text:
LOW MOUNTAIN is a census-designated place (CDP) in Navajo County, Arizona, United States. The population was 757 at the 2010 census.

Geography

Low Mountain is located at (35.948089, −110.09813). According to the United States Geological Survey, the CDP has a total area of , consisting of land and water.[1][2]

Demographics

As of the 2010 census, there were 757 people living in the CDP: 386 male and 371 female. 301 were 19 years old or younger, 180 were ages 20–34, 129 were between the ages of 35 and 49, 86 were between 50 and 64, and the remaining 61 were aged 65 and above. The median age was 24.0 years.

The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.1% American Indian, 0.1% White, and 0.8% two or more races. 0.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 189 households in the CDP, 148 family households (78.3%) and 41 non-family households (21.7%), with an average household size of 4.01. Of the family households, 74 were married couples living together, while there were 25 single fathers and 49 single mothers; the non-family households included 34 adults living alone: 20 male and 14 female.

The CDP contained 260 housing units, of which 189 were occupied and 71 were vacant.[3]

[1]

[2]

[3]

title: Low Mountain, Arizona

question: Are there more males or females in Low Mountain?

answer: There are more males.

question: What is the racial makeup of Low Mountain?

answer: 99.1% American Indian, 0.1% White, and 0.8% two or more races.

question: How many households there are in Low Mountain?

answer: At the 2010 Census, there were 189 households.

question: How many vacant housing units there are in Low Mountain?

answer: At the 2010 Census, there were 71 vacant housing units.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Low Mountain is a census-designated place in Navajo County, Arizona, United States. At the 2010 census, the population was 757, there were 189 households, and the racial makeup of the place was 99.1% American Indian, 0.1% White, and 0.8% two or more races.


split: train

text:
“*In the beginning, there was the Room.  Then from the room came the Rule and Man.  Man learned from the rule, and from the rule, built upon the planet*.”   This was the opening line of The Rule, a preamble to how people should act around The Room.  The rule was simple “*You may enter the room one for every cycle, but you may never tell anyone what you see inside*” From this rule, the wise rulers and scientists of the nations of man entered the Room, and from their experiences, they developed a civilization.  Many years passed in this manner until one man entered the Room.  He was sent from a small village after winning a lottery and entered the temple, like the others, naked and empty-handed.  For it is known that the Room provides for all who enter.  As The One approached the great steel door, he heard otherworldly noises as ancient gears sprang to life, swinging open the metal door and bearing the maw within.  Quickly and quietly, the man entered, unsure about what would happen next.  Suddenly, the door slammed shut and light began emanating from the walls.  In the room he learned about the technology kept inside the room of a past civilization.  As he prepared to leave, he was approached by a figure.  This new man was as ancient as the Room itself, but he flashed a knowing, mischievous, and lively smile.  As he introduced himself as “The King” he gave The One a new machine and then disappeared in a blink.  This machine was one that no one had created before; it could capture images with far superior speed and appearance to even the best artist, and with it, The One captured every inch of the room in the image machine, and then donned the coat over the clothes given to him by one of the machines of the room, and left.

After he performed the necessary ceremonies, The One stole back to his village a continent away from the one the Room was on.  Once there, he began building his own Room, but this time it would be open to all.  The other people in the village, and soon many others, backed The One’s venture, and scientists lent their own ingenuity to create a Room even better than the one before.  Once completed, the Room stood grander that the one before.  It became the heart of a University, and soon word reached the Original Room’s teachers and scholars.  In anger for this blasphemy, the teachers and scholars tried to get people to leave the new room, citing everything from loss of tradition to an outbreak of Lyme disease.  But the ones who already entered the room and learned from it knew better.

Unfortunately, those who didn’t know better sided with tradition, and soon a great conflict split the world down the middle.  Great armies clashed, each man wielding a weapon from one of the Rooms, each being more devastating than the last.  After a long and bitter struggle, the scholars of the Old Room began to slip, but instead of loose, they unleashed the secret weapon of the Room.  As orbital strikes prepared to ignite the planet into hellfire, The One issued an order.  This order was spoken from his secure bunker inside the New Room, the bunker contained only the most important creations of humanity: Longevity, Human cloning, communication, and some small things, like some paper, and old Camera that he kept on his desk.  The order issued was one that scared the receiving General, because he knew what would happen if he issued it.  Knowing it was for the greater good, he activated The One’s orbital strikes as well.  Just like everything else from the New Room, it had been improved on from the original and when the strikes hit, just for a second, everything was peaceful, as each side realizes what the other had done.  Then the planet stopped living.  Everything was destroyed in the same instant.  The earth was lifeless, even the Rooms themselves were wiped out.  The only thing left standing was the bunker where The One had been.  As he looked at video feeds across the lifeless wastes, he smiled.  This smile that he would have recognized had there been a mirror nearby, but why would a King care about his appearance when all his subjects were ash.

He began working on a way to clone humans and let them again populate the planet.  After years of working, simple life returned to the planet and he decided it was time to releases his humans upon it.  After they went off to re-populate the earth, he finally got the punch line of a joke he had told himself once.  He sat down at a bench with his paper and began writing with a smile on his face and a camera around his neck: “*In the beginning, there was the Room…*”

title:
The Room and The Man (822 words)
(I have never submitted anything before, so suggest whatever you want)

question: How can you describe the character that is labeled as One?

answer: The character that is named One is powerful and his actions show how many people support his ventures.

question: What was the One main's purpose?

answer: The One's main purpose was to work on a way to clone humans and let them populate the planet again.

question: What genre would this story classify under?

answer: This story would classify under fiction or fantasy.


text:
PORTER is an unincorporated community in Scott County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.[1]

Porter was founded in the early 20th century, taking its name from the Porter family, original owners of the town site.[2]

[1]

[2]

title: Porter, Missouri

question: Where is the Porter community located?

answer: in Scott County within Missouri state.

question: When was Porter founded?

answer: in the early 20th century

question: Where does Porter get its name from?

answer: From the Porter family, original owners of the town site.

question: What is the population of Porter?

answer: This information is not found in the article.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Porter, an unincorporated community in Scott County within the Missouri state. It was founded in the early 20th century.


text:
_Brenda Janowitz is the POPSUGAR books correspondent. She is the author of five novels, including THE DINNER PARTY._

We can feel it — the beach is calling us. Calling out to us, because after that long (so very long!) Winter, Summer is here to entice us with its sunny, lazy days. And what's the best part of summertime? That would be all of the amazing Summer books that you'll be bringing to the pool, the beach, or the park. So get out your sunglasses and set up a chair to sit on, because we've got the definitive list of what to read this Summer. Just make sure your beach bag is big enough for all these juicy new reads!

question: What should I look forward to reading?

answer: Other than describing how good the books are, we don't see any examples.

question: Did Brenda Janowitz write this?

answer: Not made clear from the text, though she is named at the top.

question: Who is Brenda Janowitz?

answer: An author who has penned five novels including 'The Dinner Party'

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: A blurb describing a list of books to read during the summer at the beach, possibly by Brenda Janowitz.


text:
The Linux kernel is celebrating 27 years since Linus Torvalds first announced his "hobby" operating system.

Which Linux moment mattered most?

Getting to where it is today was no small feat for the little project that Linus Torvalds announced to the world on August 25, 1991, with this newsgroup post:

_Hello everybody out there using_ _minix_ _-_

_I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This has been brewing since_ _april,_ _and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in_ _minix, as my OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things)._

_I've currently ported bash(1.08) and_ _gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I won't promise I'll implement them :-)_

Today Linux powers so much of the world's infrastructure that it's honestly hard to think of an industry that hasn't been significantly shaped by its progress. From banks to healthcare giants to airlines, to almost all of the most popular websites in use today, and perhaps even the phone in your pocket, the world runs on Linux.

So today, twenty-seven years in, we're asking our readers: What was the most important moment in Linux's history? We've pulled out some highlights in the poll above, but of course we can't include everything, so if your top moment wasn't included, be sure to let us know what it was in the comments below.

About the author

[]

Opensource.com - Opensource.com publishes stories about creating, adopting, and sharing open source solutions. Follow us on Twitter@opensourceway.

[Creative Commons License]

question: How did Linus Torvalds announce his new operating system?

answer: In a newsgroup post.

question: What did he say in his post?

answer: That he is preparing to launch a new OS system and is looking for feedback.

question: What are some of the industries that were influenced by Linus?

answer: Banks, healthcare, airlines

question: When did Linus announce his new OS?

answer: August 25, 1991

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This short article is celebrating the 27th year since Linux was launched with some details about how his creator announced its launch and a bit about his influence over the world.


text:
MARK IRELAND (born on 1 January 1960 in Sydney, Australia) is an Australian artist, composer, musician, film and video maker and member of Clan Analogue the Australian Artists collective.[1]

Life and career

Mark started playing professionally at 19 years of age with the band Straight Angles playing jazz, soul, pop and rock.

