text:
When you’re working at a startup, even if you’ve never touched Python or Photoshop, you still need to be able to get stuff done when technical or design tasks come your way.

No, no one’s going to ask you to code up an app from scratch or design a new company website. But you still may get asked to deliver on projects or tasks that have some element of coding or design.

For example, here are some very reasonable requests you might receive (and things that I would ask of anyone on my team at HireNurture—even folks who don’t have a tech or design background):

-   “I don’t like the look of that button in the middle section of our homepage. Can you change it?”
-   “We need to build a new customer-facing sales deck. Can you make one this week?”
-   “We need a landing page for this new promotion we’re starting next week. Can you set this up and make sure that any new email addresses registered from the page get pushed to our email marketing system?”

If you were asked to do one of these things, what would you do?

Would you run to one of the engineers or designers and outsource the task to them? Give it a go yourself, then ask them to help you with the parts you don’t know how to handle?

Probably. Problem is, what you’re asking of your dev or design team is 101-level, basic work. It’s a terrible use of their time when they should be spending time on the harder and more valuable task of building a product.

The good news is, I have some better answers for you. Answers that you can immediately take and apply to your work at a startup. And most importantly, answers that will show you’re the JFDI type of person who a startup can build around as it grows.

Let’s go back to the earlier examples so I can show you exactly what you need to do:

1. “I don’t like the look of that button in the middle section of our homepage. Can you change it?”

I know you’re tempted to use good ’ol Microsoft Paint. But you’re better than that.

Your next best option: one of the 8,353 button sites on the web (including my favorite, if only for the name: Da Button Factory). Or maybe you “borrow” a button from another site.

But you know how it goes when you go that route. You spend an hour trying to tweak it to look just right on your site, and you never quite get there.

So let me share a little secret with you: Just use Fiverr.

Fiverr is a marketplace where you can access low-cost creative, administrative, and technical services—in essence, short freelance jobs—all of which have a starting price of $5! And yes, there are plenty of folks on Fiverr who would be more than happy to create a beautiful button for you. Give one (or two, or three) people a try. After all, we’re only talking about $5 here.

Aside from getting your shiny new button, you’ve also eased into the world of outsourcing! Learning how to use outsourced labor is critical for anyone in the startup game. Be glad that you’re learning it now, and don’t be afraid to take what you learned to show off in your next startup interview, either!

2. “We need to build a customer-facing sales deck. Can you make one this week?”

If your first instinct is to gin up a sales pitch and put it in a default PowerPoint template with your company logo pasted in, let me stop you before you totally tank your startup career!

A better method? Take a Lean Startup approach to creating the deck. Here’s how that would work:

-   Sketch out some talking points and messages that you think will resonate with your customers. Put those points into a one-page document. Don’t worry if it’s not perfect at the get-go.
-   Share that document with a few existing customers and a few of your salespeople to get their feedback.
-   Incorporate their feedback into a final set of talking points and messages.
-   Hire someone on Fiverr or a design-focused freelancer marketplace like Dribbble to create a final deck that looks visually appealing.
-   Give that finalized deck to the people within your startup who need it.

Do you see what we did? We didn’t spend any money or roll something out until we knew it would be useful. And that’s a taste of the Lean Startup approach applied to sales and marketing. #winning

3. “We need a landing page for this new promotion we’re starting next week. Can you set this up and make sure that any new email addresses registered from the page get pushed to our email marketing system?”

No, you’re still not allowed to talk to your dev team about this one! Here’s how to handle it:

-   Sign up for a landing page service like Leadpages. It makes design and building of landing pages dead simple, and they look good, too. Other services you might consider are Strikingly or Unbounce. Here’s an example of how I’m using a landing page (on Leadpages) to share a free chapter from my upcoming e-book, _Finding Startup Jobs_.
-   Sign up for an email marketing service if your company doesn’t already have one in place. I use MadMimi, but other popular systems like Mailchimp or aWeber work just as well.The most important thing is to select an email marketing service that is supported by your landing page provider. That way, you don’t have to deal with any custom coding to make the leads from the landing page funnel into your email marketing system.
-   Create the landing page. Write the copy and add images. For the images, yes, you could grab some awesome clip art from the web and call it a day. But now that you know about Fiverr, why not get something custom created? For example, here’s one of our landing pages built on Leadpages that includes a custom image we had built by someone on Fiverr.
-   Bonus Points: Many landing page providers will let you attach some special code (often called a conversion pixel or tracking code) so you know how many people registered on your landing page and where they came from. Ask your marketing team for these tracking codes before they think to give them to you, and they’ll be impressed with your initiative.
-   2X Bonus Points: Wouldn’t it be cool if you could test different landing pages at the same time to see which messages or offers worked best? This is a lot of work to implement by hand, but thankfully there are great and easy-to-use solutions like Optimize.ly that let anyone run this kind of test.
-   3X Bonus Points: You can set up automated drip marketing to the folks who register on your landing page. This will keep those leads you captured with your landing page warm. For example, here’s an example of an drip email that we send to tech recruiters who download our free recruiting e-books a few days after they’ve received the e-book.

You made it!

By following these directions, you got a bunch of stuff launched at your startup without bugging anyone on your dev or design teams. Congrats on making their lives easier!

What’s more, though, being able to take care of these dev or design tasks as a non-technical startup employee shows your team that you’re more than just a “non-technical person”—you’re someone who finds a way to get stuff done.

