text:
HURRAH! were a British jangle pop band formed in the early 1980s and active until 1991. Two band members traded off lead vocals on track-by-track basis, giving the band two distinctly different sounds.[1]

Band history

Line-up

Formed in the early 1980s and originally known as the Green-Eyed Children,[2] Hurrah! initially consisted of Paul Handyside (born 28 September 1960, Newcastle-upon-Tyne; guitar/vocals), David 'Taffy' Hughes (b. 16 March 1961, Southmoor, Northumberland; guitar/vocals), David Porthouse (b. 17 August 1961, Gateshead;(bass), and Mark Sim (drums). Sim was soon replaced by Damien Mahoney.[3]

When Mahoney left in 1986 to join the police force, after exhaustive auditions, the band eventually recruited Steve Price (b. 27 June 1965, Newport; drums) as a permanent replacement drummer. Adrian Evans (b. 6 March 1963, County Durham, England) became the band's fourth drummer when Steve Price left the band and emigrated to America.

Releases

Hurrah! were one of the first acts signed to Kitchenware Records, who issued the band's debut single, “The Sun Shines Here”, in 1982.[4] Second single “Hip Hip” was released the following year, and gave the band an indie chart hit, reaching No. 21.[5]

The third single, “Who'd Have Thought,” was another indie hit in 1984, reaching No. 7 on the British charts.[6] After one more single, “Gloria” – produced by Jimmy Miller, the band's early recordings were compiled on the _Boxed_ album in 1985.

Hurrah! signed to Arista Records via Kitchenware's deal with the major label, and the _Tell God I'm Here_ album was re-released by the record company. On Arista's release, the future single “How Many Rivers” was re-recorded with new drummer Steve Price, and produced by Steve Brown.

In 1986, Hurrah! released their first major-label album and the single, “Sweet Sanity,” in the UK and the US. The video for the song, which featured two women holding hands, was banned from some American television stations for being too controversial.[7]

Hurrah's major label debut album, _Tell God I'm Here_, reached No. 71 in the UK Albums Chart in 1987.[8][9] Towards the end of 1987, a live album, _Way Ahead_, was released on the Esurient label.[10]

In 1989, the band released their second major-label album, _The Beautiful,_ produced by Simon Hanhart and Chris Kimsey. The tracks were primarily recorded over six weeks in 1988 at Ridge Farm, a picturesque residential recording studio in Surrey, England. The only single from this album was “Big Sky.”

Arista released Hurrah! from their record contract in 1989. Steve Price left the band in mid-1990 to move to America, and the rest of the band split up in 1991, after releasing their last single “That dream's over now”. A retrospective album of demos and live tracks, _The Sound of Philadelphia_, was issued in 1993.[11] During the intervening years there was much talk of an unreleased 'lost album' of recordings made just before the 1991 split. This album was rumoured to feature previously unreleased material which had been developed in the band's latter day live sets. Suspicions of this album's existence proved to be well founded with the release of _The return of the cool_ in 2010 on the Cherry Red record label.

Tours

The band were invited to support U2 at Wembley, and played as the only opening act on the first few dates of _The Joshua Tree_ tour in June 1987. Later that summer, Hurrah! played at a music festival in Germany, supporting David Bowie on the Glass Spider tour.

Hurrah! toured the United States for the first time during October/November 1987, appearing on the Coors-sponsored “Four Play” tour along with bands Royal Court of China, Will (Sexton) & the Kill and Northern Pikes. The four bands rotated the headline slot, and played free shows at club venues and colleges in most major metro areas across the US.[12]

In 1988, Hurrah! played live shows in Iraq, Egypt and Jordan after accepting an invitation from the British Arts Council.[13] One of the first “western” bands to play in the Middle East, the group was escorted by armed troops for the duration of their visit. Publicity materials from their Arts Council tour listed the album's name as _Tell Them I'm Here_ to avoid offending the host countries.

Post break-up

After Hurrah!, David 'Taffy' Hughes formed Star Witness, later called Candy Coloured Clowns, and released a cassette of rough demos called “Welcome to Razor Town” (1996). Hughes also plays guitar with The Girl with the Replaceable Head, a duo formed with female singer Sylvia.

Paul Handyside has since released two albums under the name of Bronze. His first solo album, _Future's Dream_, was released by Malady Music in 2007. Handyside's second solo album ''Wayward Son ''was released in 2013 also on Malady Music.[14]

As well as contributing drums, melodeon and backing vocals on several of Paul Handyside's post-Hurrah! releases,[15] David Porthouse trained as a luthier, producing custom built instruments and specialising in lap steel guitars.

Discography

Albums

-   _Boxed_ (1985, Kitchenware)
-   _Tell God I'm Here_ (1987, Kitchenware/Arista) (UK Albums Chart No. 71[16])
-   _Way Ahead_ (1987, Esuriant) (UK Indie No. 29)
-   _The Beautiful_ (1989, Kitchenware/Arista)
-   _Sound of Philadelphia_ (1993, Creation Rev-Ola)
-   _The Return of the Cool_ (2010 Cherry Red)

Singles

-   “The Sun Shines Here” (1982) Kitchenware
-   “Hip Hip” (1983) Kitchenware (UK Indie No. 21)
-   “Who'd Have Thought” (1984) Kitchenware (UK Indie No. 7)
-   “Gloria” (1985) Kitchenware (UK Indie No. 12)
-   “Sweet Sanity” (1986) Kitchenware/Arista
-   “If Love Could Kill” (1987) Kitchenware/Arista
-   “How Many Rivers?” (1987) Kitchenware/Arista
-   “Sweet Sanity” (1988) Kitchenware/Arista
-   “Big Sky” (1989) Kitchenware/Arista
-   “That Dream's Over Now” (1991) Kitchenware/Arista

[1]

[2]

[3] Strong, Martin C. (2003) “Hurrah!”, in _The Great Indie Discography_, Canongate,

[4]

[5] Lazell, Barry (1997) _Indie Hits 1980–1989_, Cherry Red Books,

[6]

[7] [ Hurrah!] at Allmusic

[8]

[9]

[10] Johnny Eager (1987) “Hurrah! _Way Ahead_”, _Underground_, December 1987 (Issue 9), p. 13

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14] Paul Handyside at MusicBrainz

[15] David Porthouse at MusicBrainz

[16]

title: Hurrah!

question: Summarize the band's lineup changes.

answer: The original lineup in the 1980s consisted of Paul Handyside, David 'Taffy' hughes, David Porthouse, and Mark Sim. Mark Sim was replaced by Damien Mahoney. Mahoney later left and was replaced by Steve Price, who in turn was later replaced by Adrian Evans.

question: Summarize the first decade of the band's career.

answer: Hurrah! formed in the early 1980s. They were signed to Kitchenware Records and their debut single, "The Sun Shines Here" was released in 1982. Their early recordings were compiled on the Boxed album in 1985. Their first major-label album, "Tell God I'm Here" was released in 1986. The video for "Sweet Sanity" was banned for being controversial, as it featured two women wolding hands. They released their second major-label album, "The Beautiful" in 1989 and were released from their contract that same year.

question: Summarize the events that led to the band getting signed.

question: Summarize the band's post break-up activity.

answer: David Hughes formed a new band, Star Witness and also plays with The Girl with the Replaceable Head. Paul Handyside released two albums under the name Bronze. David Porthouse contributed to Paul Handyside's releases and also trained as a luthier.


split: train

text:
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With all of the advancements made in artificial intelligence and machine learning today, there seems to be an influx of tools and solutions that are starting to leverage cognitive capabilities. But do these tools and solutions actually reflect the true meaning of AI?

According to Jonas Nwuke, platform manager for IBM Watson, AI (or cognitive computing) is “intended to help people make better decisions. The system learns at scale, gets better through experience, and interacts with humans in a more natural way.”

The problem in today’s software development industry is that because AI is such a big umbrella term, it often gets misused or overused, according to Todd Anglin, chief evangelist at Progress. “In some ways it is going to get overused just by its very nature. It stands for a lot of things, but as a result a lot of times it gets used somewhat inappropriately,” he said.

(RELATED: MICROSOFT DEVOTES 5,000 WORKERS TO AI, JOINS INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP)

For instance, AI is a great marketing term and developers will often just slap it onto their solutions to make them stand out, even if they really aren’t using true AI capabilities, Anglin explained. “The average user of an app will assume since it has AI in it, it has to be smart, and it has to be great,” he said.

In other cases, developers will use the term to convey that the application is trying to do something for the user. For example, Anglin said Tesla uses the term “self-driving cars” for its vehicles because it is easier for the larger community to understand, but in reality the vehicles aren’t completely self-driving because they need a human to babysit the wheel in case something goes haywire.

And then there are developers who just don’t understand the true meaning of artificial intelligence. AI’s recent successes has made it significantly easier for developers to download a package from the Web and train it on a single data set such as image recognition, visual processing, or natural-language processing. But that is not the meaning of AI, according to Massimiliano Versace, CEO of Neurala, a company whose mission is “to make software smarter.”

“Artificial intelligence is really taking the brain, and trying to emulate it in software,” he said. “The brain is more than just recognizing an object. It is thinking. It is perceiving. It is action. It is emotion.”