He produced a compact disc called Straight Angles Compilation and took it to London, New York and Tokyo. It included original compositions created with the Fairlight C.M.I. Computer Music Instrument. He formed the group *Carrier – member of Clan Analogue[2][[Mark Ireland#cite%20note-2|[2]]][[Mark Ireland#cite%20note-1|[1]]][[Mark Ireland#cite%20note-1|[1]]][3] and released a compact disc titled 'The Foley Artists' that is available at CDBaby. Remixes are available at BandCamp.[4][5]

Discography

Mark Ireland's original music is mainly Electronic Music although it often includes orchestral instruments.

-   _Straight Angles Compilation_ – 1988
-   _Clan Analogue EP2_ – EP release
-   _Freaky Loops_ – 2SER release
-   _CA014: COGNITION_ Various Artists
-   _CA038: RE COGNITION_ – THE CLAN ANALOGUE LEGACY COLLECTION Various Artists
-   _InTone_ – Clan Analogue – 2016

[1]

[2] Asbjørn Grønstad, Oyvind Vagnes 1, Cover Scaping: Discovering Album Aesthetics

[3] Asbjørn Grønstad, Oyvind Vagnes 2, Cover Scaping: Discovering Album Aesthetics

[4]

[5]

title: Mark Ireland

question: Who is Mark Ireland?

answer: He's an Australian artist, composer, musician, film and video maker, and member of Clan Analogue the Australian Artists collective.

question: What are the names of Ireland's releases?

answer: Straight Angles Compilation, Clan Analogue, Freaky Loops, CA014:COGNITION, CA038: RE COGNITION, and InTone.

question: Is Ireland popular?

answer: That information isn't available in the article.

question: What cities are mentioned in this article?

answer: Sydney, London, New York, and Tokyo

question: When did Mark's career begin?

answer: He began playing professionally at 19 with the band Straight angles playing jazz, soul, pop, and rock.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article discusses the life, career, and discography of Mark Ireland, an Australian artist, composer, musician, film and video maker, and member of Clan Analogue the Australian Artists collective.


text:
[]

What I’m about to tell you is so mind-numbingly basic you will probably think to yourself, _“Wow, Einstein, is that the best you could come up with?”_

Yep, it’s the very best advice I can give to a fellow man because I know how damn hard it is to stay focused on the basics. We tend to over-think and over-complicate matters of female love and affection.

If you golf you may remember the times you tried to focus on your feet, your grip, your club, your hips, your knees, your arms and the wind all at the same time.  And then you shanked it. Ugh.

All you really needed to do was relax, watch the ball and trust your swing.  Just three simple things. Do those three things consistently and you’ve got 90% of the game figured out.

It’s the same thing when it comes to creating an affectionate relationship. It’s not that complicated.

_The basics matter more than anything else._

Your ability to be consistent in the basics is always more important than worrying about where the ball is going to go (the outcome).  As soon as you lose focus on the basics the wheels will start coming off.

In this Part I article, I’ll explain three basic mistakes which will cause you to “shank it” every time you are hoping for more affection.

Next week in Part II I’ll explain three basic attributes of husbands who get all the affection they want.

♦◊♦

The Difference between Affection we Get vs. Affection we Give

For the purpose of this article, I define female affection the way my clients describe it.

_Female affection to us is any thought, word or action from her that feels kind, warm, loving, supportive, honoring, approving, accepting, respectful, cuddly, sweet or sexy. It’s the irreplaceable feeling of being wanted and appreciated. It’s a feeling of belonging and devotion._

We will constantly struggle in our desire for female affection if we are disingenuous with ours.

You might say these same things apply to her equally. I’d agree, except for one thing.

Most of us will devour her affection even if she doesn’t really mean it. Even if she is doubting her own love and commitment to us. Even if it’s half-hearted. Most of us can’t tell the difference. And it feels so freaking good we just don’t care.

We want to believe it’s true, therefore we do so without question.

But we don’t have the same luxury. When we show her affection we better mean it.

Why?

Because she has a better bullshit detector. She is much more wary of the intent behind our affections. Because if we don’t mean it – it’s not real. It doesn’t count. It’s not affection to her. It feels like a game.

We will constantly struggle in our desire for female affection if we are disingenuous with ours.

That gets us started on #1 below.

♦◊♦

3 Basic Mistakes that Kill All Wives Ability to Be Affectionate

_Clarification:_ I’ve used the term _“All Wives”_ here. By “all” I only mean 99.8%. I apologize now to the .2%.

BASIC MISTAKE #1:  _Faking Affection (aka. You doubt your love for her)_

This is so simple it’s ridiculous. Don’t fake it. It is pointless to expect any affection at all from a woman for whom your love is in doubt. Don’t play games. This mistake is the number one roadblock to genuine affection and intimacy. She will not risk giving you affection if she doesn’t trust your love.

Yes, marriage can be full of emotional ups and downs. Doubts do creep in and we must deal with them. The rule here is to make sure your affection is genuinely coming from a place of love. Not fear and not with strings attached. Better not to show any affection at all than to fake it.

And if you don’t honestly love her and adore her, you’ve got bigger problems than an unaffectionate wife. You should be asking yourself different questions. If you are spending time dreaming about your divorce, you’re in no place to be bitching about her lack of affection.  I know – I tried that once.

BASIC MISTAKE #2:  _Intellectual Warfare (aka. Trying to make her feel stupid)_

This mistake is also simple but so hard to avoid sometimes. This is the smart guy’s tool of choice when the chips are down. It used to be my “go to” mode when I wanted to be right about something.

Whenever there is conflict or blaming going on, you deftly guide her though a strategic line of logic that leaves her feeling stupid – or least, feeling like you think she’s stupid. The affect is the same. She loses trust.

When you allow your emotions to invoke the intellectual warfare reaction, nothing good will happen. Ever. When we allow a conflict to move from a conversation to a court trial the “affection factory” closes for business.

I won’t go into a class on handling conflict effectively right now. Just remember basic rule #2. Never try to make her feel stupid. You’re stronger and more secure than that.

BASIC MISTAKE #3:  _Interrogation (aka. Whiny questions)_

I wrote about this mistake in my article about the _“Hummingbird Husband”._ As I mentioned there, I’m a recovering hummingbird and I’ve lived this stuff.

This is the mistake of asking tons of questions from a place of self-doubt and insecurity. These are questions that have the underlying need of _“please tell me I’m okay and that we’re okay”._

They sound like_, “What’s the matter? Why did you say that? What did I do wrong? What do you want me to do?  How can I make you happy?_

To her it feels like a barrage of accusations – an interrogation of her devotion and commitment.

When she can see that you’re coming from a place of fear, distrust and doubt she can’t feel affectionate. I know, a great big hug of reassurance would be the best thing ever. Hell, how about some sex? That would be terrific.

But she can’t do it. Why?

Because interrogations can make _her_ feel fear, distrust and doubt.  And while your fear, distrust and doubt might be quickly calmed with closeness and affection, hers are calmed mostly by feeling your strength.

♦◊♦

Aren’t We Equals?

I know where the conversation usually goes from here.

_“I thought we were equals. Why can’t I rely on her strength when I need it? When do I get to be vulnerable without having to be strong for her? And what’s her responsibility here?  What mistakes does she need to avoid?”_

I’ll get into some of that in the Part II article next week.

In the meantime, let’s have fun in the comments!

♦◊♦

There’s another big mistake I wrote about in this free ebook for you.  It’s about handling your fear of asking for what you really want.  Download _THE HARD-TO-SWALLOW SECRET TO SAVING YOUR MARRIAGE_ by clicking HERE.

Photo Andy Ognenoff/Flickr

question: Summarize the emotional core of the mistakes a husband can make.

answer: Mostly, the author shows different ways a husband can be insecure in either himself or in the marriage. The latter case can manifest in the husband faking affection. The former can surface either as attempts to feel superior through the husband trying to diminish his wife or seeking constant affirmation of himself and the marriage.

question: What does the article say about falling in love?


text:
[]

DANIEL AMEN: PIONEER OR PROFITEER?: Psychiatrist Daniel Amen uses brain scans to diagnose mental illness. Most peers say that’s bonkers.

Right on the heels of a _Molecular Psychiatry_ paper that asked, "Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it?" (Kapur et al., 2012) comes this provocatively titled article in the _Washington Post_ about neurohuckster Dr. Daniel Amen and his miraculous SPECT scans:

  DANIEL AMEN IS THE MOST POPULAR PSYCHIATRIST IN AMERICA. TO MOST RESEARCHERS AND SCIENTISTS, THAT’S A VERY BAD THING.BY , Published: August 9.NEWPORT BEACH, Calif. — Daniel Amen is, by almost any measure, the most popular psychiatrist in America.. . .He has arisen, like a modern-day American myth, from the fields northeast of San Francisco, where he ran a small-town clinic, to become the creator, chairman and CEO of the Amen Clinics, an empire that includes a string of psychiatric practices, a line of nutritional supplements, book publishing, DVD sales, and television and speaking engagements.. . .Amen’s career is very troubling, for one of two things must be true.One, Daniel Gregory Amen, born in 1954 in Encino, Calif., son of Lebanese immigrants, is 20 years ahead of virtually the entire psychiatric field (he says about three dozen other clinics use SPECT scans, but few as profusely as he does), and the establishment has failed to recognize a historic breakthrough.Or, two, the man has grown fabulously wealthy — he lives in a $4.8 million mansion overlooking the Pacific Ocean — by selling patients a high-priced service that has little scientific validity, yet no regulatory body has made a move to stop him.