Now pat yourself on the back—and get back to work!

question: What does the story say about Fiverr?

answer: The author suggests workers at a startup hiring freelancers from Fiverr, a marketplace where you can access low-cost creative, administrative, and technical services, instead of asking your dev or design team to do some basic job. For example, if you need a button in the middle section of a homepage to be changed, there are plenty of folks on Fiverr who would be more than happy to create a beautiful button for you, and it will be cheap.

question: What does the story say about Upwork?


split: train

text:
[News Clipping of opening of 18 Deluxe toilets in Village ] _BIRPUR_[1] is a village in vaishali district, Bihar which is situated at the river island called Raghopur Diyara Island. It is one of the largest village in Raghopur community block. People of this village are mostly dependent on agriculture.People in this area has long tradition of joining armed forces. Its population is approximately 20,000 (Twenty Thousand) and peoples of this village are living their life in peaceful manner. Birpur is named upon Raja BIR SINGH, a migrant from Jodhpur in the 17th century. Most of the Villagers work outside and bring revenue to this place which helps flourish the local community and enhance purchasing power. Birpur comes under Raghopur community block and a police station is Jurawanpur. It is one of the largest village in the Raghopur block in terms of area and population. its pin code is 844508. One post office is there which is located at one its tola(blocks in village) called SatGhar. literacy rate of this village is very low around 33%. Higher education facility is not available in the village and also there is no any good hospitals only small private clinic exists here, which is organised by non-professional or we can call it as a jhola chhap doctor means one who doesn't have any degree. Vajjika and Maithili are the languages which people speaks. It is spread over in the area of 20 km.

Gallery

File:Lord shiva temple.jpg File:Lord shiva home.jpg

Geography and Nearby cities

Birpur Village is mainly consisting of two major area known as Birpur Purvi (Birpur East) and Birpur Paschimi (Birpur West). This two area consist several small tolas ( Blocks or Wards). Birpur is surrounded by Rupas Mahaji in East , Shiv Nagar in West, Kala Diyara in South and by River Gnaga in North. The Land in north near river Ganga is main agricultural land. Hajipur is the headquarter of this area and the local Registrar sits in the Mahnar. It is Part of Raghopur community Development block. Every year village is getting affected due to flood by Ganga river and it cannot be stopped due to its proximity with river. Since this whole area has surrounded by the river ganga so every year this area gets affected due to flood. After 70 year's of Independence, the village has been recently electrified in 2017. Availability of Electricity has brought significant development in the villager's life style.

NEAR BY CITIES

-   Khushropur
-   Bakhtiyarpur
-   Fatuha
-   Mehnar
-   Hajipur
-   Patna

Schools

-   Govt. middle school, Fenuabad, Birpur
-   Govt. middle school, Sengar tola, Birpur
-   Harijan middle school, Birpur Purbi
-   Govt. High school, Birpur
-   Shishu gyan shala, Birpur, Raghopur, Vaishali

Temples

-   MAHAVIRESHWAR NATH MANDIR, UPARKI, BIRPUR
-   Maa Kaali mandir, Birpur east
-   Maa Kaali Mandir, Birpur Badka Tola
-   Mahavir Mandir, Birpur Badka Tola
-   Janakeshwar nath mandir, Birpur east
-   Maa durga mandir, Birpur north
-   Maa Durga mandir, Birpur east
-   Shiv mandir, Uparki tola, Birpur

Hospitals

There are currently no hospitals in Birpur village. For better treatment people of this village used to go to the nearest cities like Bakhtiyarpur, Khushropur, Fatuha and Patna.

-   APHC, Birpur (non-operational)

Transportation

Birpur is connected to Patna by Pipa Pool, Kachidargah and Pipa Pool, Gyaspur. When floating bridge( pipa pul) is not operational, people use boat or strimmer to cross the river because Pipa Pool is a seasonal floating bridge which operates from January to August or September due to an increase in the water of Ganga river, bridge gets removed. Local Van keeps plying in the village for Gayashpur or Kachidragh in day time from 7'0 clock to 5'o clock evening. Due to less public vehicle people use their own motorbike and car for transportation.

Nearby railway stations

-   Karauta
-   Bakhtiyarpur
-   Khushropur
-   Fatuha

Market

Groceries and household items are available in the shop located in every corner of village. There is regular evening market on twice a week is getting organised from many decades at Uparki Durga Temple, where you will find some permanent shops also. This is a small market in this village where vegetables, fruits, fish, meat, chicken and other groceries are being sold by framers and traders also. People used to go to Bakhtiyarpur, Kachidargah, Hajipur, Mahanar and Patna for bigger marketing purchase.

[1]

title: Birpur, Vaishali

question: Where is the village?

answer: Vaishali District, Bihar

question: How many people live in the village?

answer: Approximately 20,000

question: What two areas is the village divided into?

answer: Birpur Purvi and Birpur Paschimi

question: When did the village first get electricity?

answer: 2017

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Birpur is a village in Vaishali District, Bihar. It has a population of about 20,000 and consists of two major areas, Birpur Purvi and Birpur Paschimi.


text:
Canada's new trade agreement with U.S. and Mexico contains one clause that could have a big impact on national sovereignty and puts the agreement itself at risk in the long run.

Inside the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) is a provision that allows any member country to essentially veto free trade agreements with non-member countries by dissolving the USMCA to form a bilateral agreement instead.

Though the text doesn't mention China by name, observers agree that the country is the principal target.

_Watch: Scheer says Justin Trudeau 'backed down to Donald Trump' on USMCA. Story continues below._

According to Article 32.10 of the agreement, any country in the agreement must inform the other two if it intends to start free trade negotiations with a "non-market" country, and must allow them to review the full text of the agreement.

