text:
[microMathematics Plus on Android displaying a formula for a popular Wi-Fi password challenge. The formula is entered first, and requires operator precedence — multiplications and divisions precede additions and subtractions.] A FORMULA CALCULATOR is a software calculator that can perform a calculation in two steps:

1.  Enter the calculation by typing it in from the keyboard.
2.  Press a single button or key to see the final result.

This is unlike button-operated calculators, such as the Windows calculator or the Mac OS X calculator, which require the user to perform one step for each operation, by pressing buttons to calculate all the intermediate values, before the final result is shown.

In this context, a formula is also known as an expression, and so formula calculators may be called _expression_ calculators. Also in this context, calculation is known as _evaluation_, and so they may be called formula _evaluators_, rather than _calculators_.

How they work

Formulas as they are commonly written use infix notation for binary operators, such as addition, multiplication, division and subtraction. This notation also uses:

-   Parentheses to enclose parts of a formula that must be calculated first.
-   In the absence of parentheses, operator precedence, so that higher precedence operators, such as multiplication, must be applied before lower precedence operators, such as addition. For example, in 2 + 3*4, the multiplication, 3*4, is done first.
-   Among operators with the same precedence, associativity, so that the left-most operator must be applied first. For example, in 2 - 3 + 4, the subtraction, 2 - 3, is done first.

Also, formulas may contain:

-   Non-commutative operators that must be applied to numbers in the correct order, such as subtraction and division.
-   The same symbol used for more than one purpose, such as - for negative numbers and subtraction.

Once a formula is entered, a formula calculator follows the above rules to produce the final result by automatically:

-   Analysing the formula and breaking it down into its constituent parts, such as operators, numbers and parentheses.
-   Finding both operands of each binary operator.
-   Working out the values of these operands.
-   Applying the operator to these values, in the correct order so as to allow for non-commutative operators.
-   Evaluating the parts of a formula in parentheses first.
-   Taking operator precedence and associativity into account.
-   Distinguishing between different uses of the same symbol.

Types of calculator

The formula calculator concept can be applied to all types of calculator, including arithmetic, scientific, statistics, financial and conversion calculators.

The calculation can be typed or pasted into an edit box of:

-   A software package that runs on a computer, for example as a dialog box.
-   An on-line formula calculator hosted on a web site.

It can also be entered on the command line of a programming language.

Related software packages

Although they are not calculators in themselves, because they have a much broader feature set, many software tools have a formula-calculation capability, in that a formula can be typed in and evaluated. These include:

-   Spreadsheets, where a formula can be entered to calculate a cell’s content.
-   Databases, where a formula can be used to define the value of a calculated field in a record.

Declarative and imperative tools

Button-operated calculators are imperative, because the user must provide details of how the calculation has to be performed.[1]

On the other hand, formula calculators are more declarative, because the entered formula specifies what to do, and the user does not have to provide any details of the step-by-step order in which the calculation has to be performed.

Declarative solutions are easier to understand than imperative solutions,[2][3] and so there has been a long-term trend from imperative to declarative methods.[4][5] Formula calculators are part of this trend.

Many software tools for the general user, such as spreadsheets, are declarative. Formula calculators are examples of such tools.

Hybrid calculators

There are hybrid calculators that combine typed-in formulae and button-operated calculation. For example:

-   Calculations can be entered entirely from the keyboard, or operations can be applied to typed-in numbers or formulas using buttons, in the same calculator.
-   Formulas can be constructed using buttons, rather than being entered from the keyboard.
-   Formula copies of button-operated calculations can be created, saved and re-loaded for application to different numbers.

[1] Harold Thimbleby. A new calculator and why it is necessary, Computing Science, Middlesex University, London, UK, September 1998. Available from: http://www.uclic.ucl.ac.uk/harold/srf/allcalcs.pdf Archived at: web.archive.org

[2]

[3] Roy E. Furman. Declarative Programming - Strategies for Solving Software Problems, http://www.articlesalley.com , July 2006. Available from:

[4] David A. Watt. Programming language concepts and paradigms, Prentice Hall, 1990 (citation 13 at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/context/14802/0)

[5] Tatsuru Matsushita. Expressive Power of Declarative Programming Languages, PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of York, October 1998 (citation 13 at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/context/14802/0)

title: Formula calculator

question: What does the article say about the capabilities of a formula calculator?

answer: A formula calculator accepts calculations entered with a keyboard. The calculator utilizes parentheses, operator precedence, and associativity. Since the calculation is entered once, step-by-step instructions aren't necessary like regular button-based calculators. This kind of solution tends to be easier to understand too.

question: What does the article say about numerical stability?


split: train

text:
WALTER FERRAZ DE NEGREIROS (born 6 August 1946), simply known as NEGREIROS, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a midfielder.[1][2][3]

Honours

Player

Santos

-   Intercontinental Supercup: 1968
-   Recopa Sudamericana: 1968
-   Campeonato Paulista: 1967, 1968, 1969

Coritiba

-   Campeonato Paranaense: 1972, 1973, 1974

Manager

Roma Barueri

-   Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 2001

[1]

[2]

[3]

title: Walter Ferraz de Negreiros

question: Who is Walter Ferraz de Negreiros?

answer: a Brazilian retired footballer

question: Which position did Negreiros play?

answer: Midfielder

question: When was Negreiros born?

answer: August 6, 1946

question: What is Walter Ferraz de Negreiros known as?

answer: Simply as Negreiros

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Walter Ferraz de Negreiros is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a midfielder.


text:
A stroke of a brush to touch my face up. I have become someone I no longer recognize. As I speak to another potential mate, I'm painting a picture of their perfect partner. Obedient. Mindful. Domestic. I don't have to tell them about my looks. It was evident from the way they assaulted me with their eyes, disrespected me with their hands. It never is about the long run. Only the night.

