text:
HAWKESBURY resident Gretta Serov passionately campaigned for the National Disability Insurance Scheme’s inception, but now that it has arrived, she feels betrayed as she feels it has taken away her independence.

Serov, 26, has Severe Athetoid Cerebral Palsy and is confined to a wheelchair. She cannot speak, and communicates via an iPad.

Despite her challenges, Serov is reasonably independent. She attends University, and wants to do a postgraduate course in journalism and become a human rights advocate.

However, because of her condition, she needs help getting to and from places. Her mother lives in Leura, and her father lives in Bowen Mountain. She attends university and has an active social life.

To get to all these places, Serov needs a taxi capable of fitting her wheelchair, and therein lies her issues with the NDIS.

Under previous schemes, Serov was granted money, which she was able to use in whatever way she thought would make her life better. She chose to use it on taxis to have a social life and try to get a degree.

Under the NDIS, there are strict limits on what money can and cannot be spent on, and it has frustrated Serov to no end.

“Without access to my core funding for independent transport I have been left in the debilitating situation of being totally stripped of my independence,” she said.

  “I am now 26, I was hoping to be living independently by this time but my dream of independence has had to be put on hold because without access to a reliable taxi service I can't live independently.”

A spokesperson from the National Disability Insurance Agency, the government body that runs the NDIS, refused to speak about Serov’s situation, citing privacy concerns.

The spokesperson said anyone unhappy with their NDIS plan could request a review.

“The NDIA encourages anyone unhappy with their NDIS experience to contact us,” the spokesperson said.

“Participants are also encouraged to contact the NDIA to look at the options for flexibility in using their plan.”

The fact the NDIS has in many ways made life tougher for Serov, the exact opposite of its stated aim, has been a slap in the face to the former program champion.

Serov said she had raised her concerns with representatives from the NDIA.

She said recently she had found a case worker at Penrith who took her complaints seriously, however, in the past, she felt as if staff did not understand her disability or condition.

“[When I] have tried to dispute the funding allowances with the NDIA, I have been either dismissed, ignored, expected to jump through hoops by providing layers of documentation that go nowhere and even worse belittled,” she said.

Serov said she had been told by NDIA staff she could simply get a lift with her parents to university and other locations, but said her powerchair did not fit in their cars.

"The only way I am able to get to and from university and retain some form of independence while on campus, is to either have a carer meet and swap cars with my mum at her work or my dad has to miss out on a day of work so he can drive me to and from university,” she said.

The NDIA spokesperson said the agency was reviewing some parts of the NDIS, in an attempt to improve services and outcomes for its clients.

“The NDIA will continue working with people with disability, their families and carers to resolve any issues during this unique period of transition and remains committed to getting the balance right between participant intake, plan quality and the sustainability of the Scheme,” the spokesperson said.

Member for Macquarie Susan Templeman said it was a shame Serov’s situation had ended up like it had.

“Gretta has always been encouraged to be independent and I was disgusted that the NDIS, which is meant to leave people no worse off than they were before, had failed to match her travel needs,” she said.

[NDIS recipient Gretta Serov outside Hobartville Public School. Picture: Geoff Jones]

__ NDIS recipient Gretta Serov outside Hobartville Public School. Picture: Geoff Jones

Ms Templeman criticised the rollout of the NDIS, which has largely occured under the Coalition.

“There have been a range of problems with the rollout of the NDIS, in particular a clunky IT system and poor quality plans,” she said.

“I think some of this is about the level of training people are given and also that some of the rules are just not clear, and therefore decisions aren’t consistent.

“The IT system has been plagued by difficulties that have resulted in significant problems for people with disability and disability service providers.

“It’s vital that the Turnbull Government gets on with the job of fixing the NDIS IT system and ensuring that there are enough staff and they have access to proper training.

“The NDIS is the biggest social policy reform since the introduction of Medicare – it’s vital that we get it right.”

As for Serov, she told The Gazette she was happy an NDIA staff whom she had recently met was taking her complaints seriously.

However, she said she was ultimately dismayed that a program she passionately campaigned for, had morphed into something which had not improved her life and had robbed her of some of her independence.

question: What is the NDIS?

answer: The National Disability Insurance Scheme is how money is granted to people with disabilities.

question: What is the concern with NDIS?

answer: The NDIS has strict rules on how the money it grants can be used, which has put limits on the freedom it is supposed to give to its recipients.

question: What is an example of the limits that NDIS has?

answer: For wheelchair-bound Gretta Serov, the NDIS limits the transportation options she can have. Whereas under the previous schemes, she could use the money to hire a specialized taxi that can accommodate her wheelchair.

question: Why was the NDIS created?

answer: While not specifically stated, it is likely that the NDIS was created to increase the grants given to people with disabilities, which in turn, would help improve their lives.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The NDIS, which was made to provide aid to people with disability, has rules and procedures that troubles the recipients instead of giving help. This primarily has to do with how NDIS resources are allowed to be used. Ironically, Gretta Serov, who once campaigned for the creation of the NDIS (Gretta has a form of cerebral palsy and is wheelchair bound), is now having more trouble than before the creation of NDIS as it has hampered her ability to find transportation options.


split: train

text:
[You Can Drill Your Own Homestead Well]

Have you ever wondered if it was possible to drill your own well? I have. I’ve looked into a few options over the years and recently came across Nathaniel Burson’s DVD course on the system he has developed that has been helping people drill their own wells for 15 years. This system is a pretty neat and fairly simple way to drill and case a well on your homestead inexpensively, using compressed air. The DVD course and instruction manual he offers is very straight forward and VERY THOROUGH. I was very impressed with this system and decided to have him on the the North Country Farmer Show to discuss how it works and to answer some common questions on well drilling. You can find his website at THIS LINK.

You can listen to our conversation and interview on the player below. Nathaniel provides lots of interesting and valuable information in this episode that you won’t find anywhere else.

Listen to “Drilling Your Own Well” on Spreaker.

[Tractor Supply]

[]

[]

question: Who made the DVD course?

answer: Nathaniel Burson made the DVD course.

question: How long has Nathaniel's method been used?

answer: Nathaniel's method has been used for 15 years.

question: What does Nathaniel's method use to drill a well?

answer: Nathaniel's method uses compressed air to drill a well.

question: Where can you listen to Nathaniel's method online?

answer: You can listen to Nathaniel's method on Spreaker.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Nathaniel Burson has a method for drilling your own well. Nathaniel has made a DVD course over his method, and was interviewed by the North Country Farmer Show. Nathaniel's "Drilling Your Own Well" is available on Spreaker.


text:
Our eyes lock from across the bar. It’s tattered, run-down, out of sorts; a plethora of synonyms running rampant throughout a bar that's memories are a rollercoaster of emotion...she lights a cigarette, and the soft glow from her lighter sets aflame her red lipstick. She shuts it with a faint clap and the smoke lingers around her, tiredly, softly. The bartender approaches her, his drink-soaked rag painting spirals of soft mahogany and liquor. He asks with gentle kindness if she’d like a refill, and, without skipping a beat, her fingers tap the glass in acknowledgement. I watch the slow, steady pour of gold flow from the bottle as he tips it into her glass. It tidal waves momentarily and crashes amongst itself and she whispers a thank you, her gaze never leaving mine.

