text:
The IMPERIAL BRAZILIAN NAVY (Portuguese: _Armada Nacional_, commonly known as _Armada Imperial_) was the navy created at the time of the independence of the Empire of Brazil from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. It existed between 1822 and 1889 during the vigency of the constitutional monarchy. The Navy was formed almost entirely by ships, staff, organizations and doctrines proceeding from the transference of the Portuguese Royal Family in 1808. Some of its members were native-born Brazilians, who under Portugal had been forbidden to serve. Other members were Portuguese who adhered to the cause of separation and German and Irish mercenaries. Some establishments created by King João VI were used and incorporated. Under the reign of Emperor Pedro II the Navy was greatly expanded to become the fifth most powerful navy in the world and the armed force more popular and loyal to the Brazilian monarchy. The republican coup d'état in 1889, led by army men, put an end to the Imperial Navy that fell into decay until the new century.

Creation

The Imperial Navy came into being with the independence of the country in 1822 to fight and to expel the Portuguese troops dispersed by the territory. The transfer of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil in 1808 during the Napoleonic wars resulted in the transfer of a large part of the structure, personnel and ships of the Portuguese Navy. These became the core of the recently created Imperial Navy. A number of establishments previously created by King John were incorporated into the navy such as the Department of Navy, Headquarters of the Navy, the Intendancy and Accounting Department, the Arsenal (Shipyard) of the Navy, the Academy of Navy Guards, the Naval Hospital, the Auditorship, the Supreme Military Council, the powder plant, and others. Due to the necessity of the war, its initial contingent was formed by Brazilians, Portuguese who joined the independence and mainly by foreign mercenaries. The Brazilian-born Captain Luís da Cunha Moreira was chosen as the first minister of the Navy on 28 October 1822.[1][2] [Officers of the Armada. Seated, Prince August (left) and Admiral Eduardo Wandenkolk (center), 1889.]

Structure

Under Articles 102 and 148 of the Constitution, the Brazilian Armed Forces were subordinate to the Emperor as Commander-in-Chief.[3] He was aided by the Ministers of War and Navy in matters concerning the Army and the Navy—although the Prime Minister usually exercised oversight of both branches in practice. The ministers of War and Navy were, with few exceptions, civilians.[4][5] The model chosen was the British parliamentary or Anglo-American system, in which “the country's Armed Forces observed unrestricted obedience to the civilian government while maintaining distance from political decisions and decisions referring to borders' security”.[6]

Brazil's first line of defense relied upon a large and powerful navy to protect against foreign attack. The military was organized along similar lines to the British and American armed forces of the time. As a matter of policy, the military was to be completely obedient to civilian governmental control and to remain at arm's length from involvement in political decisions. Military personnel were allowed to run for and serve in political office while remaining on active duty. However they did not represent the Army or the Navy, but were instead expected to serve the interests of the city or province which had elected them.[7]

First Reign, 1822-1831

British naval officer Lord Thomas Alexander Cochrane was made the commander of the Imperial Navy and received the rank of “First Admiral”.[8][9] At that time, the fleet was composed of one ship of the line, four frigates, and smaller ships for a total of 38 warships. The Secretary of Treasury Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada created a national subscription to generate capital in order to increase the size of the fleet. Contributions were sent from all over Brazil. Even the Emperor Pedro I acquired a merchant brig at his own expense (that was renamed “Caboclo”) and donated it to the State.[10][11] The navy fought in the north and also south of Brazil where it had a decisive role in the independence of the country.[12]

[Battle of Monte Santiago, 1827.] After the suppression of the revolt in Pernambuco in 1824 and prior to the Cisplatine War, the navy increased significantly in size and strength. Starting with 38 ships in 1822, eventually the navy had 96 modern warships of various types with over 690 cannons. The Navy blocked the estuary of the Rio de la Plata hindering the contact of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata (as Argentina was then called) with the Cisplatine rebels and the outside world. Several battles had occurred between Brazilian and Argentine ships until the defeat of an Argentine flotilla composed of two corvettes, five brigs and one barquentine near the Island of Santiago in 1827. When Pedro I abdicated in 1831, he left a powerful navy made up of two ships of the line and ten frigates in addition to corvettes, steamships, and other ships for a total of at least 80 warships in peacetime.[13][14]

War of the Independence

[Prince Regent Pedro (right) orders the Portuguese officer Jorge de Avilez (left) to return to Portugal after his failed rebellion.]

The action of the navy was essential during the war of independence to avoid the arrival of new Portuguese troops in Brazilian territory. Both parties (Portuguese and Brazilian) saw the Portuguese warships spread across the country (mostly in poor condition) as the instrument through which military victory could be achieved. In early 1822, the Portuguese navy controlled a ship of the line, two frigates, four corvettes, two brigs, and four warships of other categories in Brazilian waters.

Warships available immediately for the new Brazilian navy were numerous, but in disrepair. The hulls of several ships that were brought by the Royal Family and the Court to be abandoned in Brazil were rotten and therefore of little value. The Brazilian agent in London, Marquis of Batley (Philibert Marshal Brant) received orders to acquire warships fully equipped and manned on credit. No vendor, however, was willing to take the risks. Finally, there was an initial public offering, and the new Emperor personally signed for 350 of them, inspiring others to do the same. Thus, the new government was successful in raising funds to purchase a fleet.