According to Versace, there are three main ingredients that are necessary for true intelligence: the brain, the body, and the mind. The brain consists of the algorithms or mathematics behind the software, working with incoming data. The body is the hardware the intelligence lives in. And the mind is the computing power that runs the algorithms.

Today, all three ingredients are converging, making it easier and cost-efficient for the field to take off, Versace explained.

“AI is in a very good path right now. The challenge is creating an application that goes beyond just image recognition,” he said.

Anglin believes simple image recognition, object detection, and challenge-and-response systems do use some level of AI, but developers need to be a bit more judicious on how they label it in their applications. Instead, developers should focus on the underlying concepts like machine learning or deep learning. “We have to spend more time looking at those things and how they are being leveraged or used in software.” he said. “When we talk about AI, what are we really saying?”

Gartner researchers Tom Austin, Alexander Linden, and Martin Reynolds recently released a report on how the industry should define and use smart machine terms effectively. According to the report, people should use descriptive terms that differentiate artificial intelligence from human intelligence, and ignore marketing terms like “AI” or “cognitive capabilities.” Instead, Gartner believes the use of the term “smart machines” is a more appropriate and least objectionable term.

“Assigning human attributes to technology distorts our understanding of what that technology can truly accomplish,” according to Gartner’s research. “Smart machine technologies adapt their behavior based on experience, are not totally dependent on instructions from people (they learn on their own), and are able to come up with unanticipated results.”

THE DIGITAL BRAINS BEHIND AI
Artificial Intelligence is a feature developers and businesses are striving to include in their services and solutions; but those businesses and developers are going to have to leverage digital brains that are already in place, according to Progress’ Anglin.

He explained that, as more people start using machine learning and AI-based systems, those systems will get smarter and smarter, in turn making them better and encouraging more people to choose them.

According to Anglin, the major digital brains in the space are:

FACEBOOK: Facebook has an AI research department that is dedicated to advancing machine learning and developing intelligent machines. Recently the company open-sourced its AI hardware design, codenamed Big Sur, which handles AI computing at a large scale. It also announced new algorithms such as DeepMask, a segmentation framework; DeepText, the company’s deep learning-based text understanding engine; SharpMask, a segment refinement model; and MultiPathNet, an object detection solution. In addition, Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced plans to unveil his personal AI assistant to the world very soon.

GOOGLE: Google recently open-sourced its TensorFlow library for machine learning. According to Anglin, TensorFlow is a little bit more complex than other cognitive services, but it wraps up a lot of scientific programming and packages it in a way that the average application developer can leverage and embed in their applications.

IBM WATSON: IBM Watson is a cognitive system that is designed to understand data, reason, and learn at scale. It provides cognitive APIs that leverage natural language processing and machine learning—among other things—to analyze data, learn from data, and derive insights. “There is value to be gained from systems that go beyond general abstractions and reason in specialized ways,” said IBM’s Nwuke.

MICROSOFT: Microsoft provides cognitive services that allow developers to build Android, iOS and Windows apps using powerful intelligence algorithms. The services include APIs for vision, speech, language and knowledge.

“We will have our hands full of very effective digital brains from these major players, and people choosing to go out on their own will have a hard time really competing,” said Anglin.

However, Versace said Neurala is already building its own digital brain and is ahead of the game, despite being a smaller company. “We have a long history of building the building blocks of an artificial brain down to an individual neuron and up to big systems of hundreds of millions or even billions of neurons connected with synapses,”  he said.

The company recently released the Neurala Brains for Bots SDK, allowing companies to integrate deep learning into their applications. According to Versace, the SDK is something the major players haven’t been able to provide as of yet.

The technology currently targets drones, enabling them to learn, recognize, find and follow objects. But Versace explained it can be applied to computers, phones and other machines. “We are not going to build a vertical. We are going to build a platform and let people build a vertical,” he said.

SHOULD WE FEAR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?
There is a fear that artificial intelligence will not only replace our jobs in the future, but that the machines will also get so smart they will take over and end civilization “Some people attach a stigma to artificial intelligence, they think the technology somehow challenges or endangers the world as we know it,” said IBM’s Nwuke. But he believes the future of artificial intelligence just means machines will be able to bring more value to businesses, professionals and consumers.

“The technology offers a level of collaboration between man and machine that augments and expands human efforts,” he said.

Society creates that stigma because of the way AI is sometimes portrayed, according to Progress’ Anglin. Movies have this classic AI villain that takes over, but that notion is a little bit overblown, according to him. The problem is that most of society doesn’t have enough of understanding of the technology.

“It is less feared in engineering circles with developers because there is a slightly more hands-on understanding of the technology,” said Anglin. “It is less magic and more machine.”

Anglin doesn’t doubt that there is a potential for AI to be abused or used for harm in the future, but that is a possibility with any tool and technology, he explained. “I would say, broadly speaking, it is not the artificial intelligence that will get us there. It is humans that will get us there,” he said.

After all, people will be making and teaching the machines, and they have to be responsible for this technology. It is a developer’s job to make sure they put the right safeguards in place and educate people on the benefits of the technology, Anglin explained.

“There are many fantasies about AI that people perpetuate, beginning with the assumption that we can build an artificial intelligence,” said Gartner’s Austin. “We can’t. If too many senior executives buy into anthropomorphic assumptions about conversational interfaces—for example, they are indistinguishable from people [or] they can learn by observing everything they need to know to replace all the people in your call center—then too many projects will fail and be shut down.”

THE NEXT STEP
Today, while AI is most commonly cited for image recognition, natural language processing and voice recognition, this is just the very beginning of what we think of as learning, according to Anglin.

“Our current AI state is that of a toddler,” he said. “It can understand what it sees, what it hears, and then tell you what it is seeing.” This is just the early stage for AI, but for businesses to really gain value from it, the next step will be the ability to make more connections and reasoning about the connections between objects, he explained.

“We are progressing down a path from going from a toddler to a slightly more capable learning machine,” said Anglin.

Neurala’s Versace wants to see the industry go beyond what people think of AI. “AI means being able to have a piece of software that is functionally indistinguishable from a human,” he said. “There is an infinite amount of applications AI can be applied to.”

With the explosion of platforms and sensors, Versace said AI is now more important than ever. “Every job where there is a human looking at a screen, we can get rid of the human and process their job with AI so they can go do other things,” he said.

From here, developers and data scientists will have to look at how we understand the concept between objects, and go beyond just the very basics of picking out an object and understanding everything in a picture.

“This is a moment in time where we all need to collectively lift our heads as a software developer community and say, ‘Alright what are the major patterns that we could start applying to user software and apply it differently?’” said Anglin “We will see a lot of that happen over the next two to three years where people really hit the pause button, think about the next era of software they are going to create, and figure out what those scenarios look like.”

IBM’s Nwuke already sees it happening with the company’s customers. “Developers have started commercializing their ideas across retail, health, banking, sports and more. We’re inspired by what this community has created, and together, we’re building a future where cognitive technologies will positively impact every facet of our lives, both at work and at home,” he said.

In the short term, Ilya Tabakh, founder of Edge Up Sports, predicted we will see better voice recognition, better understanding of body posture, the ability to understand the emotional state of a user, and more technologies that improve our lives.

The point of it all is to solve a pain point for users, according to Anglin. “Developers have to be mindful and not rush a technology into an app or in front of a user if it does not in fact actually make the user’s life better,” he said. “How do we really apply this intelligently, not just apply it in a haphazard kind of way?” z

[]

About Christina Cardoza

Christina Cardoza is the News Editor of SD Times. She is responsible for the oversight of the daily news published to the website as well as the company's weekly newsletter, News on Monday. She covers agile, DevOps, AI, machine learning, mixed reality and software security. She is an undeniable nerd who loves Marvel comics and Star Wars. On Follow her on Twitter at @chriscatdoza!

