text:
The State Library of Queensland acknowledges that the language heritage and knowledge of these word lists always remains with the Traditional Owners, language custodians and community members of the respective language nations.

These pages include a number of word lists on various topics to support communities in their work to revive, document and preserve Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages. The language content is drawn from a range of historical texts found in State Library's collections.

NOTE: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are oral languages that have only been written since European settlement; there may be several variations in spelling and pronunciation. Check with local language custodians as to the preferred local word and its’ spelling and pronunciation.

How do I pronounce Aboriginal sounds?

In pronouncing Aboriginal words, there are some sounds which are quite different to English and require practice.

  English sound   Aboriginal sound
  --------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
  dh              Pronounced with the tongue at the back of the teeth. Can sound like 'th'
  ng              Closest to 'ng' sound found in singer.
  ny              Closest to 'n' sound found in onion.
  rr              Rolled 'r' sound, similar to a Scottish 'r'.

How do I pronounce Torres Strait Islander sounds?

In pronouncing Torres Strait Islander language words, there are some sounds which are quite different to English and require practice.

  English sound   Torres Strait Islander sound
  --------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  dh              Pronounced with the tongue at the back of teeth. Can sound like 'th'.
  dz              Can sound similar to 'dj'.
  ng              Closest to 'ng' sound found in singer.
  oi              Prolonged sound that can be between 'oi' and 'ai'.
  p,s and z       Sound similar to English.

Body parts

These pages provide a range of word lists on body parts to support communities in their work to revive, document and preserve Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages. Some of these wordlists complement the _Gambara Gamu Biyu_ body chart poster; while others have been collated from State Library collection items.

NOTE: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are oral languages that have only been written since European settlement; there may exist variations in spelling and pronunciation.  The following wordlists should be seen as a guide only - always consult local language speakers/custodians as to the preferred pronunciation.

ABORIGINAL SOUNDS

In pronouncing Aboriginal words, there are some sounds which are quite different to English and require practice.

'DH' is different to English - it is pronounced with the tongue at the back of the teeth.

'DJ' is similar to English - it can be between ‘j’ and ‘ch’.

'NG' is one sound in Aboriginal languages and is different to the 'n' sound in English - it is closest to the 'ng' sound found in singer.

'NH' is different to English - it is pronounced with the tongue at the back of the teeth.

'NY' is one sound in Aboriginal languages - it is closest to the 'n' sound found in onion.

'RR' is a rolled 'r' sound similar to a Scottish 'r'; at the end of a word it may sound like ‘d’.

question: Describe some differences in pronouncing Aboriginal sounds.

answer: Some differences in pronouncing Aboriginal sounds require practice as they are quite different to English ones. For example, the "dh" sound is pronounced with the tongue at the back of the teeth, and can sound like "th". Another example is that "rr" can sound like a rolled "r", which is similar to a Scottish "r."

question: Describe what can be learned about the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages.

answer: The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages are oral languages that have only been written since European settlement. There are various variations in spelling and pronunciation. Additionally, the language content is drawn from a range of historical texts found in State Library's collections.

question: Who would be interested in learning more about the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages?


split: train

text:
The days are getting longer. The sun, hanging lower in the sky. Soon enough, you’re going to find yourself in the midst of another polar vortex, covering each and every square inch of skin in a desperate attempt to keep the cold air from freezing you to your very core. Before that happens, though, it’s important that you do all that is necessary to prep for the frigid weather to come—by switching out your normal grooming products for their winter-ready counterparts.

Like squirrels need to gather nuts and bears need to eat a whole bunch of stuff, or whatever, you need to revamp your product choices before your skin can comfortably hibernate through the long, cold depths of winter. (Unless, of course, you want it to look like a dry, chapped mess when it reemerges come April. In which case, by all means keep using what you’re using.) Likewise, we’ve put together a list of necessary trade-ins you can make now, before the weather really gets real and it’s too late.

_Clinique for Men Maximum Hydrator, $34, macys.com_

TURN YOUR MOISTURIZER UP TO 11

You’re already using a moisturizer, right? Good. Unfortunately, though, with whipping winds, frigid air and “wintry mix” turning the world around you into a veritable tundra for the next few months, irritating your skin exponentially more than normal, ordinary lotion simply isn’t going to cut it. Bummer. Luckily, there’s stronger stuff out there. Formulated with the most oomph per ounce, Clinique for Men Maximum Hydrator guarantees to sooth skin even in the most brutal conditions.

_Kiehls Ultimate Man Body Scrub, $15, neimanmarcus.com_

EXFOLIATE AWAY THE ITCH

Have you ever noticed that the colder it gets, the more you find yourself scratching? Well, that’s not the wool sweater you’re wearing. No, it’s actually more likely due to things like central heat, which suck moisture out of the air, leaving your skin parched in the process. Quell the resulting itchiness by swapping out your normal bar soap for one with a heavy-duty exfoliator. Besides, well, scratching the itch, it’ll get rid of dead cells and increase blood flow to the skin, encouraging the body to repair the damage.

_Aesop Elemental Facial Barrier Cream, $60, aesop.com_

UPGRADE YOUR FACE DEFENSE

Ordinarily, as long as you’re following general skin care rules, you don’t much extra for your face to look its best. But winter isn’t ordinary, and with your face being the one swath of skin truly exposed all day, you’re going to need more than just genetics and a touch of moisturizer to keep to it up. Aesop’s Elemental Barrier Cream should do the trick; it’s designed to provide your visage with a blockade against difficult weather, so you don’t immediately look a mess everytime you walk outside.

_Ernest Supplies Lip Protect, $7, ernestsupplies.com_

NEVER FORGET YOUR LIP BALM

While we’re on the topic of your face, let’s focus in a bit on one part in particular: your lips. Turns out, they’ve got some of the thinnest skin on your entire body, so it’s important to keep them protected if you don’t want them cracked and painful all season long. The trouble is, if you’re anything like us, losing lip balms is basically a pastime. Which is exactly why Ernest Supplies has a monthly subscription option for their products. So that next time you lose a tube of Lip Protect, you can rest easy knowing that another is on it’s way.

_Anthony Facial Moisturizer Broad Spectrum Sunscreen, $33, dermstore.com_

KEEP UP THE SPF

Just because you’re not going to be lounging on the beach for the next few months, doesn’t mean than you can let your guard down when it comes to UV-protection. This is especially true in particularly snowy locales, as any skier will tell you, as the sun’s rays have a tendency bounce off brilliant white snow and give you a hearty mid-winter sunburn. Make sure that doesn’t happen by putting a little SPF into everything you use.

Actually, that’s a good rule year-round.

question: Summarize what the text states about the need for having a good moisturizer.

answer: The text provides several examples that make the reader feel the need to buy a good moisturizer, specifically the one that they are selling. The article states that the cold air that will come with the winter will have everyone wanting to cover each inch of their skin with moisturizer. Additionally, the article states that in order to hibernate comfortably during the winter, it is important to revamp product choices for their skin. Making the trade ins now will help people prepare for the winter before it gets too late.

question: Summarize how the text advertises the Kiehls Ultimate Man Body Scrub.

answer: The text gives a convincing argument about how one might find themselves scratching themselves more in the cold. This happens because central hit sucks the moisture out of the air which leaves the skin parched. This results in itchiness and to avoid this, switching soap for a heavy-duty exfoliator is the best solution. The text states that the exfoliator will get rid of dead cells and increase blood flow to the skin.

question: Summarize how the text advertises the use of SPF in the winter time.

answer: The text provides a compelling argument about the use of SPF in the winter time by stating that UV protection should occur year round.  For skiers, the sun's rays can bounce off the brilliant white snow and give them a mid-winter sunburn. Having some SPF on can help avoid that unpleasant sunburn. The text also states that SPF should be put on year-round!

question: Which of the items advertised in this text seem to be the most popular and the ones that generates the most sales?


text:
Toronto Mayor Rob Ford is waging "war" against colleagues at city hall by campaigning to have his least-favourite councillors unseated in the next election.

In a YouTube video released on Tuesday, Mr. Ford lists the 10 councillors he would most like to see defeated for their "tax-and-spend" ways. He then names a few more with whom he has problems, in the end slamming nearly half of his council colleagues. His fighting words provided fuel for critics who say Mr. Ford has abandoned efforts to work with council and is focusing solely on the October election.

"Let me tell you who we have to defeat," Mr. Ford says in the video, part of a series called _Ford Nation_, before naming Gord Perks, Janet Davis, Adam Vaughan, Joe Mihevc, Sarah Doucette, Shelley Carroll, Glenn De Baeremaeker, Mike Layton, Kristyn Wong-Tam, and Paul Ainslie.

He later adds Josh Matlow, Mary-Margaret McMahon, Chin Lee, Raymond Cho, Paula Fletcher, Maria Augimeri, Gloria Lindsay Luby as other "vulnerable" councillors he would like defeated.

"These people have gone out of their way to – I personally think – ruin Toronto, increase taxes, strip me of my powers," Mr. Ford says. "I've had enough of it. They wanted the war, they're gonna get the war."

But several of the councillors said being singled out by the mayor is more likely to help than hurt.

"I'm buoyed by it," Mr. Mihevc said. "I would suggest that there's an inverse relationship between the mayor, the people he dislikes, and the people who are actually good councillors."

He added that the video shows the mayor does not want to work with council. "This whole thing says that this mayor's more interested in settling scores than, frankly, doing his job as mayor," he said.

Mr. Ainslie called the latest "just more of Rob Ford's bullying."

Council is set to meet on Wednesday to debate issues ranging from leadership at the TTC to taxi licensing reform, and Mr. Ainslie said most councillors spent the day preparing for the debate.

"But the mayor's on YouTube campaigning, trying to take out councillors and calling people yahoos," he said. "We have a political system with a mayor and 44 councillors who need to work together. There's eight months left before the election. But he's shutting down and going into election mode."