Arranging crews was another problem. A significant number of former officers and Portuguese sailors volunteered to serve the new nation, and swore loyalty to it. Their loyalty, however, was under suspicion. For this reason, British officers and men were recruited to fill out the ranks and end the dependence on the Portuguese.

Brazilian Navy was led by British officer Thomas Cochrane. The newly renovated navy experienced a number of early setbacks due to sabotage by Portuguese-born men in the naval crews. But by 1823 the navy had been reformed and the Portuguese members were replaced by native Brazilians, freed slaves, pardoned prisoners as well as more experienced British and American mercenaries. Navy succeeded in clearing the coast of the Portuguese presence and isolating the remaining Portuguese land troops. By the end of 1823, the Brazilian naval forces had pursued the remaining Portuguese ships across the Atlantic nearly as far as the shores of Portugal.

Cisplatine War

[Brazilian Navy and Argentine Navy in naval battle Punta Colares.]

The Cisplatine War was a war between the Empire of Brazil and the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata for control of the current territory of Uruguay. Rebels led by Fructuoso Rivera and Juan Antonio Lavalleja carried on resistance against Brazilian rule. In 1825, a Congress of delegates from all over the Eastern Bank met in La Florida and declared independence from Brazil, while reaffirming its allegiance to the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata. In response, Brazil declared war on the United Provinces.

Brazilian Emperor Pedro I ordered his fleet to block the River Plate and its two main ports, Buenos Aires and Montevideo. The Argentina fleet moved south, first to Ensenada and then to distant Carmen de Patagones on the Atlantic Ocean. The Brazilian fleet attempted to take Carmen de Patagones in 1827 and thus tighten its blockade over Argentina, but Brazilian troops were eventually repelled by local civilians. Despite a big battle, a series of smaller clashes ensued, including the naval Battles of Juncal and Monte Santiago.

Regencial Period, 1831-1840

During the disturbed years of regency, the Arsenal, Navy department, and the Naval Jail were improved and the Imperial Mariner Corps (formed then by volunteers) was created. Steam navigation was definitively adopted in the 1830s. The Navy also successfully fought against all revolts that occurred during the Regency (where it made blockades and transported the Army troops) including: Cabanagem, Ragamuffin War, Sabinada, Balaiada, amongst others.[15][16]

When Emperor Pedro II was declared of legal age and assumed his constitutional prerogatives in 1840, the Armada had over 90 warships: six frigates, seven corvettes, two barque-schooners, six brigs, eight brig-schooners, 16 gunboats, 12 schooners, seven armed brigantine-schooners, six steam barques, three transport ships, two armed luggers, two cutters and thirteen larger boats.

Second Reign, 1831-1889

[Shipyard in Rio de Janeiro city, c. 1862]

During the 58-year reign of Pedro II the Brazilian Navy achieved its greatest strength in relation to navies around the world.[17] several establishments were improved and created. Steam navigation, ironclad armour and torpedoes was adopted. Brazil quickly modernized the fleet acquiring ships from foreign sources while also constructing others locally. Brazil's Navy substituted the old smoothbore cannons for new ones with rifled barrels, which were more accurate and had longer ranges. Improvements were also made in the Arsenals (shipyards) and naval bases, which were equipped with new workshops. Ships were constructed in the Arsenal of the Navy in Rio de Janeiro, Salvador, Recife, Santos, Niterói and Pelotas. All revolts were suppressed.

During the 1850s the State Secretary, the Accounting Department of the Navy, the Headquarters of the Navy and the Naval Academy were reorganized and improved. New ships were purchased and the ports administrations were better equipped. The Imperial Mariner Corps was definitively regularized and the Marine Corps was created, taking the place of the Naval Artillery. The Service of Assistance for Invalids was also established, along with several schools for sailors and craftsmen.[18]

Platine Wars

The conflicts in the Platine region did not cease after the war of 1825. The anarchy caused by the despotic Rosas and his desire to subdue Bolívia, Uruguay and Paraguay forced Brazil to intercede, in the Platine War. The Imperial Government sent a naval force of 17 warships (a ship of the line, 10 corvettes and six steamships) commanded by the veteran John Pascoe Grenfell. The Brazilian fleet succeeded in passing through the Argentine line of defence at the Tonelero Pass under heavy attack and transported the troops to the theater of operations. The Imperial Navy had a total of 59 vessels of various types in 1851: 36 armed sailing ships, 10 armed steamships, seven unarmed sailing ships and six sailing transports.[19] Victorious in an international war, the Imperial Navy consolidated like naval power of South America guaranteeing the hegemony to Brazil in the Rio de La Plata.