View all posts by Christina Cardoza

question: What is the main topic of this article?

answer: The main topic of this article is about cognitive computing (AI), how the term is overused, the digital brains behind AI, and the next steps of AI.

question: What is the mission of Neurala?

answer: "To make software smarter."

question: Who is quoted as saying, "Artificial intelligence is really taking the brain, and trying to emulate it in software."

answer: Massimiliano Versace, CEO of Neurala.

question: What are the three main ingredients necessary for true intelligence?

answer: The brain, the body, and the mind.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The main topic of this article is about cognitive computing (AI), how the term is overused, the digital brains behind AI, and the next steps of AI.


text:
LEWIS HILL is a summit in St. Francois County in the U.S. state of Missouri.[1] Lewis Hill has an elevation of .[2]

Lewis Hill has the name of Warner Lewis, the original owner of the site.[3]

[1]

[2]

[3]

title: Lewis Hill (Missouri)

question: What is Lewis Hill?

answer: It is a summit in Missouri.

question: How was Lewis Hill named?

answer: It was named for Warner Lewis, the original owner of the site.

question: In which state is St. Francois County located?

answer: In Missouri.

question: Who was the original owner of the site?

answer: Warner Lewis

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Lewis Hill is a summit in Missouri. It was named for the original owner of the land, Warner Lewis.


text:
thumb
Stanisławów District League was a regional association football championship in the Stanisławów Voivodeship, Poland (then Second Polish Republic) in 1934-1939.
The league was created out of the Lwów District League on 15 April 1934 after receiving approval from the Polish Football Union on 21 March 1934. The Stanisławów District League is also considered to be a precursor of the Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast Football Federation championship in the modern Ukraine. Practically all of the clubs of the league represented various detachment of the Polish Armed Forces due to the Polish colonization policies in the Eastern Galicia (see Polonization
 Champions
 Cup finals
 All time table
In italic are names of the clubs that did not participate in the last season.
Notes:
*Pogon Stryj played here only for a single season and returned to the Lwów District League.
*Game Rypne - Pokucie Kolomyja 1:18 was canceled, due to suspected fraud.
*KS stands for Sport Club (Klub Sportowy)
*ST stands for Sport Association (Sportowe Towarzystwo)
*WCKS stands for Military-Civilian Sport Club (Wojskowe-Civilny Klub Sportowy)
*SKS stands for Sport Club Stanislawow (or Stryi)
*pp stands for Infantry Regiment (49th Hutsul Rifle Regiment)
*TESP Kalusz was sponsored by TESP (Lwów)

title: Stanisławów District League

question: When was the Stanisławów District League formed and how long was it active?

answer: It was approved on 21 March 1934 and created on 15 April 1934. It lasted for five years.

question: Explain the organizational details of the Stanisławów District League.

answer: It was created out of the Lwów District League on 15 April 1934 after the Polish Football Union approved it the previous month. It was a regional championship in the Stanisławów Voivodeship, Poland (the Second Polish Republic back then).

question: How many teams competed in the league?

answer: It's not mentioned in the article.

question: What kind of teams was more prominent in the league?

answer: They were mostly various detachments of the Polish Armed Forces.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Stanisławów District League was a regional association football championship in the Stanisławów Voivodeship, Poland (then the Second Polish Republic). It was approved on 21 March 1934 and created on 15 April 1934. It lasted for five years. The competing teams were mostly various detachments of the Polish Armed Forces.


text:
TL;DR monkey poo makes great pudding.

In the mid 1950s the New York philharmonic was one of the best Symphony Orchestras in the world. And conducting was Major Jorge Fillmore. George Fillmore was a WWII vet who loved music, and found that conducting helped him keep his PTSD at a minimum (although PTSD had yet to be understood by the medical community, let alone given a name). The flow of the notes soothed his soul and the power of conducting such a large group to produce something so beautiful reminded him of his time commanding his troops through the dangers of war.

On a cold December night, the New York Philharmonic was warming up for their Christmas performance. The upper class from all around poured into Carnegie Hall and greeted one another. Conductor Fillmore got ready in the back room and the orchestra was out on stage, behind the curtain, getting ready to play, and practicing their most difficult runs.

Then when the time came and everyone was seated, the first chair violinist came on stage to much applause. He tuned the orchestra and then out came Major George Fillmore, his coat tails flowing behind him like curtains in the brease, as he walked briskly to the podium. He turned and bowed deeply to the audience and then addressed the orchestra and motioned to start the first piece. The audience well acquainted with these pieces sat quietly, enjoying the soft notes of Mozart as they floated through the hall.

But as quickly as everyone had relaxed to the music, they were pulled from their stuppor by a loud gunshot. Then screaming. The orchestra all scrambled for the exits, trying to keep their instruments safe. As the smoke settled and everyone calmed down, they found a dead French horn player, and the smoking gun in the hand of none other than Major George Fillmore. The French horn player had flubbed a note in his solo and Major Fillmore had snapped and shot him.

Major Fillmore claimed that he thought the player was wearing something that resembled a swastika and had triggered a flash back and caused him to shoot the player. But the orchestra knew that he had been yelling at that particular horn player for several weeks when he had been unable to play the solo properly. In the following weeks, a large and publicized trial was held. Fillmore was stripped of his rank and sentenced to death by electric chair.

Following the trial, George was held in prison for several years as he tried to appeal and at least lessen his sentence but unfortunately after lots of trying, the day came that he was to be killed. As a kindness to those about to die, the prison allowed the prisoners to request anything to eat, within reason. As it was this time for George, they asked him what he would like for his last meal.

"well," said George, "I like bananas... So I guess I guess I would love a bunch of bananas."
So they brought him a bunch of bananas. And within an hour he had eaten every single banana in the bunch, and with that, he was lead to the chair. They strapped him in and connected all the leads, and after saying his final farewells, they threw the switch. The first pulse of electricity was used to kill the brain and make the victim unconscious. Then a second pulse is used to cause the internal organs to fail. However, George was barely phased by the first pulse, and then started to convulse slowly during the second phase. Then everything fell quiet.

"Was that it?" asked George.

"Umm.. That's a first." said one of the scientists that had helped develop the chair.

They decided to put George back in prison while they made a few modifications to the chair. They decided to pull more power from the grid and just pump more juice to the chair. Hopefully this would at least kill him, but it could be more painful. Once the modifications had been made, they brought George back.

The prison warden had some pity for him, so he allowed him to have a second last meal. When asked what he wanted to eat, George said that he loved the bananas he had had before, this time he would like two bunches of bananas.

Sure enough within the hour, George had eaten both bunches of bananas, and was lead right back to that chair. They strapped him in again and threw the switch. When the first pulse hit him he clearly went unconscious, and all the lights in the surrounding city block dimmed noticably. And then during the second pulse, the current and voltage was so strong that lightning covered most of his torso, arcing from the helmet to the back plate to his arm rests.

When the pulse was over, they pulled him from the chair and laid him on a gurney and they rolled him down the hallway toward the morgue. As they reached the morgue, suddenly George sat upright. He looked around and let loose a howling scream that was unlike any sound the doctors had ever heard. He then fell back to the gurney but kept breathing.

Several hours later, he woke up again and was perfectly fine. The scientists, puzzled, decided that they really needed to finish him off once and for all. They had the electricity from all the surrounding towns, re routed to the chair. There was more power going to this chair than the Las Vegas Strip. Sure that this time they would kill him, they brought him back from the hospital, and gave him what they were sure would actually be his last meal.

Again, curiously, he ordered bananas. But he ordered 3 bunches this time. And as with the last two times, he ate every single banana within an hour. They brought him in and strapped him in, and flipped the switch. This time lightning erupted from George and the chair, arcing across the room like a massive tesla coil. The man who flipped the switch, not realizing the danger, had been struck dead by the massive arcs and everyone else stood cowering in the viewing room waiting for it all to be over.

Once it was over, they carefully pulled him from the chair, his hair singed off and second and third degree burns all over his body. They carried him down to the morgue where they double checked that he was dead. But alas. His heart was still beating. The scientists, determined to find out how he had survived, asked that he be nursed back to health so that they could ask him how he had survived.

After several months, George Fillmore came out of his coma, and the scientists all gathered around and asked him,

"How did you survive the chair three times?!"

"well," said George, "I guess I'm just a bad conductor."

title: The deadly Symphony (x - post from /r/feghoot)

question: How was Fillmore able to avoid electrocution?

answer: He was a bad conductor so the electricity didn't affect him as it did others.

question: Why did he shoot the French Horn player?

answer: The French Horn had flubbed a note in his solo.

question: Why was the conductor carrying a gun in a music hall?

answer: He had PTSD so he was suspicious of the motives of others and thought that he needed protection at all times.

question: Why did the conductor keep ordering ever greater quantities of bananas to eat before his electrocution?

answer: Because the author is trying to distract the reader from the punch line at the end. It leads the reader to believe that bananas have something to do with the reason why the conductor doesn't die.

question: Write a ~15 sentence summary.

answer:
 In the mid-1950s the New York philharmonic was one of the best Symphony Orchestras in the world. And conducting was Major Jorge Fillmore. George Fillmore was a WWII vet who loved music.
On a cold December night, as the audience enjoyed the dulcet tones of Mozart, Fillmore shot the French Horn player in full view of everyone. He was sentenced to death for his crime. When the day finally came to electrocute him. He was strapped into the chair and given the usual electrical shock. It had hardly any effect on him at all. He was taken back to his cell.

The next time he was taken to meet his Maker, the executioner zapped him with twice the amount of electricity. This time he was a little shaken but still, he survived. Next time the city lights were all extinguished and the shock doubled once again. This time Filmore lost consciousness.

When he woke in hospital, the medics asked how he had done it. His reply “I guess I’m just a bad conductor.”


text:
So there I was last night, driving on the 101 interstate. Two pints of cheap lager and a shot of whisky in. The cherry on my cigarette glowed as I puffed the last of the tobacco from the stick. I turned my face to the side to spit out my lit cigarette into the wind. I've never looked cooler speeding. My favorite song came on the radio, I blast it on my speakers and proceeded to sing along with the highest pitch my vocal chords allow me. 'Love you like a love song baby... repeat peat peat peat peat' I mumbled the lyrics, I need to learn this song. I'm a sucker for these pop songs, they just feel right.