I make my choice. A striking man with dark hair and gold flecks in his green eyes. He oozes sin. From the lies he promises me to the way he caresses my skin with his lips. No. There is no turning him down tonight. He invites me up into his bed and there is no way for me to resist.

While he steers his hands around my curves, I empty myself. I am not going to think about what drove me here. I am not going to dissect why this is the fourth bed I've climbed into this week. My feelings are shut off, and I turn into a sexual being. I am driven by his desires. Eager to give him what he wants.

Mr. Green Eyes does not disappoint. My appetite is fulfilled one, two, three, five times. He loses control only twice. He calls me out of my name, curses me. It makes him feel good. Controlling. He goes until he can no longer hold his eyes open. He slowly drifts into sleep. I find the bathroom and stare at my despicable self.

My brown hair matches my eyes, reminding me of chocolate. Just like the color of the counter. The color of the sheets of the last bed I slept in. The last one that actually belonged to me. Suddenly, my emotions are on. It all comes flooding back.

A misplaced hand, intentions that were more clear than the sky is blue. But this was all wrong. We are supposed to be in love. This wasn't love that reached out to me. Love wouldn't hit me, knocking me out. Love wouldn't chain me up and abuse me. Love would have freed me before any of this happened.

I am angry. I look to Mr. Green Eyes sleeping peacefully. Suddenly, I am less myself than I have ever been. I search for something, anything that I can use. I find a pen. I walk over to him, and stand over him with alien intentions. I am not in control.

He wakes up as I’m finishing the note and I dart out the door, making my way through the hotel. I find myself outside and I sit on the curb, uncaring of the disgusted glances that are shot my way. At least I know who I am.

Mr. Green Eyes joins me on the curb and I cannot look at his face. I’m ashamed. One night only. I knew the deal. He took my hand gently and I chance a look in his direction. Without alcohol, Mr. Green Eyes has a kindness and sincerity that rests in his eyes. He smiles. Maybe I should call him Mr. Teeth. They are perfect.

He tells me he meant every promise. I want to run away. Find somewhere warm to hide until he forgets about me. Because they all do. His eyes hold me there on that curb. With the gold flecks. His hair with it’s subtle movement.

I wanted to let my inhibitions die. I wanted to let him love me. I wanted him to show me how it was supposed to be and teach me to love back. But life is no fairy tale. I grab my phone number and rip it into tiny pieces. He pats me on the back and that’s when I realize I’m sobbing.

No. I will never know this man. He will never know me. I leave him there and find my way to another hotel. I sleep and eat and shower. I get dressed. I paint my lips with lipstick. I promise that tonight I will be less memorable and more fulfilling than the night before.

title: One Night Only

question: What does the story say about what led the narrator to become promiscuous?

answer: Not caring about how others perceive her, the narrator hops into bed with different men for a one-night stand. This promiscuous behavior resulted from her tumultuous relationship with her partner, who abuses her, leading her to the path of infidelity and promiscuity. It's not until she meets a man, one of her conquests, with whom she feels vulnerable, that she longs for the love and affection being denied her with her partner and the ability to love back. However, she knows that her arrangement with him and every other man she sleeps with is a short-term relationship, after which they forget about her when they part ways.

question: Describe the narrator's lifestyle and how she feels about it.

answer: The narrator dresses up and preps herself for a sexual encounter with any random man she meets. She presents herself to them as the ideal partner and eventually makes her choice for the night. The narrator never intends to establish a relationship with any of the men she encounters since it's only a one-night stand. The narrator also chooses to pay no attention to people's disapproval of her because she insists she knows herself, even though becoming a person she can't recognize anymore. In addition, the narrator may not enjoy doing what she does because she longs for affection, which her partner denies her.


text:
JACK WHITE ROCKED A SOLD-OUT MADISON SQUARE GARDEN over the weekend in support of his sophomore solo album, the Grammy-nominated _Lazaretto_. Incredibly, White had played The World's Most Famous Arena only once previously, in July 2007, on the White Stripes' _Icky Thump_ tour, their last before disbanding. Fans at the Garden Friday who were lucky enough to have been in attendance eight years ago noted several glaring differences. Among them—blue color scheme, slick pompadour, and wider source material—the most obvious was his five-piece backing band and the absence of his White Stripes co-conspirator Meg White on drums.

She may only have stood 5'6", but Meg White left huge shoes to fill. While critics often dismissed her drumming as rudimentary, the style was intentional. As Jack White explained to Charlie Rose in 2007, "It's sort of that Picasso saying, 'It took a lifetime to learn how to paint like a child.' I couldn't play drums like that if I wanted to."

Following that legacy would be no small order for anyone. Perhaps not uncoincidentally, then, Jack White couldn't have chosen a replacement who's more opposite to his old partner, in both appearance and professional demeanor. Now in the stage-right post previously occupied by that pale-skinned, diminutive white chick who drummed with a beguiling low-key quality is a brawny, occasionally bespectacled black dude with a hip-hop background who ferociously bangs the skins with dazzling technical virtuosity and an almost vaudevillian theatricality. His name is Daru Jones, and if he stops short of providing the same symbiotic sustenance as his predecessor, he has unquestionably helped define Jack White's solo sound and bolstered his reputation as one of the greatest live acts in popular music today.

_Watch Daru Jones in action below:_

DARU JONES AND MEG WHITE MIGHT NOT HAVE MUCH IN COMMON, but he and his boss certainly do, as I learned during a nearly two-hour conversation with the drummer late last fall at Riro Muzik, a snug recording studio in Bushwick, Brooklyn, near his home. Now in his 30s, Jones too grew up in Michigan, not far outside of White's Detroit hometown.And like White, whose parents both worked for the Catholic archdiocese, Jones hails from an intensely religious family. His Southern-born Pentecostal grandparents founded a still-active Church of God in Christ congregation, where his parents met. His father, a versatile musician, had taught his mother organ and the two ultimately became the church's choir directors. Jones's mother started his musical training with the organ, but he quickly became obsessed with the drums.