  Year   Navy (number of ships)
  ------ ------------------------
  1822   38
  1825   96
  1831   80
  1840   90
  1851   59
  1864   40
  1870   94
  1889   60

[Training of the Armada during the 1870s.] More than a decade later the Navy was once again modernized and its fleet of old sailing ships was converted to a fleet of 40 steamships armed with more than 250 cannons.[20] In 1864 the navy fought in the Uruguayan War and immediately afterwards in the Paraguayan War where it annihilated the Paraguayan Navy in the Battle of Riachuelo, the biggest naval battle of the Latin America. The navy was further augmented with the acquisition of 20 ironclads and six fluvial monitors. At least 9,177 navy personnel fought in the five years' conflict.[21] Brazilian naval constructors such as Napoleão Level, Trajano de Carvalho and João Cândido Brasil planned new concepts for warships that allowed the country's Arsenals to retain their competitiveness with other nations.[22] All damage suffered by ships was repaired and various improvements were made to them.[23] In 1870, Brazil had 94 modern warships[24] and had the fifth most powerful navy in the world.[25]

Paraguayan War

[DAMAGE THAT COULD BE DONE TO IRONCLADS. _Tamandaré_ (left) and _Brasil_ (right) damaged after the earlier attack on Curuzú, a fort much less powerful than Curupayty or Humaitá.] Brazil's first line of military was his large and powerful navy. The navy fulfilled an important role by blocking Paraguayan access to the Plata basin and preventing its communication with the outside world. After the initial Paraguayan advance, the imperial navy went up the paraná and Paraguay rivers containing the Paraguayan advance. On 11 June 1865 the naval Battle of Riachuelo the Brazilian fleet commanded by Admiral Francisco Manoel Barroso da Silva destroyed the Paraguayan navy and prevented the Paraguayans from permanently occupying Argentine territory. The tactic used by Barroso to finally win the battle with the least possible losses was to break the Paraguayan wooden ships with the Brazilian ironclads. For all practical purposes, this battle decided the outcome of the war in favor of the Triple Alliance between Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay; from that point on it controlled the waters of the Río de la Plata basin up to the entrance to Paraguay. Following the victory after the Battle of Riachuelo, and running the gauntlet set up by Paraguayans at Bella Vista in the Battle of Paso de Mercedes the day before, the allied fleet advanced down the River Parana, not wanting to be cut off from its supply base.

After the sequence of battles won by the Allies on 1866, an Allied council of war decided to use their navy to bombard and capture the Paraguayan battery at Curupayti. On 1 September, five Brazilian ironclads, _Bahia_, _Barroso_, _Lima Barros_, _Rio de Janeiro_ and _Brasil_ began bombarding the batteries at Curuzu, which continued the next day. That is when the _Rio de Janeiro_ hit two mines and sank immediately along with her commander Américo Brasílio Silvado, and 50 sailors. Along with the Imperial Army land support, on 3 September, the fort was stormed. The defenders relied on the advantage of the wetlands and bushes around the fort. The fort was conquered after a heavy bombardment. The ironclad “Rio de Janeiro” had a hole blown in her bottom by a torpedo, and sank almost immediately [The Imperial Navy in Humaitá, Paraguay, 1868.] — the greater part of her crew, together with her captain, being drowned. This was the only ironclad which was sunk during the war.

In 1868 occurried another great naval battle; the Passage of Humaitá which was an operation of riverine warfare − the most lethal in South American history − in which a force of six Brazilian Navy armoured vessels was ordered to dash past under the guns of the Fortress of Humaitá on the Paraguay River. Some competent neutral observers had considered that the feat was very nearly impossible. The purpose of the exercise was to stop the Paraguayans resupplying the fortress by river, and to provide the Allies with a much-needed propaganda victory after 4 years of an exhaustive war. The attempt took place on 19 February 1868 and was successful, restoring the reputation of the Brazilian navy and the Empire of Brazil's financial credit, and causing the Paraguayans to evacuate their capital Asunción. Some authors have considered that it was the turning point or culminating event of the war. The fortress, by then fully surrounded by Allied forces on land or blockaded by water, was captured on 25 July 1868.

Expansion and end of the Empire

[Pedro II dressed in an admiral's uniform at age 44, 1870—the war years had prematurely aged the Emperor.]

During the 1870s, the Brazilian Government strengthened the navy as the possibility of a war against Argentina over Paraguay's future became quite real. Thus, it acquired a gunboat and a corvette in 1873; an ironclad and a monitor in 1874; and immediately afterwards two cruisers and another monitor.[26][27] The improvement of the Armada continued during the 1880s. The Arsenals of the Navy in the provinces of Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, Pará and Mato Grosso continued to build dozens of warships. Also, four torpedo boats were purchased.[28]

On 30 November 1883, the Practical School of Torpedoes was created along with a workshop devoted to constructing and repairing torpedoes and electric devices in the Arsenal of Navy of Rio de Janeiro.[29] This Arsenal constructed four steam gunboats and one schooner, all with iron and steel hulls (the first of these categories constructed in the country).[30] The Imperial Armada reached its apex with the incorporation of the ironclad battleships Riachuelo and Aquidabã (both equipped with torpedo launchers) in 1884 and 1885, respectively. Both ships (considered state-of-the-art by experts from Europe) allowed the Imperial Brazilian Navy to retain its position as one of the most powerful naval forces.[31] By 1889, the navy had 60 warships[32] and was the fifth or sixth most powerful navy in the world.[33]