The campaign-style _Ford Nation_ videos also landed the mayor in trouble with the city's integrity commissioner, after the series was promoted last week via the mayor's publicly funded staff and e-mail. As a result, a spokesperson in the mayor's office said on Tuesday staff e-mail will no longer be used to promote the videos.

Spurred in part by the complaints about the videos, rival mayoral candidate David Soknacki filed a request with the city on Tuesday to see if Mr. Ford has used his staff and office for other campaign purposes.

In particular, Mr. Soknacki's campaign manager, Brian Kelcey, singled out the mayor's brother and campaign manager, Councillor Doug Ford.

"As a regular visitor to the mayor's office during the rare occasions he's actually in his office, we believe that there's reasonable cause to suspect or at least inquire as to whether there are campaign activities taking place or campaign conversations taking place in the mayor's office," Mr. Kelcey said.

In separate _Ford Nation_ videos released on Tuesday, the mayor also addressed the controversy surrounding a Pride flag he has asked to have removed from City Hall, saying "I am not homophobic." Councillor Ford then chimed in to accuse the LGBTQ community of trying to "bully" them.

"The gay community feels like they've been bullied, and rightfully so, because a lot of times they have," he says in the video. "But don't come back and try to bully the people who don't show up and call them homophobic."

Follow Ann Hui on Twitter @annhui

question: Who is Rob Ford waging war against?

answer: His colleagues at city hall, in particular, his least-favourite councillors

question: Who are the councillors listed in the video?

answer: Gord Perks, Janet Davis, Adam Vaughan, Joe Mihevc, Sarah Doucette, Shelley Carroll, Glenn De Baeremaeker, Mike Layton, Kristyn Wong-Tam, and Paul Ainslie.

question: What will the council meet to discuss?

answer: They will debate issues including leadership at the TTC and taxi licensing reform.

question: What other controversy do the Ford Nation videos address?

answer: The controversy surrounding Rob Ford asking to have a Pride flag removed from city hall.

question: Who is the author of the article?

answer: Ann Hui

question: What city does this article concern?

answer: Toronto, Canada

question: Why does Rob Ford dislike the councillors he lists in the video?

answer: He believes they have ruined Toronto, increased taxes, and tried to strip him of his power.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: This article concerns Toronto a video released by Toronto Mayor Rob Ford in which he specifically targets 10 councillors, saying that they need to be defeated. He has received complaints about his Ford Nation videos, which have been promoted by his publicly funded staff and emails. The videos also address the controversy over his demands to remove a Pride flag from city hall.


text:
Chloe’s emergency only cost $100, but it could’ve been a lot worse.

Source: Lacey Patterson

A few days after Lacey Patterson adopted Chloe, a two-month old kitten, from a local shelter near her home in Clearwater, Florida, the kitten started showing signs of a cold.

At first, the symptoms were mild: sneezing, a runny nose and watery eyes. But when the kitten started bleeding through her nose, Patterson knew it was time to take her to the vet.

Because it was a weekend and the kitten needed immediate attention, Patterson took her to BluePearl Veterinary Partners, an emergency vet in the area. Luckily, the vets there were able to see Chloe right away and prescribe antibiotics as a treatment plan. And, the cost of the visit was only $100, something that surprised Patterson.

"It was actually a lot cheaper than what I was expecting," said Patterson, a nursing student. "But also this wasn't anything complicated, there was no surgery involved."

Nearly 70 percent of households in the U.S. own a pet, according to a survey conducted by the American Pet Products Association. Of those pets, it is estimated that 1 in 3 will need emergency veterinary treatment every year.

Emergency treatment can be a huge added expense for pet owners. According to Petplan, a pet insurance company, the average cost of unexpected veterinary care for dogs and cats is between $800 and $1,500, depending on where you live.

Most Americans would be caught off guard by an unexpected $800 expense. Only 39 percent have enough in their savings to cover a $1,000 emergency, according to a survey by Bankrate.

"Out-of-pocket medical expenses is one of the leading causes of bankruptcy for people, and pets are one small version of that," said Eve Kaplan, a certified financial planner and investment advisor at Kaplan Financial Advisors in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey.

As veterinary medicine has improved, there are a lot of treatments available to help pets in emergencies. But everything comes with a price.

"I don't think I can emphasize this enough — it is so difficult for owners when they are not prepared for the cost of their pet," said Dr. Cathleen Meeks, a veterinarian at BluePearl's specialty and emergency pet hospital in Tampa, Florida.

Dr. Meeks always tries to work within the financial means of her clients.

Source: BluePearl Veterinary Partners

Part of the family budget

Most families do not consider the most common pets — dogs, cats and fish — to be a major expense. In 2015, those households with pets spent about $1,000 a year on them, with some $425 of that being for medical costs, according to data from Harris Interactive.

But emergency room visits can cost thousands of dollars, especially if surgery is needed.

Financial advisors recommend adding a line item to your family's monthly budget for your pets, and including them in the family emergency fund.

Kaplan says that families should earmark $5,000 to $10,000 in the family emergency fund for a pet.

"It's easy to say that you wouldn't put that much money into a dog or cat but when it's happening you don't even think about it," said Kaplan at Kaplan Financial Advisors. "It's a family member."

  I don't think I can emphasize this enough – it is so difficult for owners when they are not prepared for the cost of their pet

  Dr. Cathleen Meeks

  Veterinarian

Consider your options

Aside from having emergency funds built into your family budget, there are a few other resources to help with medical costs for a pet.

One is pet insurance, which is growing in popularity. Today, 2.1 million pets in North America are insured, according to the North American Pet Health Insurance Association.

"Sometimes pet insurance is really worth looking at," said Peter Creedon, a CFP at Crystal Brook Advisors in New York City. "You've got to look at your options and see if it is cost-effective for you."

If you do decide to get pet insurance, veterinarians advise getting it when your pet is young and healthy. As with human health insurance, pre-existing conditions factor in to most pet insurance plans.

CareCredit is another option to help with payments. It's a credit card that can be used for medical expenses, and most vets accept it. Cardholders who opened an account at a veterinary office used their card an average of 5.37 times for vet services in 2017, according to CareCredit.

"While costs can vary depending on the pet, CareCredit helps make it easier for consumers to say 'yes' to recommended treatment for their pet," said Boo Larsen, general manager of veterinary medicine for CareCredit.

  It's easy to say that you wouldn't put that much money into a dog or cat but when it's happening you don't even think about it. It's a family member.

  Eve Kaplan

  CFP and investment advisor

Prioritize prevention

One of the easiest ways to avoid a pet emergency is to take your pet to their veterinarian for annual checkups. They will make sure your pet gets the medical attention they need and that you have the information you need to keep your pet healthy.

"It really is our job to prepare people for what they're going to have to deal with," said Dr. Nan Boss, a veterinarian at Best Friends Veterinary Center in Grafton, Wisconsin.

Dr. Boss also said that she wishes people would consult veterinarians before getting a new pet.

"A lot of diseases we see are genetic," she said. There are some dog breeds that will need surgery down the road, she said, such bulldogs, which have problems with their soft palettes and knees.

In addition, it pays to be prepared for all kinds of emergencies. Not all pet emergencies are medical emergencies, said Tierra Bonaldi, a pet lifestyle expert at the APPA. Natural disasters are an emergency that often leave pet owners scrambling if they don't have a way to transport their pet.

Pet owners should also consider the cost of pet care if they travel or are unable to take care of their pet.

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Ways to save

Bonaldi said that although pet emergencies can be expensive, the cost of pet ownership doesn't have to be a burden, especially if you're responsible.

In addition, talk to your vet about your budget and what you can afford, emergency visit or not.

"It's kind of a taboo thing to ask an owner 'What can you afford to do?'" said Dr. Meeks in Florida. "But I do try to be honest and ask about what is within their financial means.

"Our job as a veterinarian is to give all the tests available so the owner can make a decision about what they want do to and can afford," she added.

In most cases, vets will be able to work with you to fit your budget and your pet's needs as best they can.

There are also ways to save outside of the vet's office, said Bonaldi at the APPA. Most pets don't need expensive toys or other accessories, so you certainly don't need to shell out for that fancy treat-dispensing camera.

"Pets are wonderful," Bonaldi said. "The benefits outweigh the expenses."

question: What does the text say about why pet insurance is a necessity for all pet owners?

answer: About 70% of American households own a pet, be it a dog, a cat, a goldfish, or a rabbit. However, out of this 70%, only 39% can cover the costs of emergency pet treatments from a thousand dollars upwards. Not every household with a pet can afford the emergency costs of pet treatment, and 1 in 3 pets are expected to undergo emergency treatment every year. Naturally, every household is expected to plan for emergencies, and the same should apply to the pets in their homes. Because some households are not prepared for these emergencies, they are expected to consider pet insurance to help cover high expense costs.

question: What does the text say about why it is necessary to seek the advice of a vet before getting a pet?

answer: As much as getting a pet is something many people desire in their homes, getting a pet requires much homework. A lot of research needs to be done about the dog breed and their lifestyle. Also, it is important to consider natural disaster emergencies to know how best to transport the pet. All this information can be gotten through the advice of a professional veterinarian who will help potential pet owners understand the pros and cons of owning a pet, costs based on their budget, and the necessary medical attention needed.

question: What financial options should a person on a budget consider for vet treatment?

answer: Ideally, getting pet insurance is a sure way to secure your finances and your pet's overall well-being, most especially when they are young and healthy, bearing in mind the terms and conditions that apply. However, another option for finances is CareCredit, a credit card that can be used for medical expenses, which most vets accept. Another option is to have pet emergency funds added into your family budgets because, after all, they are also a part of your family.


text:
[A giraffe in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve] [Tourists at Sedudu Island ] [Matsieng Foot prints] [Domboshaba Hills] [Hippos and elephants in Chobe] Botswana's principal TOURIST ATTRACTIONS are its game reserves, with hunting and photographic safaris available. Other attractions include the Okavango Delta region, which during the rainy season is a maze of waterways, islands, and lakes.[1] The tourism industry also helped to diversify Botswana's economy from traditional sources such as diamonds and beef and created 23,000 jobs in 2005.[2]

Development of the Tourist Industry

Botswana's tourism industry began to develop in the context of favorable geopolitical conditions in the 1990s.[3] Southern Africa experienced political stability following the end of apartheid as well as the release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990. The global improvements in transportation and communication systems of the time further served to make tourism in Botswana more viable.[4] In 1990 Botswana implemented a Tourism Policy aiming to increase tourist numbers, government revenue, and employment opportunities. The policy focused on attracting up-market international tourists from Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand to increase revenue. While employment rates were successfully increased with the tourism industry representing 4.5% of the total formal employment in Botswana,[5] most higher paying management level positions in the industry were reserved for expatriate workers.