The clause says that if the other countries review a potential trade agreement and decide it will impact trade among them, they can terminate the trilateral USMCA with six months' notice and replace it with a bilateral agreement.

Though any country has the power to utilize this clause, it's unlikely Canada would invoke it against the U.S., its largest trading partner and biggest buyer of its exports.

How does this impact Canadian free trade with China?

A "non-market country" in this case is one that either Canada, Mexico, or the U.S. does not have a free trade agreement with, and has been determined to have a non-market economy.

According to U.S. legal definitions, a non-market economy is one that "does not operate on market principles of cost or pricing structures, so that sales of merchandise in such country do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise."

Experts like Hugh Stephens, a distinguished fellow at the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, have said the clause is specifically aimed at China.

Stephens, a distinguished fellow at the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, called the clause "unprecedented in any trade agreement that any other country has ever signed."

He said he suspects the clause was introduced as a "poison pill" at the last minute, and Canada agreed to it "because we had a gun to our head."

"Normally there would've been some reference to it, a leak, or at least some consultation with the Canadian business community who are very interested in doing a deal with China," he said.

President Donald Trump has accused China of unfair development tactics, including "stealing or pressuring foreign companies to hand over technology," which American officials view as a threat to U.S. industrial leadership.

Trump has declared an all-out trade war on China with billions of dollars in tariffs, which Beijing has described as "the biggest trade war in economic history."

The U.S.-China strife is also rooted in longstanding conflict between the two countries, which has put the American ideas of free trade at odds with China's state-led development structure.

Canada has explored free trade with China in the past, but has yet to sign an agreement. And if it wants to stay in the USMCA, it may not get the chance to do so without the Americans' blessing.

'That has always been the case with NAFTA': Freeland

Foreign Affairs Minister Chrystia Freeland has insisted the clause is no big deal.

In a news conference Monday, she said the non-market clause doesn't matter, because any country can walk away from the USMCA at any time with six months' notice, according to Maclean's.

"Each country should have the right to make a sovereign decision about whether it wants to remain in a trade agreement," she said.

"That has always been the case with NAFTA. It continues to be the case with NAFTA."

  MORE FROM HUFFPOST CANADA:

  -   How Trump's Trade Deal Will Make Canadian Housing More Expensive
  -   Canada's New Trade Deal Means Changes To Duty-Free Limits, Drug Prices
  -   USMCA Name Has Trump Written All Over It

Stephens called Freeland's comments "a smokescreen."

"Yes of course, Canada or the U.S. or anybody could cancel the agreement for any reason. But that's a general termination clause that's in all trade agreements ... this is a very, very specific trigger."

He said the federal government needs to explain how this clause is compatible with its "professed attachment to trade diversification," pointing to the recent appointment of Liberal MP Jim Carr as trade diversification minister.

Stephens said it's "essential" for Canada to diversify its trading partners, and "we already have too many eggs in one basket.

"If you put yourself in the position where 75 per cent of your exports go to one market, and that market decides that they're going to trot out bogus national security reasons to impose tariffs on your automobiles, your steel, your aluminum, maybe next it'll be maple syrup," he said.

"I mean, god knows."

_Clarification: A previous headline on this story used the word "veto" to describe possible U.S. influence over Canadian trade deals through Article 32.10 of the USMCA, though it is not technically a veto. We've updated the headline to avoid confusion._

question: What is the one clause in the trade agreement that could have a big impact on national sovereignty?

answer: The clause in the USMCA (United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement) is one that allows any member country to veto free trade agreements with non-member countries by dissolving the USMCA to form a bilateral agreement instead.

question: Who is the clause aimed at?

question: What is a "non-market country"?

answer: A non-market economy is one that "does not operate on market principles of cost or pricing structures, so that sales of merchandise in such country do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise."

question: What has President Donald Trump accused China of doing?

answer: President Trump has accused China of using unfair development tactics, including "stealing or pressuring foreign companies to hand over technology."

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article discusses the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, specifically a provision within it that allows any member country to veto free tade agreements with non-member countries by dissolving the agreement to form a bilateral agreement instead. Many observers agree that China is a principal target of this provision, and that it would affect Canada's trade with China.


text:
When we were schoolchildren she always insisted to me that her eyes were aqua colored. I used to goad her saying they were just plain old blue.

Now they were anything but plain old blue. They were the only blue colored things left in the world. They were bluer than the sky, bluer than the ocean. Whenever I looked into her eyes I saw the world when it was still alive.

And from those bluer-than-the-sky-eyes tears formed and started coming down like rain.

I turned my back to her and started down the path again. "We have to keep going."

She wiped away at  her shut eyes, fighting back the tears.

I was reminded of the time I saw the river at the Old Creek and its mighty flow get stifled by the new dams the summer I left. The dams held at first, then they were overrun by the water. The water would always be too strong. It would always overpower anything trying to keep it back.

I knew she would cry again.

I looked ahead but felt a tug at my chest, pained by her display of emotion. I used to cry. Somewhere deep down inside I wanted to. But that feeling to cry was one of the many ghosts inside of me, parts of me long dead that haunt me but will never come back. I drained that river of emotion inside of me the day I saw everything come to an end.

To survive meant letting parts of us inside die to make ourselves immune to our surroundings. The bodies we passed by just a small number of one of the thousands to come. The millions. They no longer move or breathe but the dead still talk. Their contorted figures and pained expressions told me their last moments. They told me my feelings had no reason to come back.