[]SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) is a relatively inexpensive cousin of PET scanning (positron emission tomography) with lower spatial resolution.¹ There is no peer reviewed literature that establishes SPECT as a reliable method of diagnosing psychiatric disorders.

Amen is well-known to regular PBS viewers, because his informercial "Change Your Brain, Change Your Life" [and others] is on regular rotation during fund raisers.² In a critical Salon.com piece by Robert Burton, one neuroimaging expert was quoted as saying:

  "SPECT scans are not sufficiently sensitive or specific to be useful in the diagnosis of A.D.," neurologist Michael Greicius, who runs the Stanford University memory clinic, and has a special interest in the use of functional brain imaging in the diagnosis of A.D., tells me. "The PBS airing of Amen's program provides a stamp of scientific validity to work which has no scientific validity."

In his _Washington Post_ article, author Neely Tucker assembled an impressive list of naysayers:

  No major research institution takes his SPECT work seriously, none regards him as “the number one neuroscience guy,” and his revelations, which he presents to rapt audiences as dispatches from the front ranks of science, make the top tier of scientists roll their eyes or get very angry.“In my opinion, what he’s doing is the modern equivalent of phrenology,” says Jeffrey Lieberman, APA president-elect, author of the textbook “Psychiatry” and chairman of Psychiatry at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. (Phrenology was the pseudoscience, popular in the early 19th century, that said the mind was determined by the shape of the skull, particularly its bumps.) “The claims he makes are not supported by reliable science, and one has to be skeptical about his motivation.”“I think you have a vulnerable patient population that doesn’t know any better,” says M. Elizabeth Oates, chair of the Commission on Nuclear Medicine, Board of Chancellors at the American College of Radiology, and chair of the department of radiology at the University of Kentucky.“A sham,” says Martha J. Farah, director of the Center for Neuroscience & Society at the University of Pennsylvania, summing up her thoughts on one of Amen’s most recent scientific papers.“I guess we’re all amateurs except for him,” says Helen Mayberg, a psychiatry, neurology and radiology professor at Emory School of Medicine and one of the most respected researchers into depression and brain scanning. “He’s making claims that are outrageous and not supported by any research.”“I can’t imagine clinical decisions being guided by an imaging test,” says Steven E. Hyman, former director of the National Institute of Mental Health and current director of the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard.

But wait! Didn't The Neurocritic just write a post that expressed some degree of optimism about the prospect of a "stratified psychiatry" of phenotypic or genotypic subtypes at some unspecified future date?

But beware! This is not the same thing as using a SPECT scan to devise a treatment plan. In his NIMH Director's Blog, Dr. Thomas Insel singles out Amen and warns, Brain Scans – Not Quite Ready for Prime Time.

Where Are the Clinical Tests for Psychiatric Disorders?

In their paper, Kapur, Phillips, and Insel (2012) were careful to distinguish their projections for the future from diagnostic tests:³

  The prospects of ‘diagnostic tests’ for DSM entities remain distant for reasons articulated above, and it seems unlikely that we will replace the 300-disorder taxonomy of the DSM-5 with an alternative biologically based classification system anytime soon. THEREFORE THE REAL OPPORTUNITY FOR PSYCHIATRY IS TO USE THE EMERGING ADVANCES IN GENETICS, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, IMAGING AND COGNITIVE SCIENCE TO SUPPLEMENT, RATHER THAN REPLACE, THE SYMPTOM-DRIVEN DIAGNOSIS.

Dr. Amen is not so circumspect, in fact he's rather bullish:

  He says he has taught himself — by scanning 45,000 people a total of 70,000 times — to apply SPECT, alongside clinical evaluations, as a diagnostic tool in 90 percent of his patients. The brain activity he says he sees in these scans — areas of high and low activity — allows him to target those areas with specific treatments and medication, he says. A full initial session, including two scans, costs about $3,500. Amen says this method has helped him identify new subtypes of anxiety, depression and attention deficit disorder, categories far more specific than even the forthcoming fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the benchmark of the field. This is heady stuff — using brain imaging to find biomarkers for mental illnesses has been the great hope of psychiatry for at least two decades...

[]

And what are those treatments and medications? Exercise, healthy diet, supplements from his product line [e.g., Serotonin Mood Support], and prescription refills in some cases.

[]"Due to overwhelming popularity we are now offering the Brain on Joy Bar by the case (18 bars)."

AM I BLUE, DR. AMEN?

The SPECT scans often seem to be used as either a scare tactic or a form of reassurance:

  Amen’s first scan patient, back in the early 1990s, was Sandy.

  She was 40, had ADD and had tried to kill herself the night before their initial meeting. In his telling — it is his Genesis story, and he has told it many times — the resulting scan showed a precipitous drop in activity in her prefrontal cortex, the brain’s decision-making center, when she tried to concentrate.When he showed her the scan, she wept. “You mean it’s not my fault?”Realizing it was a “biological, not moral” problem, she accepted the diagnosis, took her medications and was greatly helped.“I thought, ‘Whoa. Pictures matter. You get great compliance,’ ” Amen says.

Another patient said, “The results [of the scan] were a little disconcerting, but I’m glad to have it.”

And here's Amen's colleague Earl Henslin: “If at all possible, I’m motivating my patients to get that scan at the first session. They see that scan and they’re willing to take responsibility.”

A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND DOLLARS

That's the title of a 2009 editorial by Dr. Martha Farah in the _Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience_. She argues that cognitive neuroscientists have a responsibility to speak out when clinical [and legal] applications of brain imaging are being misrepresented by for-profit companies such as the Amen Clinics:

  Tens of thousands of individuals, many of them children, have been exposed to the radiation of two SPECT scans and paid thousands of dollars out of pocket (because insurers will not pay) against the advice of many experts... The Amen Clinics are now marketing their services outside the medical arena, advising couples with marital problems and even “prescreening” couples.

People are swayed by colorful brain images, whether they're in the classroom, the courtroom, or the clinic. Or on reality TV. SPECT scans should not be used for diagnostic or entertainment purposes; there's no scientific evidence for the former and the latter is unethical.
FURTHER READING
This Is the Presidential Candidates' Brains On...
On Amen's Dec. 2007 editorial in the Los Angeles Times advocating SPECT scans for presidential candidates.

Celebrity Neurostigma
On celebrity SPECT scans from celebrity patients in the reality show Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew. Also a lesson in medical ethics. Special guest appearance by Dr. Amen.

Dennis Rodman-Mindy McCready Mind Meld
On the startling similarities in the SPECT scans of Celebrity Rehab participants Dennis Rodman and Mindy McCready.

FOOTNOTES

¹ In case you're interested in learning more about how the method works, this review chapter (by the Committee on the Mathematics and Physics of Emerging Dynamic Biomedical Imaging, National Research Council) is one place to start.

² In fact, I can tell when there's a PBS fundraiser because the number of visitors from a search of daniel amen quack increases.

³ However, new research applies machine learning algorithms to neuroimaging data in an attempt to classify patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders (Orrù et al., 2012).

REFERENCES

Farah MJ. (2009). A picture is worth a thousand dollars. _J Cogn Neurosci._ 21:623-4.

Kapur S, Phillips AG, & Insel TR (2012). Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it? Molecular psychiatry PMID: 22869033

Orrù G, Pettersson-Yeo W, Marquand AF, Sartori G, Mechelli A. (2012). Using Support Vector Machine to identify imaging biomarkers of neurological and psychiatric disease: a critical review. _Neurosci Biobehav Rev._ 36:1140-52.

question: Can it be said that Daniel Amen cons his patients through his practice, from which he has grown incredibly wealthy?

answer: It might be that Daniel is a relatively untrustworthy psychiatrist who uses overpriced unproven methods to treat unsuspecting, vulnerable patients.


text:
[Guitar Lessons SF:Chord and Scale Charts heading]

CALL (415)845-5471 FOR ONLINE LESSONS

-   This section is conceived as a REFERENCE LIBRARY OF GUITAR CHARTS and an overview and RECAP OF MATERIAL COVERED IN AN ONLINE OR IN-PERSON GUITAR LESSON WITH ME IN SF, CA. Many have expanded into full blown online guitar lessons, but if your looking for a linear how to play guitar manual, this isn't it. Although these lessons and charts can be seen as an overview or catalog of subjects covered in my guitar method, THE SEQUENCE OF WHICH AND HOW THEY ARE MANIFESTED IN ANY GIVEN GUITAR LESSON WITH ME IS ADAPTED TO EACH STUDENTS LEARNING STYLE.
-   If you are a rock, metal, or blues player learning on your own I suggest this sequence of study for scales: BLUES, PENTATONIC MAJOR, NATURAL MINOR, DORIAN MINOR, SPANISH MINOR, MAJOR BLUES, HARMONIC MINOR. If you would like to take guitar lessons from me online please call me at (415)845-5471.
-   These are all scales and chords for "Big Boys and Girls", they are what I use in my own music. Don't waste your time on easy kiddy stuff, or something you never see the pros play, like the obviously crack cocaine inspired "barred G form" and similar episodes of fretboard system sadism.