I cautiously yet furiously made my way towards the fast lane only to be stopped by the last thing I wanted to see at such an awesome moment. The fuzz. Blue and red lights filled my rear view, my heart skipped a beat, I put the music down to think for a second. I realized I'm buzzed enough to not give a fuck, I put the music back up and sped up. It's a strategy I heard somewhere, or probably made up on the spot, whatever the case, it felt right at the time. It confuses the police, makes them think I'm a wild man, puts the ball in their court. I make the ballsiest move by picking the spot to pull over, they have to follow with something to intimidate me. I get it, I know, I've been around the block.

I didn't slow down this whole time, even when I decided to exit the freeway in downtown. No turning lights, no hand gestures, just balls. I pulled into a dark empty street, killed the engine, lit up another cigarette and waited.
Lights surrounded my car, a trembling silhouette approached.

'H-have you been drinking?' The cop's voice cracked as he reached my window.

'Drinking what?' I blew my smoke his way to let him know that respect wasn't there.

'I drink a lot of things. Water, tea...' I teased him, but before my list got any longer he snapped. 'Quit play games!'

I took a long drag from my cigarette and looked at him. I could see him shaking.

'Now step out of the vehicle, please..' He continued. He knew I was one of those he had been told not to fuck with. We both knew this could get ugly quick, but I complied for his sake.

'Did you have any alcoholic beverages tonight?' He persuades me. With a firm drunken stare and a loud whisky belch I answered, 'No.'

We stood there looking at each other for what could have been twenty minutes. People tend to get lost in my eyes, I waited for him to faze out of the trance. I finally decided it was getting too late for my convenience and asked if we were done. It took him a while to respond but he finally let me get back in the car and escorted me home. At least he tried to, I drove way too fast for his bitch ass.

Edit: What really happened.
I was speeding home one night and got pulled over. I had a couple of drinks prior to this so I was extremely scared. I'm sure the cop could tell I was trembling and he let me off with a warning and followed me home to make sure I got there safely. When my friends asked me the next day what had happened, I wrote them how I remembered it which is the small narrative above. Just to clear things up, yes it's meant to be unrealistic and douchey.

title: How I got pulled over last night, as I remember it.

question: Summarize everything related to speeding in the story.

answer: The story begins with the narrator speeding down the interstate. They are listening to pop songs and decide to go into the fast lane "cautiously yet furiously." They are then pulled over by a cop. However, rather than stop for the police officer, they decide to speed more.

question: Summarize everything related to whiskey in the story.

answer: The narrator had had two pints of cheap lager and a shot of whiskey before driving. It is apparent to the cop that he had been drinking but he tries to deny it. He belches in a way characteristic of one who has drunk whiskey. However, the cop does not give him a DUI and escorts him home.

question: Summarize everything related to pop songs in the story.

answer: The narrator turns on the pop songs as they are speeding. They say that they are a sucker for these pop songs because they just "feel right." The narrator says that it was their favorite song, but they also needed to learn it because they did not know it yet.

question: Describe the difference between what really happened and how the narrator tells the story.

answer: In the story the narrator tells to his friends, he is disrespectful to the cop in almost every way possible. The cop is also trembling because he is so scared of the narrator. Then, when he cannot think of what to do, he decides to escort the narrator home. In reality the story was the opposite. The narrator was so afraid of getting a DUI that he was trembling and the cop escorted him home, presumably out of pity.


text:
_This article is part of DBA, a series on Mashable about running a business that features insights from leaders in entrepreneurship, venture capital and management._

There's a lot of science behind why change is so hard. But we shouldn't be so hard on ourselves; a large part of it is human nature. While what separates humans from many other animals is our frontal cortex and cognitive abilities, we still have an innate ability to follow known patterns. They tells us, "If doing something yesterday didn't kill us, then it must be safe to do today."

But our environment is constantly changing, and with the rapid pace of technology, there's never been more pressure to adapt or die.

Among the many facets of innovation, the one that intrigues me most is molding a culture of innovation, because getting this right is the key to sustained innovation. Without a culture of innovation, great ideas go unnoticed, or worse, get crushed.

Companies, like humans, gain comfort in patterns — doing what they've always done because it's considered safe. They're afraid to enter a new industry, offer a product outside their specialty or try a new approach to marketing because failing could be costly. Here are four tips to help your company foster a culture of innovation.

1. Start conversations with two simple words: 'What if'

[]

What if we could transmit data at the speed of light? What if every car could be turned into a taxi? What if vacant rooms could become mini hotels? What if unused CPU capacity could be put to other uses? Asking these questions paved the way for fiber, Uber, Airbnb and VMware. When you ask open questions, you invite new thinking.

"What if" is a powerful way to approach discussions because an invitation to think differently lives in the white space of the question.

To practice this simple method, follow this formula: Look at the way things are today — the status quo — and postulate the exact opposite. What if our pricing model is completely wrong? What if we should turn left rather than right? What if right now we're growing too fast?

2. Pay special attention when someone says, 'I have a crazy idea'

I've seen people's eyes roll when I start a sentence with "I have a crazy idea." I'm not offended. I know these people have a role; I look to them to defend processes. I know they value different things than I do, and that's a good thing, but I don't let them stop me.

Not all of us are as creative as others, but we all have crazy ideas, some big, some small. We'd be smart to pay attention to them. Think of crazy ideas as gifts from the cosmos. And they don't have to be big crazy ideas either. Sometimes, even the most innocuous observation or comment can become a springboard for a big idea.

Albert Einstein once said, "You can't solve a problem on the same level that it was created. You have to rise above it to the next level." Innovation is born from wanting to solve a problem in a new way and straying from the status quo. It's more than thinking outside the box; it's thinking like there is no box. Many people thought Einstein was crazy. He certainly looked the part. But it's just these attributes that made him so successful.

3. Approach life as if you were making stone soup

[]

Image: Mashable composite/ Stockphoto

If you haven't read the parable of "Stone Soup", it's a good read. And while there are many life lessons from the passage, I've witnessed how the power of this approach applies to innovation first hand.

About 15 years ago I met a brilliant technologist named Jeremie Miller. He had a seed idea for an instant messaging platform that could interoperate with every other instant messaging platform. He called it Jabber.

But Jeremie's true innovation wasn't his brilliant idea (the stone in stone soup). It was the way he invited others to contribute; he didn't approach his innovation as if it was a finished product, or a complete soup. In the white space around Jeremie, which he invited by not presuming he had the answer to everything, Jeremie attracted a team of brilliant contributors. Together, they did incredibly innovative things.

4. Create a new relationship with failure

Nothing will kill a culture of innovation and risk-taking faster than public humiliation from a past failure. "We're never going to do that again because when [insert name] took us down that road the last time, we lost a lot of money," you might hear.

We've all heard the mantra "No risk, no reward." Clearly the two are linked, but what we may not have realized is that the key to moving forward without fear lies in our relationship to failure.

We all make mistakes. The question isn't if we'll make them, but how we think about them and how that thinking impacts future choices. If the lesson we derive from failure is to stop trying, failure has defeated us. That relationship with failure keeps us from exploring the future, from taking risks. This is a toxic relationship to failure.

But here's the good news: I've found that only a small shift in thinking can turn our relationship with failure into something positive — something that will propel us into the sort of thinking and risk-taking that leads to innovation.

Here's how: Think of every failure as nothing more than a learning moment. Stop talking about things that didn't work in the past as failures, and start talking about them objectively. We did X, we learned Y. Therefore in the future, past experiences will help us pursue ideas that we have conviction in differently.

Removing fear of failure starts at the top. Senior leaders should promote smart risk-taking and explain the importance of learning from mistakes, whether that's done via email, town hall meeting or company kickoff event.

Encourage people to believe in themselves, make a bet and learn from mistakes. Put simply, cultures that promote risk-taking will also be the leading innovators.

[]

Andre Durand

In the past 20 years, Durand as help grow and build a number of successful, tech-focused companies. He started his career as an auditor at KPMG. In 1993 he co-founded and was CEO of Durand Communications, a bulletin board software company, which was ...More

question: What does the text say about why the science behind changing oneself is so hard?

question: What does the text say about starting conversations with "What if".

answer: "What if" is asking an open question that invites new thinking. Asking "what if" has paved the way for groundbreaking new technologies like fiber, Uber, and Airbnb. "What if" is a powerful way to approach discussions because it's an invitation to think differently. Practicing the "what if" method is as easy as thinking about the exact opposite of the status quo.

question: What does the text say about paying attention to the person who says "I have a crazy idea".

answer: Leaders need to listen to the people who start a sentence with "I have a crazy idea". Everyone has crazy ideas, some big and some small, but the levels vary per person. Paying attention to crazy ideas is smart because these are gifts from the universe. These ideas may or may not translate to anything, but even the most innocuous comment or observation can be a springboard for an idea.

question: What does the text say about the importance of fostering a culture of innovation in a company?

answer: The rapid pace of technology means business environments are constantly changing, and there's more pressure to adapt or die. Without a culture of innovation, great ideas go unnoticed or get crushed. Not trying a new approach or fear entering a new industry can prove costly to companies.


text:
KEITH RONALD CHRISTIE (6 January 1931 – 16 December 1980) was an English jazz trombonist. He was the brother of Ian Christie.