"The church drum set was everybody's drum set," says Jones, who is the youngest of three children. "My moms did several things at the church. She was a janitor at one time. There were times when we were there every day. When I got out of school, I got my chance to practice. Drums was like the Bible. I just was hooked."

Aisde from the organ lessons, Jones had no formal music training. He learned by ear. "A lot of my older mentors, that's what they used to compliment me on. I had a good memory. That was my thing: I would be able to emulate whatever I heard. I always been told that for years."

His father was one of those mentors, expanding his musical taste. "The type of church that I went to, everything outside of gospel was a no-no. My mom, if she had it her way, I would just play gospel. But my dad was more open to me playing other styles of music. When I got in my dad's ride, he'd be playing Michael Jackson."

As a high schooler in the 1990s, Jones also became a fan of hip-hop. "My mentors put me onto these different jazz players—Tony Williams, Dave Weckl, Vinnie Colaiuta, Chick Corea. The fusion players, you know? At the same time, certain hip-hop producers, like DJ Premier, had started sampling jazz. It was perfect. It brought those two worlds together."

Not long out of school, Jones was recruited to join a percussion ensemble that toured France.Then he was offered a full-time position with an eminent steel-drum band in Pittsburgh. There, he also played in the house band at the Shadow Lounge, which closed in 2013 but served for more than a decade as the epicenter of Pittsburgh's neo-soul and hip-hop scenes. One evening in the fall of 2005, the Shadow Lounge hosted a concert by touring Cleveland singer Aaron "Ab" Abernathy. When his drummer backed out at the last-minute, Jones was suggested as a replacement. Thanks to his famous memory, he quickly learned Ab's songs, and the show went off without a hitch. Ab had recently been hired by the revered Detroit hip-hop act Slum Village, cofounded by the late J Dilla. Ab was assembling a live band to support Slum Village and brought Jones on as the drummer for several shows.

"It was a dream," Jones says. "Slum Village was one of my favorite hip-hop acts. Which is kind of crazy that I didn't even meet them in Detroit."

AFTER FOUR YEARS IN PITTSBURGH, JONES MOVED TO NEW YORK. He quickly began performing with a slew of hip-hop names, including Pharoahe Monch, Black Moon, Ski Beatz & the Senseis, and frequent Roots collaborator Ray Angry, who helped land Jones the job of drummer and later musical director for Idle Warship, the collaborative project between Brooklyn's own Talib Kweli and Philadelphia singer Res. Jones would also spend several years as musical director for Kweli as a solo artist. But it was another rapper, Detroit's Black Milk, who would lead Jones to Jack White.

Black Milk had hired Jones for his touring band, and in 2010, Jones joined Black Milk in the studio to record his fourth album, _Album of the Year_. One of that album's singles, "Deadly Medley," caught the attention of Jack White, who invited Black Milk to Nashville to record that song and another as a special-edition 7-inch that White's record label Third Man would release. Black Milk brought along his band and performed a full-length concert at Third Man for a crowd of 300 or so. It was here that Jones _really_ made an impression on White. As Jones recalls: "Jack is a drummer himself. In our set there's a song called 'Losing Out,' and I have a drum solo. So I did the solo. Jack was all the way in the back of the stage, and he ran to the front and was like, 'Yeahhhh!' Evidently he liked what I did."

He liked it so much that a few months later, White invited Jones back to Third Man to participate in a project he was doing with RZA. "I was like, 'Yeeeah, what?!' They flew me down to Nashville. Got to the studio. RZA cancels. Jack, he really felt bad. He didn't want to send me home. He was like, 'Well, I got a couple tunes I've been working on. We can try that out.' And from what I was told, that's what started the _Blunderbuss_ album."

Jones wasn't the only drummer White worked with on his solo debut, and only one of their collaborations wound up making it onto _Blunderbuss_—"Trash Tongue Talker," which _Rolling Stone_'s Rob Sheffield singled out as "ace hippie funk." But when it came time to tour the album, Jones was tapped to play drums for the all-male backing band, dubbed the Buzzards. There was also an all-female backing band, the Peacocks. White changed the bands from city to city, on a whim; according to Jones, they wouldn't know which band was playing until receiving a text or e-mail that morning. And of course the set list changed even more impetuously from night to night, as is White's wont. But given Jones's familiarity with jazz and improvisation and his quick study, this arrangement suited him well.

"We're on a roller coaster just like the audience," he says. "Sometimes Jack comes over and whispers what's next. But sometimes we have to listen to whatever he's playing. It's just totally free, just going. And sometimes we're playing stuff that I've never heard in my life. 'Cause I don't really know all the catalog like that. So sometimes he goes into stuff and I'm like, 'Yo, all right. Okay, I gotch you.' It's the same thing like jazz, call and response. But that's when you know you're playing with good musicians. It makes every night interesting. 'Cause what you got last night, you not gonna get tonight."

Initially, Jones wasn't just unversed in White's work. He also wasn't fully aware of White's rock stardom, which ended up working to his advantage. "When we did the single with Black Milk, I didn't really realize what I was getting myself into. But then I did my research and I was like, 'Oh snap. This guy is the _real_.' So it was one of those things where I think because I didn't really know, it didn't really affect me. When you know you're working with a celebrity, sometimes it changes you. It makes you nervous. I knew it was a big opportunity, but I was just playing to play."