-   The website now draws between 8,000 AND 12,000 UNIQUE VISITORS A WEEK, yet I've WORKED VERY HARD TO KEEP IT 100% FREE for everyone.
-   So here's what you do: Learn the scales and chords, try and learn stuff by EAR, learn to SING and play at the same time, IMPROVISE ALL LEADS, WRITE your own damned songs, don't sell out, learn to play fast by practicing slow, DRESS COOL, it is your right to do a feedback drenched version of the Hendrix star spangled banner at any time at any volume, CRUSH CORPORATE ROCK, be prepared to rock ANY CAMPFIRE OR COFFEE HOUSE, never a half stack, always a full stack or a combo, challenge dudes on YouTube to demonstrate the technique WITHOUT THE DELAY PEDAL or studio trickery, thumb up top, lower that strap it ain't a fiddle, turn it up tear it up, NO FEAR, your neighbors will move...

-   PDF DOWNLOADS
    PDF Index of (almost) All Guitar Scale & Guitar Chord Charts on the Site
    New Blank Guitar Charts- 8.5" x 11" Paper, Full Bleed
    New Blank Guitar Charts- 8.5" x 11" Paper, 1/2" Margins
    And for our guitar playing friends in the Metric Zone:

    New Blank Guitar Charts- A4 Paper with Margins Song Form Printable Song Writing/Memorization/Transcription Worksheets (Interactive PDF Form)

-   Blank Charts + General Articles
-   Minor Scales
-   Guitar Scale Fingerings
-   Guitar Chords and Arpeggios
-   Major Scales
-   Diatonic|Church|Major Scale Modes
-   Dominant Scales
-   Half Diminished Scales
-   Notes on the Guitar Neck

[Guitar Lessons SF:Chord and Scale Charts]

Story of Jay Skyler's Guitar Scale and Chord Charts

About 7 years back, one of my guitar students (Patrice Borne) suggested I put some of the charts of the scales we had covered on my website so students would always have access to them. He also suggested it would make a great "portfolio" so potential students could see the wide range of material I could cover with them. I thought it was a terrific idea, but realized it would be an insane amount of work.

He then scanned all the hand drawn diagrams I had made for him (he was an advanced student so there were many.). Not satisfied with that, I created the Series 1 Diagrams by taking my blank diagrams and putting dots on them in Microsoft Paint (no joke).

After getting countless thank you emails and a copy of Adobe Illustrator I began replacing them with the current Series 2 Diagrams, which is why 95% of you are here, they have taken years to make and they are exactly what I've always wanted for myself and my students. Thanks for all the emails letting me know that Google often selects my charts as the definitive picture displayed in the knowledge graph box on the top of the first results page. I had no clue.

-   Guitar Chords: Chord Charts & Arpeggio Patterns
    -   Major Guitar Chords & Arpeggios
    -   Minor Guitar Chords & Arpeggios
    -   Dominant 7 Guitar Chords & Arpeggios
-   Diatonic | Major Scale | Church | Modes Guitar Scale Charts
-   Half-Diminished Scale Guitar Fretboard Patterns > Guitar Neck Position Charts
-   Dominant 7th Scale Guitar Fretboard Patterns > Guitar Neck Position Charts
-   Major Scale Guitar Fretboard Patterns > Guitar Neck Position Charts
-   Minor Scale Charts and Guitar Lessons by Jay Skyler
-   Guitar Scale Fingering Charts > CAGED Position Fretboard Diagrams
-   Notes on the Guitar Neck: Full Color Charts

Skype Lesson Now Available! Call/Text: (415)845-5471 for Info

About the Author

[Jay Skyler] by JAY SKYLER- Nicknamed “The White Jimi Hendrix” by Anahiem, California's Metalhead Radio, Jay is one of the 21st century's most dynamic and innovative guitarists and educators and is currently the lead vocalist and guitarist for Rock 'n' Roll Villain Society.

Contact Me __

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Page design and content by Jay Skyler

------------------------------------------------------------------------

question: When was the article written?

answer: That information can't be found

question: How many students has this instructor taught?

answer: That information can't be found, but the author claims to have between 8000 and 12000 website visitors a week

question: How long has this instructor been playing?

answer: That information can't be found

question: Who is the instructor?

answer: Jay Skyler

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The author advertises guitar lessons and offers several free resources and reference materials for students on his website.


text:
It occurred to me while listening to the radio the other how animalistic popular music has become. I mean animalistic as in; how close we have come to our primal root.

At some point in human evolution, we shifted from ignorance of ourselves as a species to an obsession with our own superiority. Two legs and a complex brain, and now we are something quite different. This is widely accepted as fact, that we are better because we are smarter. We are human.

However, the truth is that we still are animals at some level. Our hearts are made one part good, one part evil, one part human. Mixed in among the blend  is an animalistic element, and it is the single most terrifying truth of our existence.

We have spent thousands of years building gaps between ourselves and our animal heart. We organize ourselves in ways animals don’t and retain self-image in ways animals wouldn’t think to. We pleasure seek, explore, invent and create, converse and enjoy each other’s company in ways animals can’t. We would like to forget our embarrassing past among the tall grass, sucking on bone marrow to survive, hunched against the cold in our dingy, primeval cave.

But as I drove down the highway, the highway that civilization spawned, that technology brought forth from unevenness, smoothed by progression and innovation, and as I listened to the radio that man invented, that harnesses and controls some part of the natural spectrum of existence, the same existence that man claims superiority too, I heard the pound of the bass, the beat of the song. The beat of our animal heart, breaking through an art form. It was loud, meant to be heard but more importantly meant to be felt. It was sex, wild, unrestricted, unmodified, thoughtless. It was adrenaline, murder, blood-thirst, terror, the possibility of hunting and being hunted.

All that matters anymore is the beat. It is instinctual. It is the easiest part of ourselves to facilitate. Being human is more complex and carries with it melodies and verses filled with societal responsibilities, a conscious awareness of self and shamefulness, and need for intellectual stimulus. We do not understand it, we cannot control it, and most often we repress it in pursuit of animalistic ambition. It is societies’ greatest irony that our animalism, our animal heart, is our most grievous embarrassment as well as our most facilitated being.

title: Animalism

question: What is the main point of paragraph 4?

answer: Humans, though knowingly sophisticated compared to other animals, have tried to create distance between themselves and their baser tendencies.

question: What is the relationship between man and music in this article?

answer: The author ties the beat that is predominant in popular music to the more animalistic part of humans. This beat and bass-heavy music, which the author ties to things like sex, bloodthirst, and being unrestricted, is juxtaposed to the more civilized, progressive aspects of humanity.

question: What action inspired this reflection by the author?

answer: The author was listing to music on the radio while driving on a highway.

question: What relationship does the title have to do with the text?

answer: The title connects to the text's point about recognizing what the author deems as primal sounds in popular music, and how that is seen as going back to humanity's roots.


text:
ESCITALOPRAM, sold under the brand names CIPRALEX and LEXAPRO, among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.[1] Escitalopram is mainly used to treat major depressive disorder or generalized anxiety disorder.[2] It is taken by mouth.[3]

Common side effects include trouble sleeping, nausea, sexual problems, and feeling tired.[4] More serious side effects may include suicide in people under the age of 25.[5] It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe.[6] Escitalopram is the (_S_)-stereoisomer (left-handed version) of citalopram (which exists as a racemate), hence the name _es_citalopram.[7]

Escitalopram was approved for medical use in the United States in 2002.[8] Escitalopram is sometimes replaced by twice the dose of citalopram.[9] In 2017, it was the 20th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States with more than 25 million prescriptions.[10][11]

Medical uses

Escitalopram has FDA approval for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescents and adults, and generalized anxiety disorder in adults.[12] In European countries and the United Kingdom, it is approved for depression (MDD) and anxiety disorders, these include: general anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. In Australia it is approved for major depressive disorder.[13][14][15]

Depression

Escitalopram was approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of major depressive disorder on the basis of four placebo controlled, double-blind trials, three of which demonstrated a statistical superiority over placebo.[16]

Controversy existed regarding the effectiveness of escitalopram compared with its predecessor, citalopram. The importance of this issue followed from the greater cost of escitalopram relative to the generic mixture of isomers of citalopram, prior to the expiration of the escitalopram patent in 2012, which led to charges of evergreening. Accordingly, this issue has been examined in at least 10 different systematic reviews and meta analyses. , reviews had concluded (with caveats in some cases) that escitalopram is modestly superior to citalopram in efficacy and tolerability.[17][18][19][20]

A 2011 review concluded that second-generation antidepressants appear equally effective, although they may differ in onset and side effects.[21] Treatment guidelines issued by the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence and by the American Psychiatric Association generally reflect this viewpoint.[22][23]

In 2018, a systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing the efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs showed escitalopram to be one of the most effective.[24]

Anxiety disorder

Escitalopram appears to be effective in treating general anxiety disorder, with relapse on escitalopram at 20% rather than placebo at 50%.[25]

Escitalopram appears effective in treating social anxiety disorder.[26]

Other

Escitalopram is effective in reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, whether taken continuously or in the luteal phase only.[27] There are no good data available for escitalopram as treatment for seasonal affective disorder .[28] SSRIs do not appear to be useful for preventing tension headaches or migraines.[29][30]