Career

Christie began playing at age 14 and attended the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. He formed a band with his brother in the late 1940s, and soon after the pair joined the band of Humphrey Lyttelton. Christie served in the military early in the 1950s, then reconvened to lead an ensemble with his brother, the Christie Brothers' Stompers, featuring Ken Colyer and Dicky Hawdon.[1] In 1953 the group broke up, and Christie went on to work with John Dankworth, Cleo Laine, George Chisholm, Harry Klein, Kenny Baker, Vic Ash, Wally Fawkes, and Tommy Whittle.

Christie was a member of the trombone section of the Ted Heath Orchestra from 1957 until the late 1960s, playing alongside Don Lusher. He also played with drummer Allan Ganley, saxophonists Ronnie Ross and Art Ellefson from 1959–1962 in the Jazzmakers. He toured the U.S. with Vic Lewis in 1960. After a brief reunion with Heath he played with Jimmy Deuchar (1964) and Harry South (1965–66). In 1970–71 he joined Benny Goodman on a tour of Europe. During the 1960s and 1970s he played with Tubby Hayes, Paul Gonsalves, Ian Hamer, Stan Tracey, Kenny Wheeler, Bobby Lamb and Ray Premru, Phil Seamen, and Tony Kinsey.

In the mid-1970s he suffered a fall and recovered, but continuing battles with alcoholism resulted in his early death.

Discography

As sideman

WITH TUBBY HAYES

-   _Tubbs_ (Fontana, 1961)
-   _Tubbs' Tours_ (Fontana, 1964)
-   _100% Proof_ (Fontana, 1967)

WITH TED HEATH

-   _The World of Big Band Blues_ (London, 1959)
-   _Ted Heath Swing Session_ (Decca, 1959)
-   _My Very Good Friends the Bandleaders_ (Decca, 1960)
-   _Big Band Spirituals_ (Decca, 1963)
-   _Swing vs. Latin_ (Decca, 1963)
-   _All Time Top Twelve_ (Decca, 1973)
-   _The Ted Heath Band in Concert_ (Decca, 1977)

WITH OTHERS

-   Sidney Bechet, _We Dig Dixieland Jazz_ (Musidisc, 1965)
-   Kenny Clare & Ronnie Stephenson, _Drum Spectacular_ (Columbia, 1967)
-   Mike d'Abo, _Down at Rachel's Place_ (A&M, 1972)
-   Georgie Fame, _Sound Venture_ (Columbia, 1966)
-   Georgie Fame, _The Two Faces of Fame_ (CBS, 1967)
-   Sam Fonteyn, _Big Band Spectacular_ (Columbia, 1966)
-   Paul Gonsalves & Tubby Hayes, _Just Friends_ (Columbia, 1965)
-   Benny Goodman, _Benny Goodman in Concert_ (Decca, 1971)
-   Johnny Keating, _Swing Revisited_ (Decca, 1963)
-   Dave Lee, _Jazz Improvisations of Our Man Crichton_ (Colpix, 1965)
-   Vic Lewis, _Big Band Explosion_ (Ember, 1964)
-   Bill McGuffie, _The Bill McGuffie Big Band_ (Rediffusion, 1972)
-   Steve Race, _Take One_ (World Record Club, 1965)
-   William Russo, _Russo in London_ (Columbia, 1963)
-   Stan Tracey, _The Latin-American Caper_ (Columbia, 1969)
-   Stan Tracey, _We Love You Madly_ (Columbia, 1969)
-   Andrew Lloyd Webber & Tim Rice, _Jesus Christ Superstar_ (MCA, 1970)
-   Kenny Wheeler, _Song for Someone_ (Incus, 1973)

[1]

title: Keith Christie

question: What does the text say about how Keith Christie started his career?

answer: Keith Christie started his music career at the age of 14 when he attended the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. After forming a band with his brother in the late 1940's, they joined Humphrey Lyttelton's band. By the 1950's, Christie had gone on to work with many other musicians.


text:
Square the Circle|Squared circle (disambiguation){{!}}Squared circle}} SQUARING THE CIRCLE is a problem proposed by ancient geometers. It is the challenge of constructing a square with the same area as a given circle by using only a finite number of steps with compass and straightedge. The difficulty of the problem raised the question of whether specified axioms of Euclidean geometry concerning the existence of lines and circles implied the existence of such a square.

In 1882, the task was proven to be impossible, as a consequence of the Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem which proves that pi () is a transcendental, rather than an algebraic irrational number; that is, it is not the root of any polynomial with rational coefficients. It had been known for decades that the construction would be impossible if were transcendental, but was not proven transcendental until 1882. Approximate squaring to any given non-perfect accuracy, in contrast, is possible in a finite number of steps, since there are rational numbers arbitrarily close to .

The expression “squaring the circle” is sometimes used as a metaphor for trying to do the impossible.[1]

The term _quadrature of the circle_ is sometimes used to mean the same thing as squaring the circle, but it may also refer to approximate or numerical methods for finding the area of a circle.

History

Methods to approximate the area of a given circle with a square, which can be thought of as a precursor problem to squaring the circle, were known already to Babylonian mathematicians. The Egyptian Rhind papyrus of 1800 BC gives the area of a circle as   2, where is the diameter of the circle. In modern terms, this is equivalent to approximating as (approximately 3.1605), a number that appears in the older Moscow Mathematical Papyrus and is used for volume approximations (i.e. hekat). Indian mathematicians also found an approximate method, though less accurate, documented in the _Shulba Sutras_.[2] Archimedes proved the formula for the area of a circle (, where is the radius of the circle) and showed that the value of lay between (approximately 3.1429) and (approximately 3.1408). See Numerical approximations of for more on the history.

The first known Greek to be associated with the problem was Anaxagoras, who worked on it while in prison. Hippocrates of Chios squared certain lunes, in the hope that it would lead to a solution – see Lune of Hippocrates. Antiphon the Sophist believed that inscribing regular polygons within a circle and doubling the number of sides will eventually fill up the area of the circle, and since a polygon can be squared, it means the circle can be squared. Even then there were skeptics—Eudemus argued that magnitudes cannot be divided up without limit, so the area of the circle will never be used up.[3] The problem was even mentioned in Aristophanes's play _The Birds_.

It is believed that Oenopides was the first Greek who required a plane solution (that is, using only a compass and straightedge). James Gregory attempted a proof of its impossibility in _Vera Circuli et Hyperbolae Quadratura_ (The True Squaring of the Circle and of the Hyperbola) in 1667.[4] Although his proof was faulty, it was the first paper to attempt to solve the problem using algebraic properties of . It was not until 1882 that Ferdinand von Lindemann rigorously proved its impossibility.

[A partial history by Florian Cajori of attempts at the problem.[5]] The Victorian-age mathematician, logician, and writer Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll, also expressed interest in debunking illogical circle-squaring theories. In one of his diary entries for 1855, Dodgson listed books he hoped to write including one called “Plain Facts for Circle-Squarers”. In the introduction to “A New Theory of Parallels”, Dodgson recounted an attempt to demonstrate logical errors to a couple of circle-squarers, stating:[6]

  The first of these two misguided visionaries filled me with a great ambition to do a feat I have never heard of as accomplished by man, namely to convince a circle squarer of his error! The value my friend selected for Pi was 3.2: the enormous error tempted me with the idea that it could be easily demonstrated to BE an error. More than a score of letters were interchanged before I became sadly convinced that I had no chance.

A ridiculing of circle-squaring appears in Augustus de Morgan's _A Budget of Paradoxes_ published posthumously by his widow in 1872. Having originally published the work as a series of articles in the _Athenæum_, he was revising it for publication at the time of his death. Circle squaring was very popular in the nineteenth century, but hardly anyone indulges in it today and it is believed that de Morgan's work helped bring this about.[7]

The two other classical problems of antiquity, famed for their impossibility, were doubling the cube and trisecting the angle. Like squaring the circle, these cannot be solved by compass-and-straightedge methods. However, unlike squaring the circle, they can be solved by the slightly more powerful construction method of origami, as described at mathematics of paper folding.

Impossibility

The solution of the problem of squaring the circle by compass and straightedge requires the construction of the number . If is constructible, it follows from standard constructions that would also be constructible. In 1837, Pierre Wantzel showed that lengths that could be constructed with compass and straightedge had to be solutions of certain polynomial equations with rational coefficients.[8][9] Thus, constructible lengths must be algebraic numbers. If the problem of the quadrature of the circle could be solved using only compass and straightedge, then would have to be an algebraic number. Johann Heinrich Lambert conjectured that was not algebraic, that is, a transcendental number, in 1761.[10] He did this in the same paper in which he proved its irrationality, even before the general existence of transcendental numbers had been proven. It was not until 1882 that Ferdinand von Lindemann proved the transcendence of and so showed the impossibility of this construction.[11]

The transcendence of implies the impossibility of exactly “circling” the square, as well as of squaring the circle.

It is possible to construct a square with an area arbitrarily close to that of a given circle. If a rational number is used as an approximation of , then squaring the circle becomes possible, depending on the values chosen. However, this is only an approximation and does not meet the constraints of the ancient rules for solving the problem. Several mathematicians have demonstrated workable procedures based on a variety of approximations.