It was Jones's close knowledge of _another_ rock musician's work that, in fact, helped cement his relationship with White. "One of the first instructional VHS tapes that my mom got me was by this rock dude Terry Bozzio, who played drums with Frank Zappa. I was into Zappa as a teenager. Which got me in a lot of trouble in church 'cause I was trying to play these Frank Zappa polyrhythms and odd time signatures and my mom's like, 'What are you doing?!' When I went to Nashville to start rehearsing for the _Blunderbuss_ tour, I told Jack I liked Terry Bozzio. I don't think he expected me to say that. I heard from another bandmate that he said, 'This dude is gonna be my friend.'"

As much as White might've been endeared by Jones's affinity for a prog rocker like Bozzio, his hip-hop credentials were of more practical worth on _Lazaretto_. The album has distinct hip-hop overtones. As White told KROQ, the title track was directly inspired by the hip-hop classic "Cha Cha Cha" by MC Lyte. He all but raps on "That Black Bat Licorice," on which he was joined by special guest Q-Tip at the MSG show.

[]

Photos and Video by Ben Ferrari

WHITE AGAIN ENLISTED SEVERAL DRUMMERS TO RECORD _LAZARETTO_. But once again, he took Jones on the road. And this time it's only one band. "Second time around I think things are a lot tighter, 'cause we've been playing on a consistent basis," Jones says. Joining White and him are bassist Dominic Davis, violinist/vocalist Lillie Mae Rische, multi-instrumentalist Fats Kaplin, and keyboardist Dean Fertita, who replaced Ikey Owens in late October following Owens's death from a heart attack while the band was touring Mexico. "Jack hired everybody for a reason," Jones says. "We all brought something to the table. It's a collaboration."

But White made it clear to Jones from the very beginning that his role held added responsibility. "From my experiences," Jones says, "the drummer's always in the back. Even though our job is important, we don't ever really get recognized. Jack was just like, 'Man, everybody else is cool... _but I play to the drummer_.' Probably because, you know, with the White Stripes it was only him and Meg. So that let me know that my job was going to be very important."

Jones has much respect for Meg White's drumming. "It's a challenge to play simple," he says. "To write a Twitter message, to say something huge in a smaller way is a challenge." And he makes it a point to play the White Stripes' material just as it was written, without any superfluous fills or solos. "I think that's why I may have gotten a couple more jobs than the next person," Jones says."People know I'll pay attention to detail. I want to learn the music as close to the record as possible. I feel like my job is to give the audience what they heard. People like songs for a certain reason. And one of my things is just making sure people is dancing. But if you want me to add more I will—I'll bring in my swag every now and then."

Swag is something of which Jones is not in short supply. He is a fastidious dresser. Onstage, he typically wears some combination of a Kangol flat cap and button-down shirt, which looks just as crisp after a show as before. Offstage he's almost always draped head-to-toe in Adidas; judging from his Instagram, he never wears the same shelltoes or tracksuit twice. And then there's the flair he brings to the drums. He often plays standing, rising to his feet mid-song. He alternates between traditional and matched grips, exaggerates his cymbal chokes, and throws his hands in the air inciting the crowd to bounce.

"Coming up in Michigan, I seen a lot of guys that had showmanship," he says. "So I learned that early. Even if you play simple you had something that made you unique and stand out, 'cause there's a million drummers out there. But doing that stuff, it's not a gimmick. When I do it, it's totally from the heart. I become the drum, if that makes any sense. I feel it, so I want y'all to feel it."

The 18,000-plus audience at Madison Square Garden certainly felt it. "This is the loudest crowd I think we've ever played to here," White said before leaving the stage. The _Lazaretto_ tour continues through mid-April, with stops in Las Vegas, South America, Hawaii, and a headlining slot at Coachella. That's a long way from a small church in Michigan—though, to hear Daru Jones tell it, not any less holy.

"I had big dreams. I wanted to be an all-around musician. I feel like my talent that I was blessed with was not only for the church. That was my challenge. And now... I just feel like the heavens have opened."

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question: Who was absent on the drums?

answer: Meg White was absent.

question: Who was Meg replaced by?

answer: Meg was replaced by Daru Jones.

question: Did Jones' parents approve of non-gospel music?

answer: Jones' father did, his mother did not.

question: When did Jones move to New York?

answer: Jones moved to New York after four years in Pittsburgh.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The article covers a sold out Madison Square Garden concert. Among the performers was Daru Jones. The article goes over Jones' early life and musical upbringing, along with his personal style.


text:
JOÃO FRANCO FERREIRA PINTO CASTELO-BRANCO, GCTE (; (14 February 1855 in Alcaide, Fundão – 4 April 1929 in Anadia) was a Portuguese politician, minister, 43rd Minister for Treasury Affairs (14 January 1890) and 47th Prime Minister (19 May 1906-4 February 1908).

Early life

He was the son of Frederico Carlos Ferreira Franco Freire (16 January 1829 – 1909), a nobleman of the Royal Household, and Luísa Henriqueta Pinto Correia da Costa Castelo-Branco (1835–1893).