Fighting the urge to get up and approach this situation we’ve gotten ourselves into, I disengage our stare momentarily to take in my surroundings. New-comers and men whom are infinitely secured to barstools alike are strewn across this tavern. The hum of conversation floats around as, every once in a short while, the door opens and let’s a barely audible inhalation of air and the dispersed patter of rain flicking pavement outside coat our world of lost hopes, dreams and love.
And then I get up.

I walk towards her, calm and cool, as my heart inside plays a mixed melody of heavy drumming and de-escalating jazz. Time slows as I get my first full glimpse of the ravishing woman I’ve been ever falling for in the last hour. Her slender legs crawl upwards toward an almost too short skirt of deafeningly black silk. This silk ripples upward and explodes into hips, stomach and chest that would give the word immaculate a respectable run for its money.

My greeting comes out in silence; it’s as if I’m watching everything fold out from above, an audience member cheering on his favourite fighter. I lead with a heavy blow to the heart as I lean in; close enough for her to smell the wet and whiskey emanating from a long night of wandering from bar to bar in the drizzle that hasn’t seemed to let up in recent memory.

I watch myself ask her name, and the sound is turned up just long enough for me to hear her whisper back: Maxine. And a faint smile spreads across her lips as if she had been waiting to tell me that her entire life. As if the rain had lead my feet from a tiresome day at work, lifting me on invisible strings like a marionette throughout the night to this very bar, to that very seat, and shuffled them in dim-light and soft music across the floor to stand in front of her, to lean into her, to whisper to her, all for me to know the name of Maxine. A woman of explosive subtleness, impeccable taste in single-malt scotch, and, as I lock eyes with hers for the second time tonight, the soul of an angel.
She takes another long drag of smoke as we circle around the ring of attraction. She takes a swing back and feels the lapel of my trench coat. She comments on how very wet I seem to be. The hairs on my neck pulsate. She finishes her drink, the ice cut in half from having slightly watered down several drinks. I quickly raise two fingers in the air, not knowing if the bartender would see or not; truth be told, in that very moment I could not have been positive if gravity was even still anchoring us to earth. She catches me by surprise, my heartbeat tumbling, and pushes down my wrist, negating the drinks I had or had not ordered.

And she grabs my hand.
And she stands.
And she leads me towards the back of the bar.
And I could hear my veins digesting whiskey, my heart digesting emotions, and, once in that very short trip to the back, the doors of the bar swung open, the room inhaled, and I could hear the now heavy sheets of rain washing away the streetlight outside.

title: Sheets

question: How do the main characters know each other?

answer: They don't. They see each other in a bar.

question: How does the narrator feel about the woman?

answer: He's been falling for her for an hour.

question: What is the purpose of the narrator approaching the woman?

answer: To introduce himself to her.

question: Does the woman feel the same about the narrator?

answer: Yes, she has been returning his gaze for an hour. When he approaches her, she stands and pulls him to follow her to the back of the bar.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator is sitting in a bar. For the last hour, he has been staring at a woman across the bar; she returns his gaze. He finally gets up and approaches her, and it feels as if time has slowed. He is watching himself from outside his body as he asks her name. Maxine seems thrilled with him. She stands and pulls him with her to the back of the bar.


text:
SANT’IPPOLITO is a church in Nomentano, Viale delle Provincie.

History

It was ordered by Pope Pius XI and built between 1933-34 by architect Clemente Busiri Vici; He was blessed 23 December 1934 and first start there was celebrated on Christmas Eve; was solemnly consecrated on 4 October 1938. The church was dedicated to St. Hippolytus Martyr, whose catacombs are located nearby.

The church is home parish, established on 26 May 1935 with the decree of the Cardinal Vicar Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani Boni Pastoris vestigiis; initially entrusted to the Friars Minor Capuchin since 1985 it is run by the diocesan clergy. Since 14 February 2015, it is the seat of the cardinal title of _S. Hippolytii_, and its Protector is John Dew|John Atcherley Cardinal Dew.

title: Sant'Ippolito, Rome

question: In which country is Sant 'Ippolito located?

answer: Rome is a city in Italy.

question: When was the first church service held at Sant'Ippolito?

answer: On Christmas Eve 1934.

question: Why was the church dedicated to St. Hippolytus Martyr?

answer: Its catacombs are located nearby.

question: Who runs the home parish?

answer: The diocesan clergy.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Sant 'Ippolito is a Roman church built in 1934. It was dedicated to St. Hippolytus Martyr, whose catacombs are located nearby.


text:
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  [Caution icon - Noun Project 9556 white.svg]                                                                                CONTENT WARNING
                                                                                This article mentions RECLAIMED SLURS; if you are not comfortable with reading about this kind of topic, we suggest you take a step back.
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This alphabetical list of some of the MORE COMMON NONBINARY IDENTITIES lists many gender identities that are nonbinary. That is, those other than just female and male identities, which are the binary genders. This list gives names for nonbinary identities in English-speaking cultures, as well as those that are part of other cultures. (For the latter, please never use a word for your gender that belongs only to a culture or ethnic group that is not yours.) Some of these words for nonbinary identities have been used in writing for thousands of years. Meanwhile, some of these words were created more recently. This page lists fewer of the older gender-variant identities than the new ones, because it can be harder to say whether it's accurate to put those in the category of "nonbinary." See also _List of uncommon nonbinary identities_.

A

[]

Shown here live at Øyafestivalen 2013, Raeen Roes, better known by their stage name Angel Haze, is a well known agender rapper, as they announced via twitter in February 2015.

-   AGENDER. People have been calling themselves agender since at least before 2013.[1] Some who call themselves agender have no gender identity (genderless). Others who call themselves agender have a gender identity, which isn't female or male, but neutral.[2] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 944 of the 3,055 respondents (31%) were agender.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 2,723 of the 11,242 respondents (24.22%) were agender.[4] Notable agender people include rapper Angel Haze,[5] [6] astrophysicist Amita Kuttner,[7] model Juno Mitchell,[8] and poet Bogi Takács.[9]

-   ANDROGYNE. This ancient word from Latin means _man-woman,_ and it entered English in the 12th century.[10] For over a century, it has been used for a wide variety of kinds of gender nonconformance, gender identities, and gender expressions that do not fit into the gender binary.[2] It has been used as an umbrella term for them. Androgyne can mean intersex, but not all androgynes are intersex.[11] Victorian and Edwardian era people who called themselves androgynes believed their gender-nonconforming natures originated in hidden intersex characteristics in their brain or body. This was the view of a notable androgyne, autobiographer Jennie June (b. 1874).[12] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 380 of the respondents (12%) called themselves androgynes.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 1054 of the respondents (9.3%) called themselves androgynes.[4]