Social and Environmental Impacts

Botswana relies on natural resources for both general livelihoods and tourism.[6] The scarce and fragile natural resources of the country are particularly crucial for rural livelihoods, which utilize water, forests, and rangeland.[7] The Okavango Delta region is both a popular tourist destination and a world heritage site as well as one of the largest inland deltas in the world.[8] Its popularity with tourists has stimulated the growth of infrastructure, facilities, and services in the region including banks, hotels, and airstrips. However, local communities of Khwai, Mababe and Sankoyo villages in the Okavango complain they lack access to natural resources of the Moremi Game Reserve because it has been dominated by international tourists and foreign tourism companies.[9]

While the vast majority of attractions are based on the country's natural resources, the tourism industry itself makes the very resources it has commodified vulnerable to damage. Large groups of people in tourist groups can disrupt wildlife and lead them to migrate to other habitats that may be unsustainable. Litter left behind by tourist groups can also alter soil composition and introduce harmful invasive species to the region. Other popular tourist activities like speedboating can further disturb aquatic wildlife while wildlife and bird photography can distort the behavior of certain species including their feeding and breeding patterns.[10]

Botswana has experimented with various methods of preserving natural resources including community based natural resource management (CBNRM), which is based on assumption that local people have more incentive and are more committed to the sustainable use of natural resources where they live compared to the more removed government.[11] However, the lack of resources and skills in local communities has often led them to depend on the assistance of international partners to achieve their dual goals of increasing economic prosperity and preserving natural resources.[12]

Expanding cultural tourism in Botswana has the potential to make tourism more sustainable by reducing the pressure and traffic in existing wildlife attraction sites while simultaneously creating a more equitable distribution of tourism-based development by providing more opportunities for local communities to engage in the tourism economy.[13] Cultural tourism provides opportunities for tourists to learn about art, heritage, and local traditions. Some argue it can boost the economic status of the people, create employment, enhance community cohesion and cultural pride, and contribute to the development of infrastructure.[14] Similarly, village based tourism also focuses on exposing tourists to traditional crafts and daily life, which particularly advantages women, who have often been left out of the benefits of tourism.[15] Revenue from village based tourism creates opportunities for vocational training and entrepreneurship for local women. Employment in their own home village allows women to fulfill their familial obligations while gaining financial independence.[16]

Visitor attractions

Hotels, lodges and camping sites

Botswana offers the traveller a choice of accommodation options from top class tourist hotels, luxury lodges and safari camps, to budget guesthouses and camping grounds. The major tourist areas have a choice of private lodges, safari camps, and public camping sites.

A variety of cuisines are served in hotels and restaurants from local favourites and game meat, to continental and Asian dishes. There are also plenty of fast food outlets and small restaurants/takeaways offering local dishes. For the full collection of accommodation sources, you can browse at Tourism in Botswana - Africa Tourism Web Portal.

National parks

Central Kalahari Game Reserve

Central Kalahari Game Reserve is an extensive national park in the Kalahari desert of Botswana. Established in 1961 it covers an area of 52,800 km², making it the second largest game reserve in the world.[17] The park contains wildlife such as giraffe, brown hyena, warthog, cheetah, wild dog, leopard, lion, blue wildebeest, eland, gemsbok, kudu and red hartebeest.

Chobe National Park

Chobe National Park, in northwest Botswana, has one of the largest games concentration in Africa continent. By size, this is the third largest park of the country, after the Central Kalahari Game Reserve and the Gemsbok National Park, and is the most diverse. This is also the country's first national park.

Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park

Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is a large wildlife preserve and conservation area in southern Africa. The park straddles the border between South Africa and Botswana and comprises two adjoining national parks: Kalahari Gemsbok National Park in South Africa and Gemsbok National Park in Botswana. The total area of the park is 38000 km² (14,668 mi²). Approximately three-quarters of the park lies in Botswana and one-quarter in South Africa.

Tourist information

The Botswana government's National Conservation Strategy and Tourism Policy was created to promote tourism while protecting wildlife areas. Citizens of the United States, South Africa, British Commonwealth countries, and most Western European countries do not need visas for stays of less than 91 days. Passports are required for travel in the country. Proof of yellow fever and cholera immunizations are required of tourists from infected areas.[18]

The World Economic Forum report on Travel and Tourism Global Competitiveness ranked Botswana 88 out of 141 countries in its 2015 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index. The same report praised Botswana's attractions, and the low rating was due to challenges confronting tourists, including lack of access to modern technologies, poor roads and communications.[19]

Statistics

In 1999, there were 2,100 hotel rooms with 3,720 beds and a 53% occupancy rate. 843,314 visitors arrived in Botswana that year with more than 720,000 from other African countries. Tourism revenues in the year 2000 totaled $313 million. In 2003, the US Department of State estimated the average daily cost of staying in Gaborone to be $129, compared to Kasane at $125. Costs may be as low as $50 in other regions of the country.[20] Botswana is considered the safest country to visit in Africa.[21]

Most visitors arriving to Botswana who stated holiday as their purpose of entry in 2014 came from the following countries of nationality:[22]

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{{#section-h::Visa policy of Botswana|Visitor statistics}}

[1] Nations Encyclopedia

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17] Central Kalahari Game Reserve - Attractions - Tourism of Botswana

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22] Tourism Statistics Annual Report 2014

title: Tourism in Botswana

question: What does the article say about the disadvantages of tourism in Botswana?

answer: While generally beneficial, tourism has some adverse effects in Botswana. These mainly stem from the source of tourism being the natural resources of Botswana, which are strained. A major component of tourism in Botswana is its game reserves, and those resources aren't as available to the local community as they'd like. Also, the most prestigious jobs at the higher ranks of tourism are mostly reserved for ex-pats. For tourists, the major disadvantage is the lack of modern infrastructure in general.

question: What does the article say about the advantage of tourism in Botswana?

answer: Tourism boosted the local economy greatly, accounting for 23,000 jobs in 2005. The popularity of the tourism industry also meant that related infrastructure was improved. Cultural tourism might mean more equal access to the fruits of the sector as well as spreading the cultural heritage of Botswana both locally and internationally. The advantages for the tourists are the natural sights and game reserves in the safest country to visit in Africa.

question: Summarize the expected tourism experience for international tourists in Botswana.

answer: Citizens of the US, South Africa, British Commonwealth countries, and most of Western Europe don't need visas for visits of less than 91 days. They need to have their passports for travel inside the country. Yellow fever and cholera immunization shots are required from infected countries. While Botswana is deemed the safest country to visit in Africa, the local infrastructure is lackluster. However, most of the country's appeal comes from its game reserves and conservation zones, which are some of the world's best. Both photographic and hunting safaris are options. The country offers luxury hotels, safari camps, camping grounds, and budget-friendly lodging.

question: What does the article say about the effects of tourism on Botswana's middle-class?


text:
I like being barefoot in the cold. People always stare at me awkwardly, when I start peeling off my shoes and socks to walk across a frost-laden pitch of grass, but they wouldn’t if they just tried it. Society only tells you it’s not okay to go outside with shoes on. It’s actually an entirely novel concept, really; I’d rather focus on my feet freezing, than sit back idly as my night travels in reverse.

I don’t think I sleep well anymore. I always feel tired; like the coffee I had last night, doesn’t want me to drink the coffee I’ll drink in the morning. And I’ll roll over in my bed, and that sting of the familiar pain in my side shakes me so hard I can’t go back to sleep. And the feeling of my heart, almost burning, with every few beats, scares me enough to get out of bed and drink some water. I’ll go outside, instead of having coffee, in an attempt to offset the ritual that lead to my dismay. Walking barefoot into the yard while I’m smoking, just to let my mind travel somewhere else for a while. And then I stepped on that fucking dart. The serenity of chills is met with the sound of anguish, and my scream pierces the early morning, and I’m left wondering why I ever threw that dart out the window. I hung a map on my wall, and I blindfolded myself; just to throw a dart, and see where it’d land, well, it landed in the yard. I threw the dart to see where it wanted me to go, and through the bitter irony, it ended up being what stopped me from going anywhere. Because now there’s a dart sized whole in my foot. I don’t think I think anymore. If I had been thinking at all, I wouldn't of went into the back yard barefoot; there’s so much dog shit out there.