Career

He was educated at the University of Coimbra receiving a bachelor's degree in 1875.[1] On entering an administrative career, he was able to prove himself in public competitions for several positions, including: delegate to the royal prosecutor in the comarcas of Sátão, Baião, Alcobaça and Lisbon (between January 1877 and January 1885); service chief of the general administration for customs-houses (from October 1885); administrator general for customs-houses (from February 1886 until December 1886); and court auditor for customs tax litigation (which began in 1886).[2] From his post-University experience, it was obvious that Franco had a spirit and personal energy that would contribute to his partisan conflicts, and formed his role in Portuguese politics.[3] Franco communicated and wrote well which, for the time, gave him advantages in public life, defined by debates and journalistic quarrels.[4] He was rich, had good contacts, appreciated intrigue and immersed in commerce oriented toward service and merit, which united many of the liberal elite of the time.[5]

He was elected for this first time in 1884, for the constituency of Guimarães, and only remained in this position until the Cortes contradicted the will of his electorate. Since the position of delegate and legislative deputy were incompatible, he opted to remain in the legislature, thereby losing his rights in the magistrates offices.[6] Shortly after his election the conflict between Braga and Guimarães occurred, and he dedicated his efforts to support the residents of Guimarães, who had supported his election.[7] The conflict lasted a year, and during that time he exhibited his judicial talents and charter as deputy for Guimarães, receiving sympathies from his electors.[8] During the 1857 legislature, he was responsible for several speeches, covering political, administrative, economic and financial issues, that included issues such as the port of Lisbon, port of Leixões and customs. He regularly sparred with members of Progressive Party () between 1886 and 1890, and his name was associated with the first ministry (government) organized by the Regenerator Party.[9]

Minister

On 14 January 1890, he was called before the councils of the Crown, and given the Finance portfolio, during the government presided by António de Serpa Pimentel, which had substituted the Progressive cabinet of José Luciano de Castro.[10] At the end of eight months, on 12 October 1890, Pimental's government fell, resulting in his publication of a celebrated report on the state of the nation's finances, that resulted in vivid discussions. In 1891, following the fall of the Progressive ministry, a cabinet presided by general João Crisóstomo de Abreu e Sousa and the Regenerators, once again, took office.[11] At that time Franco was given the responsibility for Public Works (which he occupied from 21 May 1891 to 14 January 1892). It was from this period that many institutional, industrial and agricultural reforms were implemented under his watch, including various measures were promulgated to develop industry and the economy. Among these laws, was the presentation of a bill to create new industries, which was never adopted (due to the government falling) but were promulgated in 1892 by decree. Inclined towards protectionism, Franco aligned himself with other protectionists in 1892, collaborating with them and Finance Minister Oliveira Martins, during his role as president of the Finance committee.[12] It was during his oversight that Beira Baixa rail-line was inaugurated, visited by King Carlos and Queen Amélia in their first public event as monarchs, in the provinces of the north. Since July 1891, until 16 November, Franco also occupied the post of Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts ().[13]

Between February 1893 and 1897 he managed the Kingdom's portfolio. At that time he reformed secondary school education, the administrative code (1896), electoral law, limiting the number of public service workers in the municipal councils, regulating pollution on the sea, laws against anarchists and the reduction of municipal districts and comaracas.[14] These and other measures, as well as acts of force, such as the suppression of the _Associações Comercial_ (_Commercial Associations_) and _Associações dos Lojistas de Lisboa_ (_Lisbon Tenants Association_), as well as the order to expel the republican warlord Salmeron, provoked heated discussions and captivated the attentions of the country. Franco did not waver, and through them doubled his efforts to end class anarchy, which he believed were against public order.[15]

In July 1900, during the new Regenerator government Franco did not obtain a ministry; at that time the political and personal relationship between Hintze Ribeiro, the party chief, and Franco, chairman of the cabinet, were not cordial.[16] The press writing around this time indicated that a full rupture was inevitable, owing to the differences of opinion.[17] A fissure developed during the 13 February 1901 session: João Franco made a speech on overseas tax policies, which did not please the government, and indicated his open opposition. On 14 May, deputy Malheiro Reimão strongly attacked the income tax policy, which was, the next day, also attacked by João Franco, who boldly explained the reasons why he opposed the actions. These debates eventually resulted in the dissolution of the elected chamber, which was a controversial action on the part of the government.[18] The government then revoked the electoral law, and substituted it (on 8 August 1901) with a comprehensive law, then immediately held general elections, resulting in João Franco and his political colleagues being disenfranchised.[19]

This reinforced the split, resulting in the creation of a new party, the Liberal Regenerator Party, commonly called the _Franquistas_, for its new political leader.[20] Five years later, the administration of the country was actively party-oriented, and the Franquistas acquired several supporters. The tobacco concession and other questions, galvanized public opinion and the two mainlines parties, the Progressives and Regenerators, were incapable of maintaining their support, causing the abandon of several deputies to other parties.[21]

Prime Minister

[One of the more memorable images of João Franco alongside members of government] [The bust of João Franco, in Guimarães, in the square dedicated to the former _Minister of the Kingdom_] In May 1906, tired of continued politicization, the King requested João Franco form a new government: it was composed of João Franco, as president of the council for the kingdom; Ernesto Driesel Schroeter, Finances; Luís Cipriano Coelho de Magalhães, Foreign Relations; Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, Marines/Navy; António Carlos Coelho de Vasconcelos Porto, War; José de Abreu do Couto Amorim Novais, Justice; and José Malheiro Reimão, Public Works.[22] By the time the proclamation was written the first Liberal Regenerator ministry had already adopted its first program, supported by the Progressive Party, in the self-styled _concentração-liberal_ (_liberal concentration_). They immediately settled the tobacco issue in October 1906, with a new contract, and then implemented reforms, which they presented to the parliament: laws on public accounting, ministerial responsibility, the press and the repression of anarchists.[23]

During the 20 November 1906 session, his ministry expelled from parliament many of the Republican Party deputies, including Afonso Costa and Alexandre Braga for their excessive zeal.[24] During the entire legislative session João Franco made several remarks highlighting his oratorical skills, against the members of the opposition parties.[25] By decree, issued 16 July 1906, he received the 303rd Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword for his services to the Crown.[26]

Facing republican dissent, though, João Franco established an authoritarian government in 1907.

He was still in office when the king of Portugal, Carlos I, and his son and heir to the throne, Luis Filipe, were killed by republican revolutionaries on 1 February 1908.

Franco was soon forced out (4 February) and a non-partisan Francisco Ferreira do Amaral, with all-party support was installed in the ministry; he never again held office.