Side effects

Escitalopram, like other SSRIs, has been shown to affect sexual functions causing side effects such as decreased libido, delayed ejaculation, and anorgasmia.[31][32]

An analysis conducted by the FDA found a statistically insignificant 1.5 to 2.4-fold (depending on the statistical technique used) increase of suicidality among the adults treated with escitalopram for psychiatric indications.[33][34][35] The authors of a related study note the general problem with statistical approaches: due to the rarity of suicidal events in clinical trials, it is hard to draw firm conclusions with a sample smaller than two million patients.[36]

Escitalopram is not associated with weight gain. For example, 0.6 kg mean weight change after 6 months of treatment with escitalopram for depression was insignificant and similar to that with placebo (0.2 kg).[37]

Citalopram and escitalopram are associated with dose-dependent QT interval prolongation[38] and should not be used in those with congenital long QT syndrome or known pre-existing QT interval prolongation, or in combination with other medicines that prolong the QT interval. ECG measurements should be considered for patients with cardiac disease, and electrolyte disturbances should be corrected before starting treatment. In December 2011, the UK implemented new restrictions on the maximum daily doses at 20 mg for adults and 10 mg for those older than 65 years or with liver impairment.[39][40] There are concerns of higher rates of QT prolongation and torsades de pointes compared with other SSRIs.[41][42] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada did not similarly order restrictions on escitalopram dosage, only on its predecessor citalopram.[43]

Very common effects

Very common effects (>10% incidence) include:[44][45][46][47]

-   Headache (24%)
-   Nausea (18%)
-   Ejaculation disorder (9–14%)
-   Somnolence (4–13%)
-   Insomnia (7–12%)

Common (1–10% incidence)

Common effects (1–10% incidence) include:

-   Insomnia
-   Somnolence (sleepiness)
-   Dizziness
-   Paraesthesia
-   Tremor
-   Decreased or increased appetite
-   Anxiety
-   Restlessness
-   Abnormal dreams
-   Libido decreased
-   Anorgasmia
-   Sinusitis (nasal congestion)
-   Yawning
-   Diarrhea
-   Constipation
-   Vomiting
-   Dry mouth
-   Excessive sweating
-   Arthralgia (joint pain)
-   Myalgia (muscular aches and pains)
-   Fatigue
-   Pyrexia (fever)
-   Impotence (erectile dysfunction)

Psychomotor effects

The most common effect is fatigue or somnolence, particularly in older adults,[48] although patients with pre-existing daytime sleepiness and fatigue may experience paradoxical improvement of these symptoms.[49] Escitalopram has not been shown to affect serial reaction time, logical reasoning, serial subtraction, multitask, or MacWorth clock task performance.[50]

Discontinuation symptoms

Escitalopram discontinuation, particularly abruptly, may cause certain withdrawal symptoms such as “electric shock” sensations, colloquially called “brain shivers” by sufferers.[51] (also known as “brain zaps”), dizziness, acute depressions, panic attacks and irritability, as well as heightened senses of akathisia.[52]

Sexual dysfunction

Some people experience persistent sexual side effects after they stop taking SSRIs.[53] This is known as post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD). Common symptoms include genital anesthesia, erectile dysfunction, anhedonia, decreased libido, premature ejaculation, vaginal lubrication issues, and nipple insensitivity in women. Rates are unknown, and there is no established treatment.[54]

Pregnancy

Antidepressant exposure (including escitalopram) is associated with shorter duration of pregnancy (by three days), increased risk of preterm delivery (by 55%), lower birth weight (by 75 g), and lower Apgar scores (by <0.4 points). Antidepressant exposure is not associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion.[55] There is a tentative association of SSRI use during pregnancy with heart problems in the baby.[56] The advantages of their use during pregnancy may thus outweigh the possible negative effects on the baby.[57]

Overdose

Excessive doses of escitalopram usually cause relatively minor untoward effects, such as agitation and tachycardia. However, dyskinesia, hypertonia, and clonus may occur in some cases. Therapeutic blood levels of escitalopram are usually in the range of 20–80 μg/L but may reach 80–200 μg/L in the elderly, patients with hepatic dysfunction, those who are poor CYP2C19 metabolizers or following acute overdose. Monitoring of the drug in plasma or serum is generally accomplished using chromatographic methods. Chiral techniques are available to distinguish escitalopram from its racemate, citalopram.[58][59][60]

Pharmacology

Mechanism of action

  Site     Ki (nM)
  -------- ---------
  SERT     0.8-1.1
  NET      7,800
  DAT      27,400
  5-HT1A   >1,000
  5-HT2A   >1,000
  5-HT2C   2,500
  α₁       3,900
  α₂       >1,000
  D₂       >1,000
  H₁       2,000
  mACh     1,240

  : Binding profile[61]

Escitalopram increases intrasynaptic levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter into the presynaptic neuron. Of the SSRIs currently available, escitalopram has the highest selectivity for the serotonin transporter (SERT) compared to the norepinephrine transporter (NET), making the side-effect profile relatively mild in comparison to less-selective SSRIs.[62]

Escitalopram is a substrate of P-glycoprotein and hence P-glycoprotein inhibitors such as verapamil and quinidine may improve its blood brain barrier penetrability.[63] In a preclinical study in rats combining escitalopram with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, its antidepressant-like effects were enhanced.[64]

Interactions

Escitalopram, similarly to other SSRIs, inhibits CYP2D6 and hence may increase plasma levels of a number of CYP2D6 substrates such as aripiprazole, risperidone, tramadol, codeine, etc. As escitalopram is only a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6, analgesia from tramadol may not be affected.[65] Escitalopram should be taken with caution when using St. John's wort.[66] Exposure to escitalopram is increased moderately, by about 50%, when it is taken with omeprazole. The authors of this study suggested that this increase is unlikely to be of clinical concern.[67] Caution should be used when taking cough medicine containing dextromethorphan (DXM) as serotonin syndrome has been reported.[68]

Bupropion has been found to significantly increase citalopram plasma concentration and systemic exposure; the interaction with escitalopram had not been studied, but some monographs warned of the potential interaction.[69]

Escitalopram can also prolong the QT interval and hence it is not recommended in patients that are concurrently on other medications that also have the ability to prolong the QT interval. These drugs include antiarrhythmics, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, some antihistamines (astemizole, mizolastine) and some antiretrovirals (ritonavir, saquinavir, lopinavir).[70] As an SSRI, escitalopram should generally not be given concurrently with MAOIs.[71]

Chemistry

Escitalopram is the (_S_)-stereoisomer (left-handed version) of the racemate citalopram, which is responsible for its name: _es_citalopram.[72] The (_R_)-stereoisomer (R-citalopram, the right-handed version) is not thought to have useful effects for treating depression.[73]

History

[Cipralex brand escitalopram 10mg package and tablet sheet]

Escitalopram was developed in close cooperation between Lundbeck and Forest Laboratories. Its development was initiated in the summer of 1997, and the resulting new drug application was submitted to the U.S. FDA in March 2001. The short time (3.5 years) it took to develop escitalopram can be attributed to the previous extensive experience of Lundbeck and Forest with citalopram, which has similar pharmacology.[74]

The FDA issued the approval of escitalopram for major depression in August 2002 and for generalized anxiety disorder in December 2003. On May 23, 2006, the FDA approved a generic version of escitalopram by Teva.[75] On July 14 of that year, however, the U.S. District Court of Delaware decided in favor of Lundbeck regarding the patent infringement dispute and ruled the patent on escitalopram valid.[76]

In 2006, Forest Laboratories was granted an 828-day (2 years and 3 months) extension on its US patent for escitalopram.[77] This pushed the patent expiration date from December 7, 2009 to September 14, 2011. Together with the 6-month pediatric exclusivity, the final expiration date was March 14, 2012.

Society and culture

Allegations of illegal marketing

In 2004, separate civil suits alleging illegal marketing of citalopram and escitalopram for use by children and teenagers by Forest were initiated by two whistleblowers: a physician named Joseph Piacentile and a Forest salesman named Christopher Gobble.[78] In February 2009, the suits were joined. Eleven states and the District of Columbia filed notices of intent to intervene as plaintiffs in the action.

The suits alleged that Forest illegally engaged in off-label promotion of Lexapro for use in children; hid the results of a study showing lack of effectiveness in children; paid kickbacks to physicians to induce them to prescribe Lexapro to children; and conducted so-called “seeding studies” that were, in reality, marketing efforts to promote the drug's use by doctors.[79][80] Forest denied the allegations[81] but ultimately agreed to settle with the plaintiffs for over $313 million.[82]

Brand names

Escitalopram is sold under many brand names worldwide such as Cipralex, Lexapro, Mozarin, Aciprex, Depralin, Elicea, Nexpram, Pramatis, and Betesda.[83][84]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42] Drugs To Avoid 2017 PDF Download

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62] Brunton L, Chabner B, Knollman B. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition. McGraw Hill Professional; 2010.