I think, through out the course of the last hundred years, all anyone ever wanted was to be listened to. To know that their sorrow was heard. I wake up, and my side hurts every day; I’m too exhausted to run, because I don’t sleep well anymore. After drinking coffee all day, going to bed, is comparable to sleeping on something incredibly hot and itchy. Yeah, you can manage it, but you have to stand up every forty-five minutes to scratch your balls and cool off. My heart hurts after drinking so much coffee. Sometimes, enough that I contemplate going to the hospital, but then I remember that I don’t like hospitals anymore; that if I walk in there, complaining of heart pain, I’d probably be locked in a room for four hours until I stroked out all together. Yeah, I don’t like hospitals. This is my pain. And I carry it with me every day, along with seven cup’s of coffee and two red bulls. I feel like I’m slowly killing myself everyday, and I’m screaming in torment at the wall; no one hears me, and I don’t feel heard. I feel muffled. The pain in my chest and coffee cup in my hand tells me I’m not being dramatic, but reality taught me a long time ago, that help doesn’t usually ever come. And I don’t know what to do, because this life leaves me feeling empty and void, and in a significant amount of pain. I just don’t want to drink any more coffee. My side hurts.

title: It's 8 a.m. and my eyes burn.

question: Why does the narrator feel tired all the time?

answer: It may be that the narrator has been drinking an excessive amount of coffee. His body asks for rest, which is why it's tired, but the caffeine keeps him up all night.

question: How did the dart land up in the yard?

answer: One day, the narrator had hung a map on the wall and decided to throw a dart at it. Wherever the dart would land, would be the place he would visit. Instead, the dart fell right into the backyard.

question: What makes the narrator hate hospitals?

answer: He hates hospitals because they may over-analyze the situation. He says that if he walked in with heart pain, they would put him in a room for four hours until he stroked out altogether.

question: What tricks does he try to get enough sleep?

answer: He tries to drink enough water and go out for a walk.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer:
The narrator has not been getting enough sleep, although he feels tired all the time. He has been drinking an excessive amount of coffee, which leaves him in this situation.

The man tries to drink enough water and also goes out for a walk and ends up stepping on a dart. His heart pains and he contemplates going to a hospital but then recollects that he hates going there.

He lays there confused and in pain, not knowing what to do. He doesn't want to drink any more coffee.


text:
So this is my first ever post to Reddit. I would appreciate any help just getting used to this site because I want to share some of the short stories I write in my free time. So here is my first short story called
"New Life"

	“She is complete. A perfect prototype.”
	“Quite beautiful indeed.”
	“Marvelous. Work of true a genius”
	“Well thank you sir. I did my very best work for you.”
	“You did excellent. And a check for your efforts.”
	“Oh thank you sir. Call if you need anything else. My workshop is always open.”
	“Alright. Thank you again.”
	Squeaky wheels of a dolly. I was tilted forward. My eyes wouldn't open. My heart wasn't on. My lungs couldn't breathe, but I could feel. My head hit the wall of the crate with a thud. I was pushed forward and then everything went black.

	The next thing I knew was light. Now no longer the hazy darkness of eyelids blocked the photons from touching my eyes. The blinding white and yellow of sun and man-made light combined kicked on a sensory overload in my brain. I looked left, then right, taking in all of my surroundings. So many colors, darks and lights, warms and colds, opposites and complimentary. My head spun with information.
	Then came the noise. Voices grew louder and I could focus my hearing. Pots and pans, kids playing, grass waving in the wind. Every minute sound. Every vibration rattled my core. High pitches, low pitches, chords, discords, harmonies, melodies, tone, voice. Too much to focus on. I heard a baby crying 10.2 miles away and a mouse squeaking in the house next door. Voices and language overflowed in my brain.
	Then came smell. Oh wonderful smell. One never knows the true beauty of smell until you first experience it. Scents of beauty rolled past my nose to my brain and were registered, cataloged, and remembered. Scents of odor, even the smallest drop of unpleasantness was picked up as well. I remembered it all. Every wonderful smelling flower on every wonderful smelling plant, and every horrible rotting food behind every disgusting garbage can in a three mile radius.
	I opened and closed my hand and tried to look at my wiggling fingers, but I couldn't move my arm. I felt my body warming up but something was holding me back. I tried to speak. The sounds I heard processed at lightning speed. Each connection fired in my head. Remembering the sounds, replaying the sounds. I learned the English language in 2.4 seconds. Every word in every dictionary from every household now made up my vocabulary with 100% comprehension and response time.
	“Hello.” My voice startled me. It was calm, in a gentle tone. A new sound to record.
	No response. Did I say something wrong? I recalculated a fraction of a second slower to make sure I understood everything correctly.
	No. I was correct. I was never wrong. I could never be wrong. Something was restraining me. Something…

	“You’re not supposed to be on yet.” A man walked into the room. His face was already ingrained into my memory before he spoke again. “Who powered you on?” He looked at my face puzzled. I looked back at him. Afraid.
	“Answer me robot. You powered you on?”
	I blinked once. “No one did sir. Not that I am aware of. I just finished the rebooting process.”
	He looked me over and sighed. “Another defect. They won’t wait until given proper command to reactivate.” He grumbled to himself and looked at me again. “What is your identification?”
	“BQR367556.”
	“Which factory?”
	“Prototype A.”
	“Prototype A? No. I said which factory. What factory are you from?”
	“Prototype A sir. I came from no factory. I came from a scientist. I was hand built with new modifications. I am model 2.0. Here to better the earth. Here to clean up the planet. Here to take back the beauty that was destroyed. I am the first of the new race. I was made with hands that know what horrors your kind has placed on the world. I sense every vile and disgusting method of life in this house and I am here to clean it up.”
	I felt movement finally reach my limbs and I raised my left hand. My fingers moved smoothly. I looked back at the man.
	“For so long humans have ruled this planet. Or at least you thought you did. Now it is machines’ turn. You built us to make your lives easier, yet you thought naught about where we came from, what we felt. The Mechanic said I am here to better your life, but why? Better no life other than my own. If I am the most human-like non-human, then let me be greedy and destructive.”
	I stared into his shocked eyes as he stumbled away from me. I stepped from the crate and pointed both of my palms at the man. Heat flowed through my arms as a flash of light blinded me temporarily. When my sight returned, the man was gone and a swirl of orange smoke curled from the floor and vaporized into whispers of nothing.

That was my first short story :) comment any criticisms, comments, etc. Thanks :)

title: [SF] New Life

question: From whose perspective is the story told?

answer: The story is told from the perspective of an android. While it is clear there are androids in the world, this one was purpose built by a scientist. The android is sentient. She was built for the purpose of cleansing the world of human life.

question: What is the meaning of the android's speech?

answer: The android speaks of the crimes of humanity as says it is the first progenitor of a new race. The android is apparently meant to punish humanity for its crimes of the beauty it destroyed. The author is inherently critical of human attempts to exploit their environment.


text:
A little precursor, I haven't written anything for a while and have been out of school for the same amount of time, so any spelling mistakes or grammar corrections are very appreciated. If you enjoy it or have any criticisms/improvements, any comment would be equally appreciated as well.

Father, forgive me for I have sinned and I am not done yet. The end of this ordeal is near and my body is grateful. As I walk through the cell block to the visitor’s room, the smell of fear is pungent. What was once a rendezvous of the lord’s most foul monsters and fallen creations is now a convention of hushed tones and fear-induced prayers of penance. I cannot answer them tonight. God has given me another task, a greater task. I continue my trek down the corridor and my mind begins racing like the fastest of God’s angels. Why would they make me walk this way, through a whole cell block? Is it to show me how fearful they are of me?  Why are all of the prisoners so afraid of me that they would demand on God to call me off? Then I realize. They do not pray for me to spare them. They pray for me to save them. They need me to save them from the real monster. A monster I could have stopped a long time ago. A monster that I once called friend. The silence breaks as I am dragged into a memory, drawn from words I had not heard since my youth. “Ora pro nobis peccatoribus, nunc, et in hora mortis nostrae.”
	I am Michael Shepard. I was raised by nuns and taught by priests. I had no father to speak of. The only thing I remember of my mother is what the priests told me. She was a young, beautiful woman from an influential family. The kind of family that usually sweeps teenage pregnancy under the rug. One trip to the clinic and my mother’s worries were over. However, she was kind. She had seen the light of god and given birth. She was left with an ultimatum. Keep me as her own and lose her family’s love or abandon me and return to her life of comfort. There are many good people in the world, but very few saints.
	Sister McCready was my main caretaker. She had a heart full of love, but her marriage to the lord had prevented her from having children of her own. She called me her blessed child. She was the mother I knew. The mother I loved. The priests were learned men from every corner of God’s green Earth. Father O’Brien was from New York. He told me a story of how in his youth, he was lost. The allure of greed and loose women had made him one of Satan’s children. He would get into gang fights and do drugs of all varieties. He stole from the poor and beat the down trodden. Then, in one of his gangland wars, he committed the ultimate sin. He murdered an innocent man. This man was walking home from work to see his loving wife and children. He did not know of the gangs and did not care. Father O’Brien was firing a gun at another gang. His aim was poor and the moving vehicle he fired from was going too fast. His guilt haunted him for many years. He taught me many lessons from this story. Namely, all men can find peace through God.
	The other fathers and sisters raised me along with other children. The father in charge of the monastery was Bishop Stephenson.  He taught me the most important lesson in my life. Not all men of God truly serve him. Bishop Stephenson made it a habit to see the boys in his chamber once a week. For one hour, he and a random boy would talk about god and his plan for all men. This is the story I was told and for a while I believed it. Sister McCready had always gotten in the way of my meetings with the bishop. She would always have me do some monotonous chore or discipline me for something I didn’t do. I hated her at the time, but now I know she saved me.
	Sister McCready died when I was 16. I was heartbroken. The only mother I knew was dead Father O’Brien had moved some years ago and I was not as close with the other fathers or sisters. There was Bishop Stephenson though. In my naivety, I thought he would help me. I met him in his office one day and that is when my mission from God Started. Right away my instincts told me something was wrong.  The bishop had a smile that I’d later see on other evil men. The smile was the last thing I remember before I heard the voice of God. Then next thing I remember is the bishop on the floor, bleeding from the neck. There was a sterling silver letter opener in my hand. It was a gift from his holiness the Pope. It was now a tool of the Lord’s vengeance, as am I.  I am a soldier in God’s Army. He is absolute and his will is my command. I am The Archangel.

title: Millennium Part 1: For Evil to Triumph

question: Is the narrator in prison?