[The Ironclad Warship Aquidabã, launched in 1885, was considered, along with the Riachuelo, one of the most powerful warships in the world.] In the last cabinet of the monarchic regime, the Minister of the Navy, Admiral José da Costa Azevedo (the Baron of Ladário), left the reorganization and modernization of the navy unfinished.[34] The coup that ended the monarchy in Brazil in 1889 was not well accepted by the Navy. Imperial Mariners were attacked when they tried to support the imprisoned Emperor in the City Palace. The Marquis of Tamandaré begged Pedro II to allow him to fight back the coup; however, the Emperor refused to allow any bloodshed.[35] Tamandaré would later be imprisoned by order of the dictator Floriano Peixoto under the accusation of financing the monarchist military in the Federalist Riograndense Revolution.[36]

The Baron of Ladário remained in contact with the exiled Imperial Family, hoping to restore the monarchy, but ended up ostracized by the republican government. Admiral Saldanha da Gama led the Revolt of the Armada with the objective of restoring the Empire and allied himself with other monarchists who were fighting in the Federalist Revolution. However, all the attempts at restoration were violently crushed. High-ranking Monarchist officers were imprisoned, banished or executed by firing squad without due process of law and their subordinates also suffered harsh punishments.[37]

Some Vessels of the Imperial Navy

+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Class  | Type   | Origin | In     | Per    | Photo  | Displa | style= |
|        |        |        | Servic | unit   |        | cement | “text- |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 0%;”"| |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | N.B.   |
+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+
| _Maria | Schoon |        | 1822–1 |        |        |        | Partic |
| Teresa | er     |        | 827    |        |        |        | ipated |
| _      |        |        |        |        |        |        | in the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War of |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Cispla |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | tine   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Vasco | Nau    |        | 1822–1 |        |        |        | Partic |
| da     |        |        | 826    |        |        |        | ipated |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War of |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | .      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Pedro | Nau    |        | 1822–1 |        | []     |        | Partic |
| I_     |        |        | 827    |        |        |        | ipated |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War of |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Maranh |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ão.    |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Nicth | Frigat |        | 1822–1 |        | []     |        | It was |
| eroy_  | e      |        | 836    |        |        |        | the    |
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+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
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| da     | r/Corv |        | 830    |        |        |        | part   |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | incorp |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | orated |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Lara   |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | s      |
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+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Real_ | Brig   |        | 1823–1 |        |        |        | It was |
|        |        |        | 827    |        |        |        | part   |
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+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Orien | Schoon |        | 1823–1 |        | []     |        | Partic |
| tal_   | er     |        | 827    |        |        |        | ipated |
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|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | cispla |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | tin    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | In     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1827   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | captur |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ed     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Argent |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ine    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Navy.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Dona  | Schoon |        | 1823–1 |        | []     |        | Partic |
| Január | er     |        | 845    |        |        |        | ipated |
| ia_    |        |        |        |        |        |        | in the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | cispla |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | tin    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | In     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1827   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | captur |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ed     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Argent |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ine    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Navy   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | and    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | rename |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | d      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | as     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | _Ocho  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Febrer |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | o_     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | In     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1828   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Arregu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | i      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | recapt |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ured   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Empire |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Brazil |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | .      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Imper | Frigat |        | 1824–1 |        | []     |        | Partic |
| atriz_ | e      |        | 836    |        |        |        | ipated |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | cispla |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | tin    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | war.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | During |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | confli |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ct     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | he     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | excell |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ed     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | repell |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ing    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | attack |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | s      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Argent |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ine    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | navy   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Berti | Schoon |        | 1825–1 |        | []     |        | Captur |
| oga_   | er     |        | 827    |        |        |        | ed     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Argent |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ines   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Juncal |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | .In    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1827   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | captur |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ed     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Argent |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ine    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Navy.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Const | Frigat |        | 1826–1 |        | []     |        | Partic |
| ituiçã | e      |        | 880    |        |        |        | ipated |
| o_     |        |        |        |        |        |        | in the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | cispla |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | tin    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | war.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Seizes |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | two    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | boats  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Argent |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ine    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | privat |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | eers   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | confli |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ct.    |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Abaet | Schoon |        | 1839–1 |        | []     |        | Was    |
| é_     | er     |        | 841    |        |        |        | part   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | force  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | which  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | operat |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ed     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | agains |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | t      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Cabana |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | gem.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Calío | Brig   |        | 1839–1 |        |        | 194    | On     |
| pe_    |        |        | 860    |        |        | ton    | Decemb |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | er     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 17,    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1851,  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | partic |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ipated |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | forcin |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | g      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Tonele |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ro     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Pass.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Améli | Frigat |        | 1840–1 |        | []     | 594    | .      |
| a_     | e      |        | 859    |        |        | ton    |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Dona  | Corvet |        | 1845–1 |        |        | 637    | On     |
| Franci | te     |        | 860    |        |        | ton    | Decemb |