The only feeling that remained was love and it protected us as long as we had each other. We needed to find some place to release ourselves. Somewhere away from all this. A small pasture, the shade of a still living tree, somewhere, anywhere where Mother Nature was still alive, something that still resembled the world before so the departure of our souls after taking our own lives would not be tainted by the death around us.

Even holding a flower would  give us what we needed, a key to our escape from this hell. But we had not yet found such relief. The day before I came across a dandelion on the ground. But it had been waiting so long for the light to touch its face again that the life had been sucked out of it. It lay there, wilted. I never told her I found it.  I didn't want her to know for I feared everything we might find would be dead.

As we went on down the path we held each other tighter than before. Our bodies were getting colder and colder. Ever since the world had been painted the color of death by the heavy killing strokes of the bombs the temperature had dropped steadily every day. Hardly anything stood out in the landscape except for the dead and scorched outlines of buildings, shadows of what used to be.

We were heading to the park we used to play at together when we were children, hoping that we would not discover another grave site, another nightmare waiting for us. We went by memory hoping to find parts of the sidewalk that used to be on the streets but journeying in my mind made the road seem so much longer.

title: Wilted

question: What is the relationship between the narrator and the girl?

answer: It appears they are childhood friends.

question: What made the girl very upset?

answer: Dead bodies surrounded them.

question: Why did the narrator choose not to express his/her emotions?

answer: To become immune to their surroundings.

question: "....the day I saw everything come to an end." What was the narrator referring to?

answer: It might be implied from the passage that the narrator was referring to the bombing that caused the many deaths in their land.

question: What is the setting of the story?

answer: It is not stated.

question: Why were they surrounded by dead bodies?

answer: It appears there was a bombing.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator and his female childhood friend found themselves in the midst of what appeared to be a tragedy as dead bodies surrounded them. When the girl cried, the narrator resisted expressing his/her emotions because he/she had learned to get rid of emotions to become immune to their surroundings. Ever since the tragedy, life seemed inexistent, and the temperature dropped as the days passed.


text:
Xiaomi has launched a new Dr Bei toothbrush under the crowdfunding platform. The new Dr Bei toothbrush is a electric model unlike the initial mechanical toothbrush that has been in the market for a while now. Dr Bei mechanical toothbrush is actually one cheap and hot-selling product, even outside China.[Dr Bei electric toothbrush]

The new Dr Bei electric toothbrush uses the Sonic technology that is also utilized by the Soocas electric toothbrush. It comes with a tiny brush head that would ensure the toothbrush can access all parts of the oral cavity. The new electric toothbrush also comes with an IPX7-level waterproof build. It is powered by a 700mAh rechargeable battery. The battery takes about 4hours to become fully charged and it uses a 5V-1A charger. The wireless charging base doubles as a kickstand which can hold the toothbrush in an upright position. A full battery charge can last up to 21 days if it is used once daily.[Dr Bei Sonic toothbrush]

Internally, the Dr Bei Sonic toothbrush packs a magnetic levitation motor that has a high frequency vibration of 31000 beats/minute. Its bristles amplitude exceeds 5.5mm and it can effectively clean the surface of the teeth and the blind area of the mouth. The vibration also has the power to disintegrate plaque. In addition, the motor uses a gradual start-up method to effectively prevent toothpaste from splashing.[Dr Bei Sonic toothbrush]

On the outside, the toothbrush head adopts a mountain-type structure and a sandwich-type bristle arrangement, which can quickly penetrate into the gingival sulcus. The bristles can be assigned three types of sharpened fur produced by Toray to ease the bleeding of gums in the morning. The entire toothbrush with the bristle head attached weighs only 90g. The handle has a diameter of 25mm and so, is compact and easy to hold. In terms of functions, it supports both strong and weak vibration modes, known as Standard mode and Soft mode. Both modes can be selected using the button on the stem.

READ MORE: XIAOMI’S 13 DEVICES LIKE MI MIX 2, MI MIX, MI 6, VR PLAY 2, MIJIA CAMERA MINI AND MORE BAG 2018 IF DESIGN AWARD

The toothbrush is presently on crowdfunding on the Xiaomi Youpin website for 99 yuan (~$15). The package iinclude a carry case, two toothbrush heads, a wireless charging base and the brush handle. There’s also a manual but expect that to be in Chinese. The  product is expected to start shipping on July 20 in China.There are hardly plans to launch these type of products outside China but in no distant time online retailers like Gearbest, Banggood, Geekbuying and others will have it in stock.

(source)[]

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question: What is the new Dr Bei toothbrush model?

answer: While the previous mechanical model was a cheap and hot selling product, Xiaomi has launched en electric model through a crowdfunding platform.

question: What is familiar about the new Dr Bei electric toothbrush?

answer: Ituses the Sonic technology which is also found in the Soocas electric toothbrush.

question: What is beneficial about the Sonic toothbrush?

answer: It uses a magnetic levitation motor which has a high frequency vibration which effectively cleans the surface of the teeth, and the vibration has the power to disintegrate plaque.

question: What will the brush cost?

answer: It is listed at 99 yuan or about $15.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Dr Bei has released a new electric toothbrush model. It utilizes Sonic technology which has been seen in other electric toothbrushes. The Sonic technology effectively cleans the surface of the teeth as well as disintegrates plaque. The package will sell for about $15.