-   APORAGENDER. Coined in 2014, from Greek _apo, apor_ "separate" + "gender".[13] A nonbinary gender identity and umbrella term for "a gender separate from male, female, and anything in between while still having a very strong and specific gendered feeling" (that is, not an absence of gender).[14] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 5 of the respondents (0.16%) were aporagender.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 23 of the respondents (0.20%) were aporagender.[4]

-   AUTISMGENDER. The name can be shortened, such as autigender or autgender. A gender identity with which some nonbinary people with autism choose to use to describe themselves. Coined in 2014 by Tumblr users autismgender and esperancegirl, by submissions to the MOGAI-Archive blog. They defined it as "autism as part or whole of gender identity; a gender that can only be understood in context of being autistic." When your gender experience is influenced by or linked to your autism, or your understanding of the concept of gender itself is fundamentally altered by your autism.[15] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, one of the respondents called their gender identity "autistic," and another said "autisgender."[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 66 of the respondents (0.59%) called their gender identity autigender, autgender, autistic, or autiqueer.[4]

B

-   BIGENDER, or BI-GENDER. A bigender person feels they have two gender identities, at the same time, or at different times.[2][16] A bigender person may move between their gender expressions based on their situation or their feelings.[2] These two genders might be female and male, or they might be a different pair of genders. This identity (in the form "bigendered") was in use as early as 1995.[17] In 1997, it was described in _International Journal of Transgenderism_.[18] The American Psychological Association (APA) recognizes bigender as one type of transgender person.[16] A 1999 survey conducted by the San Francisco Department of Public Health observed that, among the transgender community, less than 3% of those who were assigned male at birth and less than 8% of those who were assigned female at birth identified as bigender.[19] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 123 of the respondents (4%) were bigender.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 419 of the respondents (3.72%) were bigender.[4] Notable bigender people include the top-charting musician B-Complex,[20] the speculative fiction writer R.B. Lemberg,[21][22] and the young adult novelist Mia Siegert.[23]

[]

A _bissu_ leader named Puang Matoa Saidi, in 2004.[24]

-   BISSU. For the past six centuries, the Bugis people of Indonesia have divided their society into five genders, which must coexist harmoniously: _oroané_ (cisgender men), _makkunrai_ (cisgender women), _calabai_ (transgender women), _calalai_ (transgender men), and _bissu_ (all aspects of gender combined to form a whole).[25][26] [27][28][29][30] Someone is born with the propensity to become _bissu_ if they are intersex, but ambiguous genitalia alone do not confer the state of being a _bissu_, and ambiguous genitalia need not be visible. A normative male who becomes a _bissu_ is believed to be female on the inside.[31] In order to become _bissu_, one must learn priestly skills, remain celibate, and wear conservative clothes.[32][33] Until the 1940s, the _bissu_ were central to keeping ancient palace rituals alive, including coronations of kings and queens.[32] Changes in the Bugis government sidelined the _bissu_. Persecution from hardline Islamic groups, police, and politicians resulted in fewer people taking on the role. By 2019, the _bissu_ still exist, though their numbers have declined. _Bissu_ today participate in weddings as maids of honour, and work as farmers, as well as performing their cultural roles as priests.[32]

-   BOI. A queer masculine identity which is not cis-heteronormative.[34] Boi originated in African American culture during the 1990s. It covers a wide variety of alternative masculine identities in emo, BDSM, gay male, lesbian, and genderqueer communities. For some, but not all, boi is an identity outside the gender binary. Not all who use it are people of color. Definitions of "boi" vary widely.[35][36][37][38] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 3 of the respondents said their gender was boi.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 76 of the respondents (0.68%) said their gender was boi, or used boi as part of a word for their gender identity, such as femme boy, femboi, tomboi, or demiboy.[4]

[]

Lesbian Butch/Femme Society march in New York City's Gay Pride Parade (2007).

-   BUTCH. Butch is a queer masculine identity.[35] It originated in working-class lesbian bar culture in the 1940s and 50s.[39][40] Leslie Feinberg, who was a butch of the 1950s onward and a trans person,[41] defines butch as a category of gender identity, neither male nor female. From the mid-20th century, there has been a tradition of roles of queer butch-femme couples.[35] Butch-femme couples are not a rule, especially not after cultural changes in lesbian culture in the 1970s.[42] Butch-femme couples are not an imitation of heterosexuality.[43] Masculinity or butchness is neither the same as nor an imitation of manhood. As one trans man interviewed by sociologist Henry Rubin put it, the butch lesbian women he knew "were much more butch than me. But I was much more male than they were."[44] Though butch most often means a lesbian woman, not all are.[35] Queer theorist and butch Jack Halberstam defines its indefinability: "The butch is neither cis-gender nor simply transgender [...] Butch is always a misnomer-- not male, not female, masculine but not male, female but not feminine".[45] Butch is a diverse category. Some people choose to call themselves butch.[35] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 6 of the respondents said they were butch.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 105 of the respondents (0.93%) called their identity butch, or some form of it, such as soft butch.[4] Notable people who call themselves butch as an identity outside the gender binary include writer Ivan E. Coyote,[46][47][48] comedian Kelli Dunham,[49] and social worker Sonalee Rashatwar.[50]

D

-   DEMIBOY. A gender identity that is both male and genderless.[51][3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 834 of the respondents (7.42%) said they were a demiboy, demiguy, demiman, or other form of this identity.[4]

-   DEMIGENDER.[3] An umbrella term for nonbinary identities that have a partial connection to a certain gender. In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 459 of the respondents (15%) said they were demigender, or a form of demigender, such as demiagender, demifluid, demifemme, demimasculine, or demigal.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 2,331 of the respondents (20.73%) were demigender, demiboy, demigirl, deminonbinary, or other form of this identity.[4]

-   DEMIGIRL.[3] A gender identity that is both female and genderless.[52] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 7.98% (897) of the respondents said they were a demigirl, demiwoman, demifemale, or other form of this identity.[4]

F

[]

Fa'afafine banner at the Auckland pride parade in 2016.