| sca_   |        |        |        |        |        |        | er     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 17,    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1851,  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | partic |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ipated |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | forcin |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | g      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Tonele |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ro     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Pass.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Afons | Frigat |        | 1848–1 |        | []     | 900    | Was    |
| o_     | e      |        | 853    |        |        | ton    | fleet  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | flagsh |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ip     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of The |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Tonele |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ro     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Pass   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Platin |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | e      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Sank   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1853.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Dom   | Corvet |        | 1850–1 |        | []     |        | Partic |
| Pedro  | te     |        | 861    |        |        |        | ipatio |
| II_    |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of The |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Tonele |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ro     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Pass   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Sank   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1861.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Recif | Corvet |        | 1850–1 |        | []     |        | Was    |
| e_     | te     |        | 880    |        |        |        | flagsh |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ip     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of a   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | fleet  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of The |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Tonele |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ro     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Pass   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Platin |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | e      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Bahia | Corvet |        | 1851–1 |        |        | 972    | In     |
| na_    | te     |        | 893    |        |        | ton    | 1851,  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | he     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | went   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | to     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Montev |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ideo   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | to     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | join   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Admira |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | l      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Grenfe |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ll's   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | squad  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | war    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | agains |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | t      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Argent |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ine    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Rosas. |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | It     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | set on |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | fire   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | and    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | destro |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | yed    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1893   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Armada |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Revolt |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | .      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Amazo | Frigat |        | 1852–1 |        | []     | 1.800  | Releva |
| nas_   | e      |        | 897    |        |        | ton    | nt     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | partic |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | seriou |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | sly    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | damage |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | d      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Revolt |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1897.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Ypira | Gunboa |        | 1854–1 |        | []     | 325    | Partic |
| nga_   | t      |        | 880    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Beber | Corvet |        | 1854–1 |        | []     | 559    | Partic |
| ibe_   | te     |        | 869    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | He had |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | an     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | import |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ant    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | partic |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Riachu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | elo    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | and in |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | passag |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | e      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | fortre |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ss     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Humait |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | a.     |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Belmo | Corvet |        | 1856–1 |        | []     | 602    | Partic |
| nte_   | te     |        | 876    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Platin |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | e      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | and    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Jequi | Corvet |        | 1854–1 |        | []     | 637    | Partic |
| tinhon | te     |        | 865    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
| ha_    |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | During |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Riachu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | elo,   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | it ran |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | under  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | batter |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ies    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | strong |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | enemie |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | s,     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | having |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | to be  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | left   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | crew.  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Not    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | being  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | able   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | to get |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | away   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | from   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | beach, |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | it was |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | burned |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | crew.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Parna | Corvet |        | 1858–1 |        | []     | 637    | Partic |
| hyba_  | te     |        | 868    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Urugua |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | yan    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | and    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Specia |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | l      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | partic |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Siege  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paysan |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | dú.    |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Anham | Light  |        | 1858–1 |        | []     |        | Partic |
| baí_   | Gunboa |        | 865    |        |        |        | ipatio |
|        | t      |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in and |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | captur |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ed     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | warshi |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ps     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Januar |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | y      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1865.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Aragu | Gunboa |        | 1858–1 |        | []     | 400    | Partic |
| ari_   | t      |        | 882    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Ivahy | Gunboa |        | 1858–1 |        | []     | 415    | Partic |
| _      | t      |        | 870    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Iguat | Corvet |        | 1858–1 |        | []     | 400    | Partic |
| emi_   | te     |        | 882    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Ironcl | Ironcl |        | 1865–1 |        | []     | 1.518  | Partic |
| ad     | ad     |        | 890    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
| _Brasi | warshi |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
| l_     | p      |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | damage |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | d      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Curuzu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | .      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Mariz  | Ironcl |        | 1865-1 | 1-_Mar | []     | 1.313  | Partic |
| e      | ad     |        | 897    | iz     |        | ton    | ipatio |
| Barros | warshi |        | 1865–1 | e      |        |        | n      |
| -class | p      |        | 885    | Barros |        |        | in     |
| ironcl |        |        |        | 2-_Her |        |        | Paragu |