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78] “Forest Laboratories: A Tale of Two Whistleblowers” article by Alison Frankel in ''The American Lawyer February 27, 2009

[79] United States of America v. Forest Laboratories Full text of the federal complaint filed in the US District Court for the district of Massachusetts

[80] “Drug Maker Is Accused of Fraud” article by Barry Meier and Benedict Carey in ''The New York Times February 25, 2009

[81] “Forest Laboratories, Inc. Provides Statement in Response to Complaint Filed by U.S. Government” Forest press-release. February 26, 2009.

[82]

[83] drugs.com Drugs.com international: Escitalopram Page accessed April 25, 2015

[84] Gdziepolek.pl: Mozarin, zamienniki i podobne produkty Page accessed on October 17, 2020 (in Polish)

title: Escitalopram

question: Why was Escitalopram subjected to a four placebo controlled, double blind trials?

answer: The side effects for this anti depressant are serious (nausea, sexual problems, suicide). As such, it needs to be properly tested for effectiveness and safety in order to ensure that it is only given to people who really need it.


text:
The ceiling is wide and white. Music and conditioned air issue from the holes made for their escape. Below, all them people eat. Fatty, not-so-fat, their kids, they all have dirty fingers. A guy can't wipe the smell of meat from his nose.
No napkins, goddamn it the napkin dispenser's empty. Impossible!
Dead molecules don't just go away. Leonard's shirt, and skin stink of grease. There's a good layer of the stuff beneath the bill of his cap. Tall, lanky Leonard needs special gloves that won't irritate his skin condition. He scoops sopping meat from the grill and slides it into paper lined containers that fit in a warmer. Other people in similar caps pile cheese on the beef.
"Extra buffalo sauce," the drive thru customer says.
"It should be in the bag." says a menstrual teenager.
A guy in a damaged red truck drives off leaving a trail of noxious fumes in his wake.
Leonard takes the bend out of his back and stands straight. He peers out from behind the grill. And he sees, dear reader, Spiral, the unconquerable wind, smash through the glass doors of the Burger King. Leonard's dark eyes fix on the massive mystical warrior.
Spiral, Leonard's hitherto-imaginary friend, is screaming, is twirling with reasonless rage. He produces hurricane force with his vibrating limbs. Chairs  fly and the people that were sitting in them are blown out of the windows. Kids get caught up in a gust, and the ball pit explodes. the walls shudder, the ceiling breaks wide. Everything flies, almost everything.
Only Leonard stands bravely as his hat is taken by the wind. He can't bring himself to hide. He has to bare witness to the amazing Spiral. Wood splinters and tiles peel from the floor. Leonard's heart leaps. He feels fear and terror and he loves it.
Then Spiral slows, stops, breathes deep and allows himself to be seen clearly. The super being is gold and sapphire, helmeted, and dangerously muscled. His eyes and teeth are glacier blue and godly bright. He locks eyes with Leonard, and his mouth moves to speak.
"Leonard Malkin, come with me. You are needed elsewhere beyond the stars in what you call the Krab Nebula. The Fedorian people are locked in a civil war, and only you can help them. Surely, our prophets can not be wrong. You are the savior of our starflung world."
Leonard clocks out leaving the Burger King in one healthy piece. He rides his second hand bicycle to his midtown studio apartment. There he prepares a mostly vegetarian meal. Carrots, green beans, and hermit bread, there's no need to turn the burner on the stove.
No surprise, Liz forgot to pick up the almond milk. Mother fucker! No... No, on second thought that's okay. He was lucky a girl like Liz could love a queer like him anyway. She could forget the almond milk if she wanted.
He lays down and watches kung fu television until one o'clock in the morning.
Suddenly it's six AM. Leonard's alarm plays an awkward beach theme that rouses him immediately. The slumbering Liz rolls over caught in the throws of a burgeoning hangover. Leonard skips his morning shower, but manages to wash his hands with shampoo. Now its time to pull the dull razor across his face. there, that's passable. He could work like this. He could come home and take a nap if he needed. If worse came to worse, and he was really unhappy, Leonard knew he could always kill himself and get it all over with.

title: Maybe Thursday

question: List the main characters.

answer: Leonard Malkin, Spiral, and Liz

question: Where is the story set?

answer: Inside the Burger King where Leonard works, and in Leonard's apartment

question: Who is Spiral?

answer: Leonard's imaginary friend who summons him to help the Fedorian people in the Krab Nebula

question: What is the meaning of the title?

answer: That information can't be found

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Leonard is working at Burger King when his hitherto-imaginary friend, Spiral, bursts through the door and tells Leonard that the Fedorian people need him to stop a civil war. Leonard clocks out and returns to his apartment and makes dinner. He is angry that Liz forgot to get almond milk, but he feels lucky to have her. He wakes up the next day and gets ready for work and thinks about killing himself.


text:
The 1996 SAN JOSE STATE SPARTANS FOOTBALL TEAM represented San Jose State University during the 1996 NCAA Division I-A football season as a member of the Western Athletic Conference. 1996 was the first year San Jose State was a member of the Western Athletic Conference. They had previously been a member of the Big West Conference since its formation in 1969 as the Pacific Coast Athletic Association (PCAA).

The team was led by head coach John Ralston, in his fourth year as head coach at San Jose State. They played home games at Spartan Stadium in San Jose, California. The Spartans finished the 1996 season with a record of three wins and nine losses (3–9, 3–5 WAC).

Schedule

[1] [2]

Team players in the NFL

No San Jose State Spartans were selected in the 1997 NFL Draft.[3]

Notes

[1]

[2]

[3]

title: 1996 San Jose State Spartans football team

question: Did this team finish the 1996 season with more losses or victories?

answer: They had 6 more losses than victories.

question: What year did the team change conferences?

answer: 1996 is their first year in the Western Athletic conference

question: How many years was this team a member of the PCAA?

answer: 27 years

question: Which players eventually played professional ball?

answer: There is insufficient information to answer the question.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article discusses the 1996 San Jose State Spartans, a college football team from California. It discusses their conference (which had changed within a year of the present season) and their head coach.


text: I've been wanting to post an excerpt from my book onto this subreddit so that you brilliant people can advise me on how to become better. But I'm having a terribly hard time linking the google.docs onto here. What do I need to do? Any advise on any other forms I can share (other than self, the excerpt is kind of long and I feel like the reader would get bored reading it off of here) Any advise is welcome.

title: Google Docs, how do I use it?

question: What advice does the author need?

answer: The author needs advice on how to link Google docs onto the subreddit.

question: What does the author want to post on the subreddit?

answer: An excerpt from their book

question: What form does the author not want to post on?

answer: r/self

question: Why does the author want to post an excerpt from their book onto this subreddit?

answer: To have people advise them on how to get better

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The author is asking advice on how to link their excerpt from a book to the subreddit so others can read it and advise them on how to get better.


text: I sat in my nest, leaning back in a rotten  chair. Looking outside the window, a picture lay of a snowy winters day. A small accumulation of snow lays on the ground, surround by apartment buildings on all sides. I looked down at my pocket watch, the seconds ticking away creating the only sound in this room, noticing I have quite a while until the target shows up. I take another puff on my cigarette, smoke diffuses through the room, and dissipates as a ghost would. Only leaving behind ashes on floor. It's like a human life. The body is the ash and the smoke is the soul. When life is up, the smoke dissipates, leaving behind the ash. Up here I feel divine. My bullets are like rays of sheer power that make smoke dissipate. I remember in math class learning about the difference between a ray and a line, a ray continues in one direction forever, where as a line continues in both directions forever. A few trash cans started to rustle outside, knocking me out of my daze. I grabbed my rifle and peered through the scope to see what it was. Damn cat, I thought. To prevent myself from getting into another daze, I looked around the room. It was empty, all possessions were gone. Probably taken after the owner was moved to a concentration camp. All that remained was a lone picture of their family on the wall, now knowing it's been torn apart. I used to have a family once, but that too was torn apart. My dad left us right before I was born and when I 13 and my brother 15 our mother overdosed and died. It was just me and my brother. When we were twenty or so, we both got drafted into world war one. That was when the last string of our family fell apart, and my brother defected to the united states. That was the last I ever heard from him. Every night I miss him, knowing I will never see him again. A car finally puled up so I got my sniper ready, this was going to be a huge exchange of intelligence, and I'm supposed to stop it. His face ends up right in my scope, the face of my brother, now a United States spy. I have loyalty to my country though. Two bullets were fired that day, and a line was made, rather than a ray.

title: [Very short story] Rays Of Divinity

question: Why does the narrator grab their rifle?

answer: They are tasked with stopping an exchange of intelligence.

question: Where is the narrator located?

answer: The narrator is in an abandoned home while they wait for their target.

question: What mood is the narrator in?

answer: The narrator seems both focused and contemplative.

question: What happened when the narrator was 13?

answer: Their mother overdosed and died.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator reflects on their life as they wait to kill their target, someone who is exchanging important intelligence. They reflect on how their bother defected to the United States and they miss him. When a car pulls up and the narrator puts the target's face in the scope, they note that its their brother. They kill him anyway because they have loyalty to their country.


text:
Prime Minister Narendra Modi expanded on his economic, social and political vision on 16 January at a business summit organised by a pink newspaper. Here's decoding what he meant, and the gaps he left open in the vision

Yesterday (16 January) we got a clear idea of the complete Narendra Modi vision for India. I would like to urge everyone to read his speech at The Economic Times Global Business Summit 2015 for the simple reason that it explains - in an unambiguous way - what the Modi government is doing, what is it trying to do, and what it will continue doing in the days, months and years ahead. Personally, I must admit, I was simply blown away by the near completeness - to the extent anyone human being can ever be complete - of the vision.