-   FA'AFAFINE. In Samoa, the Fa'afafine are people who were assigned male at birth (AMAB), have a feminine gender expression, and don't think of themselves as female or male.[53] It has been estimated that 1–5% of Samoans identify as fa'afafine.[54] _Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand_ estimates that there are 500 fa’afafine in Samoa, and the same number in the Samoan diaspora in New Zealand,[55] while according to SBS news, there are up to 3,000 fa'afafine currently living in Samoa.[56] The masculine and assigned female at birth (AFAB) counterpart of fa'afafine in Samoa are known variously as faʻatane, faʻatama, and fafatama.[_citation\ needed_]

-   FEMME. From the French word for "woman," femme originated as a queer feminine identity in 1950s working-class lesbian bar culture.[39] Traditionally, femme was the counterpart of the butch role. Today, queer people who choose to call themselves femme do not necessarily seek a butch-femme relationship.[57] Femme does not simply mean a conventionally feminine woman, and is instead a culturally transgressive queer identity. Surveys show that a significant percentage of nonbinary and genderqueer people identify as femme. Or, to put it another way, that many femmes consider themselves nonbinary or genderqueer. In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 20 of the respondents (0.65%) called themselves a femme, a nonbinary femme, or othe variations.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 1.35% of the respondents identified as some form of femme.[4] Some notable people who identify as femme outside the binary include author Kate Bornstein,[58] journalist Sassafras Lowrey,[59] disability rights activist Sharon daVanport,[60] and multimedia artist Dev Blair.[61]

G

-   GENDERFLUID, GENDER FLUID, or FLUID GENDER. A gender identity that often changes, so that a person may feel one day like a boy, and another day like a girl, or some other gender.[62] It has been in use since at least the 1990s.[_citation\ needed_] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 947 of the respondents (31%) called themselves genderfluid, or otherwise called themselves "fluid."[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 2,446 of the respondents (21.76%) were genderfluid, or otherwise called themselves "fluid."[4]

-   GENDERFLUX. A gender identity that often changes in intensity, so that a person may feel one day as though they have almost no gender, or none at all, and another day they feel very gendered. This usage of the word was coined in 2014 on Tumblr.[63] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 36 of the respondents (1.18%) called themselves genderflux, or otherwise used "flux" in the word for their gender identity.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 814 of the respondents (7.4%) were genderflux, boyflux, girlflux, agenderflux, or otherwise called themselves flux.[4]

-   GENDERFUCK. A form of gender expression that seeks to subvert the traditional gender binary or gender roles by mixing traditionally masculine (such as a beard) and traditionally feminine (such as a dress) components.[64] Even though it's often used as a gender expression, 0.4% of participants in the 2019 Gender Census identified with this word.[4]

-   GENDERLESS. Having no gender identity. A synonym of agender. In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 17 of the respondents (0.56%) called themselves genderless.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 1,546 of the respondents (13.75%) used the word genderless for themselves.[4]

-   GENDER NEUTRAL. This can mean having nothing to do with gender, or is inclusive of any gender. It can mean having no gender identity, being genderless. Or it can mean having a gender identity that is neutral: not female, not male, not a mix; compare neutrois.[62] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 420 of the respondents (13.75%) called themselves neutral.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 1,390 of the respondents (12.36%) said they were neutral, transneutral, gender neutral, neutral gender, or other similar words.[4]

[]

Asia's first genderqueer pride parade in Madurai, 2012. The genderqueer flag can be seen here, with stripes of purple, white, and green.

-   GENDERQUEER Any gender identity or expression which is queer, in and of itself. That is, a gender which is transgressive and non-normative. This can be an umbrella term, or a specific identity.[62] The earliest known recorded use of genderqueer was in 1995, in the _Transsexual Menace_ newsletter.[65] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 1,244 of the respondents (40.72%) called themselves genderqueer.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 3,274 of the respondents (29.12%) called themselves genderqueer.[4]

-   GENDERVAGUE. Coined in 2014 by many participants of the neurodivergentkin network,[66] who defined it as "a nonbinary gender that [...] is not definable with words because of one’s status as neurodivergent."[66] Autistic activist Lydia X. Z. Brown wrote, "I’ve started referring to myself as gendervague [...] a specifically neurodivergent experience of trans/gender identity. [...] Someone who is gendervague cannot separate their gender identity from their neurodivergence – being autistic doesn’t _cause_ my gender identity, but it is inextricably related to how I understand and experience gender."[67] An author who is gendervague, Max Sparrow, wrote that "[...] disability can affect gender presentation as much as or even more than inherent gender identity. Identity labels so often focus on sifting out one aspect of identity, holding it apart and separate from other aspects of our lives. Gendervague is an inherently intersected identity, honoring two different facets of identity equally, simultaneously more exclusive and more inclusive."[68] In the 2019 Gender Census, 26 respondents (0.23%) called themselves gendervague.[4]

-   GENDERVOID. Coined by Tumblr user Baaphomett in 2014 by a submission to the MOGAI-archive blog.[69] "A gender consisting of the void (also/originally used to mean the same thing as genderless)."[69] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 9 of the respondents (0.29%) called themselves gendervoid or another variation.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 91 of the respondents (0.81%) called their gender "void," "voidgender," "gendervoid," or other variations.[4]

-   GRAYGENDER, GREYGENDER, GRAY AGENDER, or GREY AGENDER.[70] (Spelling note: in American English, the _color_ is called _gray_, but in the rest of the English-speaking world, the _colour_ is called _grey_.) Graygender was coined by Tumblr user invernom in March 2014.[71] It means "A person who identifies as (at least partially) outside the gender binary and has a strong natural ambivalence about their gender identity or gender expression. They feel they have a gender(s), as well as a natural inclination or desire to express it, but it's weak and/or somewhat indeterminate/indefinable, or they don’t feel it most of the time, or they’re just not that invested in it. They're not entirely without a gender or gender expression, but they're not entirely 'with' it either."[72] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 31 responses (0.27%) were this. Of them, 5 were graygender, 20 were greygender, 3 were grey, 2 were grey gender, 1 was greygenderflux.[4]

H

[]

A Pakistani hijra at a protest between two hijra groups from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. 2008.

-   HIJRA. In south Asian countries including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, the hijra are people who were assigned male at birth, who have a feminine gender expression. Traditionally and today, some hijras seek castration. Hijras live together communally. They have important roles in religious practice. They can be Hindu or Muslim. Hijra traditions are ancient. The earliest mention of hijras is in the _Kama Sutra,_ from 400 BCE to 300 CE.[73] In one of the earliest Western records of them, Franciscan travelers wrote about seeing hijras in the 1650s.[74] From the 1850s onward, the British Raj criminalized and tried to exterminate hijras.[75][76] Since the late 20th century, hijra activists and non-government organizations have lobbied for official recognition of the hijra as a legal sex other than male or female. This is important for them to be able to have passports, travel, hold jobs, and other rights. They have been successful at achieving legal recognition as another gender in Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh.[77][78][79][80][81][82] The Hijra in India alone may number as many as 2,000,000 today.[83]

M

[]

_Papa Moe (Mysterious Water)_, an oil painting by the Westerner, Paul Gauguin, from 1893. It depicts a māhū in Tahiti drinking from a waterfall.[84][85]

-   MĀHŪ. In the Kanaka Maoli (Hawaiian) and Maohi (Tahitian) cultures, the māhū (meaning "in the middle") is a traditional gender role outside of the Western concept of gender. It is made of people who may have been assigned either male or female at birth. This tradition existed before Western invaders.[86] The first published description of māhū is from 1789.[87] From 1820 onward, Westerners stigmatized and criminalized māhū.[88] Māhū still exist today,[86] and play an important role in preserving and reviving Polynesian culture.[89][90] There was one māhū in the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey,[3] and one in the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census.[4]

