instant. On top of this, it will liquefy the Earth for miles around the impact site.

“It is such a beautiful day today.” Gary said while taking in the early morning breeze from the ocean. “Indeed, it is a wonderful day. I wonder what will be left behind of us for future archaeologists to find.” A stranger on the beach replied. Gary looked over and nodded, pondering the possibilities myself.

*Gary wonders how long it will be before the bones of mankind will be found, if there are any bones left to be found.*

“I suspect that it might be some time before life on Earth has a chance at flourishing again.” The stranger said, continuing from his last statement. “These are our last hours here on Earth, why aren’t you back home with family?” Gary asked the stranger. “I have no family. I have no brother or sisters, and my parents died a few years ago.” Replied the stranger. The stranger had a glimmer in his eyes, and a sullen look upon his face.

“I apologize, I didn’t mean to upset you.” Gary quickly replied, noticing the quick change in the stranger’s appearance. “To think that everything we know, everyone we love, and all of our creations will be gone. Nobody will be able to look at the Eiffel Tower again, nobody will be able to read a novel written by a famous writer, and nobody will be able to look at the beauty that is the Starry Night. Such a sad day it is, that given all of mankind’s great wonders, that we are not able to stop our own end.” The stranger said, looking into the sky.

They had glanced at each other for a moment, then back at the asteroid that can be seen in the sky. The time is growing near, as each minute, the asteroid is moving ever closer. All of the greatest achievements by mankind, and not one of them can stop what is coming at them, moving at a quick 100 kilometers per second. This is the fastest asteroid humans have discovered.

“Do you ever think about what will happen after the impact?” The man asks.

“I am not entirely sure what you mean. I guess after humans die off, after the dust has settled, other organisms can flourish. Ninety-nine percent of land life on Earth will be dead after the impact. Aquatic life will be disturbed, but since this asteroid is going to hit land, most aquatic life will be fine. Many of the top feeding marine life will surely parish though.” Gary replied, scratching his head. “Well, here in a few moments, the universe may no longer be able to observe itself. It will no longer know what love is, what hate is, what hunger, or what pain is. It will lose an important piece of itself today. We are a way for the universe to see itself.” The man says softly.

That is quite a profound statement. Gary had never really thought of it in such a way before this moment. He will surely miss all the wonderful beauties that universe has to offer.

Moments after the man had finished his sentence, a booming sound struck their ears. There was a great fireball in the sky now, racing towards the Earth. “Good luck, my friend.” Said the man as he shook his hand. A blinding flash came from the horizon, followed by a wave of unimaginable heat and force. Once again, life on Earth will be challenged.

Little had Gary knew, the nations of the world had decided on a plan of action shortly after the initial discovery of the asteroid. The nations secretly built several colonies in the deepest depths of the ocean’s water, as well as a colony on the moon. These colonies were modular by design. The modular design allowed for easily sealing off dangerous parts of the colony. The main hub of the colony held the colony’s government, as well as the residents of the colony. Each colony had a similar layout, as well as the additions that were made after the colony was constructed. Each colony had common department names, such as biology, agriculture, medical, botany, and engineering bays.

Within that year after initial discovery of the asteroid, they had completed the construction of the colonies, and had people living and working. Anybody outside of major government officials were never told that such a plan was in motion. Officials brought the top scientists, engineers, mathematicians, doctors, and other useful individuals down to the colonies.

”Ok, class, who has questions about today’s history documentary?” the professor said, disabling the video wall. The class stayed silent for a few moments, with each of the students looking at one another. “These events happened back in 2015. There are only a few people alive today that witnessed the actual event. Today, scientists have figured out some rather important findings about the event. Unfortunately, I am not able to share these findings just yet with you.” Professor Brooke said. There was a bit of mumbling in the back of the classroom about how primitive the technology was.

“Ok, class, if there are no questions, you are all dismissed for the day. Enjoy the afternoon.” Professor Brooke stated while gathering her teaching materials. As the class packs up and begins to leave the room, a couple of the students are curious about what the discovery could have been. “Hey John, do you think if we can sneak over into the military section we will be able to find out what they found?” Robert said, while finishing to pack up the last of his things. John nodded his head, agreeing to sneak into the section.