Bending the rules by introducing a supplemental tool, allowing an infinite number of compass-and-straightedge operations or by performing the operations in certain non-Euclidean geometries also makes squaring the circle possible in some sense. For example, the quadratrix of Hippias provides the means to square the circle and also to trisect an arbitrary angle, as does the Archimedean spiral.[12] Although the circle cannot be squared in Euclidean space, it sometimes can be in hyperbolic geometry under suitable interpretations of the terms.[13][14] As there are no squares in the hyperbolic plane, their role needs to be taken by _regular quadrilaterals_, meaning quadrilaterals with all sides congruent and all angles congruent (but these angles are strictly smaller than right angles). There exist, in the hyperbolic plane, (countably) infinitely many pairs of constructible circles and constructible regular quadrilaterals of equal area, which, however, are constructed simultaneously. There is no method for starting with a regular quadrilateral and constructing the circle of equal area, and there is no method for starting with a circle and constructing a regular quadrilateral of equal area (even when the circle has small enough radius such that a regular quadrilateral of equal area exists).

Modern approximative constructions

Though squaring the circle with perfect accuracy is an impossible problem using only compass and straightedge, approximations to squaring the circle can be given by constructing lengths close to . It takes only minimal knowledge of elementary geometry to convert any given rational approximation of into a corresponding compass-and-straightedge construction, but constructions made in this way tend to be very long-winded in comparison to the accuracy they achieve. After the exact problem was proven unsolvable, some mathematicians applied their ingenuity to finding elegant approximations to squaring the circle, defined roughly and informally as constructions that are particularly simple among other imaginable constructions that give similar precision.

Construction by Kochański

One of the early historical approximations is Kochański's approximation which diverges from only in the 5th decimal place. It was very precise for the time of its discovery (1685).[15] In the left diagram

$$|P_3 P_9|=|P_1 P_2|\sqrt{\frac{40}{3}-2\sqrt{3}}\approx 3.141\,5{\color{red}33\,338}\cdot|P_1 P_2|\approx \pi r.$$

Construction by Jacob de Gelder

[Jacob de Gelder's construction with continuation] In 1849 an elegant and simple construction by Jacob de Gelder (1765-1848) was published in _Grünert's Archiv_. That was 64 years earlier than the comparable construction by Ramanujan.[16] It is based on the approximation

$$\pi\approx\frac{355}{113} = 3.141\;592{\color{red}\;920\;\ldots}$$
 This value is accurate to six decimal places and has been known in China since the 5th century as Zu Chongzhi's fraction, and in Europe since the 17th century.

Gelder did not construct the side of the square; it was enough for him to find the following value

$$\overline{AH}= \frac{4^2}{7^2+8^2}$$
. The illustration opposite – described below – shows the construction by Jacob de Gelder with continuation.

Draw two mutually perpendicular center lines of a circle with radius = 1 and determine the intersection points A and B. Lay the line segment = $\tfrac{7}{8}$ fixed and connect E to A. Determine on and from A the line segment = $\tfrac{1}{2}$. Draw parallel to and connect E with G. Draw parallel to , then = $\tfrac {4^2}{7^2 + 8^2}.$ Determine = and subsequently = . Halve in L and use the Thales's theorem around L from A, which results in the intersection point M. The line segment is the square root of and thus the side length a of the searched square with almost the same area.

Examples to illustrate the errors:

-   In a circle of radius _r_ = 100 km, the error of side length _a_ ≈ 7.5 mm
-   In the case of a circle with radius _r_ = 1 m, the error of the area _A_ ≈ 0.3 mm²

Construction by Hobson

Among the modern approximate constructions was one by E. W. Hobson in 1913.[17] This was a fairly accurate construction which was based on constructing the approximate value of 3.14164079..., which is accurate to three decimal places (i.e. it differs from by about ). [Hobson's construction with continuation]

        “We find that _GH_ = r . 1.77246 ..., and since $\sqrt{\pi}$ = 1.77245 we see that _GH_ is greater than the side of the square whose area is equal to that of the circle by less than two hundred thousandths of the radius.”

Hobson does not mention the formula for the approximation of in his construction. The above illustration shows Hobson's construction with continuation.

Constructions by Ramanujan

The Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan in 1913,[18][19] Carl Olds in 1963, Martin Gardner in 1966, and Benjamin Bold in 1982 all gave geometric constructions for

$$\frac{355}{113} = 3.141\;592{\color{red}\;920\;\ldots}$$

which is accurate to six decimal places of .

In 1914, Ramanujan gave a ruler-and-compass construction which was equivalent to taking the approximate value for to be

$$\left(9^2 + \frac{19^2}{22}\right)^\frac14 = \sqrt[4]{\frac{2143}{22}} = 3.141\;592\;65{\color{red}2\;582\;\ldots}$$

giving eight decimal places of .[20] He describes his construction till line segment OS as follows.[21]

In this quadrature, Ramanujan did not construct the side length of the square, it was enough for him to show the line segment . In the following continuation of the construction, the line segment is used together with the line segment to represent the mean proportionals (red line segment ). [Squaring the circle, approximate construction according to Ramanujan of 1914, with continuation of the construction (dashed lines, mean proportional red line), see animation.]

Continuation of the construction up to the desired side length a of the square:

Extend beyond A and beat the circular arc b₁ around O with radius , resulting in S′. Bisect the line segment in D and draw the semicircle b₂ over D. Draw a straight line from O through C up to the semicircle b₂, it cuts b₂ in E. The line segment is the mean proportional between and , also called geometric mean. Extend the line segment beyond O and transfer twice more, it results F and A₁, and thus the length of the line segment with the above described approximation value of , the half circumference of the circle. Bisect the line segment in G and draw the semicircle b₃ over G. Transfer the distance from A₁ to the line segment , it results H. Create a vertical from H up to the semicircle b₃ on , it results B₁. Connect A₁ to B₁, thus the sought side _a_ of the square A₁B₁C₁D₁ is constructed, which has nearly the same area as the given circle.

Examples to illustrate the errors:

-   In a circle of radius _r_ = 10,000 km the error of side length _a_ ≈ −2.8 mm
-   In the case of a circle with the radius _r_ = 10 m the error of the area _A_ ≈ −0.1 mm²

Construction using the golden ratio

-   In 1991, Robert Dixon gave a construction for

$$\frac{6}{5}\cdot \left( 1 + \varphi\right) = 3.141\;{\color{red}640\;\ldots},$$

    where φ is the golden ratio.[22] Three decimal places are equal to those of .

-   If the radius r = 1 and the side of the square

        $a =\sqrt{\frac{6}{5}\cdot\left(1+\varphi \right)} = \sqrt{\varphi +1 +\frac{1}{5}\cdot\left(1+\varphi \right)} = 1.772\;4{\color{red}67\;\ldots}$

    then the expanded second formula shows the sequence of the steps for an alternative construction (see the following illustration). Four decimal places are equal to those of .

[Approximate construction using the golden ratio
$\sqrt{\overline{AE} + 1 + \tfrac{1}{5}\cdot(1 + \overline{AE})} = \sqrt{AG} = a \approx\sqrt{\pi}$.]

Squaring or quadrature as integration

Finding the area under a curve, known as integration in calculus, or quadrature in numerical analysis, was known as _squaring_ before the invention of calculus. Since the techniques of calculus were unknown, it was generally presumed that a squaring should be done via geometric constructions, that is, by compass and straightedge. For example, Newton wrote to Oldenburg in 1676 “I believe M. Leibnitz will not dislike the Theorem towards the beginning of my letter pag. 4 for SQUARING CURVE LINES Geometrically” (emphasis added).[23] After Newton and Leibniz invented calculus, they still referred to this integration problem as squaring a curve.

Claims of circle squaring

Connection with the longitude problem

The mathematical proof that the quadrature of the circle is impossible using only compass and straightedge has not proved to be a hindrance to the many people who have invested years in this problem anyway. Having squared the circle is a famous crank assertion. (_See also_ pseudomathematics.) In his old age, the English philosopher Thomas Hobbes convinced himself that he had succeeded in squaring the circle, a claim that was refuted by John Wallis as part of the Hobbes–Wallis controversy.[24][25]

During the 18th and 19th century, the notion that the problem of squaring the circle was somehow related to the longitude problem seems to have become prevalent among would-be circle squarers. Using “cyclometer” for circle-squarer, Augustus de Morgan wrote in 1872:

  Montucla says, speaking of France, that he finds three notions prevalent among cyclometers: 1. That there is a large reward offered for success; 2. That the longitude problem depends on that success; 3. That the solution is the great end and object of geometry. The same three notions are equally prevalent among the same class in England. No reward has ever been offered by the government of either country.[26]

Although from 1714 to 1828 the British government did indeed sponsor a £20,000 prize for finding a solution to the longitude problem, exactly why the connection was made to squaring the circle is not clear; especially since two non-geometric methods (the astronomical method of lunar distances and the mechanical chronometer) had been found by the late 1760s. De Morgan goes on to say that “[t]he longitude problem in no way depends upon perfect solution; existing approximations are sufficient to a point of accuracy far beyond what can be wanted.” In his book, de Morgan also mentions receiving many threatening letters from would-be circle squarers, accusing him of trying to “cheat them out of their prize”.