Personal life

He married Maria Lívia Ferrari Schindler (1858–1950), of Swiss German and Italian descent, 915th Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa of Spain (3 November 1893), daughter of Gaspar Schindler and Maria Lívia Ferrari, both born and married in Lisbon, and had a son Frederico Gaspar Schindler Franco Castelo-Branco (18 March 1888 – 3 January 1931), married on 22 May 1919 to Maria Rita de Sá Pais do Amaral (14 September 1897 – 27 July 1926), daughter of the 5th Counts of Anadia, and had issue.

[1] João Romano Torres (ed.) (1915), p.574-576

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[4] Rui Ramos (2001>, p.740

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title: João Franco

question: Why was João Franco replaced by Francisco Ferreira do Amaral?

answer: Presumably João Franco was replaced by Francisco Ferreira do Amaral because Francisco was non-partisan and had support from both parties.

question: Do you think King Carlos trusted João Franco?

answer: Considering King Carlos requested João Franco form a new government, yes I think King Carlos trusted João Franco.


text:
The proportion of oral cancers caused by HPV has risen significantly in Canada, say researchers, who suggest the infection is now behind an estimated three-quarters of all such malignancies.

[]

Statistics from a Canadian Cancer Society report last fall showed 1,335 Canadians were diagnosed in 2012 with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer and 372 died from the disease. (CBC)

The proportion of oral cancers caused by the human papillomavirus has risen significantly in Canada, say researchers, who suggest the infection is now behind an estimated three-quarters of all such malignancies.

In a cross-Canada study, published Monday in the Canadian Medical Association Journal, the researchers found the incidence of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers increased by about 50 per cent between 2000 and 2012.

"It's a snapshot of looking at the disease burden and the time trend to see how the speed of the increase of this disease (is changing)," said co-author Sophie Huang, a research radiation therapist at Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto.

-   HPV vaccination reduces cervical abnormalities in young women, study finds

-   Male HPV-related oral cancer rates on the rise: Canadian Cancer Society

Researchers looked at data from specialized cancer centres in British Columbia, Alberta, Ontario and Nova Scotia to determine rates of HPV-related tumours among 3,643 patients aged 18 years or older who had been diagnosed with squamous cell oropharyngeal cancer between 2000 and 2012.

"In 2000, the proportion of throat cancer caused by HPV was estimated at 47 per cent," said Huang. "But in 2012, the proportion became 74 per cent ... about a 50 per cent increase."

Statistics from a Canadian Cancer Society report last fall showed 1,335 Canadians were diagnosed in 2012 with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer and 372 died from the disease.

Most cases linked to oral sex

HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Most people never develop symptoms and the infection resolves on its own within about two years. But in some people, the infection can persist, leading to cervical cancer in women, penile cancer in men and oropharyngeal cancer in both sexes.

Most cases of HPV-related oral cancer are linked to oral sex, said Huang, noting that about 85 per cent of the cases in the CMAJ study were men.

HPV-related tumours respond better to treatment and have a higher survival rate than those linked to tobacco and alcohol use, the other major cause of oral cancer, she said, adding that early identification of a tumour's cause is important to ensure appropriate and effective treatment.

While some centres in Canada routinely test oral tumours to determine their HPV status, such testing is not consistent across the country, the researchers say.

In the past, physicians generally tended to reserve tumour testing for cases most likely to be caused by HPV — among them younger males with no history of smoking and with light alcohol consumption — to prevent an unnecessary burden on pathology labs.

"Only as accumulating data have supported the clinical importance of HPV testing has routine testing been implemented in most (though not all) Canadian centres," the researchers write.

Vaccine for boys in all 10 provinces

The study showed that the proportion of new HPV-related oral cancers rose as those caused by non-HPV-related tumours fell between 2000 and 2012 — likely the result of steadily declining smoking rates.

HPV vaccines given to young people before they become sexually active can prevent infection — and the researchers say both boys and girls should be inoculated.

Currently, six provinces provide HPV immunization to Grade 6 boys as well as girls, with the other four provinces set to add males to vaccination programs this fall, said Huang.

"So vaccinating boys is very important because, if you look at Canadian Cancer Society statistics (for 2012), HPV- related oropharyngeal cancer in total numbers has already surpassed cervical cancers," she said.

"The increase of HPV-related cancer is real, and it's striking that there's no sign of a slowdown."

It's not clear why males seem to be at higher risk of this cancer than females, said Leah Smith, an epidemiologist with the Canadian Cancer Society. Smith was not involved in the study.

"The research does suggest that the female immune system seems to respond differently to HPV infections in the mouth and throat than the male immune system," Smith said. "In females for example, oral HPV infections seem to occur less often and clear more quickly than they do in males, and it's the persistence of an infection in the mouth and throat that can ultimately lead to cancer."

Smith called for more research to understand better exactly how HPV is passed on and why some people are more likely to develop these cancers than others.

question: What infection is being discussed?

answer: Oral cancers caused by HPV

question: Between 2000 and 2012, how much did the incidence of HPV related oral cancer increase by?

answer: 50%

question: What is the most common sexually transmitted infection?

answer: HPV

question: In 2012, how many Canadians were diagnosed with HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer?

answer: 1, 335 Canadians

question: What else is the other major cause of oral cancer?

answer: Tobacco and alcohol use

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: A description of the extent of what HPV-related oral cancer is discussed/ There has been an increase in Canada with this infection, about a 50 per cent increase in 12 years. More research for how HPV is passed on is called for.


text:
Unfamiliar street signs cite flower names, and I’d like to stop and appreciate the irony of the street consisting of tenements and uneven concrete slathers forming the dilapidated earth below my feet, but I can’t. The pavement is slipping under my feet fast as I desperately search for something. Anything. As much as I love flowers, I have no idea where I am. Rose, Lilac, Daisy: all useless to me. Third time tonight I’ve had to laugh at the irony of it all. Third time I’ve circled around here.