The Modi speech _(the full text can be accessed here)_ is remarkable for three reasons: one, it integrates the political with the social and economic vision that India needs; two, it takes the idea of reforms away from being something that only moneyed businessmen hanker after and converts it to something that should concern every Indian; and three, it expresses a modern, forward-looking view entirely in an Indian idiom.

In short, it seeks to reunite an estranged Bharat with India – which is what brought Modi to power in Delhi anyway. It seeks to prise the Idea of India away from being the private property of the Lutyens elite and restore it to all Indians. The speech is about reinvigorating India's tryst with destiny. It brings the idea of development down from the lofty towers of academe to something everyone can understand.

[Revealed The Modi economic vision for Bharat India and India Inc]

Modi at the Economic summit: Reuters

Two caveats are also in order. Between vision and implementation there will always be an implementation gap. So far, the gaps have predominated in our history. Maybe, Modi is just the man to narrow the gap. Secondly, closing the gap is not just Modi’s job, but everybody’s. In a political climate where every other opposition party thinks Modi is a threat to its survival, implementing the vision will need Modi to reach out to his enemies. Not easy.

Moreover, it would be foolish to pretend that Modi wrote the speech all by himself or that many of these ideas did not come from others. But that is exactly what a modern mind should be doing anyway: listening to everybody, and picking the best ideas. It would also be Gandhi’s approach where we keep our windows and doors open to ideas from all over the world, but refuse to be blown off our feet. At heart, the speech had Modi written all over it. It is rooted in his Idea of India and its place in the world.

Below, I have picked some of the key parts of the speech and followed them up with my comments on why they are significant and game-changing. Modi’s words are followed by my comments in itals.

MODI’S ECONOMIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL VISION IN HIS OWN WORDS

We (have deviated from the dream of India as a land of opportunity. No longer can we afford the flight of capital and labour, for lack of opportunity….Elimination of poverty is fundamental to me. This is at the core of my understanding of cohesive growth. To translate this vision into the reality of a New Age India, we must be clear about our economic goals and objectives.

The government must nurture an eco-system where the economy is primed for growth; and growth promotes all-round development; where development is employment-generating; and employment is enabled by skills; where skills are synced with production; and production is benchmarked to quality; where quality meets global standards; and meeting global standards drives prosperity. Most importantly, this prosperity is for the welfare of all.

_My comment: This is an over-arching vision that ties India to the world without losing sight of what needs to be done back home on skills, jobs, and welfare._

MODI ON MINIMUM GOVERNMENT, MAXIMUM GOVERNANCE

Government systems suffer from two weaknesses. They are complex. And they are slow. In life, people go on a _chaar dham yatra_ to get _moksha_. In government, a file has to go to _chattees dham,_ and yet not get _moksha_!

We need to change this. Our systems need to be made sharp, effective, fast and flexible. This requires simplification of processes and having trust in citizens. This needs a policy-driven state.

What is Maximum Governance, Minimum Government? It means government has no business to be in business. There are many parts of the economy where the private sector will do better and deliver better. In 20 years of liberalisation, we have not changed a command and control mindset. We think it is okay for government to meddle in the working of firms. This must change. But this is not a call for anarchy.

_My comment: There is a small inconsistency here. While the need for simplifying government processes is paramount, the statement that government has no business to be in business contradicts Modi’s reluctance to privatise many parts of the public sector. Does government need to run an airline, and so many banks? This inconsistency must be seen in the context of what Modi does indeed define as role of government below._

ON WHAT GOVERNMENT SHOULD DO

Why do we need the state? There are five main components:

-   The first is public goods such as defence, police, and judiciary.
-   The second is externalities which hurt others, such as pollution. For this, we need a regulatory system.
-   The third is market power; where monopolies need controls
-   The fourth is information gaps; where you need someone to ensure that medicines are genuine and so on.
-   Last, we need a well designed welfare and subsidy mechanism to ensure that the bottom of society is protected from deprivation. This specially includes education and healthcare.

In the five areas where we need government, we require competent, efficient and non-corrupt arms of government. We in government must constantly ask the question: How much money am I spending, and what outcomes am I getting in return? For this, government agencies have to be improved to become competent. This requires REWRITING SOME LAWS. Laws are the DNA of government. They must evolve with time.

_My comment: This is a brilliant exposition of the key role of government in a market economy. It is also a statement of accountability for the taxpayer’s money. The Indian state has failed because it focused on the delivery of private goods (freebies, subsidies, etc) instead of public goods. There can be space for subsidies to the poor, but these can’t be main focus of government. The UPA had reduced the state’s role as one of doles. Modi is correcting this imbalance._

MODI ON HOW HE WILL DELIVER GOOD GOVERNANCE

I recently assured _Public Sector Banks_ they will have total autonomy in taking business decisions, without any interference from Government on loans and their operations.

We need to use _technology_ to deliver good governance. Whether it is a simple one like biometric-based attendance, which has improved office attendance and work culture. Or a cutting edge one, like space technology in mapping and planning.

I intend to launch a massive National Program for PDS (public distribution system) computerisation. The entire PDS supply chain, from the FCI godown to the ration shop and consumer will be computerised. Technology will drive welfare and efficient food delivery.

_My comment: There is no doubt that technology, by reducing the need for regular interface between a corrupt system and the citizen, will help clean it up and deliver better governance. But giving public sector banks operational autonomy is only a half-way solution: while Modi may ensure autonomy, he has to institutionalise the process so that this autonomy is forever and not restricted to his tenure. At some point, privatisation of banks may have to be considered due to their expanding capital requirements. PDS reform is essential, but it cannot happen without looking at the system of government-supported procurement of foodgrain at above-market prices._

[Revealed The Modi economic vision for Bharat India and India Inc]

Panagariya will head Niti Aayog

MODI ON FEDERALISM AND NITI AAYOG

A major institutional reform is the move away from merely planning, to transforming India. The setting up of the National Institution for Transforming India, _Niti Aayog_, is a step in this direction. This will take the country forward on the path of cooperative federalism, with a competitive zeal. The Niti Aayog is our mantra for creating trust and partnership between the Centre and States.

_My comment: This is a good vision or cooperative and competitive federalism, but ultimately federalism needs to be enshrined in the constitution by separating the powers of states and centre, and also by devolving more economic power to states. The centre needs to be more focused on areas in its domain – which means defence, foreign affairs, macroeconomic management, financial and environmental regulation, etc._

MODI ON REFORMS

Reforms are not an end in itself. Reforms must have a concrete objective. The objective must be to improve the welfare of the people. Approaches may be many. But the goal is one.

Reforms may not be apparent to one and all at first sight. But small acts can drive reforms. What appears minor can actually be vital and fundamental. Further, there is no contradiction between doing big tickets items and doing small things.

One approach is to have new policies, programmes, large projects and path-breaking changes. Another approach is to focus on the small things that matter, create a people’s movement and generate mass momentum, which then drives development. We need to follow both paths.

Let me explain this a bit. Generating 20,000 mw of power attracts a lot of attention. That is important. At the same time, 20,000 mw of power can be saved through a people’s movement for energy efficiency. The end result is similar. The second is more difficult but is as important as the first. In the same way, improving a thousand primary schools is as important as opening a new university.

[Revealed The Modi economic vision for Bharat India and India Inc]

Representational image

The new AIIMS we are setting up will improve public health in the same way as our promise of health assurance. To me, health assurance is not a scheme. It is about ensuring that every rupee spent on health is well spent; that every citizen has access to proper healthcare.

Similarly, when we do Swachh Bharat, it has multiple impacts. It is not just a fad or a slogan. It changes people’s mindsets. It changes our lifestyle. Swachhata becomes a habit. Waste management generates economic activity. It can create lakhs of Swachhata entrepreneurs. The nation gets identified with cleanliness. And of course, it has a huge impact on health. After all, diarrhoea and other diseases cannot be defeated without Swachhata!

Take the case of tourism. It is an untapped economic activity. But tapping it requires a Swachh Bharat. It needs improvement in infrastructure and telecom connectivity. It requires better education and skill development. Therefore, a simple goal can generate reforms in multiple sectors.

People must understand the Clean Ganga programme as an economic activity also. The Gangetic plains account for 40 percent of our population. They have over one hundred towns, and thousands of villages. Improving Ganga will develop new infrastructure. It will promote tourism. It will create a modern economy helping millions of people. In addition, it preserves the environment!