Other modern claims

Even after it had been proved impossible, in 1894, amateur mathematician Edwin J. Goodwin claimed that he had developed a method to square the circle. The technique he developed did not accurately square the circle, and provided an incorrect area of the circle which essentially redefined pi as equal to 3.2. Goodwin then proposed the Indiana Pi Bill in the Indiana state legislature allowing the state to use his method in education without paying royalties to him. The bill passed with no objections in the state house, but the bill was tabled and never voted on in the Senate, amid increasing ridicule from the press.[27]

The mathematical crank Carl Theodore Heisel also claimed to have squared the circle in his book, “Behold! : the grand problem no longer unsolved: the circle squared beyond refutation.”[28] Paul Halmos referred to the book as a “classic crank book.”[29]

In 1851, John Parker published a book _Quadrature of the Circle_ in which he claimed to have squared the circle. His method actually produced an approximation of accurate to six digits.[30][31][32]

In literature

[Oronce Finé, _Quadratura circuli_, 1544]

[J. P. de Faurè, _Dissertation, découverte, et demonstrations de la quadrature mathematique du cercle_, 1747]

The problem of squaring the circle has been mentioned by poets such as Dante and Alexander Pope, with varied metaphorical meanings. Its literary use dates back at least to 414 BC, when the play The Birds by Aristophanes was first performed. In it, the character Meton of Athens mentions squaring the circle, possibly to indicate the paradoxical nature of his utopian city.[33]

Dante's _Paradise_ canto XXXIII lines 133–135 contain the verses: As the geometer his mind applies To square the circle, nor for all his wit Finds the right formula, howe'er he tries For Dante, squaring the circle represents a task beyond human comprehension, which he compares to his own inability to comprehend Paradise.[34]

By 1742, when Alexander Pope published the fourth book of his Dunciad, attempts at circle-squaring had come to be seen as “wild and fruitless”:[35] Mad Mathesis alone was unconfined, Too mad for mere material chains to bind, Now to pure space lifts her ecstatic stare, Now, running round the circle, finds it square.

Similarly, the Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera _Princess Ida_ features a song which satirically lists the impossible goals of the women's university run by the title character, such as finding perpetual motion. One of these goals is “And the circle – they will square it/Some fine day.”[36]

The sestina, a poetic form first used in the 12th century by Arnaut Daniel, has been said to square the circle in its use of a square number of lines (six stanzas of six lines each) with a circular scheme of six repeated words. writes that this form invokes a symbolic meaning in which the circle stands for heaven and the square stands for the earth.[37] A similar metaphor was used in “Squaring The Circle”, a 1908 short story by O. Henry, about a long-running family feud. In the title of this story, the circle represents the natural world, while the square represents the city, the world of man.[38]

In later works circle-squarers such as Leopold Bloom in James Joyce's novel _Ulysses_ and Lawyer Paravant in Thomas Mann's _The Magic Mountain_ are seen as sadly deluded or as unworldly dreamers, unaware of its mathematical impossibility and making grandiose plans for a result they will never attain.[39][40]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]  Available at: ETH Bibliothek (Zürich, Switzerland)

[5]

[6]

[7]  Reprinted as _The Trisectors_.

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]  See also MANUSCRIPT BOOK 1 OF SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN page 54 Both files were retrieved at 23 June 2016

[19]

[20] S. A. Ramanujan: _Modular Equations and Approximations to π_ In: Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. _12. Another curious approximation to π is_, 43, (1914), S. 350–372. Listed in: Published works of Srinivasa Ramanujan

[21] S. A. Ramanujan: _Modular Equations and Approximations to π_ In: Quarterly Journal of Mathematics. _12. Another curious approximation to π is ... Fig. 2_, 44, (1914), S. 350–372. Listed in: Published works of Srinivasa Ramanujan

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]  Dolid contrasts Vivie Warren, a fictional female mathematics student in _Mrs. Warren's Profession_ by George Bernard Shaw, with the satire of college women presented by Gilbert and Sullivan. He writes that “Vivie naturally knew better than to try to square circles.”

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

title: Squaring the circle

question: Why is the expression "squaring the circle" used as a metaphor to do the impossible?

answer: Because in 1982, the task was proven to be impossible as a consequence of the Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem which proves that pi () is a transcendental, rather than an algebraic irrational number.

question: What does this article prove?

answer: This article proves that no matter what construction is done with a straightedge and compass, no matter how complicated it is, squaring the circle remains impossible. No one will ever be able to find a square with the same area as the circle. Workable procedures and anything else is just an approximation and don't follow the ancient rules of solving the problem.


text:
Return to form: Daniel Sturridge.

Daniel Sturridge made a dream return to the visitors’ starting line-up after injury with a 16th-minute opener that set Liverpool on course for a crushing victory.

And Villa then wilted as they slumped to their heaviest home defeat of the post-1992 Premier League era to slide closer to relegation, ending the day eight points adrift of the safety line.

Jurgen Klopp’s Liverpool produced a slick display to claim a first win in six games in all competitions.

There were six different goalscorers as James Milner, Emre Can, Divock Origi, Nathaniel Clyne and Kolo Toure added to Sturridge’s effort.

However, the home side helped with a feeble display that saw thousands of fans head for the exits with less than an hour played as four goals in 14 second-half minutes set Liverpool on course for a huge win.

Those that remained turned on owner Randy Lerner with chants against the American, while Liverpool’s comprehensive win took them eighth in the table, just three points behind Manchester United in the Europa League place.

For Sturridge, who played for Villa as a schoolboy, it was the perfect way to mark his first league start since October following a series of injury setbacks.

Villa had enjoyed the better of the opening exchanges, passing the ball neatly and crisply.

But they failed to create even a half-chance to test Simon Mignolet in the Liverpool goal and paid the price when Sturridge opened the scoring.

The forward ghosted between Villa defenders Joleon Lescott and Aly Cissokho, who failed to track his run.

That left him with the simple task of heading home Philippe Coutinho’s delicious cross from around six yards out.

Villa’s approach play remained encouraging, but Mignolet made a simple catch from a Jores Okore header before Ashley Westwood tried his luck from distance with a shot that flew well wide.

Liverpool, however, continued to pose the greater threat in possession and a set-piece brought the second goal on 25 minutes.

Okore was guilty of conceding a needless free-kick on the Villa right and Milner’s delivery evaded everyone, including goalkeeper Mark Bunn, and nestled inside the far post.

It owed much to fortune, but from that moment Villa caved in.

The Merseysiders ought to have added to their lead on the half-hour when Villa’s shell-shocked defenders gifted them another chance.

Milner was given time and space for a cushioned header from a cross by Roberto Firmino, but Jordan Henderson saw his low drive deflected wide off Okore.

Liverpool began to take control with Bunn saving a shot by Firmino and then, a minute before half-time, diving to his right to pull off a better save from a curling effort by Sturridge.

Early in the second half Leandro Bacuna cut in from the flank for Villa, but his tame shot was held at the second attempt by Mignolet.

Villa imploded again in the 58th minute when Can started and finished the move for Liverpool’s third goal.

Bacuna’s awful first touch allowed Can to win possession and feed Firmino before continuing his run, receiving the Brazilian’s pull-back and hammering home a shot from the edge of the area.

It was 4-0 five minutes later when Coutinho’s fine pass exploited a Villa defence in disarray and Origi controlled the ball with his first touch of the game and finished with his second.

[]

Clyne added the fifth by forcing home the rebound after Bunn saved his initial shot in a goalmouth scramble.

And Villa’s embarrassment deepened when they gave Toure a free header on 71 minutes to nod home a Henderson cross for 6-0.

Thousands of seats had emptied by the 80th minute, but the Villa fans that remained mustered ironic cheers as substitute Scott Sinclair played a one-two with Lescott and curled a shot against the woodwork.

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question: What does the text say about Daniel Sturridge's career?

answer: Daniel Sturridge had an injury so did not play for a while. Now he returns and has a chance to mark his first league start after a series of injury setbacks. He played for Villa as a schoolboy.

question: What does the text say about how much money Sturridge has earned?