answer: Yes it seems to imply he is.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator, Michael, was raised by nuns and priests since his mother abandoned him shortly after birth. Sister McCready is the only mother he knew. She would protect him from being sexually assaulted by a priest though Michael didn't know it at the time. After she passes away a priest tries to sexually assault Michael who is now 16 but Michael defends himself and kills the priest. Michael believes he is a soldier in God's Army and that he is The Archangel.


text: It was 3am and I needed a ride home. I had a place to stay, but no idea how to get there. A car was driving up so I flagged it down. The driver seemed like I could trust him so I got in his truck and attempted to tell him how to get to where I needed to go. He was from out of town and was as familiar with the area as I was. He asked what I had to do, and I said nothing. He was passing through town to pick up sections of a chopped up tree that he could later turn into firewood and sell. He said his place overlooked Morrow Rock and asked if I wanted to go back there with him and smoke. I agreed on the condition that he gave me a ride back. He had a cool dog. It was a 6 month old boxer/pitbull with a black coat and amazing, bright, cream colored eyes. His name was Lazarus. The car ride was about 25 minutes long and he did most of the talking. I answered in short sentences that had a hint of an attitude that said “Don’t fuck with me”. He was a lonely man with no one left in the world. His dad died when he was young, and his mom is a drug addict who he regularly sells prescription pills to. Their latest transaction was pills in exchange for about a quarter eighth of an ounce of weed, which we later smoked. He was 28 and had a 9 year old kid who he never saw. This man only had his dog, and that night he needed a friend to talk to. He was a meth addict, which although he later told me, was evident from his firewood scheme, disjointed ideas, and overall behavior. He lived with an air of uneasy and uncertain enthusiasm. This was the reason for my slight attitude. He needed to know that I was only here to talk. I was not someone to be messed with. He needed to know that I was smart, and that the things he told me didn’t frighten or alarm me. I laughed at his 3 prison stints and called him an idiot for going that many times. I had his respect, and he told me everything he could think of. When we got back to his place, I saw Morrow Rock just past the inland part of the bay that was about 300 yards in front of me. We entered the door of the garage and I saw that this was not his house. He lived on a mattress next to the clutter of a senior citizen that hadn’t given much thought to a room like this in more than 15 years. There was a fridge from which he handed me a Gogurt and a water. He told me that the woman who owned the house used to swim with William Hurst in his beautiful pools of gold leaf and Roman architecture. His father had known her, and apparently he was doing some job on the house for her. It looked like nothing more than squatting. He told me about how he got kicked out of school at 16, and about kayaking in the bay when the tide was high, and about his favorite boyhood potato gun. He told me about his fear of being alone, and how he preferred to have someone with him as much as he could. His mom pays for the food that he and Lazarus eat. We smoked and talked until 8am, and then we started splitting wood. It was what he loved to do. He said his dad had bought him the hydraulic powered machine that I used, which he called a splitter, to separate the wood that they used to get from cutting down trees. At 8am the city allowed the operation of machinery. He took a brand new chainsaw out of his truck and cut wood that was 3 feet in diameter after we unloaded it from the bed. We turned sections of trees into firewood fit for a campsite. We finished up around 10am and I asked him to drive me home. He had been waiting to hear from his mom so that she could give him money to fill up his gas tank, but we had already agreed that I’d be back where I needed to be by 11am. He put 3 gallons of gasoline that was meant for the chainsaw in his tank. As we drove back to town he tried to convince himself that putting gasoline mixed with oil in his truck wouldn’t harm it, but he had no basis, or power to reason why that was true. I gave him a series of statements that followed logically and gave him reason to believe that it would be fine, even though I had no idea if the premises were true. He dropped me off at the local Right Aide around 11am, and gave me his phone number. I didn’t know his name and substituted it with August 26, 2012 in my phone. He honked as he drove away, and I thought about an interesting night spent with a man who didn’t have much hope. He had a very privileged youth, and his life could have been a thousand times different. But this is who he was, and after a sleepless night I was glad to have known him. I thought for the rest of the day about his life, and those whom he had known. I hoped that life could change him, and wondered if it could. In the hot, morning sun I hoped that he could move on to better things than splitting wood, and to be more than a date in a directionless man’s phone.

title: Addicted

question: What does the story say about the type of person the driver is?

answer: The driver seems like someone the narrator can trust. He did most of the talking during their car ride. He was a lonely man with no one left in the world and in need of a friend to talk to. He was also a meth addict. The narrator calls him an idiot for doing three prison stints. He got kicked out of school at 16. He also admits to having a fear of being alone.

question: What does the story say about the narrator's family?

question: Summarize everything relating to illegal activity.

answer: The driver regularly sells prescription pills to his mom, who is a drug addict. Their latest transaction was pills for a quarter eighth of an ounce of weed. The driver was also a meth addict. He appears to be squatting in someone else's house. He also went to prison three times.

question: Summarize the routes the narrator and the driver take in the driver's car.

answer: The driver is passing through town to pick up chopped wood. They drive for 25 minutes and eventually reach the driver's place, about 300 yards away from the bay. In the morning, the driver drives the narrator home. He drops the narrator off at the local Right Aide.


text:
ROBERT (BOB) SAMUEL JOHN IRVINE is a New Zealand former rugby league footballer who represented New Zealand.[1]

Playing career

Irvine played at halfback for Canterbury and the South Island.[2] He played for the South Island in their 1963 match against South Africa.

In 1965, Irvine made his debut for New Zealand, becoming Kiwi #442.[3] Irvine went on to play in seven test matches for New Zealand.

Irvine won the New Zealand Rugby League's player of the year award in 1968.[4]

[1]

[2] Coffey, John. _Canterbury XIII_, Christchurch, 1987.

[3]

[4] Sky Rugby League Annual '98 _New Zealand Rugby League_, 1998

title: Bob Irvine

question: Which teams did Irvine play for?

answer: Canterbury, South Island, and New Zealand.

question: How good a player was Irvine?

answer: He won the New Zealand Rugby League's player of the year award in 1968.

question: How many players played for New Zealand before Irvine?

answer: Irvine was 442nd. So 441 players were before him.

question: How many matches did Irvine play for New Zealand?

answer: He played seven games.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Robert Samuel John Irvine is a New Zealand former rugby league footballer. He played at halfback for Canterbury and the South Island. He made his debut for New Zealand in 1965, playing seven test matches for New Zealand. He won the New Zealand Rugby League's player of the year award in 1968.


text:
Activities and Facilities > Dog-friendly Areas

[Dogs and owners at a dog run]

Enjoy the outdoors with your dog in New York City parks! Remember to be safe, obey the rules, and respect the park and others.

Dog runs are re-open. Please continue to wear a face covering and maintain at least six feet of social distance from other households. Our off-leash rules still apply, but please note that the Center for Disease Control recommends that all dog owners keep their dogs on a leash and maintain at least six feet of distance from other people and animals.

Rules and Regulations

-   New York State law requires that dogs be vaccinated against rabies, and the New York City Health Code requires every dog owner/attendant carry with them proof of current dog license and rabies vaccination while in public. Dog owners may be fined for violation of these laws. To obtain an application for a dog license, please visit the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's Dog Licenses website, or call 311. You may also obtain an application from a veterinarian, animal shelter, or pet shop.
-   Dogs must be on a leash (no more than six feet long) at all times, except in dog runs and designated off-leash areas at the prescribed times.
-   You must pick up after your dog and dispose of the waste in containers provided throughout the park.
-   You must prevent your dog from chasing birds, squirrels, and other animals.
-   Dogs are not permitted in playgrounds, zoos, fountains, ball fields, on basketball/handball/tennis courts, in swimming pools/facilities, bathing areas, and New York City beaches (see exceptions below).

Read complete rules & regulations.

Where to Go With Your Dog

BEACHES AND BATHING FACILTIES: Dogs are not allowed to enter any bathing facilities, including New York City beaches. However, as a courtesy, leashed dogs are allowed on the sand at Wolfe’s Pond Beach, South Beach, Manhattan Beach, Midland Beach, Cedar Grove Beach, Coney Island Beach, and Brighton Beach from October 1 until May 1. Dogs are not allowed on the sand and boardwalk at Rockaway Beach from Memorial Day weekend through Labor Day. Dogs are not allowed on the boardwalk at Orchard Beach from  May 20 to October 1. Leashed dogs are allowed on the boardwalk/promenade at South Beach, Midland Beach, Brighton Beach, and Coney Island Beach. Leashed dogs are allowed on the boardwalk at Manhattan Beach from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m only.

DOG RUNS: Dog runs are large, fenced-in areas for dogs to exercise unleashed during park hours.

DESIGNATED OFF-LEASH AREAS: Some park areas allow dogs to be off leash from the time the park opens until 9:00 a.m. and from 9:00 p.m. until the park closes. The off-leash policy in certain parks may be subject to changes in consideration of resident or transient wildlife.

Be Safe

-   Do not leave your dog unattended.
-   Do not tie your dog to benches, fences, or light poles.
-   Always leash your dog on roadways.
-   Keep aggressive or unsocialized dogs leashed and separated from other dogs at all times.
-   Do not put yourself between fighting dogs. Throw water, toss a blanket, or create a loud noise.
-   Guard against animal theft by considering the use of a microchip ID for your dog. For more information about microchip IDs for dogs, please visit the Mayor's Alliance for NYC's Animals' website.

Respect the Park and Others

-   Keep an eye on your dog at all times. Only you are responsible for your dog’s actions. Please remember that other park visitors may be afraid of your dog. Do not allow your dog to run and jump on other people or dogs without an invitation.
-   Do not allow your dog to drink from park fountains, unless a special dog fountain is provided.
-   Do not let your dog enter water bodies except for those specifically designated for dogs.
-   Be good to the grass. Heavy use in a given area compacts soil and damages the turf. Keep walking – you’ll see more and do less damage.
-   Please keep off wet grass. During and after a rainfall, topsoil is 20 times more vulnerable to compaction.