-   MAVERIQUE. Coined by Vesper H. (queerascat) in 2014. A specific nonbinary gender identity "characterized by autonomy and inner conviction regarding a sense of self that is entirely independent of male/masculinity, female/femininity or anything which derives from the two while still being neither without gender nor of a neutral gender."[91] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 12 of the respondents (0.39%) called themselves maverique.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 72 of the respondents (0.64%) said they were maverique or mavrique.[4]

-   MULTIGENDER. A multigender person has more than one gender identity. This can mean they have them at the same time, or that they often switch between them at different times.[92] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 0.20% (22) respondents called themselves multigender.[4]

N

-   NEUTROIS. Coined by a neutrois person named H. A. Burnham in 1995.[93] Having one non-binary gender identity that is neutral. Not female, not male, and not a mix. Some neutrois people are transsexual, experience gender dysphoria, and want to get a physical transition.[94][95] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 208 of the respondents (6.8%) were neutrois.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 398 of the respondents (3.54%) were neutrois.[4]

[]

Photograph taken during the Paris Gay Pride March in 2016. The banner is printed with the colors of the nonbinary flag. The big letters say "My gender is nonbinary," with dozens of names of specific nonbinary identities listed in smaller letters in the background.

-   NONBINARY, shortened as NB or ENBY.[96] Nonbinary is an umbrella term for all who don't identify as just female or male. Though there are innumerable kinds of nonbinary identities, some people identify as "nonbinary" only. In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 1,980 of the respondents (64.81%) called themselves nonbinary, and 477 of the respondents (16%) called themselves enbies.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 68.37% (7686) of the responses used the word nonbinary for their identity (or for part of their identity), and 3,609 of the respondents (32.1%) called themselves enbies.[4]

-   NON-GENDERED. Having no gender.[97] An identity popularized by non-gendered activist Christie Elan-Cane since at least 2000.[98] Due to Elan-Cane's activism, this word has had significant visibility, though it is not one of the more commonly used identity labels in community surveys. In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 2 of the respondents called themselves non-gendered.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 7 of the responses called themselves non-gendered, nongendered, or non gendered.[4]

P

-   POLYGENDER. A polygender person has several gender identities. This can mean they have them at the same time, or that they often switch between them at different times.[99] People called themselves polygender as early as 1995.[100] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 7 of the respondents (0.23%) were polygender.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 24 of the respondents (0.21%) were polygender.[4]

Q

[]

Pride marchers carrying a banner that says "Queer is hot, war is not." Twin Cities, 2013.

-   QUEER. A long-reclaimed slur for the broader LGBT+ community, and an umbrella term for identities that are not heterosexual and/or not cisgender. In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 9 of the respondents (0.29%) used the word "queer" as an identity label, and 1,253 (41%) used the word queer in total, including as part of terms such as genderqueer.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 4,886 of the responses (43.46%) used the word "queer" as an identity label, some of which used it as their only label for their identity, and 8,177 responses (72.74%) used the word queer in total, including those where it was part of another identity term, such as genderqueer, neuroqueer, or queerdo.[4]

T

-   THIRD GENDER. Third gender is a concept in which individuals are categorized, either by themselves, by their society, or by outsiders to their society, as not fitting into the Western ideas of binary gender and heterosexual roles. The phrase "third gender" has been used for a wide variety of meanings: intersex people whose bodies do not fit outdated Western medical concepts of binary sex, hundreds of indigenous societal roles as described (and often misrepresented) by Western anthropologists (including indigenous identities such as south Asian hijras, Hawaiian and Tahitian māhū, and Native American identities now called Two-Spirits),[101][97] transgender people who are nonbinary, homosexual people (even those who are white and in Western societies),[102][104] and women who were considered to be gender-nonconforming because they fought for women's rights.[105] Some people self-identify as third gender, especially in communities of people of color in the United States.[97] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 84 of the respondents (2.75%) called themselves third gender.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 244 of the respondents (2.17%) called themselves third gender.[4]

-   TRANSFEMININE. A transgender person who transitions in a feminine direction, but who doesn't necessarily identify as female. They may have a nonbinary identity. In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 206 of the respondents (6.74%) called themselves transfeminine.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 702 of the respondents (6.24%) were transfeminine.[4]

-   TRANSMASCULINE. A transgender person who transitions in a masculine direction, but who doesn't necessarily identify as male. They may have a nonbinary identity. In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 434 of the respondents (14.21%) called themselves transmasculine.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 2,226 of the respondents (19.8%) were transmasculine, trans masculine, trans masc, or transmasc.[4]

[]

Two-spirited pride marchers at San Francisco Pride 2014.

-   TWO-SPIRIT. "Berdache" was an old word used by European-American anthropologists. Berdache was an umbrella term for all traditional gender and sexual identities in all cultures throughout the Americas that were outside of Western ideas of binary gender and heterosexual roles.[2] These identities included the _nádleeh_ in Diné (Navajo),[106][107][108] and the _lhamana_ in Zuni,[109] among many others. In 1990, an Indigenous lesbian and gay international gathering chose to internationally replace "berdache" with "Two-Spirit" as a preferable umbrella term for these identities.[110][111] Two-Spirit was chosen to distance these identities from non-Natives,[112] and should only be used for people who are Native American, because it is for identities that must be contextualized in Native cultures.[113][114] Because of the wide variety of identities under the Two-Spirit umbrella, a Two-Spirit person does not necessarily have an identity analogous to a non-Native nonbinary gender identity. Some do, but others are more analogous to non-Native gay male or lesbian woman identities. Notable people who identify specifically with the label "Two-Spirit" include Menominee poet Chrystos (b. 1946), who goes by they/them pronouns,[115][116][117] and Ojibwe artist Raven Davis (b. 1975), who goes by neutral pronouns.[118][119] In the 2016 Nonbinary/Genderqueer Survey, 8 of the respondents (0.26%) called themselves Two-Spirit.[3] In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 0.18% (20) of the responses called themselves Two-Spirit.[4]

X

-   XENOGENDER. From _xeno_ alien + "gender." Coined in 2014 by Tumblr user Baaphomett, in a submission to the MOGAI-Archive blog, who defined it as "A gender that cannot be contained by human understandings of gender; more concerned with crafting other methods of gender categorization and hierarchy such as those relating to animals, plants, or other creatures/things."[120] An umbrella term for many nonbinary gender identities defined in reference to very different ideas than female or male. In the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, 40 of the respondents (0.35%) called themselves "xenogender." Far more called themselves by specific genders that could be seen as under the xenogender umbrella, though that is hard to quantify or differentiate.[4]

[]

X-gender manga artist Yuu Watase at Lucca Comics 2004 in Italy.