text: UNIVERSITY MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE FAISALABAD is private medical college in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Owned by the Madina Foundation, it is the only private medical college in the country that offers medical education only to women. University Medical and Dental College is the constituent college of the University of Faisalabad. It is affiliated with the University of Health Sciences in Lahore, and is registered with the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council. The college offers MBBS and BDS degrees.

question: What is unique about this university?

answer: It is the only private medical college in the country that offers medical education only to women.

question: How many students attend the university?

answer: There is insufficient information to answer the question

question: List which other institutions the University Medical and Dental College Faisalabad is affiliated with:

answer: University of Faisalabad, University of Health Sciences in Lahore, Pakistan Medical and Dental Council

question: When was the university founded?

answer: There is insufficient information to answer the question

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article introduces the University Medical and Dental College Faisalabad. It lists some affiliations and details about the university's programming.


text:
I sat with my little brother in the back seat, his head carefully propped on my shoulder. I pushed his golden hair from his eyes. They were closed but when i touched him he peeked through his eye lids to reveal glacier ice blue eyes. They looked like father's while i had mother's grey eyes. I smiled warmly at him. He snuggled up against me comfortably. I glanced up at our mother in the driver seat. My gaze softening, i had sympathy for the ragged woman falling apart behind her steering wheel. I was only seven but i understood that was happening. My brother almost two years my junior couldn't see the pain she possessed.

I creased my eyebrows in suspicion as i watched the yellow line cross the windshield. Bright lights blared in our faces. A loud horn froze my blood. "Mom!"I screamed reaching forward for her. She was startled and swerved wildly in an attempt to get us back in the right lane. The car stuck our back bumper at just the angle to spin our car uncontrollably. The momentum slid me across the seat to slam into the door. It hadn't been closed all the way. I screamed as, like a rag doll, i was tossed out into the snow. I was lucky the snow was so deep it cushioned the blow so that hitting the ground didn't kill me. I lay there for a long time listening to the ringing in my ears, my vision fading in and out. Once it stopped i struggled to my feet. Swaying i stumbled back to the road. The other car had slammed into a tree, the occupant no where to be seen. But my mom's car was absent. I looked around and saw tire tracks in the snow. I ran, following them best i could in the dark. My weight made me stumble as my legs sunk into the soft snow up to my knees.

The car came into view. It had struck a tree. The left blinker was on and the bright headlights stared out into the forest. I fell in the snow in my struggle to get to the door. Looking at the hood a crumpled figure lay there to big to be my brother. Tears stung my eyes as i watched the headlight slowly become crimson and shadows pooled around the figure. The horrible smell of cooper and feces lodged in my nose. It was so pungent i gaged as my stomach spasmed into a tight knot.

 I opened the back door trying not to vomit or break down. Tears streaked my face. But the sight inside tore out my heart."No!"i screamed into the night. I clambered into the car and reached over my brother's awkward form. I clicked the belt open and pulled him into my arms. He was limp and rapidly beginning to cool. I screamed again, this made my heart constrict and tears flowed freely. "Rend! Rend!"i wailed piteously my voice cracking with every attempt. I clung to him and his name. Repeating it with every sob till i felt him twitch. Gasping i touched his face, wiping his hair and my tears off it. His eyes opened slowly to close again. His golden eyelashes made half moons on his pale skin. "Hold on Rend i'll get help!"i reassured holding his close.
"No."he rasped in a sticky wet voice,"Stay here, stay... With ... Me." His voice became softer and softer.
"Rend please dont go, i'll stay i'll stay.Just dont die." I begged wiping my eyes.
"Im cold." He whispered.
He didn't say anything after that. I put my fingers to his jugular, a faint pulse began to fade against my fingers. Against my word i left him to look for help.

I screamed and cried falling into the snow. Putting my hands over my face i apologized to Rend for leaving him. I fell to my knees and leaned forward bowing into the snow. I stayed like that wishing the cold would take me and i could die to. "What a sorry being." An indifferently kind voice murmured. I lifted my head to look at the owner of such a voice. A woman stood there, her eyes were yellow and a top her head was a set of horns. She smiled wickedly."A fiend." I whispered. Getting to my feet i shoved her as hard as my body would allowed. She stumbled back glaring at me.
"What in holy hell do yas think ya doing?"she snapped.
"Kill me... Please kill me." I said shoving her again.
"Quit it."she ordered,"i wont kill yas."
"I left him. Hes dead. My brother." My eyes welled with tears again. Hiccuping gasps made my throat burn from the cold. She watched me with interest now. Touching my head she said,"maybe i can help."

I led her back to the car and climbed into the car to retrieve Rend. He was still limp, not stiff yet. She touched him with a hand as i cradled his body. Her eyes got a sympathetic look. 'Was he to far to be saved?' I wondered. She met my eyes.
"I can bring him back, by sharing my life." She said then added," but in return... Im sure you know what i want."
I didn't have to think about it. I agreed and held him out to her,"Just save him, please. Its not worth living without him."

Her magic was beautiful as it danced over Rend's skin before sinking into his pores. It was amazing to watch the color return to his skin and the light in his eyes return. She handed him back to me carefully. I held him tight as he gasped for air. "Big brother?" His soft voice asked. I nodded happily. The last of my tears spilled out and dripped onto his skin. He hugged me back trying to make me stop crying. The woman cleared her throat. I looked at her, then glanced down at my brothers small figure. His back rose and fell when he breathed. I pulled back from him to look at his face. He searched my face with confused eyes, i felt the seriousness contort my face. I leaned forward and kissed his forehead. He smiled at the attention. I let him go suddenly and this confused him. "We had a deal." I said under my breath. The woman took my hand and smiled. My body felt like it were on fire but i withheld my scream. Suddenly i was blind.