_My comment: This is one of the most brilliant expositions of the importance of reform that connects big ticket stuff with the micro-reforms at various levels. It will need states to do their bits. But Modi is connecting the dots and demolishing the false dichotomy between big reforms (which seems to be big business-oriented) and reforms that matter to the last citizen. Changes in labour reforms for big business may be important, but Modi has acted on the reforms that impact small businesses – which create the real jobs. The Modi government has enacted the Small Factories (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Services) Bill, 2014, which may be more useful in generating jobs than big changes elsewhere._

MODI ON TAX REFORMS, JOBS, LEGISLATION AND SUBSIDIES

Improvement in governance is a continuous process. We are making changes wherever acts, rules and procedures are not in tune with needs. We are cutting down on multiple clearances that choke investment. Our complex tax system is crying for reform, which we have initiated. I believe in speed. I will push through change at a fast pace. You will appreciate this in times to come.

At the same time, we need to take care of the poor, deprived and left behind sections of society. I believe that subsidies are needed for them. What we need is a well targeted system of subsidy delivery. We need to cut subsidy leakages, not subsidies themselves.

Wastage, as I said earlier, must be removed in subsidies. The target group should be clearly identified and the subsidies should be well delivered. The ultimate objective of subsidies should be to empower the poor, to break the cycle of poverty, and become foot-soldiers in our war on poverty.

At this point, I would also say that development has to result in jobs. Reforms, economic growth, progress – all are empty words if they do not translate into jobs. What we need is not just more production, but mass production and production by masses.

_My comment: This part of the vision is unexceptionable but will need huge buy-in by the states, and extraordinarily enhanced governance skills at all levels, not to speak of political will. How will you target the poor better on subsidies if all parties want to woo all sections of the electorate? How will you create jobs, if the opposition blocks serious labour reforms?_

_Find latest and upcoming tech gadgets online on Tech2 Gadgets. Get technology news, gadgets reviews & ratings. Popular gadgets including laptop, tablet and mobile specifications, features, prices, comparison._

question: What is the overall theme of this article?

answer: This article chooses to discuss Prime Minister Narendra Modi (India) and how he expanded on his economic, social, and political vision.

question: What are the three reasons that are listed in this article that make Modi's speech remarkable?

answer: The first reason is that the speech integrates the political with the social and economic vision that India needs. The second reason is that it takes the idea of reforms away from being something that only moneyed businessmen hanker after and third reason is that it expresses a modern, forward-looking view entirely in an Indian idiom.

question: What does Maximum Governance, Minimum Government mean?

answer: It means that the government has no business to be in business.

question: What must the government nurture in Modi's Economic and Developmental Vision?

answer: The government must nurture an eco-system where the company is primed for growth and growth promotes all-round development.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: This article comments on Prime Minister Modi's economic and developmental speech which is meant to piece India together. It is supposed to help India grow and promote all-round development. The narrator of the article includes their opinions and comments on Modi's speech and hypothesizes on what needs to happen to promote growth in India.


text:
Any recommendations for a CSS minifier?

I’ll be rooting around Google and trying some out, but I suspected that the smart, proficient and curiously handsome StackOverflow community might have already evaluated the pros and cons of the heavyweights.

asked Apr 24 '09 at 22:22

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Paul D. WaitePaul D. Waite

86.9k51 gold badges185 silver badges258 bronze badges

The YUI Compressor is fantastic. It works on JavaScript and CSS. Check it out.

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j08691

186k26 gold badges221 silver badges241 bronze badges

answered Apr 24 '09 at 22:34

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BuddyBuddy

6,2461 gold badge18 silver badges16 bronze badges

There's also a .NET port of YUI Compressor which allows you to:-

-   intergrate the minification/file combining into Visual Studio post-build events
-   intergrate into a TFS Build (including CI)
-   if you wish to just use the dll's in your own code (eg. on the fly minification).

UPDATE 2011: And it's now available via NuGet also :)

answered Jul 7 '09 at 0:30

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Pure.KromePure.Krome

77.1k101 gold badges348 silver badges571 bronze badges

I like Minify. In PHP and works with CSS or JavaScript.

answered Jul 7 '09 at 0:40

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artlungartlung

29.9k16 gold badges64 silver badges116 bronze badges

CSSO is currently best minifier/optimizer.

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Undo♦

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answered Oct 4 '11 at 4:28

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silentsilent

3,47320 silver badges29 bronze badges

If you use Python I would recommend slimmer which is probably not as fast as YUI Compressor but unlike csscompressor.net it doesn't choke on CSS hacks.

I'm biased since I wrote slimmer and I'm currently evaluating YUI Compressor to see how it handles hacks. An example of slimmer in action can be seen if you view the source of crosstips.org

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answered Nov 17 '09 at 1:47

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Peter BengtssonPeter Bengtsson

5,7298 gold badges38 silver badges50 bronze badges

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Paul D. Waite

86.9k51 gold badges185 silver badges258 bronze badges

answered Apr 4 '11 at 15:55

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Murali BalaMurali Bala

1,0652 gold badges17 silver badges27 bronze badges

Try closure-stylesheets.

Beside MINIFICATION it also supports LINTING, RTL FLIPPING, and CLASS RENAMING.

It can also add VARIABLES, FUNCTIONS, CONDITIONALS, and MIXINS to CSS.

Also note that some of these features depend on rest of Closure Tools (which are very powerful on their own).

answered Mar 28 '12 at 11:53

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Andrzej DuśAndrzej Duś

1,2501 gold badge10 silver badges16 bronze badges

If you're looking for something in PHP, here's the link:-

Fat-Free Minify

Although it's part of the PHP Fat-Free Framework, it can also be used stand-alone.

answered Feb 18 '10 at 6:10

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bcoscabcosca

16.2k5 gold badges35 silver badges50 bronze badges

I find that isnoop's CSS SuperScrub works very well. It can only handle direct links to CSS online though :/ You can get around that though by using your preferred pastebin service to hold the css code and just giving SuperScrub the raw link.

answered Jul 26 '10 at 15:33

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Perl has CSS::Minifier (and an XS version for extra speed).

answered Mar 14 '11 at 19:11

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EtherEther

47.8k12 gold badges80 silver badges153 bronze badges

Others have mentioned YUI Compressor, then the .NET port of it, and I'll add another link to the chain. StyleManager is a server control which wraps up the .NET port of YUI Compressor so you can use it just like you're used to using ScriptManager. It adds a bunch of other nice features too, like CSS constants, tilde (~) resolution w/in your background-image definitions, etc etc. It's tight, well documented, and I've used it on all my recent projects w/o an issue. Check it out - gStyleManager.com

answered Apr 13 '11 at 18:30

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Still "in beta", but should work fairly well. I use the code behind it in every project: http://claudiu.phpfogapp.com/ It's built in PHP and also hosts your *.css file for a fairly large amount of time, surely enough to let you test your code with the minified css. (I would only delete old css files if the space gets crowded on the server).

answered Nov 24 '10 at 15:00

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ClaudiuClaudiu

3,2421 gold badge13 silver badges27 bronze badges

There is a codeplex project that will plug in to .net websites that will minify and compress the CSS and the JS files. There is also a comparison between the Microsoft AJAX Minifier and the YUI Compressor which shows the YUI coming out slightly better. There is an extra variation which combines the Microsoft Minifier and compression which drastically srunk the file.

Anyway the link is http://xpedite.codeplex.com/wikipage?title=Minifier%20(CSS%2FJavaScript%20Minification%20Handlers)

answered Jun 17 '11 at 8:39

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Jonathan StantonJonathan Stanton

2,4091 gold badge25 silver badges35 bronze badges

C# example:

    css = css.Replace("\n", "");
    css = Regex.Replace(css, @"\s+", " ");
    css = Regex.Replace(css, @"\s*:\s*", ":");
    css = Regex.Replace(css, @"\s*\,\s*", ",");
    css = Regex.Replace(css, @"\s*\{\s*", "{");
    css = Regex.Replace(css, @"\s*\}\s*", "}");
    css = Regex.Replace(css, @"\s*\;\s*", ";");

answered Nov 14 '10 at 13:40

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zbugs.com will be a good online tool for you, it will minify your css in a single click

answered Apr 30 '11 at 5:39

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Tamik SozievTamik Soziev

12.4k5 gold badges37 silver badges52 bronze badges

Have a peek at the latest HTML5BoilerPlate by Paul Irish - it contains a build script to minify all your assets (including PNG's and JPG's). You can see a demo video here.

answered May 24 '11 at 11:56

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Ben HughesBen Hughes

2,2971 gold badge16 silver badges16 bronze badges

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged css minify or ask your own question.

question: Why does the author ask the question if he intends to research?

answer: Stack Overflow is a place where such a question can receive a comprehensive answer. That would save time for the author. It can also be more informative than researching by themselves.

question: What languages have CSS minifiers?

answer: CSS minifiers are for CSS and occasionally JavaScript.

question: What advantages does YUI Compressor have?

answer: Through a .NET port, it can integrate with Visual Studio, a common development environment. StyleManager is a server control that wraps up the .NET port of YUI Compressor so you can use it just like you're used to using ScriptManager.

question: Which one is the most recommended CSS minifier?

answer: YUI Compressor is mentioned by three answers and has the highest thumbs up.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Someone asks about the best CSS minifiers on Stack Overflow. Several people recommend YUI Compressor and related software. Other mentions are Minify, CSSO, slimmer, closure-stylesheets, PHP Fat-free Minify, CSS Super Scrub, Claudiu, XPedite, HTML5BoilerPlate.