-   X-GENDER (Ｘジェンダー, EKKUSUJENDĀ). In Japan, this is a common transgender identity that isn't female or male, much as the words "genderqueer" and "nonbinary" has come to be in the English-speaking world, to such a degree that "X-gender" is typically used as the Japanese translation for these.[121] Therefore, a person does not need to be Japanese to be X-gender. The term "X-gender" began to be used during the latter 1990s, popularized by writings published by queer organizations in Kansai, in Osaka and Kyoto.[122][123] Notable X-gender people include manga artist Yuu Watase (渡瀬 悠宇), who created the comics _Fushigi Yūgi_ and _Ceres, Celestial Legend._[124] In April and May of 2019, Japan LGBT Research Institute Inc. conducted an online survey. It collected a total of 348,000 valid responses from people aged 20 to 69, not all of whom were LGBT. 2.5% of the respondents called themselves X-gender.[125] This identity term was underrepresented in the 2019 Worldwide Gender Census, in which 4 of the respondents called themselves X-gender.[4]

See also

-   List of uncommon nonbinary identities
-   Glossaries of gender and sex terminology in 21 different languages

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    ↑ Kennedy, Hubert C. (1980) _The "third sex" theory of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs_, Journal of Homosexuality. 1980–1981 Fall–Winter; 6(1–2): pp. 103–1
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    ↑ Franc Johnson Newcomb (1980-06). Hosteen Klah: Navaho Medicine Man and Sand Painter. University of Oklahoma Press. Template:ISBN.
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    ↑ Lapahie, Harrison, Jr. Hosteen Klah (Sir Left Handed). Lapahie.com. 2001 (retrieved 19 Oct 2009)
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    ↑ Matilda Coxe Stevenson, The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Ceremonies, (BiblioBazaar, 2010) p. 380
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    ↑ "Two Spirit 101" at _NativeOut_. Accessed 23 Sep 2015
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    ↑ Eve Shapiro, _Gender circuits: Bodies and identities in a technological age._ Unpaged.
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    ↑ de Vries, Kylan Mattias (2009). "Berdache (Two-Spirit)". In O'Brien, Jodi. _Encyclopedia of gender and society_. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 64. ISBN 9781412909167. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
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    ↑ "A Spirit of Belonging, Inside and Out". _The New York Times_. 8 Oct 2006. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
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    ↑ Vowel, Chelsea (2016). "All My Queer Relations - Language, Culture, and Two-Spirit Identity". _Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis & Inuit Issues in Canada_. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Highwater Press. ISBN 978-1553796800.
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    ↑ "Chrystos". _PoetryFoundation.org_. Retrieved October 22, 2015.
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    ↑ "IT ALL STARTS WITH AWARENESS -LGBTQ DAY IN ESKASONI". Archived from the original on 25 November 2015.
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    ↑ "Masterpost of genders coined by Baaphomett." 2014. MOGAI Archive. [3]
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    ↑ Marilyn Roxie. "Selected links on nonbinary gender in Japan." March 28, 2013. http://genderqueerid.com/post/46526429887/selected-links-on-non-binary-gender-in-japan
121.

    ↑ "【ＸラウンジからNEWS！】参議院議員の尾辻かな子さんへのレインボー・アクションの陳情で、Ｘラウンジから要望書を提出しました。([NEWS from X Lounge! ] We submitted a request form from the X Lounge in response to a petition of Kanae Otsuji, a member of the House of Councilors, about the rainbow action.)" _NPO Rainbow Action._ May 30, 2013. http://rainbowaction.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-122.html Archive: https://web.archive.org/web/20200221122651/http://rainbowaction.blog.fc2.com/blog-entry-122.html
122.

    ↑ S.P.F. Dale. "An Introduction to X-Jendā: Examining a New Gender Identity in Japan." _Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific_ Issue 31, December 2012. http://intersections.anu.edu.au/issue31/dale.htm
123.

    ↑ Yuu Watase [@wataseyuu_] (2019-05-20). "ブログでもここでも呟いたけど、再度。 漫画にも影響してると思うから。 私はXジェンダーと医師に診断されてて、中身は、男にも女にも寄れるし男でも女でもない。 見た目はちゃんと(20代後半から社会に合わせて)どうせやるならやるでメイクもオシャレもする、それだけ。 女性の身体は否定しないが→" [I blogged here and again, but again. I think it also affects manga. I have been diagnosed by X-gender and a doctor, and the contents are neither men nor women, nor men or women. It looks just fine (according to society from the late 20s), and if you do it, you can make and be fashionable. I do not deny the female body] – via Twitter.
124.

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question: What are some of the common nonbinary identities listed?

answer: Agender, butch, and demigender.

question: What content warning is provided?

answer: A warning that reclaimed slurs are mentioned.

question: How does the author define nonbinary?

answer: Gender identities other than female and male identities.

question: What is the source of this article?

answer: IT is uncertain what the source is.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The article lists many common nonbinary identities in alphabetical order. The author defines nonbinary identites as those that do not fit into the category of male or female. They preface the list with an explanation that some of the terms have been used for centuries while others are more recently created. They give a content warning for some terms being reclaimed slurs.


text:
Yet another “religious freedom” bill stands on the brink of becoming law.

Tennessee’s Republican-controlled House of Representatives on Wednesday passed House Bill 1840, a measure that would allow counselors and therapists to deny service to a patient if doing so were to conflict with the counselor’s “sincerely held religious beliefs.”

The vote was 68 to 22, mostly along party lines, and cleared the way for the bill to head back to the state Senate for final approval. Because a slightly different version of the bill already passed Tennessee’s Senate in February, it’s likely headed for the governor’s desk.

In an email to MSNBC, David Smith, Republican Gov. Bill Haslam's communications director, gave no indication of where his boss stood on the legislation. "As he does with all bills that come to him," said Smith, "the governor will review this legislation in its final form before taking action on it. He has 10 days -- not including Sundays -- once it comes to his desk."

RELATED: MISSISSIPPI ENACTS 'RELIGIOUS FREEDOM' BILL

Wednesday’s passage comes amid widespread backlash to recently enacted anti-LGBT laws in North Carolina and Mississippi. On Tuesday, PayPal canceled plans to employ more than 400 people in skilled jobs at a new global operations center in Charlotte, following Republican Gov. Pat McCrory’s March 23 decision to sign House Bill 2, a measure banning local nondiscrimination ordinances that shield LGBT North Carolinians. That law also prohibits transgender people from using public restrooms in line with their gender identities.

In Mississippi, meanwhile, Republican Gov. Phil Bryant also earned swift condemnation Tuesday for his decision to sign into law House Bill 1523, a measure that prevents government agencies from taking action against state employees, individuals, organizations and private associations that deny services based on religious objections. By nightfall Tuesday, New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo, a Democrat, had issued an executive order banning all non-essential state travel to the Magnolia State. On Wednesday, Minnesota Gov. Mark Dayton, also a Democrat, followed suit.

Opponents view the measures in North Carolina, Mississippi and now Tennessee, as part of a concerted push to enshrine LGBT discrimination into law following historic steps toward equality in the past few years. The Human Rights Campaign has tracked more than 200 anti-LGBT bills — many of them seeking to provide legal cover for people whose religion rejects same-sex marriage, and the very existence of transgender people more broadly — introduced this year in 32 states across the country. Very few of these bills become law. But the ones that do bring significant harm to the LGBT people living in that state and considerable economic consequences for the general population.