Second time I’ve gotten lost out here. Incomprehensible maps, my own poor sense of direction, every person who I run into either wanting money or not knowing where anything is because they refer to the city as “Frisco”; the night is stacked against me. And I have to be home. I have to be at the station at the stroke of tomorrow. When the clock strikes midnight, Cinderella won’t just lose everything: she’ll be stranded in the city.

I don’t know where I’m going, and it shows. I’ve run past that same homeless person three times. He’s laughing at me now, like he’s the one who has everything figured out. Like his place below the graphitized overhang of a restaurant closed up with a heavy, rusted gate is so much better than the home I have to go back to. But he’s right. It is. He knows that his place on the uneven pavement is his. I only know that every step I take marks one more stretch of land that isn’t mine. I’m lost; he has already found everything that he needs, even if he doesn’t know where his next meal will come from. I want to spit at him, but I can’t. I respect him too much.

Streetlights stare down at me condescendingly, the area of blackness between their diffuse spheres of influence giving me a feeling of insecurity as I cut corners with an indeterminate path in mind. It’s as if they’re mocking me, guiding me along through the abyss of lost-ness only to say “Ha! I’ve got you!” when I realize that I’m back at the same market that I passed five minutes ago. I’m misguided, listening to light and watching the scenes change as if I’m helpless, lost in my own body as much as the body of the city.

I run past a middle aged black man twirling a cane awkwardly and mumbling to himself. He extends a hand out to me just as I am about to pass. I stop to shake it. What’s going anywhere when you’re lost? I can feel the calluses of a life either well lived or wasted away, and the decrepit man smiles back at me. “Hi, I’m James.” He’s complaining about a pinched nerve in his leg and something about getting home. I can half understand him. The topic turns to money. $2.27. I laugh. Tell him to walk with me. I’ll break a twenty at the corner store.

It’s cold outside. Glad I brought a jacket, but the sweat staining my jean legs makes the night breeze chill me to the bone. James won’t stop complaining about being cold. And his pinched nerve. “Been there, done that” I tell him. And all I want to ask him is if he knows Ginsberg. America, two dollars twenty-seven cents January 17, 1956. America, stop pushing, I know what I’m doing. America, I’m putting my queer shoulder to the wheel.

I envy Ginsberg sometimes. I envy homeless people sometimes. Old story of Ginsberg and his shrink, Phillip Hicks: “What would you like to do?” “You’re going to think I’m crazy, but I really would like to stop working forever—never work again, never do anything like the work I’m doing now—and do nothing but write poetry and have leisure and to spend the day outdoors and go to museums and see friends.” “If that is what you really feel would please you, what in the world is stopping you from doing it?”

I ask James. James says that he knows Ginsberg. James doesn’t know Ginsberg. James knows Ginsberg. Ginsberg is where he’s going after he gets a few bucks off of the sucker taking him to the corner store.

James doesn’t exist anymore, and I don’t have a twenty. I have a ten and a five. But I don’t have two dollars and twenty-seven cents. I don’t want to have two dollars and twenty-seven cents right now. A month ago, I read about Romeo talking about money being poison. And for this guy, my money might very well to prove to be his poison of choice. It might not. At least he knows what he wants. At least he knows where he’s going.

The streets are nearly empty, rare for the city at this hour, yet every streetlight is still lit up. False beacons of direction leading me everywhere and nowhere. And yet, as I walk out of that corner store, I see brighter lights, the road to the BART station and then home. For now, it’s salvation from the unknown. But I don’t know if it’s my path. The one I want to take. But tonight, it’s the one I have to take. Probably going to be the same path tomorrow. But one of these days, I’ll make my own path. I’ll be the Ginsberg of my generation. I’ll be the James with the calluses in my hands. I’ll be who I want to be. But tonight, I’m taking the yellow line back home. Good night San Francisco.

Constructive criticism and general feedback are greatly appreciated.

title: Direction (Meditation on being lost, the wonder years, Ginsberg, homelessness and the future)

question: What does the story say about how the narrator lost her way?

question: What does the story say about why the narrator envied the homeless man that lived by the restaurant?

answer: The narrator found herself in an unfamiliar environment while trying to find her way home. Because she had circled the block a few times too many, she became familiar with the signs and street names, including the homeless man perched quietly by a closed restaurant. She soon began to despise and envy the homeless man because at least he was at peace with himself and had a place of his own that he called home, unlike her, who still loitered the streets, unable to locate her destination.


text:
The angry man rolls into town with a bag and a grimace and a frown.  He takes the bus to 808 and throws money on the table.  Give me two for what for please, he whispers sarcastically and with the subtlety of a goose.

Whatnow? Asked the operator nice, her tears staining her underwear with optimism.

TWO FOR WHATFOR AND ONE EXTRA FOR ME MA.

The man turned huffing towards the mirror and inspected his dream.  How many do you need?  Asked he of himself. Take me back home, to the grounds of the point.   Intense discussion, would be pleasant, but doesn't need more of it.  I wondered to use the bathroom, no time, no place.   If there's anything, talk to David-o.  There isn't.

The bus is here now, time to stop.

Abruptly sitting up, he looked out of the window, the hotel window, the hotel.   He pictured Gideon's bible sitting in the drawer next to him and the phone, used by so many.   He threw back the covers and switched on the TV.  Morning news droned as shower water sprinkled him fresh.  Opened suitcase, underpants, shirt and tie, trousers last as the towel hit the floor, a present for the cleaning lady.