“This is incredibly alarming. I could only hope the information you have provided is wrong.” Colonel Rogers said, after reading details explaining the origins and purpose of the asteroid. “We should alert the other colonies of the pending attack.” An unknown man said. Two gunshots echoed through the halls of the military section.

“Excuse me sir, we found these boys listening in on the briefing. Can you get the captain to prepare a statement for their parents?” A guard informed Colonel Rogers. “Ill inform the captain. Please take the bodies to the morgue.” Colonel Rogers responded.

title: [SF] The Day

question: What does the story say about Gary and the stranger?

answer: Gary seems to be a microbiologist. An asteroid is headed for Earth and everyone is in denial. Gary comes across a stranger asking why he is not with his family. The stranger tells him that they have no family. They have a short conversation about what might happen after the impact.

question: What does the story say about its setting?

answer: The story is set in a time where the world may be ending. Humankind is about to be wiped out by an asteroid. Everyone is spending their last moments together in peace.

question: What does the story say about riots?

question: What does the story say about crime rates?


text:
The warrior sat with his back to an old gnarled tree, his eyes closed. He wondered how he could be so weak. Fifteen years of training was not enough to protect her, the only one he ever felt that loved him. His muscles twitched involuntarily, blood seeped slowly from many wounds. The goblins had done a good job of beating his body after he had lost consciousness.

If only the cowards hadn't used Ellen to distract him, if they had fought as men with honor, No! He could not blame the goblins, the loss he suffered was due to his weakness. If he would have killed them straight away then maybe, but there is no way to change things now.

Slowly he opened his eyes. Blurry eyed and foggy minded he checked himself. His tan flesh was a dark black color where it wasn't caked with blood, at first he thought it was due to bruising, then after touching his forearm, he discovered it was a fine black powder, "What is this?" he pondered, looking ahead where the beautiful farmhouse had once been was nothing but a heaping pile of smoldering ash. The filth burned his home to the ground, probably after killing Ellen.

He wept. He wept for himself, for Ellen, for the life they had only recently started together. He had fallen in love with her when he was a mere boy. He became a fighter in hopes of impressing her only to find that those many years ago she had fancied him as a simple farmer's son. After what seemed like an hour he tried to stand, his legs shook, his vision swam but he did not falter. He limped towards the pile intending to find and give Ellen a decent burial.

He found the charred remains of a skeleton that was roughly her size. He could feel vomit coming up his throat, but he swallowed it, it left a bitter taste, he ignored it. He walked to the tool shed that was a few yards behind the house, far enough away that it was not consumed by the flames, but the smoke had done some damage. He opened the shed and pulled out a spade, he began digging her grave, and as he did more tears sprung from his eyes. Though his muscles ached he forced them on, inch by inch, the hole got deeper, pound by pound dirt was moved.

After digging approximately seven feet, he stopped. He hoisted himself out, collected the bones together and set them down into the grave and replaced the moved earth. He knew no words of peace or parting, he had no faith in gods of any kind. He simply kneeled before her grave and bade her farewell. As he stood up, he heard a thin voice behind him say, "One should never leave the body of a loved one, not without a cleric to guide them on to the After."

Though startled he showed no signs, he turned and faced the owner of the voice, not a spec of flesh to be seen, he wore a hood that was so low it covered most of his face, and whatever wasn't covered by hood was covered by his high collar. His cloak was the color of sand, his robe the color of dried blood, he wore black leather gloves and boots.

"I know no clerics, and it is not within my ability to convince one to come out this far from a city for a simple farmers wife." The man slumped his shoulders as if insulted, he pulled from within his robe an ankh made of silver. He walked past the warrior and stood at the foot of the grave. Carefully, reverently, he placed the ankh on the center of the grave and started saying a prayer of passing in the tongue of the ancients.

The ankh began to glow a bright blue, and it sank into the dirt as if water, being soaked up greedily by the thirsty earth. "My apologies, and many thanks cleric, by pure chance you happened upon me when I needed you most." said the warrior.