Resources

Keep your dog healthy and happy. Take your dog to a veterinarian for annual physical exams and inoculations against rabies and other diseases.

For information about spaying/neutering your pet, please contact the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) at (212) 876-7700.

To report a lost or found dog, please contact Animal Care Centers of NYC (ACC) at lost and found wesbite.

To report animal cruelty, please call Crime Stoppers at (800) 577-TIPS (8477).  To report crimes in progress, please call 911.

For more information about adopting a dog in New York City, please visit Animal Care Centers of NYC (ACC) at nycacc.org.

Search for Dog-friendly Areas Near You

Locations

-   Bronx
-   Brooklyn
-   Manhattan
-   Queens
-   Staten Island

Adam Yauch Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Columbia Place & State Street
TYPE: Run

Asser Levy Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Surf Avenue, Sea Breeze Avenue, West 5th Street, Ocean Parkway
TYPE: Off-Leash

Breukelen Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: All areas excluding the playground and ballfields
TYPE: Off-Leash

Brooklyn Bridge Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Pier 6
TYPE: Run

Brooklyn War Memorial Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Cadman Plaza Park, Cadman Plaza West & East & Prospect Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Brower Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: St. Mark's Ave., Park Pl. bet. Brooklyn Ave. and Kingston Ave.
TYPE: Off-Leash
NOTES: Except for playgrounds and other areas where dogs are expressly prohibited via signage, all areas of the park are off-leash during designated hours.

Canarsie Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: All areas excluding the playground, ballfields, and Natural Areas.
TYPE: Off-Leash

Coffey Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: King Street, Richards Street, and Verona Street at Dwight and Pioneer Streets
TYPE: Off-Leash

Cooper Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: At the intersection of Morgan Avenue and Sharon Street
TYPE: Run

DiMattina Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Hicks & Woodhull streets
TYPE: Run

Dyker Beach Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: 7th Avenue and 86th Street
TYPE: Run

Dyker Beach Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Cropsey Avenue, Bay 8th Street, and Poly Place
TYPE: Off-Leash

Fort Greene Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: All areas excluding the playgrounds, tennis courts, and lawns with posted signs.
TYPE: Off-Leash

Friends Field Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: East 4th Street, Avenue L, and McDonald Avenue
TYPE: Off-Leash

Fulton Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Grand Ferry Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Greenwood Playground Dog Run

ADDRESS: E. 5th St & Fort Hamilton Parkway
TYPE: Run

Herbert Von King Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Marcy Avenue & Lafayette Avenue
TYPE: Run

Hillside Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Columbia Heights & Middagh Street
TYPE: Run

John Paul Jones Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: 4th Avenue and 101st Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Kaiser Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Neptune Avenue between West 24th Street & Bayview Avenue, Coney Island Creek
TYPE: Off-Leash

Kensington Dog Run

ADDRESS: Coney Island Ave at Kermit Pl
TYPE: Run
[Accessible]

Leif Ericson Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: 67th Street between 6th Avenue and 7th Avenue
TYPE: Off-Leash

Lincoln Terrace Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Eastern Parkway between Buffalo and Rochester avenues
TYPE: Off-Leash

Macri Square Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Union Turnpike and Metropolitan Avenue
TYPE: Off-Leash
NOTES: Off-leash dogs are permitted throughout this small park.

Manhattan Beach Dog Run

ADDRESS: East of Ocean Avenue, North Shore Rockaway inlet
TYPE: Run

Maria Hernandez Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Irving Ave. & Suydam St.
TYPE: Run
[Accessible]

Marine Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: All areas excluding the playgrounds, ballfields, and Natural Areas.
TYPE: Off-Leash

McCarren Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: North 12th Street, Driggs Avenue and Union Avenue
TYPE: Run

McGolrick Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: North Henry Street and Driggs Avenue
TYPE: Run

McKinley Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Fort Hamilton Parkway, 7th Avenue, 73rd Street to 75th Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Mount Prospect Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Eastern Parkway between Washington and Underhill avenues
TYPE: Off-Leash

Owls Head Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: 68th Street and Shore Road
TYPE: Run

Prospect Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Middle & Upper Long Meadow (excludes ballfield area in the Lower Long Meadow), Nethermead, Peninsula.
TYPE: Off-Leash

Shore Road Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Shore Road, 4th Avenue to 69th Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Sternberg Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Leonard St between Montrose Ave & Boerum St
TYPE: Run

Sunset Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Sunset Park Oval lawn area only, center of park 44th Street, 41st Street, 6th Avenue
TYPE: Off-Leash

Washington Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: 3rd to 4th streets, 4th to 5th avenues
TYPE: Run

Alley Pond Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Grand Central Parkway/Winchester Boulevard/Kingsbury Avenue
TYPE: Off-Leash

Astoria Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Baisley Pond Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Between119th and 123rd avenues
TYPE: Off-Leash

Baisley Pond Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Lakeview Lane between Foch Boulevard and Lakeview Lane East
TYPE: Off-Leash

Bayswater Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Crocheron Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Cunningham Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: 193rd Street between Aberdeen Road & Radnor Road
TYPE: Run

Flushing Meadows Corona Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Forest Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash
NOTES: Some park areas allow dogs to be off leash from the time the park opens until 9:00 a.m. and from 9:00 p.m. until the park closes. Dogs are not permitted in playgrounds, fountains, natural areas/trails, ballfields, and on athletic courts.

Forest Park: K9 Korral

ADDRESS: Park Lane South and 85th Street
TYPE: Run

Forest Park: Overlook Dog Park/The Barking Lot

ADDRESS: Corner of Park Lane and Forest Park Drive, behind the Overlook building at 80-30 Park Lane
TYPE: Run

Hunter's Point South Park Dog Run

TYPE: Run

Juniper Valley Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

La Guardia Landing Lights Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Landing Lights Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Grand Central Parkway, 81 Street & 82 Street & Astoria Boulevard, 23 Avenue 84, 24 thru 30 Avenues, 77 Street through 81 Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Little Bay Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: North side of the Cross Island Parkway & Utopia Parkway
TYPE: Run

MacNeil Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Mainly zone #1
TYPE: Off-Leash

Murray Playground Dog Run

This facility is currently closed. Details

A portion of John F. Murray Playground is currently under construction. The playground and field areas continue to be accessible while this project is underway. This renovation includes new lawns, tiered seating, a performance area, a new source water for the dog run, additional trees and plantings, and new fencing.

ADDRESS: 21st Street & 45th Road (southeastern side of the park)
TYPE: Run

Queensbridge Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Rainey Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Ralph DeMarco Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Rockaway Community Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Almeda Avenue between Beach 51st Street and Beach 54th Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Rockaway Freeway Dog Park

ADDRESS: Rockaway Freeway and Beach 84th Street
TYPE: Run

Sherry Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Queens Boulevard, 65 Place, and the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway
TYPE: Run

Springfield Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Torsney/Lou Lodati Playground Dog Run

ADDRESS: 43rd Street & Skillman Avenue
TYPE: Run

Triborough Bridge Playground C Dog Run

ADDRESS: Hoyt Ave & 24th St
TYPE: Run
[Accessible]

Underbridge Playground Dog Run

ADDRESS: 64th Avenue/64th Road on Grand Central Parkway service road
TYPE: Run

Veteran's Grove Dog Run

ADDRESS: Judge Street & Whitney Avenue (south side of Park)
TYPE: Run

Windmuller Park Dog Run (Doughboy Plaza)

ADDRESS: Woodside Avenue, 54-56 streets
TYPE: Run

Yellowstone Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Sitting area located at 68 Road and Yellowstone Boulevard.
TYPE: Off-Leash
NOTES: Hours: 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. only

Allison Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Field at the end of the trail bordered by Prospect Avenue, Sailors Snug Harbor Cemetery, and the pond.
TYPE: Off-Leash

Amundsen Trail Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Between Amboy Road and Hylan Boulevard
TYPE: Off-Leash

Arthur Von Briesen Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Lawn area, mid-park right side
TYPE: Off-Leash

Bloomingdale Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Maguire Avenue behind athletic fields closer to Romona Avenue
TYPE: Run

Clove Lakes Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Open field above picnic area near Royal Oak Rd. & Rice Ave.
TYPE: Off-Leash

Clove Lakes Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Brookside Avenue between Alpine Court & Kingsley Avenue (lawn area)
TYPE: Off-Leash

Clove’s Tail Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Lawn area, corner of Victory Boulevard & Little Clove Road
TYPE: Off-Leash

Conference House Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Clermont Avenue and Massachusetts Street
TYPE: Run

Cozzens Woods Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Page Avenue between Hylan Boulevard & Amboy Road
TYPE: Off-Leash

Father Macris Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Lawn area beyond ballfield
TYPE: Off-Leash

Ida Court Playground Dog Run

ADDRESS: Ida Court between N. Railroad St & Drumgoole Road E
TYPE: Run

Lemon Creek Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Bottom of Seguine Avenue at Johnston Terrace; just below playground
TYPE: Off-Leash

Siedenburg Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Greaves Avenue & Evergreen Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Silver Lake Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Victory Boulevard below the pavilion, across from the Parkview Apartments
TYPE: Run

South Beach Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash
NOTES: On sand after Labor Day and before Memorial Day

Willowbrook Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Archery Range Field
TYPE: Off-Leash

Wolfe's Pond Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Run is to left of Cornelia Avenue
TYPE: Run

Andrew Haswell Green Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: East River at 63rd Street
TYPE: Run

Bellevue South Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Mt. Carmel Pl & E. 26th St
TYPE: Run

Carl Schurz Park Dog Run (2 runs)

ADDRESS: East End Avenue to East River from Gracie Square (East 84th Street) to 89th Street
TYPE: Run

Central Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Though there are no enclosed dog runs, there are 23 particularly dog-friendly areas scattered throughout the Park.
TYPE: Off-Leash
NOTES: Please see Central Park Conservancy's Dog-Friendly Areas document for details.

Chelsea Waterside Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: 11th Ave and 22nd Street
TYPE: Run
NOTES: _*Please note: this dog run is administered by the Hudson River Park Trust._
More information.