RELATED: AMID BACKLASH TO ANTI-GAY BILLS, ABORTION RIGHTS FALTER

Supporters of Tennessee’s H.B. 1840 say the bill is necessary to protect to the religious beliefs and moral convictions of counselors practicing in the state. They also argue that the bill will allow for patients to receive better treatment from someone more suited to them. But critics say the bill will cut off access to vital healthcare services, disproportionately impacting LGBT youth, who are more vulnerable to bullying and mental illness. More than 50 clergy members have condemned the bill, as have the Tennessee Association for Marriage and Family Therapists, the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, the Tennessee Counseling Association, and the American Counseling Association, whose code of ethics states that counselors may not discriminate against clients on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.

“This bill is an unprecedented attack on the counseling profession and endangers the health and well-being of Tennesseans,” said Art Terrazas, director of the American Counseling Association, during a press conference Tuesday. “H.B. 1840 puts the government into people’s private lives, right between a person and their healthcare provider — exactly where the government shouldn’t be.”

As in North Carolina and Mississippi -- where executives from GE, the Dow Chemical Company, PepsiCo, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, Hyatt Hotels Corporation, Choice Hotels International, Inc., Levi Strauss & Co., and Whole Foods Market are now calling for the repealof HB 1523 -- Tennessee's "religious freedom" measure stands to provoke a major corporate backlash. The Volunteer State is home to several Fortune 500 companies -- including FedEx, which prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity for all operations. In a statement to MSNBC, FedEx communications adviser Jack Pfeiffer said the company "does not tolerate discrimination."

Pfeiffer did not comment specifically on HB 1840, but he added: "We are committed to diversity and inclusion in the workplace and our corporate values are grounded in that commitment."

question: Why is Tennessee's House Bill 1840 considered a "religious freedom bill"?

answer: The bill would allow counselors and therapists to deny service to patients if doing so would conflict with their religious beliefs.

question: Why are corporations becoming involved in states that are passing "religious freedom" bills?

answer: Corporations have tremendous power and some (examples given in the article include Paypal, GE, Dow Chemicals, PepsiCo, Hewlett Packard Enterprises, Hyatt Hotels Corporation, Choice Hotels International, Inc., Levi Strauss & Co., and Whole Foods Market) are committed to upholding the rights of all individuals and do not tolerate discrimination.

question: Why did PayPal cancel plans to expand their workforce, employing 400 new workers, in Charlotte, N.C.?

answer: They wanted to send a message to the N.C.'s governor that they support their employees and will employ people in state's where the state doesn't allow discrimination. The governor had recently signed a bill banning local nondiscrimination ordinances that shield LGBT North Carolinians, and prohibits transgender people from using public restrooms in line with their gender identities.

question: Why do critics of the HB 1840 oppose the bill?

answer: Opponents argue that the bill will cut off access to vital healthcare services, impacting LGBT youth. They say the bill puts the government into citizens' private lives.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The article highlights recent "religious freedom" bills being passed in states. Bills highlighted include HB 1840 in Tennessee which allows counselors/therapists to deny service based on their own religious beliefs, HB 2 in N.C. which bans local LGBTQ nondiscrimination ordinances, and HB 1523 in Mississippi which prevents government agencies from taking action against state employees that deny services based on religious objections. Many corporations are taking action in these states stating that they are committed to upholding the rights of all individuals and do not tolerate discrimination.


text:
REDUCED RIVER FLOWS IN BRAZIL, AS GLOBAL WARMING INTENSIFIES THE DROUGHT THERE, MEAN MORE DAMAGE FROM A BURST DAM, SCIENTISTS SAY.

_SÃO PAULO, 22 November, 2015_ – Climate change has had no direct role in Brazil`s worst-ever environmental disaster, but its effects could make a bad situation even worse.

Scientists believe the soil may take centuries to recover from the accident, which released millions of tons of iron ore waste into the River Doce in Brazil´s south-eastern state of Minas Gerais. Many plant and animal species have been wiped out locally.

Some fear that the drought which affects most of Brazil and has already reduced river volumes – and which many attribute to the changing climate – could prevent the river from fully dispersing the toxic matter.

Minas Gerais means General Mines – the mountainous region was once famous for its goldmines, worked by slaves. Today most mines produce iron ore for export to China.

On 5 November an earthen dam at the Samarco mine containing tailings, waste from the ore, collapsed, sending a tidal wave of mud and water roaring through the nearby village of Bento Rodrigues, sweeping away men, women and children. At least 11 people were killed, and 12 are still missing.

The mining company had rejected a recommendation to install a warning siren, saying it was unnecessary, because they could call or text people on their mobile phones.

DEADLY TIDE

Over fifty million cubic metres of toxic sludge then swept down the valley and into the Doce. The river, whose name means Sweet, became instead a lethal expanse of stinking orange-brown water, instantly killing every living organism in it and contaminating the water supply of a dozen towns along its course, one of them with over 200,000 inhabitants.

As the sludge made its way slowly downstream, leaving behind a desolate landscape of dead fish and animals, uprooted trees, and a thick layer of solidified mud, scientists said this was Brazil’s worst-ever environmental disaster.

“The loss of habitat is enormous, and the damage to the ecosystem is irreversible”, said Marcus Vinicius Polignano, an environmental health lecturer at UFMG, the Federal University of Minas Gerais.

“Besides iron ore and other metals, the mud, which invaded houses and fields, brought sewage, pesticides and dead animals, which accelerate the production of algae and bacteria.“

So far the government has fined Samarco, administrator of the dam, which is joint-owned by two of the world’s mining giants, the Brazilian Vale and the Anglo-Australian BHP-Billiton, about US$60 million for environmental damage. The company has agreed to pay a further US$300 m to repair damage to the ecosystem.

But the true cost of revitalising the river and the basin´s biodiversity is expected to run into billions of dollars. The company has not yet provided a complete list of the minerals in the mud, apart from iron ore and manganese.

REMOVAL IMPOSSIBLE

As inquiries into the cause of the dam burst continue, scientists say there could also be lead, cadmium, zinc and mercury, but nobody knows for sure. They fear  the Doce’s low volume means a lot of the mud will end up as silt on the riverbed, instead of being carried downstream and dispersed into the ocean.

In August the river fell so low it did not reach the sea, but ended up trickling into a sandbank; in some places it was only three cm deep.

Polignano believes the quantity of tailings in the water is so great that local ecosystems will be unable to recover.

“It is irreversible. They talk of remedying the situation, but in the case of this mud in the rivers, it is impossible, there is no way of removing it from there”.

Marcos Freitas is from the International Virtual Institute of Global Change at COPPE, the centre for engineering research at Rio de Janeiro´s Federal University.

He describes the layer of mud which covers a 30-km radius around the dam as a sterile “floor of iron, a no man´s land”, covering the fields where animals grazed and crops grew.