The cleric chuckled, which sounded more like a series of light coughs. "This was not chance, the great Asheros brought me to this location. If not for him, your wife may have been found by the scavengers and turned into a disgusting undead, but now", said the cleric, " the land is consecrated and cannot be touched by that ilk. Her peace will never be disturbed."

The warrior bowed his head and said " Again I apologize, please tell me your name so I know who I owe my service to."

Within his hood the cleric smiled. "My name is Delphose," he said, struggling to hold back laughter, "Delphose Anari. I follow the path laid before me by the great Asheros."

With his head still bowed, the warrior pleaded "Please tell me more of Asheros. Never before have I heard of this being."

The cleric gasped as if dumbfounded "Never heard of Asheros?! The lesser gods bow before him. When he walks the earth trembles. When he is angered, storms tear lands apart, he is a god who wishes to purify our world of evil so it may be at peace."

"Purify of evil..." mutters the warrior, he made a decision then, "I will join you on your journey Delphose, wherever you may be going, I will assist you in any way that I can. To rid the world of evil so none will have to suffer as I have." The warrior again looked over his small farm, at the damaged crops, the burned home, and lastly his eyes came to rest on the grave.

"I will teach you of Asheros, if you believe in his great power, you will be remade. Your past matters not, only your future matters to his greatness. You will be the first in centuries to be inducted into his knighthood..." The farmers face lit up at the thought of fighting in the name of a god, as a knight no less. Ellen would be proud. If only...

title: Creating Disposition, The rise of the first knight of Asheros. <1000 words.

question: Who was Ellen?

answer: Ellen was the warrior's wife

question: How did Ellen die?

answer: Ellen was killed by goblins.

question: Who is Asheros?

answer: Asheros is a powerful god who wants to destroy evil.

question: What is Delphose?

answer: Delphose is a cleric who worships Asheros.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: After a warrior's home is raided by goblins and his wife is slain, he mourns and buries her. He is then visited by a cleric of Asheros who consecrates the burial site and invites the warrior to become a knight.


text:
This is what I have so far. Criticism is greatly appreciated and if you guys like it I can add more.

                                         **Sleep Yet**

 	The man awoke, startled as if from a nightmare, yet he recalled no dreams. He sat up and took stock of the

blank room he found himself in. There was a shattered mirror set on a table to his right. A large door could be

found opposite his bed, intact, with the exception of a large gash in the wood where all the light in the room

 seeped from. The most curious object however, was a rather bland looking table with three drawers. It was

approximately 2 feet long and just as wide, with enough height that a chair could be pulled up and an average

sized man could uncomfortably sit. He stiffly shuffled to the mirror. Upon inspection he could see that he was only

 lightly wounded, a few scratches on his face, a  laceration above his eyebrow and a lightly blackened eye. What

really caught his attention though was the amount of stubble visible at least 3 days worth. The man had no

recollection of even coming to this room, let alone having been here for more than a few hours. That’s when it hit

him. He didn’t remember much at all. He reached into the pits of his mind, trying to drag out even the most

superfluous details. Nothing. Not even a date. He made his way to the table, his joints groaning from the

movement, whether from over or under use the man couldn’t say. The rightmost drawer opened easily enough,

revealing a note. After close scrutinization he determined the note to befit the work of either . It read: “My

sanctum, my home. Ye come, I go. Divinity’s blessing, upon us all. Beware, take stock, heed my thoughts, away,

away we go. Learn not what passes, yet to all be keen. My heart, for all within, bleeds.”

title: Sleep Yet

question: Where does the man wake up?

answer: In an unfamiliar room.

question: What is he doing there?

answer: He's not sure; he can't remember coming to the room.

question: Are there other significant characters?

answer: no

question: When does the story take place?

answer: It could take place anytime. There's no indication of modern conveniences.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: A man wakes up in an unfamiliar room; he's slightly battered and has at least 3 days of stubble on his face. He has no memory of arriving at the room; he can't remember anything. He finds a note in the drawer of a table that doesn't explain anything.