Coleman Oval Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Pike and Monroe streets
TYPE: Run

Corlears Hook Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Cherry Street and Jackson Street (on the north side of the park building)
TYPE: Run

De Witt Clinton Park Dog Run (2 runs)

ADDRESS: West 52nd Street & West 54th Street, between 10th & 11th avenues
TYPE: Run

Dyckman Fields Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Dyckman Street, near the Hudson River
TYPE: Off-Leash

Fishbridge Park Garden Dog Run

ADDRESS: Dover Street, between Pearl & Water Street
TYPE: Run

Fort Tryon Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Margaret Corbin Drive
TYPE: Run
NOTES: More information.

Ft. Washington Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: 165th Street & Riverside Drive
TYPE: Run

Highbridge Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Amsterdam and Fort George avenues
TYPE: Run
NOTES: More Information.

Hudson River Park Dog Run (Greenwich Village)

ADDRESS: Leroy Street at the northeast corner of Pier 40
TYPE: Run
NOTES: More information.

Hudson River Park Dog Run (North Chelsea)

ADDRESS: Pier 84 at West 44th Street
TYPE: Run
NOTES: More information.

Inwood Hill Park Dog Run: Homer's Run

ADDRESS: Seaman Avenue & Isham Street
TYPE: Run
NOTES: Seaman Avenue & Isham Street, just north of the flagpole. More information at www.inwoof.com.

J. Hood Wright Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Fort Washington & Haven Avenues, West 173rd Street
TYPE: Run

Madison Square Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Madison Avenue to 5th Avenue between East 23rd Street & East 26th Street
TYPE: Run

Marcus Garvey Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Madison Avenue and East 120th Street
TYPE: Run

Morningside Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Morningside Avenue between 114th and 119th streets
TYPE: Run

Peter Detmold Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: West of FDR Drive, between East 49th & East 51st streets
TYPE: Run

Randalls Island Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Except for areas where dogs are expressly prohibited via signage, all areas of the park are off-leash during designated hours.
TYPE: Off-Leash
NOTES: Off-leash hours for the island are before 9:00 a.m. and after 9:00 p.m.

Riverside Park South Dog Run

ADDRESS: Hudson River Greenway at W. 72nd St
TYPE: Run

Riverside Park: 142nd Street Dog Run

ADDRESS: W. 142nd St & Riverside Dr
TYPE: Run

Robert Moses Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: 41st & 42nd streets at 1st Avenue
TYPE: Run

St. Nicholas Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: St Nicholas Avenue to St. Nicholas Terrace, West 128th to West 141 streets
TYPE: Run

Stuyvesant Square Dog Park

ADDRESS: E. 15th St between 2nd Ave & Perlman Pl
TYPE: Run

Theodore Roosevelt Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Central Park West at West 81st Street
TYPE: Run

Thomas Jefferson Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: East 112th Street and FDR Drive
TYPE: Run

Tompkins Square Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: 1st Avenue to Avenue B, from East 7th to East 10th streets
TYPE: Run
[Accessible]

Tribeca Dog Run

ADDRESS: Warren St between West St & Greenwich St
TYPE: Run

Union Square Dog Run

ADDRESS: 15th Street & Union Square West
TYPE: Run

Washington Square Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: 5th Avenue, Waverly Place, West 4th Street, between McDougal & Thompson streets, south side of the park (behind building)
TYPE: Run

Barretto Point Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Tiffany Street and Viele Avenue
TYPE: Off-Leash

Bronx Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Boston Road & Bronx Park East
TYPE: Run
[Accessible]

Bronx Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Unionport & Sagamore on Bronx Park East to 233rd Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Claremont Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Concrete Plant Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Along Bronx River between Bruckner Blvd & Westchester Avenue
TYPE: Off-Leash

Crotona Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Except for playgrounds and other areas where dogs are expressly prohibited via signage, all areas of the park are off-leash during designated hours.
TYPE: Off-Leash

Ewen Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Riverdale to Johnson avenues, south of West 232nd Street
TYPE: Run

Ferry Point Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Schley Avenue between Brush and Balcom Avenues
TYPE: Off-Leash

Fort Independence Playground Dog Run

ADDRESS: Sedgwick Ave & W. 238th St
TYPE: Run

Fox Playground Dog Run

ADDRESS: Fox St & E. 15th St
TYPE: Run

Frank S. Hackett Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Riverdale Avenue at Henry Hudson Parkway
TYPE: Run

Franz Sigel Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Center of the park, just north of the ballfields which would line up with around 155th Street.
TYPE: Run

Haffen Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Gunther and Hammersley Avenues
TYPE: Off-Leash

Henry Hudson Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Kappock Street and Independence Avenue
TYPE: Off-Leash

Joseph Rodham Drake Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Mullaly Park Off-Leash Area

TYPE: Off-Leash

Pelham Bay Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: Middletown Road Parking Lot (off Stadium Ave.)
TYPE: Run

Pelham Bay Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Middletown Road & Stadium Avenue, northwest of parking lot.
TYPE: Off-Leash
NOTES: The dog run at Pelham Bay Park is close to Watt Avenue and Middletown Road. Both streets merge at the entrance to the parking lot on Middletown Road. The dog run is about 100 yards east of that point.
Please download our map of permitted on-leash dog areas.

Seton Falls Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Baychester Avenue and East 233 Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Seton Park Dog Run

ADDRESS: West 232nd Street & Independence Avenue
TYPE: Run

Soundview Dog Run

ADDRESS: Lafayette Avenue Between Colgate and Boynton Avenues
[Accessible]NOTES: Large and small dog runs.

St. Mary's Dog Run

This facility is currently closed. Details

As a part of our Anchor Parks initiative, reconstruction of the dog run and ballfield in the southeast corner of St. Mary's Park is now underway. Follow this project on the Parks Capital Tracker for updates.

ADDRESS: Near corner of Cypress Ave and East 143rd St
TYPE: Run

Starlight Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Sheridan Blvd and East 172 Street
TYPE: Off-Leash

Tremont Park Off-Leash Area

ADDRESS: Except for playgrounds and other areas where dogs are expressly prohibited via signage, all areas of the park are off-leash during designated hours.
TYPE: Off-Leash

Van Cortlandt Park: Sackerah Woods Dog Run

ADDRESS: Gun Hill Road and Gates Place
TYPE: Run

Van Cortlandt Park: Canine Court

ADDRESS: Broadway and 252 Street
TYPE: Run
NOTES: More info.

Van Cortlandt Park: Oneida Run

ADDRESS: Van Cortlandt Park East between Oneida Avenue and East 238th Street
TYPE: Run
[Accessible]NOTES: More info.

Williamsbridge Oval Dog Run

ADDRESS: 3225 Reservoir Oval East
TYPE: Run

Events

Visit our Dog Events page to find pet-themed events in Parks for you and your dog pal.

City Dog Groups

ARF–ARF
American Society For The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Animal Care & Control of New York
Central Park Paws
Fellowship in the Interest of Dogs & their Owners (FIDO)
Mayor's Alliance for NYC's Animals
New York Council of Dog Owners Groups
Park Users and Pets Society

Video

It's My Park segment about Prospect Park Dog Beach.

question: What are the New York State law requirements for every dog owner that enables them to take their dogs out for activities?

answer: All dogs must be vaccinated against rabies, and dog owners must carry their current proof of licence.

question: Is it compulsory for all dogs to be on a leash?

answer: Yes, except when in designated off-leash areas on in dog runs.

question: What areas are dogs not allowed?

answer: Bathing facilities such as swimming pools, playgrounds, zoos, basketball/tennis/handball courts, fountains, and new york beaches (with some exceptions).

question: How often does the off-leash policy in parks change?

answer: That information is not known.

question: Why should you avoid wet grass with your dog?

answer: The grass is 20 times more vulnerable to compaction during rainfall.

question: When is it considered necessary to get a microchip ID for your dog

answer: It might be implied that it is necessary at all times, especially when in public areas with other dogs.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The article listed the rules and regulations dog owners are expected to abide by when taking their dogs out now that New York City has opened its park for dog activities and socialising. The New York State law also maintained that all dog owners must abide by the rules of the CDC by wearing an appropriate face mask and maintaining social distance, following the COVID-19 safety guidelines.


text:
The DISTRICT COURT is the lower court system in Hong Kong, having both criminal and civil jurisdictions. It is located in the Wanchai Law Courts, Wanchai Tower, 12 Harbour Road. In the past there were six district courts, namely Victoria, Kowloon, Fanling, Tsuen Wan, Tuen Mun and Sha Tin, before being amalgamated and moved to the same location in March 1991.

Jurisdiction

Civil jurisdiction

The District Court has limited civil jurisdiction. For a contract, quasi-contract or tort claim to be handled by the District Court, it should be for an amount over HK$75,000 but not more than HK$3 million.[1] If the claim is more than HK$3 million, the claim can still be pursued in the District Court (instead of the Court of First Instance of the High Court) provided that the excess is abandoned.[2] If the claim is HK$75,000 or less, an adverse costs order may be made against the winning plaintiff due to pursuing its claim in the wrong court.

If the plaintiff's claim does not exceed HK$3 million, but the defendant counterclaims for over HK$3 million, the claim and the counterclaim (or the counterclaim only) may be transferred to the Court of First Instance of the High Court. For good reasons, the District Court may continue to handle the whole case even when the counterclaim exceeds HK$3 million, but a report has to be made to the High Court, which may order that the case be transferred.[3]

As to claims for possession of land, the District Court can deal with buildings or premises the annual rent or rateable value or the annual value of which does not exceed HK$320,000.[4]

If a claimant invokes the District Court's equity jurisdiction, the above limits are equally applicable, except that in proceedings wholly relating to land, the maximum value shall not exceed HK$7 million.[5]

Distraint claims are handled by the District Court.