Rend sat there watching as his older brother disappeared into smoke with the woman. He sat there staring into the snowy night. He said nothing for a long time. Then he climbed from the car, the exertion turning his stomach. Following the tire tracks he stayed as cold as the snow. The odd calm that came over him reminded  him of the numbness of loss that ached inside him. He reached the road in time to see the lights of a police car. He stepped into the lights and collapsed, everything suddenly slammed into him. All the feelings, all the ache of revival, and even a strange feeling he didn't recognize. It was like his body filled with worms. They snaked beneath his skin and burrowed deep into his body before sending a toxin through his blood. He spasmed and shuddered as it filled up his entire body with a burning itch. Peeking through tightly squinted eyes  he saw a slick shine reflect the cars in someone's shoes. The lights lost all their color. They became pulsing shades of gray. They everything was consumed by the black of unconsciousness.

title: Character Backstory (tragedy, paranormal)

question: Who is the narrator?

answer: The narrator was a seven-year-old boy, but his name wasn't given.

question: Why is the narrator crying?

answer: His mother crashes the car, which kills her and almost kills another of the brothers.

question: Who saves the narrator's little brother?

answer: A fiendish woman appears at the site of the accident and uses magic to revive the younger brother after making a deal with the older one.

question: What is the price of saving the narrator's brother?

answer: The narrator had to give his life to a fiend.

question: Why isn't the narrator killed in the accident?

answer: He is flung out of an open door before the car strikes a tree.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: A family is riding in a car when it suddenly crashes. When one brother finds the other mortally wounded, he makes a deal with a fiend to save his life by trading his own.


text:
This article was originally published at Desmog.ca. It has been republished at IC with permission.

Justin Trudeau’s government has quietly issued its first batch of permits for the SITE C DAM — allowing construction to move forward on the $8.8 billion BC Hydro project despite ongoing legal challenges by two First Nations.

The federal-provincial review panel’s report on Site C found the 1,100 megawatt dam will result in significant and irreversible adverse impacts on Treaty 8 First Nations.

Caleb Behn, who is from West Moberly First Nation, one of the nations taking the federal government to court, says Trudeau has broken his promise.

“It’s 19th century technology being permitted with 19th century thinking and I expected more from the Trudeau government,” he said. “These permits were our last best hope to resolve this.”

“These permits suggest very strongly that, at least these ministries, if not Trudeau’s entire cabinet, are unwilling to engage in reconciliation with indigenous peoples. I thought this country could be more.”

Charlie Angus, MP for Timmins-James Bay and NDP critic for Indigenous and Northern Affairs, echoed those sentiments.

“I think this was a real test of the Trudeau government and they failed the test,” Angus said.

“The Liberals seem to be thinking that if they say the right things, it’s somehow the same as doing the right things.”

Trudeau has emphasized building a new relationship with indigenous peoples since taking office in October. He included the following paragraph in every ministerial mandate letter:

  “No relationship is more important to me and to Canada than the one with Indigenous Peoples. It is time for a renewed, nation-to-nation relationship with Indigenous Peoples, based on recognition of rights, respect, co-operation, and partnership.”

But with the issuing of the Site C permits, doubts have been cast on that promise.

“We hear from all the key ministers about the nation-to-nation relationship and then they rubber stamp and go ahead with all the big projects,” Angus said.

For Behn, who was the subject of a documentary called Fractured Land last year, the sense of disappointment was palpable.

“What do they care about a backwater in northern B.C. that only has 40,000 voters?” he asked. “If you spent $9 billion on solar panels, geothermal … you wouldn’t have to run roughshod over indigenous rights.”

Liberals Ignore Calls to Delay Permits

The permits allow BC Hydro to block the flow of the Peace River and disrupt fisheries, activities that require federal permission. Until now, the Liberal government hadn’t issued any permits for the dam (the only federal permits issued were doled out during the last election by former prime minister Stephen Harper).

The Site C dam will flood more than 100 kilometres of river valley and impact 13,000 hectares of agricultural land — including flooding 3,800 hectares of farmland in the Agricultural Land Reserve, an area nearly twice the size of the city of Victoria.

Groups ranging from Amnesty International to the David Suzuki Foundation to the Royal Society of Canada have called on Trudeau to halt construction of the dam.

“The people of Treaty 8 have said no to Site C. Any government that is truly committed to reconciliation with indigenous peoples, to respecting human rights and to promoting truly clean energy must listen,” stated a letter sent to the federal government in February.

Federal Green Party leader Elizabeth May has called Site C the “litmus test”for the federal government’s commitment to a new relationship with indigenous peoples.

“It is agonizing to witness the starting gun for a race between bulldozers and justice,” May said in a statement in which she expressed “deep disappointment” with the federal government.

The Royal Society of Canada described the Site C Joint Review Panel report as the strongest and most negative review to be ignored by government.

In its report, the panel wrote that it couldn’t conclude that the power from Site C was needed on the schedule presented, adding: “Justification must rest on an unambiguous need for the power and analyses showing its financial costs being sufficiently attractive as to make tolerable the bearing of substantial environmental, social and other costs.”

The panel recommended the project be reviewed by the B.C. Utilities Commission — however, the B.C. and federal governments approved the dam without further review in late 2014.

WAS CONSULTATION WITH FIRST NATIONS ADEQUATE?

West Moberly First Nation and Prophet River First Nation will appear in a federal court in Montreal in September to fight their case.