text:
	A gust kicked dust across his boots. The road seemed to be dissolving in the wind, as it picked up and whirled the dirt about. As it ascended, his trench coat fluttered against him. In the corner of his eyes, he could see his compadre on either side; steadfast in resolve, they stood like stone against the rising dust tide. For miles ahead and miles behind, for miles to the left and to the right; nothing but dirt, rocks and flat. The land between the roads was a wasteland of dead plants and loose soil, turned infertile by the folly of man. The sun was once beating down, but the storm that once loomed in the distance was now upon them.
	A tower of cloud, sucking the air from around them. He knew what was upon him, It has come. The sky darkened as the storm began to pick up. The winds stopped coming from behind and were coming from anywhere and everywhere. Swirls and eddies of dirt and dead grass flung about. Yet here they stood. Lighting struck through the clouds, but they still stood fast.
	He could feel his resolve as one with his allies; what they faced soon would test this resolve. The storm raged in large gusts, but there was naught for it to throw around except dust and pebbles. No rain came, only howling winds and terrible lightning. They felt locked into place, iron willed to not give an inch. Then It came. A tornado forming up the road in front of them, but as it touched down a great flame came from the ground, and the twister sucked the flame high into the sky, and lightning cracked and exploded  from the cloud to the flaming vortex.
	As it neared them, their resolve was never stronger. It is coming, but It will not hurt us. Whatever form It takes, no harm shall befall us if we stay our ground. He knew it, and so did the only two human beings he had for miles. The pillar of flame made its way closer, only a few hundred yards away, when it widened with great speed, like a slow moving explosion, only to stop growning just as suddenly, and it stopped its advance. The pillar ripped open in the middle to expose some terrible darkness, when out It stepped. And It’s form was not pleasant. A gargantuan demon from the earth to the cloud; he had a dark and smokey skin and was not easy to get a focus on, except his head. Large curved horns, and the face of a nose-less, eyebrow-less man except with fire coming out of cuts and scars. Their resolve was unshaken. It won’t hurt us, It is testing us. As he approached one large step at a time, It got smaller. A lot smaller. Until It was barely smoking and easy to see, and only a foot or two taller than a man. It was a man, at least so it seemed. His face had grown out of that mask of fire and scars, and He was a handsome man at that. Nothing hideous, but you could read the malice in His eyes. And so He approached ever so casually, while their hearts raced. The Prince of Darkness, Lucifer.
	“And so I am.” Said He with a voice eased and mid pitched. Terrifying, it would seem, was not his approach now. “And you are the band...”
	“Aye,” he answered, feeling confident in speaking. “He who is the bringer of arts and music, we beseech for Your Blessing, so that we may unlock the greatest potential of man through power greater than he.”
	“And so it shall be, but what do you offer that I, who is ever so generous in granting thee Power beyond man?”
	“We offer NOT our souls.”
	“What? That is the only wa-”
	“EAT LEAD MOTHERFUCKER!!!!!!” They pulled tommy guns out of their trenchcoats and unloaded on the motherfucker. Satan was dead before he could shit his pants, and they absorbed all of his powers. Now, The Man In The Badass Trenchcoat was Prince of Darkness, and could shred harder than any man alive. The band went on to be really big for a few years, then they all died of various drug and alcohol overdoses.
The end.

title: The Crossroads

question: Who are the main characters of the story?

answer: The Man in the Badass Trenchcoat, his two companions, Lucifer

question: Where does the story take place?

answer: That information can’t be found.

question: What does the narrator want with Lucifer?

answer: They want his powers.

question: Who is The Man In The Badass Trenchcoat?

answer: He's the leader of the band who becomes The Prince of Darkness when he kills Lucifer.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The Man In The Badass Trenchcoat and his companions are in a heavy metal band. They travel to a wasteland to summon The Prince of Darkness, Lucifer, to ask for his blessing and power beyond man. However, they do not offer their souls, and pull out machine guns, killing Lucifer and absorbing his powers. Their band becomes big for a few years before they all died of drug and alcohol overdoses.


text:
KATOSAN is a town and former Princely State in Gujarat, western India.

The town is in Mahesana Taluka.

History

Katosan was a Fourth Class princely state and taluka, comprising five more villages, covering ten square miles in Mahi Kantha Agency , ruled by Makwana Koli chieftains who used the title of Thakor.[1][2]

It had a combined population of 5,510 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 26,617 Rupees (some three quarters from land), paying a tribute of 4,893 Rupees to the Gaikwar Baroda State, supplemented by fixed tribute sums for Baroda from individual villages belonging entirely to Katosan state: 430 Rupees from Nadasa, 623 Rupees from Jakasna, 96 Rupees from Ajabpura, 139 Rupees from Gamanpura and 3,580 Rupees from Jotana.[3]

On 10 July 1943, Katosan ceased to exist, being among the princely states merging under the “Attachment Scheme” into the Gaekwad Baroda State; some petty estates within the Katosan thana had been similarly merged on 1 February 1940.[4] Thereafter, Baroda became a part of independent India's Bombay State and, still later, Gujarat. Rajvi makavana koli thakor Surendrasinhji Kirtisinhji of Katosan state in Jotana taluka died on Sunday at the age of 70 from a heart attack. He was the last prince of Katosan State. A large number of people attended his funeral on Monday. Surendrasinhji, the last Rajvi of Katosan State, studied at Rajkumar College, Rajkot. Katosan State included 84 villages, including Mehsana. At the time of the kingdom was a state with a salute of four cannons.[5]

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[5] https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/UGUJ-MEH-OMC-MAT-surendrasinhji-jhala-the-last-dynasty-of-katosan-state-065121-5667676-NOR.html

title: Katosan State

question: Where is Katosan State located?

answer: It is located in Gujarat, in western India.

question: In 1901, what was the combined population of Katosan?

answer: The combined population of Katosan in 1901 was 5,510.

question: How large was the town of Katosan?

answer: It comprised of five or more villages and covered ten square miles in Mahi Kantha Agency.

question: Who was the last prince of Katosan State?

answer: The last prince of Katosan State was Rajvi Makavana Koli Thakor Surendrasinhiki Kirtisinhiji.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article describes the town of Katosan, located in Gujarat, India. The article describes the royal lineage that ruled this town as well.


text:
The Liberal Democrats will offer voters the chance to reverse Brexit in a second referendum, its election manifesto will say.

Tim Farron said the manifesto would confirm his party’s policy that the final say over any Brexit deal struck by Theresa May should rest with “the people in a referendum”.

“It is still possible for the British people to stop a Hard Brexit and keep us in the Single Market,” the Lib Dem leader told _The Independent_.

“If they want, it will also be possible for the British people to choose to remain in the European Union. Democracy didn’t end on June 23 and the people must have their say over what comes next.

“Someone will have the final say over our new deal with Europe. It could be politicians or it could be the people. Liberal Democrats believe it should be the people in a referendum.”

The stance underlines Mr Farron’s determination that the Lib Dems will offer a distinct alternative to the Conservatives and Labour, who both insist Brexit is now inevitable.

Jeremy Corbyn hinted that the Labour manifesto might include a second referendum pledge, but this has since been ruled out.

Labour has instead focused on securing a ‘meaningful vote’ in the Commons, probably in late 2018, although Ms May – if still Prime Minister – has insisted defeat would not send her back to the negotiating table.

Mr Farron has already sought to undermine Tory claims that a vote for the Lib Dems risks a “coalition of chaos”, potentially also bringing together Labour, the Scottish National Party and Greens.

“There is no way we can countenance any kind of arrangement or coalition with the Conservative party and likewise with the Labour party led by Jeremy Corbyn,” Mr Farron said at the weekend.

Later, Mr Farron told ITV that he was ruling out any kind of post-election deal.

Asked if his party would prop up a minority government on an informal basis, he said: “No, because what is very clear at this moment is that we have an official opposition which has not been behaving like an alternative government but is not even behaving like an opposition.”

The Lib Dems are about to confirm that its astonishing membership surge has taken the party past the 100,000 mark - after 12,500 people joined since the snap general election was announced.

Reaching six figures will make the party bigger than it has been since the mid-1990s. It boasted 101,768 members in 1994.

More than 50,000 members have joined since last year’s European referendum and more than 67,500 since the 2015 General Election, officials say.

Mr Farron added that his party raised £1.6m in donations in the four days following the Prime Minister’s announcement last week.

Two years ago the Lib Dems slumped from 57 seats to just eight, although they have since won in a Richmond Park by-election on the back of a relentless pro-EU message.

question: Are the Liberal Democrats and Tim Farron in alignment with their views on  offering voters the chance to reverse Brexit in a second referendum?

answer: Yes, both parties are in alignment with their views on offering voters the chance to reverse Brexit in a second referendum.

question: What would happen if the Lib Dems did not advocate for peoples votes on the referendum?

answer: If the Lib Dems did not advocate for people votes on the referendum, then a lot of the attention of this topic would not be cast.


text:
CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY ELECTIONS were held in Bulgaria between 1 and 30 January 1879, although only 117 of the 231 members of the Assembly were elected during this period.[1] It followed the country's liberation from the Ottoman Empire, and saw the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party emerge as the two main parties.[2] The Assembly was opened on 10 February, and convened in Veliko Tarnovo to ratify the country's first constitution, known as the Tarnovo Constitution, on 16 April. The parliament was later transferred to Sofia, which became the capital of the country.

Following debates between the Conservatives, who were in favour of a bicameral parliament, and the Liberals, who supported a unicameral system, the new constitution made provision for a unicameral National Assembly,[3] which was elected later in the year.

[1] Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) _Elections in Europe: A data handbook_, p368

[2] Nohlen & Stöver, p353

[3] Nohlen & Stöver, p352

title: 1879 Bulgarian Constituent Assembly election

question: What month were the 1879 Constituent Assembly Elections held in Bulgaria?

answer: January.

question: How many members of Assembly were elected during this period?

answer: 117.

question: What significant event did this election follow?

answer: The country's liberation from the Ottoman Empire.

question: Which two main parties emerged?

answer: The Conservative Party and the Liberal Party.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The 1879 Bulgarian Constituent Assembly elections were held in Bulgaria between January 1-30 of 1879, but only 117 of the 231 members of the Assembly were elected during this period. This election followed the country's liberation from the Ottoman Empire, and saw the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party emerge as the two main parties. Ultimately a new constitution came out of this that made a provision for a unicameral National Assembly.