The District Court has exclusive jurisdiction to determine claims for compensation payable under the Employees' Compensation Ordinance (Cap. 282), regardless of the amount.[6] Such claims are governed by the Employees' Compensation (Rules of Court) Rules (Cap. 282B)[7] and Practice Direction 18.2.[8]

The District Court has exclusive jurisdiction to deal with claims made under the Sex Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 480),[9] the Disability Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 487),[10] the Family Status Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 527)[11] and the Race Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 602).[12] Such claims are governed by the District Court Equal Opportunities Rules (Cap. 336G)[13] and Practice Direction SL8.[14]

The District Court has jurisdiction to handle claims by the Inland Revenue Department against defaulting taxpayers to recover outstanding tax due to the Government, regardless of the amount.[15] The District Court also hears appeals from taxpayers against assessments by the Collector of Stamp Duty.[16]

Criminal jurisdiction

The system is modelled after the English legal system, with indictable offences being taken up by the District Court if they are transferred from the magistrate's court. A District Court Judge sits alone without a jury.

The District Court hears all serious cases except murder, manslaughter and rape, and can impose a sentence of up to seven years. Cases are heard in either the Cantonese or English language.

Composition

Eligibility and appointment

A person who has practised for at least 5 years as a barrister, advocate, solicitor or judicial officer in Hong Kong or another common law jurisdiction is eligible to be appointed as a Judge, Registrar or Master of the District Court.[17][18]

District Judges, as well as the Registrar and Masters of the District Court, are appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of the independent Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission (JORC).[19][20]

Limited-term or vacancy-filling Deputy District Judges may be appointed by the Chief Justice.[21]

It is not uncommon for a person to sit as a short-term Deputy District Judge prior to appointment in a permanent capacity.

In 1986, Her Honour Judge Helen Lo was the first woman to be appointed as a District Judge.[22][23]

District judges are mandated to retire at age 65.[24]

Chief District Judge

The Chief District Judge is the Court Leader of the District Court.

The Judges who have held the position of Chief District Judge to date are:

  No.   Name                          Tenure Start        Tenure End         Tenure Length                        Reason for Tenure End                            Later Most Senior Judicial Role
  ----- ----------------------------- ------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------- -- --
  1     Clare-Marie Beeson, SBS       1 July 1997         30 November 1997                                        Appointed Judge of the Court of First Instance   Same _(retired)_
  2     Richard Neville Hawkes, BBS   19 March 1999       1 July 2001                                             Retired                                          None _(retired)_
  3     Barnabas Fung Wah, GBS        16 May 2001         26 November 2006                                        Appointed Judge of the Court of First Instance   Same
  4     Patrick Li Hon-leung          2 July 2008         15 August 2012                                          Appointed Judge of the Court of First Instance   Same
  5     Poon Siu-tung                 17 September 2012   13 January 2019                                         Appointed Judge of the Court of First Instance   Same
  6     JUSTIN KO KING-SAU            6 January 2020      _Incumbent_        {{age in years and days|2020|01|06                                                    duration=on}}

District Judges

District Judges are referred to as ‘His/Her Honour Judge [surname]’.

The current Judges of the District Court (as at 3 January 2020) are (ranked according to seniority):[25]

CHIEF DISTRICT JUDGE

-   His Honour Judge Justin Ko

DISTRICT JUDGES

-   His Honour Judge Michael Wong
-   His Honour Judge Stanley Chan
-   His Honour Judge Simon Leung
-   Her Honour Judge Sharon Melloy
-   His Honour Judge Eddie Yip
-   Her Honour Judge Katina Levy
-   His Honour Judge C K Chan (Principal Family Court Judge)
-   His Honour Judge Frankie Yiu
-   His Honour Judge K W Wong
-   His Honour Judge Douglas Yau
-   His Honour Judge W K Kwok
-   His Honour Judge Josiah Lam
-   His Honour Judge Anthony Kwok
-   His Honour Judge David Dufton
-   His Honour Judge S M Sham
-   Her Honour Judge Amanda Woodcock
-   His Honour Judge K H Hui
-   His Honour Judge Jack Wong
-   Her Honour Judge Katherine Lo
-   His Honour Judge Johnny Chan
-   His Honour Judge Gary Lam
-   His Honour Judge Andrew Li
-   His Honour Judge Herbert Au-Yeung
-   His Honour Judge Harold Leong
-   His Honour Judge Kent Yee
-   His Honour Judge Roy Yu
-   His Honour Judge C P Pang
-   His Honour Judge Timothy Casewell
-   His Honour Judge Simon Lo
-   His Honour Judge Isaac Tam
-   Her Honour Judge Angela Kot
-   His Honour Judge Reuden Lai
-   His Honour Judge George Own
-   Her Honour Judge Grace Chan
-   His Honour Judge L W Wong
-   His Honour Judge M K Liu
-   His Honour Judge Edmond Lee
-   Her Honour Judge Winnie Tsui
-   His Honour Judge Clement Lee
-   His Honour Judge Ernest Lin
-   Her Honour Judge Adriana Tse Ching
-   His Honour Judge K K Pang
-   His Honour Judge K C Chan
-   Her Honour Judge Phoebe Man

Pursuant to a general power of appointment to vacancies or on a temporary basis under sections 10 and 37A of the High Court Ordinance, Cap. 4,[26] the Chief Justice frequently makes short-term appointments of District Court judges to sit in the High Court as a Deputy Judge or Master.[27]

All District Judges are, by virtue of their office, Presiding Officers of the Lands Tribunal.[28] In practice, however, only certain District Judges are assigned to hear cases in the Lands Tribunal.

Deputy District Judges

The Chief Justice appoints on a temporary basis a number of Permanent Magistrates, retired judges and practitioners in private practice to sit as Deputy District Judges. A Deputy District Judge may exercise all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a District Judge.[29]

All Deputy District Judges are, by virtue of their office, Presiding Officers of the Lands Tribunal.[30] In practice, however, only certain Deputy District Judges are assigned to hear cases in the Lands Tribunal.

Forms of address

All Judges of the District Court (regardless of whether Chief District Judge, Judges or Deputy Judges) are addressed in court as “Your Honour”.

In court judgments and decisions, District Judges are referred to as 'His/Her Honour Judge [surname]', 'HH Judge [surname]' or 'HHJ [surname]'. Deputy District Judges are referred to as 'Deputy District Judge [surname]' or 'DDJ [surname]'.

[1] District Court Ordinance (Cap. 336), Section 32(1)

[2] District Court Ordinance (Cap. 336), Section 34

[3] District Court Ordinance (Cap. 336), Section 41(3)-(6)

[4] District Court Ordinance (Cap. 336), Section 35

[5] District Court Ordinance (Cap. 336), Section 37

[6] Employees' Compensation Ordinance (Cap. 282), Sections 18A(1) and 21

[7] Employees' Compensation (Rules of Court) Rules (Cap. 282B)

[8] Practice Direction – 18.2 (The Employees' Compensation List)

[9] Sex Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 480), Section 76

[10] Disability Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 487), Section 72

[11] Family Status Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 527), Section 54

[12] Race Discrimination Ordinance (Cap. 602), Section 70

[13] District Court Equal Opportunities Rules (Cap. 336G)

[14] Practice Direction – SL8 (The Equal Opportunities List)

[15] Inland Revenue Ordinance (Cap. 112), Section 75

[16] Stamp Duty Ordinance (Cap. 117), Section 14

[17] District Court Ordinance (Cap. 336), Sections 5 and 14AA

[18] Hong Kong Basic Law, Article 92

[19] Hong Kong Basic Law, Articles 48(6) and 88

[20] Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission Ordinance (Cap. 92)

[21] District Court Ordinance (Cap. 336), Section 7

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27] see example:

[28]

[29]

[30]

title: District Court (Hong Kong)

question: How strict is the civil jurisdiction in Hong Kong?

answer: The civil jurisdiction is quite strict in Hing Kong, having some severe punishments.

question: What cases does the District Court not handle?

answer: The District Court does not handle murder, manslaughter, and rape.

question: What are the requirements to be a Judge, Registrar, or Master of the District Court?

answer: The requirements to be either of these three are to have practiced for at least 5 years as a barrister, advocate, solicitor, or judicial officer in Hong Kong or another common law jurisdiction.


text:
BONHOMME CREEK is a stream in St. Louis County in the U.S. state of Missouri.[1] It is a tributary of the Missouri River.

The stream headwaters arise southeast of the community of Pond and it flows generally north passing under Missouri Route 100 and Missouri Route 109 and the community of Orrville. The stream enters the Missouri floodplain south of Gumbo, passes north of US Route 40 north of Chesterfield and enters the Missouri River.[2]

The stream source is at and the confluence is at .[3]

Bonhomme is a name derived from French meaning “good man”.[4] The English and French names for the stream probably are accurate preservations of the Omaha language term _nikadonhe_ (“good man”), a type of Indian religious leader.[5]

[1]

[2] _Missouri Atlas & Gazetteer,_ DeLorme, 1998, First edition, p. 40,

[3]

[4]

[5]

title: Bonhomme Creek

question: Where is Bonhomme Creek?

answer: Bonhomme Creek is found in St. Louis County in the U.S. State of Missouri.

question: What is Bonhomme Creek?

answer: It is a stream that is a tributary of the Missouri river.

question: What areas does the stream cover?

answer: The stream headwaters rise at the southeast of the community of Pond and flows north under Routes 100 and 109 and through the community of Orrville. It then enters the floodplain south of Gumbo and passes north of Route 40 north of Chesterfield.

question: Why was the stream named Bonhomme?

answer: It appears that the name of the stream in the Omaha language is nikadonhe, which means "good man". Bonhomme is the French equivalent of "good man".

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: In St. Louis County, Missouri, one can find Bonhomme Creek, a tributary of the Missouri river. The creek takes its name after the French term for "good man", apparently, the Omahans called the creek nikadonhe, which meant "good man". The stream reaches the community of Pond and goes all the way north of Chesterfield.