| ad     |        |        |        | val''  |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Ironcl | Ironcl |        | 1865–1 |        | []     | 800    | Partic |
| ad     | ad     |        | 879    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
| _Taman | warshi |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
| daré_  | p      |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | damage |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | d      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Curupa |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | yty.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Ironcl | Ironcl |        | 1866–1 |        | []     | 980    | Partic |
| ad     | ad     |        | 882    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
| _Barro | warshi |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
| so_    | p      |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Ironcl | Ironcl |        | 1865–1 |        | []     | 870    | Partic |
| ad     | ad     |        | 866    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
| _Rio   | warshi |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
| de     | p      |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
| Janeir |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
| o_     |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Sank   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | after  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | hittin |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | g      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | two    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | mines  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Curupa |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | yty.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Cabral | Ironcl |        | 1865-1 | 1-_Cab | []     | 1.100  | Partic |
| -class | ad     |        | 880    | ral_   |        | ton    | ipatio |
| ironcl | warshi |        | 1865–1 | 2-_Col |        |        | n      |
| ad     | p      |        | 880    | ombo_  |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Ironcl | Ironcl |        | 1866–1 |        | []     | 1.700  | Partic |
| ad     | ad     |        | 905    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
| _Lima  | warshi |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
| Barros | p      |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
| _      |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Ironcl | Ironcl |        | 1866–1 |        | []     | 1.335  | Partic |
| ad     | ad     |        | 880    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
| _Silva | warshi |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
| do_    | p      |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Monito | Monito |        | 1866–1 |        | []     | 940    | Partic |
| r      | r      |        | 882    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
| _Bahia | (warsh |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
| _      | ip)    |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Paragu |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ayan   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | War.   |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|        | Monito |        | 1866–1 | 1-{{sh | 2}}    | 2}}    | 2}}    |
|        | r      |        | 884    | ip|Bra | 2-{{sh | 3-{{sh | 4-{{sh |
|        | (warsh |        | 1866-1 | zilian | ip|Bra | ip|Bra | ip|Bra |
|        | ip)    |        | 907    | monito | zilian | zilian | zilian |
|        |        |        | 1867-1 | r|Pará | monito | monito | monito |
|        |        |        | 900    |        | r|Rio  | r|Alag | r|Piau |
|        |        |        | 1868-1 |        | Grande | oas    | í      |
|        |        |        | 893    |        |        |        |        |
|        |        |        | 1868-1 |        |        |        |        |
|        |        |        | 884    |        |        |        |        |
|        |        |        | 1868-1 |        |        |        |        |
|        |        |        | 882    |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Battle | Battle |        | 1883–1 |        | []     | 5.700  |        |
| ship   | ship   |        | 910    |        |        | ton    |        |
| _Riach |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| uelo_  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Torped | Torped |        | 1882–1 | _Nº1_  | []     |        | .      |
| o-boat | oboat  |        | 900    | _Nº2_  |        |        |        |
| Class  |        |        |        | _Nº3_  |        |        |        |
| I      |        |        |        | _Nº4_  |        |        |        |
|        |        |        |        | _Nº5_  |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Alfa   | Torped |        | 1883–1 | Alfa   | []     |        | .      |
| Class  | oboat  |        | 899    | Beta   |        |        |        |
|        |        |        |        | Gama   |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Maraj | Gunboa |        | 1885–1 |        |        | 430    | Partic |
| ó_     | t      |        | 893    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Revolt |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | REBEL  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | FLEET. |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | In     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1893   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | he was |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | set on |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | fire   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | loyali |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | st     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | troops |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | .      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Imper | Cruise |        | 1884–1 |        | []     | 726    | Sank   |
| ial    | r      |        | 887    |        |        | ton    | in     |
| Marinh |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1887.  |
| eiro_  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Battle | Battle |        | 1885–1 |        | []     | 5.030  | Partic |
| ship   | ship   |        | 906    |        |        | ton    | ipatio |
| _Aquid |        |        |        |        |        |        | n      |
| abã_   |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Revolt |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | REBEL  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | FLEET. |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | damage |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | d      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | torped |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | oes    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | battle |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | of     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Anhato |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | mirim, |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Santa  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Catari |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | na     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Sank   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1906.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Inici | Gunboa |        | 1885–1 |        | []     | 268    |        |
| adora_ | t      |        | 907    |        |        | ton    |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Cruise | Cruise |        | 1884–1 |        | []     | 2.000  | Sank   |
| r      | r      |        | 893    |        |        | ton    | in     |
| _Almir |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1893   |
| ante   |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
| Barros |        |        |        |        |        |        | circum |
| o_     |        |        |        |        |        |        | naviga |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | tion   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | voyage |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | .      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Forge | Monito |        | 1873–1 | 1-_Jav | []     | 3.700  | The    |
| s-et-C | r      |        | 893    | ary_   |        | ton    | two    |
| hantie | (warsh |        | 1875-1 | 2-_Sol |        |        | joined |
| rs_    | ip)    |        | 893    | imões_ |        |        | the    |
| Ocean  |        |        |        |        |        |        | REBEL  |
| Monito |        |        |        |        |        |        | FLEET  |
| r      |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Revolt |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ,      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | _Javar |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | y_     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | was    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | sunk   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | by the |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | coasta |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | l      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | artill |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ery    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Fort   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Villag |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | aignon |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | .      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| _Traja | Cruise |        | 1873–1 |        | []     | 1.414  | He     |
| no_    | r      |        | 906    |        |        | ton    | joined |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | REBEL  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | FLEET  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Revolt |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | .      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Battle | Battle |        | 1874–1 |        | []     | 2.174  | He     |
| ship   | ship   |        | 893    |        |        | ton    | joined |
| _Sete  |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
| de     |        |        |        |        |        |        | REBEL  |
| Setemb |        |        |        |        |        |        | FLEET  |
| ro_    |        |        |        |        |        |        | during |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | the    |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Naval  |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | Revolt |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | ,      |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | sunk   |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | combat |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | in     |
|        |        |        |        |        |        |        | 1893.  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