“Sitting down and consulting with the provincial and federal government is a waste of time,” said Chief Roland Willson of West Moberly First Nation. “The only option we have is to challenge them in court.”

The Department of Fisheries and Oceans responded to DeSmog Canada’s request for comment on the issuing of Site C permits with the following statement:

  “For the past seven months, DFO has consulted potentially affected Indigenous groups on the department’s review of BC Hydro’s application for authorization for the main civil construction works. In particular, DFO contacted the Prophet River and West Moberly First Nations, along with ten other potentially affected indigenous groups. DFO officials have made significant efforts to provide opportunities for input, including a July 18 face-to-face meeting between Minister LeBlanc and West Moberly First Nations Chief Roland Willson and Prophet River First Nation Chief Lynette Tsakoza.

  DFO will continue to engage with Indigenous groups that have raised concerns about the project to ensure that their concerns continue to be heard and taken into account.”

Willson told DeSmog Canada the July 18th meeting marked the first time in six years that his nation has met with an official federal decision-maker on the Site C file.

“We met in Vancouver for about an hour. They sat there and took their notes and shook their heads in disbelief and then hopped on a plane back to Ottawa,” Willson said.

“That whole process was to check the box. They haven’t responded to any one of our concerns. If we don’t go, they get to check the box beside the other box saying that we refuse to consult with them. There’s no box anywhere that says ‘this was meaningful.’ The only box is did we show up or didn’t we.”

Willson said the Liberals have forgotten their election promises.

“This Liberal government is no different than the previous Harper government. They’re just sneaky. At least with Harper they were upfront about it.”

Democracy group LeadNow has launched a phone action across Canada to encourage citizens to “flood the phone lines before they flood the Peace Valley.” They are asking Canadians to call their MPs and let them know it is unacceptable for Trudeau to issue permits while there’s an outstanding First Nations legal challenge about the Site C dam. RAVEN Trust is also raising funds to support the First Nations legal challenge.

Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipeline Overturned Due to Lack of Consultation

Recently, the Federal Court of Appeal ruled that the federal government failed to meet even a basic standard of First Nations consultation on another controversial B.C. proposal — the Enbridge Northern Gateway pipeline.

With that ruling, the approval of the pipeline was overturned.

“The inadequacies — more than just a handful and more than mere imperfections — left entire subjects of central interest to the affected First Nations, sometimes subjects affecting their subsistence and well-being, entirely ignored,” the judges wrote in their ruling.

“Many impacts of the project — some identified in the Report of the Joint Review Panel, some not — were left undisclosed, undiscussed and unconsidered.”

The question of whether there has been adequate consultation ultimately rests with the courts — but if the Site C dam approval is overturned, a whole lot of public money will be at risk.

  .@JustinTrudeau Just Broke His Promise to Canada’s #FirstNations https://t.co/RJLo889VNb #SiteC #bcpoli #cdnpoli pic.twitter.com/EfwHLHmOcm

  — DeSmog Canada (@DeSmogCanada) July 30, 2016

Muskrat Falls Boondoggle ‘Almost Identical’ to Site C

We need look no further than the Muskrat Falls debacle in Newfoundland to learn what happens when provinces embark on mega-dam projects without a proven need for the power.

The 824-megawatt Muskrat Falls hydro project now under construction on the Lower Churchill has nearly doubled in cost since first beginning construction (from $6.2 billion to $11.4 billion).

Stan Marshall, the CEO of Nalcor, Newfoundland’s provincial power corporation, has called the project a “boondoggle.”

“It was a gamble and it’s gone against us,” he told reporters last month.

By 2022, the domestic rate for power in the province is expected to nearly double. For the average homeowner, Nalcor estimates this could mean an extra $150 per month in power costs.

“The generation and transmission project was much too large than was necessary to meet the energy requirements of the province,” he said.

“The original capital cost analysis, estimates and schedule was very aggressive and overly optimistic and just didn’t account for many of the risks that were known, or should’ve been known, at the time.”

Muskrat Falls went ahead without review by Newfoundland’s Public Utilities Board and in defiance of the advice of the joint federal-provincial review panel.

Sound familiar?

“It’s almost an identical case,” Marc Eliesen, former CEO of BC Hydro, told DeSmog Canada.

“It’s clear even more so as each day goes by that there really is no business case for Site C, especially with Hydro’s own electricity demand decreasing significantly.”

BC Hydro’s recent annual report shows that demand projections were off by nearly half a Site C dam last year.

CAN THE SITE C DAM BE STOPPED?

With the federal permits in place and B.C. Premier Christy Clark vowing to get the dam “past the point of no return” before the next election, the big question is: can Site C still be stopped?

Eliesen points to examples from other provinces where projects have been halted mid-way.

For instance, in the 1970s, Manitoba Hydro began to build a dam on the Nelson River called the Limestone generating station. After 2.5 years of construction, it became apparent that the long-term power forecasts had changed and construction was suspended.

“They stopped, not withstanding construction for 2.5 years on a generation station that was larger than Site C,” Eliesen said.

“Can you postpone, can you suspend, can you cancel Site C? Basically the experience in other jurisdictions shows that you can if the end result shows that the cost to the ratepayer will be more than if you postpone or suspend.”

The Limestone project resumed seven years later in 1985 once a major export contract was negotiated with Minnesota. Eliesen was chairman of Manitoba Hydro at the time.

“If you want to export the power, you have to make sure it’s exported on a firm power demand basis,” Eliesen said. “Any firm power deal would have to be made in advance on any decision to construct something in British Columbia. It would be folly to think otherwise.”