Cologne and elevator, brief glances and hollow smiles at breakfast.  Croissant and jam, coffee with no sugar, taxi, street, smiles again and again elevator.  Morning business, the start of a new continuation. The meeting was boring, but he liked the look of the girl taking notes, she was young, hopeful.   He put downsizing on the table.  The men and women nodded, too much waste, not enough profit.   Too many people for the company, time to change, time for a fresh start.  It was his fault.   Meeting over, de-elevation.

A brisk walk through Manhattan, 5 minutes max.  Lunch was sandwich, more salad than bread, orange juice to help.   Staring out of the window, always windows, always outside.  The people were okay.    Check phone, free wifi, great invention.   Good times.  He thrashed at a whiteboard in his mind.  Downsize, economize, automate.   The world was an engine being ever refined, like the sugar in the packet he didn't use.

Next meeting was convincing, at least he was. His speech: Good change, positive change, even pocket change helps.  50th floor, great view, but no one was distracted.  Time to sell ideas, this workspace is the fucking bomb, wondering what the fuck he is talking about.
Sally was 18 when she dumped him, he was 21.  He couldn't figure it out.  They were both attending the same college and the last 3 months had been fantastic.   He wondered if it was his hair, his height, his face.  Sometimes he jokingly asked her to marry him, and she would jokingly reply 'of course'.   They lay in the sports fields, smoked weed, talked about the changes in the world, and what they really wanted.  They went on the demonstration against the Iraq war, because their friends did, and they really enjoyed the music and the energy of the crowd.

It was easy to speculate, to be gods in the making.  They would make things right.  They would start the world over.  No more sadness.    If only everyone  got high and danced and stayed up late talking about love.

His speech was over.  Small round of applause, unusual but important to him.  He enjoyed the view.

Taxi, hotel, hotel bar.   He tried networking but it was the wrong crowd.  2 or 3 beers, elevator, hotel room, hotel window.  CNN.

Pillow.

The angry man rolls into town and dispenses his advice to a tramp.  Take it out, or you'll lose it.  It was late, dogs barking.  Trees everywhere, how beautiful.  Sally strokes and the blood stained him falls over.  Downsizing love, big time.   Three cards, three clues, first clue, left.

Mother is crying, she burnt her hand on the soup.  He can't eat it anymore.  He goes upstairs to the funeral and falls into the coffin.  Stupid me, always falling.  They look over at him, the baby in the box, tears sprinkling him clean, cologne, taxi, meeting,  Sally says he's the best businessman in the world, and they toast the man so violently he is pushed back, out through the window, the view comes closer, the trees grow pretty.

He lands.

Alarm clock, CNN talks.  Nothing happened.

Last day in NY. Wishing to be home, hop in a taxi.  Little input required today.  Traffic is snarled.  Who gives a fuck?  It's hot, open the window.  The trees in Central Park.  Joggers.  A guy plays guitar and he nods his head in approval.  No stress today.

Taxi arrives, elevator, shake hands, shake smiles.  Yesterday's approval lingers as it fades,  Others talk, good ideas, we are all good.  Tomorrow he's home, tomorrow family, tomorrow dog. He is helping.

Takes notes, it's boring to hear others speak.   Meeting drags, mind wanders.

Sally was a musician, of sorts.  She loved Pink Floyd and The Who, and insisted on his silence as she performed her stilted covers.   They fucked often, although not as much as he would have liked, although she gave excellent head.  Better than the wife.

He was sceptical when she offered him the mushrooms, but he couldn't turn down her hope.  His stomach churned, as did his mind, and he hated it.  She was dancing in his apartment, singing louder than anyone would have liked, as he lay on the floor holding his face tightly.  After hours had passed, she was stroking his hair, humming a tune, and he cried.

Meeting over, handshakes, smiles, bar full of suits.   They looked  good, he looked good, we were all good.  Etiquette is structure, you know.  Stay in the zone, business is him. Fuck it, cocktail bar.   He's making them laugh.  Everyone is laughing.   Huge tip, why not?  Taxi, then hotel.

Elevator, fumbling with hotel key. Ha! Door opens.  CNN.  Lay down.  Room is spinning.

It's world war one.  The first one.  He's dressed in combat gear, tin helmet, old rifle with a rusty bayonet.  It's nighttime and the sky is constantly lit by mortars landing relatively close by.   Wounded men and women lay slumped in the mud as he steps over them, his dog is also wounded.  His wife.  He does not talk to her.  Ever more mud sticks to his feet as he meanders through the narrow canal.    He shakes hands and smiles politely to his boss, his colleagues, especially the boring ones.

He is bleeding.   Sally looks down from above, holding her guitar and a raw expression.   The sun is shining and people are dancing in a field.

Ringing.  7:00am.  Pick up.

"Good morning Sir, you requested a wake up call for this time."

"Thanks"

It didn't work.

title: "Two for whatfor" - An asleep and awake story

question: Summarize what the main character reminisces about.

answer: The main character mostly reminisces about his time with Sally, who dumped him when he was 21 and in college. He thinks about the times they did drugs together, and how they used to lay in the college sports field and talk about the changes in the world. He reminisces on the time they went to a demonstration against the Iraq war, and how they thought they could make things right in the world. He also reminisces on their sex life.

question: Summarize the main character's dreams.

answer: In the main character's first dream, he is an angry man who takes the bus and tries to pay for something. He's mostly incoherent until he gets back on his bus and wakes up. In the second dream, the angry man sees Sally and his mother and is toasted so violently he's pushed out of a window. In the third dream, the main character is fighting in World War One and his wife and Sally make an appearance.

question: Summarize the main character's experience with drugs.

answer: The main character used to smoke weed with their ex, Sally. He thought there would no more sadness in the world if people just got high, danced, and talked about love. He also did mushrooms with Sally, but was initially skeptical. He hated it because they made his stomach and mind churn. He cried after hours had passed on the drug.

question: What does the story say about envy?