[1] Holanda, p.260

[2] Maia, p.53

[3] See Articles 102 and 148 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1824

[4] Carvalho (2007), p.193

[5] Lyra, p.84

[6] Pedrosa, p.289

[7] Holanda, pp.241–242

[8] Maia, pp.58–61

[9]

[10] Holanda, p.261

[11] Maia, pp.54–57

[12] Holanda, p.272

[13] Maia, pp.133–135

[14] Holanda. p. 264

[15]

[16] Maia, pp.205–206

[17] Maia, p.216

[18] Janotti, p.207, 208

[19] Carvalho (1975), p.181

[20] Holanda, p.266

[21] Salles (2003), p.38

[22] Maia, p.219

[23] Janotti, p.208

[24] Schwarcz, p.305

[25] Doratioto (1996), p.23

[26]

[27] Doratioto (2002), p.466

[28] Maia, p.225

[29] Maia, p.221

[30]

[31] Maia, p.221, 227

[32]

[33] Calmon (2002), p.265

[34]

[35] Calmon (1975), p.1603

[36] Janotti, p.66

[37] Janotti, p.209

title: Imperial Brazilian Navy

question: How long did the Imperial Brazilian Navy exist?

answer: It existed between 1822 to 1889.

question: How did the Imperial Navy come into being?

answer: The Imperial Navy came into being with the independence of the country in 1822 to fight and expel the Portuguese troops.

question: Why was the Brazilian government strengthening the navy in the 1870s?

answer: The Brazilian government strengthened the navy because the possibility of a war against Argentina over Paraguay's future became a possibility.

question: How was the Brazilian military organized?

answer: The Brazilian military was organized along similar lines to the British and American armed forces. It was to be completely obedient to civilian government.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article gives a detailed history of the Imperial Brazilian Navy, which was created in 1822 alongside the independence of the country.


split: train

text:
JÓZEF PŁAWIŃSKI (born in 1853 or 1854, died on 8 August 1880) was a Polish composer and socialist activist.

He wrote the music to the popular Polish revolutionary song _Whirlwinds of Danger_ (_Warszawianka_), to the lyrics written by Wacław Święcicki, later used in Spain as the melody of the Spanish Civil War song _A las Barricadas_.

Category:1850s births Category:1880 deaths Category:Year of birth uncertain Category:Polish composers Category:Polish socialists

title: Józef Pławiński

question: Who was Józef Pławiński?

answer: A Polish composer, famous for the revolutionary song 'Whirlwinds of Danger'-

question: What was his impact of music?

answer: The melody has been reused in Spain for the Spanish Civil War song 'A las Barricadas'

question: What was unique about his sound?

answer: It is not clear from the page.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: A brief description of Józef Pławiński, a Polish composer.


text:
BOAZ M. LEVIN (born 1989, Jerusalem) is a Berlin-based artist, writer, and curator.[1] Levin is the co-founder, together with Vera Tollmann and Hito Steyerl, of the Research Center for Proxy Politics.[2][3] He was a member of the curatorial team of the 7th edition of the Biennale für aktuelle Fotografie, which opened September 2017, together with Florian Ebner, Kerstin Meinicke, Kathrin Schonegg and Christin Müller.[4][5] He is the co-curator of the 3rd Chennai Photo Biennale, in Chennai India.[6] Levin is the son of poet and translator Gabriel Levin and Anat Flug-Levin. He is the editor of Cabinet Magazine's Kiosk.[7]

Education

Levin studied in at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design, and then at Berlin University of the Arts where he graduated as Meisterschüler from the class of Hito Steyerl in 2014. Since October 2016, Levin is a PhD candidate and member of the “Cultures of Critique” research training group at the Leuphana University, Lüneburg.[8]

Work

Levin's work deals with the relationship between politics, aesthetics and technology. His work has been exhibited at the CCA (Tel-Aviv), Former West, HKW (Berlin), Recontres Internationales (Paris, Berlin), FIDMarseille (Marseille), European Media Arts Festival (Osnäbruck),[9] Human Resources (Los Angeles) The School of Kyiv (Kyiv biennial), La Gaîté Lyrique (Paris), Auto Italia South East (London), Years (Copenhagen) and Dinca Vision quest (Chicago).[10]

_Regarding Spectatorship: revolt and the distant observer_, an ongoing curatorial research project co-curated together with Marianna Liosi, was shown at Kunstraum Kreuzberg/Bethanien November 2015.[11][12][13]

_All That Is Solid Melts Into Data_ (2015, 54 min), co-directed with Ryan S. Jeffery, premiered in FIDMarseille.[14] All That is Solid Melts into Data “traces the architectural development of data centers, those curiously mammoth, often inaccessible glass-and-concrete “anti-monuments” that facilitate the ever-quickening communication we modern-day citizens take for granted. The film builds two simultaneous and equally compelling pictures of the USA — through its physical landscapes (frequently windowless, in-plain-sight complexes relocated to increasingly remote locales), and through the more troubling sociopolitical undercurrents that actively shape its digital economy”.[15] The film has been described as a “clinical dissection of the material effects of data (and by inference, the internet) on the future conditions of the city.”[16] The production of the film was supported by the Ostrovsky Family Fund.