  “SINCE THE TIME OF OUR ANCESTORS, THE RIVER MAINTAINED OUR PEOPLE. IT WAS SACRED. BUT NOW IT IS DEAD”

Biologist Andre Ruschi , director of an environmental research centre in the river basin, says: “There are animal and plant species there that we can consider extinct as from today. It is the biggest environmental disaster in the history of the country.”

For the Krenak indians, who live on the banks of the contaminated river and now have to rely on deliveries of drinking water and  food, it is much worse than that. Chief Leomir Cecilio de Souza says: “The river was everything for us, not just water, and fish, but a source of survival and culture.

“Since the time of our ancestors, the river maintained our people. It was sacred. But now it is dead”.

As the tide of mud makes its slow way downstream, the environmental authorities have begun urgent efforts to  prevent major damage to the rich marine life in the mouth of the Doce.

The Brazilian navy has joined teams of specialists from Ibama, the government environment agency (in Portuguese only), to try to install the type of barriers used to contain oil spills so as to protect the mangrove swamps. Volunteers have been digging up hundreds of sea turtle eggs buried in the sand to help them hatch and move them to safe beaches.

FISH EVACUATED

The disaster has prompted desperate plans to try to save the region´s biodiversity, much of it unique. Local fishermen have been scooping up fish and moving them to lakes before the toxic tide kills them.

World-famous photographer Sebastião Salgado, who was already involved in an ambitious project to restore the now deforested region he grew up in, has proposed a plan to revitalise the area.

Local authorities are talking about a special fund, with money from the mining companies. A group of scientists are raising their own funds to carry out independent studies of the situation and work out how they can restore the Doce basin.

But there is concern about nearly 200 similar earthen dams holding mine waste that could also be at risk, two of them next to the dam that ruptured. NGOs and environmentalists are calling for a tightening-up of mining regulations, instead of present efforts to relax them.

For this they blame the close relationship between mining companies and politicians. Last year the companies were reported to have spent over US$7 m funding politicians’ election campaigns.

There is concern that, despite the River Doce disaster, the result of their lobbying could be a new mining code that benefits rather than regulates the sector. – _Climate News Network_

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question: What caused Brazil's worst-ever environmental disaster?

answer: A dam bursting.

question: What has contaminated the rivers in Brazil?

answer: Iron ore waste and other metals.

question: Is it possible to remove the metals?

answer: No the effects are irreversable.

question: What indigenous nation was affected?

answer: The Krenak Indians.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The article discusses Brazil's worst-ever environmental disaster, examining the causes of the breach of a dam which released over fifty million cubic meters of toxic sludge into the country's waterways. The article discusses how the damage is irreversible and the way an indigenous tribe has been affected.


text:
ANDY TIMMONS (born July 26, 1963) is an American guitarist who has played in the bands Taylor Bay Band, Danger Danger, Pawn Kings, and Andy Timmons Band (ATB). He has also released several solo albums and has worked as a session guitarist.

He has released two CDs on Favored Nations, the first being _That Was Then, This Is Now_ and _Resolution_ on May 2, 2006.

Biography

As guitarist for glam metal band Danger Danger, he toured the world opening for Kiss and Alice Cooper, sold over a million records worldwide, and had two #1 videos on MTV, and amassed a discography that includes seven solo releases that range from guitar instrumentals, to blues, and even a Beatles/Elvis Costello-inspired collection of pop tunes.

Timmons's many collaborations include a live CD with Olivia Newton-John (Timmons has been her music director-guitarist for many U.S. tours), two albums by Kip Winger, recording sessions for Paula Abdul and Paul Stanley, and radio and television jingles. He has also played alongside Steve Vai, Joe Satriani, Paul Gilbert, Eric Johnson, Steve Morse, Mike Stern, Ace Frehley, Ted Nugent, Reb Beach, and Pierre Bensusan, as well as some of his favorite 1960s singing stars such as the Beach Boys, Lesley Gore, and Gordon Waller.[1]

Playing with drummer/bandleader Simon Phillips on four albums between 1997 and 2015, Timmons demonstrated a range extending well beyond rock and pop music, delivering energetic jazz fusion that earned both critical and audience acclaim.

Timmons is a native of Evansville, Indiana. He graduated from Evansville Harrison High School in 1981 and studied jazz guitar at the University of Miami.[2] He currently resides in McKinney, Texas.

The Andy Timmons Band released their new album, entitled “Andy Timmons Band Plays Sgt. Pepper” on October 25, 2011.

Andy also contributed the “Grabbag” music to the video game Duke Nukem Forever in 2011.

In August 2014, Timmons participated in the G4 Experience—a week-long guitar camp—with fellow guitarists Joe Satriani, Paul Gilbert, and keyboardist Mike Keneally.[3]

On the 26th of October 2014, Andy reunited with former Danger Danger band members for the 25th Anniversary of the band, which took place at the Firefest in Nottingham. [4]

On September 30, 2016, the Andy Timmons Band released their new album, _Theme from a Perfect World_.

Discography

Danger Danger

-   _Danger Danger_ (1989)
-   _Down And Dirty Live_ (1990)
-   _Screw It!_ (1991)
-   _Cockroach_ (2001)

Pawn Kings

-   _Andy Timmons and the Pawn Kings_ (1995)
-   _Andy Timmons and the Pawn Kings Live_ (1998)

Solo

-   _Ear X-Tacy_ (1994)
-   _Ear X-Tacy 2_ (1997)
-   _Orange Swirl_ (1998)
-   _The Spoken and the Unspoken_ (1999)
-   _And-Thology 1 & 2_ (2001)
-   _That Was Then, This Is Now_ (2002)
-   _Here Comes the Son - An Acoustic Christmas_ (2006)
-   _Resolution_ (2006)
-   _Andy Timmons Band Plays Sgt. Pepper_ (2011)
-   _Theme From A Perfect World_ (2016)

Simon Phillips

-   _Another Lifetime_ (1998)
-   _Out of the Blue_ (Live, 1999)
-   _Protocol II_ (2013)
-   _Protocol III_ (2015)

Andy Timmons Band

-   _Resolution_ (2006)
-   _Andy Timmons Band Plays Sgt. Pepper_ (2011)
-   _Theme from a Perfect World_ (2016)

Kip Winger

-   _This Conversation Seems Like a Dream_ (1996)
-   _Songs From The Ocean Floor_ (2000)

Ted Pearce

-   “Big Metuselah: Human Sacrifice” (2000)[5]
-   _Hallelu Et Adonai: Praise The Lord_ (2005)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

title: Andy Timmons

question: What is Andy Timmons most known for?

answer: Andy Timmons is most known for being the guitarist of glam-metal band Danger Danger, opening for rock legends such as Kiss and Alice Cooper while on worldwide tours.

question: How old is Andy Timmons now?

answer: 58 years old

question: Summarize everything about Andy Timmons.

answer: Andy Timmons is an American guitarist who has played in the bands Taylor Bay Band, Danger Danger, Pawn Kings, and Andy Timmons Band (ATB). He has also released several solo albums and has worked as a session guitarist for notable names such as Kip Winger, Paula Abdul, and Paul Stanley.