Levin was the curator of “Say Shibboleth! On Visible and Invisible Borders”, an exhibition by the Jewish Museums in Hohenems (Austria), and Munich (Germany).[17][18]

In 2020, Levin was the curator of “BPA at Gropius Studios”, a series of artist presentations in collaboration between the Martin-Gropius-Bau, and Berlin Program for Artists, which facilitates exchange between emerging and experienced Berlin-based artists, through coordinated studio visits and meetings.[19] Levin has given workshops and seminars in numerous art-schools and universities, including Goldsmiths, University of London,[20] HFBK, Hamburg, UDK, Berlin, and Shenkar College, Ramat Gan.[21]

Research Center for Proxy Politics

Between September 2014 and August 2017, the Research Center for Proxy Politics (RCPP), hosted over twenty talks and workshops for students and the public on the evolving concept of “proxy politics". [22][23] Founded by Vera Tollman, Hito Steyerl and Boaz Levin, RCPP “reflects upon the nature of medial networks and their actors, that is, machines and things as well as humans.” [24] According to RCPP, “proxies are now emblematic of a post-representational political age, one increasingly populated by bot militias, puppet states, ghostwriters, and communication relays”. Levin and Tollmann have argued that “proxies are fundamentally ambivalent, and our current politics engages proxies at all levels”.[25]

Awards

_Last Person Shooter_ (2014), co-directed together with Adam Kaplan, was awarded the Ostrovsky Family Foundation Award for Experimental Cinema and Video Art in the 32nd Jerusalem Film Festival, 2015.[26]

Books

-   RCPP (Boaz Levin and Vera Tollmann) ed. _The Proxy and its Politics_ (Berlin: Archive Books, 2017)
-   Co-editor, Extractor, Board Game and Catalog accompanying Simon Denny's exhibition, MINE, MONA, Australia.
-   Boaz Levin and Vera Tollmann (RCPP), “A single swing of the shovel”, Former West: Art and the Contemporary After 1989, ed. Maria Hlavajova, Simon Sheikh, MIT Press 2017.
-   Boaz Levin, “Resisting Images”, Farewell Photography. Ed. Christin Müller and Florian Ebner. Verlag Walther König, 2017. ,

Writing

-   https://www.skulptur-projekte.de/#/En/Publications/Publications/380/Out-of-Body “The Body of the Web”, Boaz Levin and Vera Tollmann (RCPP) for Skulptur Projekte Münster 2017 in frieze d/e (2016).
-   Boaz Levin and Vera Tollmann, “Plunge Into Proxy Politics”, Springerin (2015)
-   Boaz Levin and Ryan S. Jeffery, Lost in The Cloud, for Spheres Journal, Leuphana University, Lüneburg.
-   Boaz Levin, ALLES, essay in artist book by Tobias Zielony, Étude books, Paris.
-   Boaz Levin, Nothing Consoles You Like Despair, an essay on the work of Richard Frater, Contemporary Hum
-   On the Shores of Inequality / Boaz Levin on “Ground Zero” at Schinkel Pavillon, Berlin, Texte Zur Kunst Issue No. 117.

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[5]  artnet News|date=2017-02-22|work=artnet News|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en-US}}

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title: Boaz Levin

question: When was Levin born?

answer: 1989

question: Where is Levin currently a PhD candidate?

answer: The Leuphana University, Luneburg

question: What organization is Levin the co-founder of?

answer: The Research Center for Proxy Politics

question: What does the article say Levin's work deals with?

answer: The relationship between politics, aesthetics, and technology

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Boaz Levin is a Berlin-based artist, writer, and curator. He was born in 1989 in Jerusalem, he is currently a PhD candidate at the Leuphana University in Luneburg, and he is the co-founder of the Research Center for Proxy Politics.


text:
**Pt. I: The Inhumane Art of Burning For The Unworthy**

Once, a bear ventured outside of his den. He had been hearing such strange sounds, and he was intrigued as to discover the source. As he journeyed through the woods that were his home, a strange green glow filtered from above the tallest trees. The bear knew these woods intimately, yet it would seem his knowledge was still not complete, as he stumbled and fell into a freshly created pit. Darkness engulfed the bear, but he did not give his hope to the wind. Upon inspection, he discovered a small hole on the walls of the pit. Fleeting though it may be, he decided to venture into this hole. What awaited him, no bear had known before. A strange, strange thing was before him. Was it water? It reflected and moved as if it was, light dancing all around. Reaching out to touch, the bear found himself… simply, no more.

**Pt. II: The Elder Ressurection**

The bear saw nothing but blackness. He floated through nothingness. Where was he? His memory was clouded; he remembered reaching out toward the strange, shimmering light. What was this? He saw the same light, taunting him, tantalizingly out of reach. Yet, he extended his paw in a feeble attempt at making contact. Then, as suddenly as he been swept into this strange realm, he was back in his woodland home. But, no, it could not be his beautiful home. The trees were burning, the forest floor was set ablaze. He did not understand the aberrant course of events that were unfolding. A tall tree crashed down next to the bear, crushing him beneath the burning timber. He knew that this chapter in life was at its end, but was not yet resigned to his fate. With his last bit of strength, the bear looked up. What he saw was a strange sight indeed; a tall creature who strode upon two legs was approaching. What was this outlandish being? The bear would never know, as the last sound he heard was a loud crack, and then all was silent and dark once more.

question: What did the bear touch that drew it into a strange place?

answer: It is not stated.

question: Why was the bear's home on fire?

answer: That information is not known.

question: Was the two-legged creature the cause of the fire?

answer: It might be implied that it was.

question: Did the bear die?

answer: That information is not known.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: A bear wandered into the woods at the sound of something unfamiliar and fell into a pit. While inside the hole, the bear attempted to touch something strange and it found itself in a burning forest, which used to be its home. Right before the bear became unconscious, it saw a two-legged creature it hadn't seen before.