Selling power at the interruptable rate (often five to six times lower than the firm rate) means you don’t cover the true cost of service.

“You’re going to lose your shirt on it,” Eliesen says. “You’re going to sell power at a price that is less than it cost to create it.”

question: Why does Caleb Behn believe Trudeau has broken his promises?

answer: Trudeau had said once before that no relationship matters more to him or Canada than the one with Indigenous Peoples, and that it would be time for a renewed relationship with them based on recognition of rights and partnership. The dam will likely affect the lands of Indigenous People, so this is why Behn believes Trudeau's greenlight of the construction is a broken promise.

question: What does the BC Hydro project entail?

answer: It would block the flow of the Peace River and allow construction of a dam that would flood more than 100 kilometres of river valley and impact 13,000 hectres of agricultural land.

question: How does the BC Hydro project affect indigenous peoples?

answer: It could presumably affect their livelihood and sources of income.

question: Summarize the paragraph that Trudeau includes in every ministerial mandate letter.

answer: In these letters he expresses the importance of he and Canada keeping a good relationship with Indigenous People through recognition of rights and partnership.

question: What is the main idea of the Site C Joint Revew Panel report?

answer: The main idea is that the Site C construction can only be justified if it is unambiguously attractive in a way that makes the cost of its negatives tolerable, which it does not.

question: What does the article mean by "was consultation with first nations adequate?"

answer: It seems to suggest or question that the the First Nation's consultation with the DFO perhaps wasn't enough to have their voices heard.

question: How is the DFO aiding Indigenous groups?

answer: It doesn't seem they are because despite hearing from West Moberly First Nation and Prophet River First Nation, nothing had been done in regards to stopping the construction.


text:
_KHUKDUKLESTES_ is a genus of extinct mammal of uncertain affinities from the Late Cretaceous of China. It is rather similar to the also carnivorous and taxonomically uncertain _Oxlestes_, being slightly smaller.[1]

Description

_Khuduklestes_ is currently represented by a single specimen, a vertebral axis, known from Cenomanian deposits in the Gansu Province of China. It is rather similar to _Oxlestes_ and is among the largest vertebral mammalian remains from the Mesozoic, indicating a cat-sized animal.

Classification

_Khuduklestes_ was initially placed in Deltatheroida on the basis of its similarity to _Oxlestes_. However, much as _Oxlestes_, its identity as a deltatheroidean has also been questioned, and it has periodically also been considered a member of the eutherian clade of mammals.[2]

[1] Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, Zhe-Xi Luo (2004). “Chapter 12: Metatherians”. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 425–262. .

[2] Guillermo Rougier, New specimen of Deltatheroides cretacicus (Metatheria, Deltatheroida) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia, BULLETIN OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 36(DEC 2004):245-266 · SEPTEMBER 2009

title: Khuduklestes

question: What is the Khukduklestes classified as?

answer: It was initially placed in Deltatheroida, because it is so similar to Oxlestes. However, this identity has been questioned and it has periodically been considered a member of the eutherian clade of mammals.

question: What is the relationship between Khukduklestes and Oxlestes?

answer: Khukduklestes is similar to Oxlestes, although slightly smaller. Both are carnivorous and taxonomically uncertain.

question: How many specimens of Khukduklestes have been discovered?

answer: Only one specimen, a vertebral axis.

question: Where was the specimen discovered?

answer: It is known from Cenomanian deposits in the Gansu Province of China.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Khukduklestes, and its relationship with the Oxlestes, is discussed. Its taxology is uncertain, although it can be said that it was a cat-like animal.


text:
HAIR LOSS, also known as ALOPECIA or BALDNESS, refers to a loss of hair from part of the head or body.[1] Typically at least the head is involved.[2] The severity of hair loss can vary from a small area to the entire body.[3] Inflammation or scarring is not usually present.[4] Hair loss in some people causes psychological distress.[5]

Common types include male-pattern hair loss, female-pattern hair loss, alopecia areata, and a thinning of hair known as telogen effluvium.[6] The cause of male-pattern hair loss is a combination of genetics and male hormones; the cause of female pattern hair loss is unclear; the cause of alopecia areata is autoimmune; and the cause of telogen effluvium is typically a physically or psychologically stressful event.[7] Telogen effluvium is very common following pregnancy.[8]

Less common causes of hair loss without inflammation or scarring include the pulling out of hair, certain medications including chemotherapy, HIV/AIDS, hypothyroidism, and malnutrition including iron deficiency.[9][10] Causes of hair loss that occurs with scarring or inflammation include fungal infection, lupus erythematosus, radiation therapy, and sarcoidosis.[11][12] Diagnosis of hair loss is partly based on the areas affected.[13]

Treatment of pattern hair loss may simply involve accepting the condition, which can also include shaving one's head.[14] Interventions that can be tried include the medications minoxidil (or finasteride) and hair transplant surgery.[15][16] Alopecia areata may be treated by steroid injections in the affected area, but these need to be frequently repeated to be effective.[17] Hair loss is a common problem.[18] Pattern hair loss by age 50 affects about half of men and a quarter of women.[19] About 2% of people develop alopecia areata at some point in time.[20]

Terminology

Baldness is the partial or complete lack of hair growth, and part of the wider topic of “hair thinning”. The degree and pattern of baldness varies, but its most common cause is androgenic hair loss, _alopecia androgenetica_, or _alopecia seborrheica_, with the last term primarily used in Europe.

Hypotrichosis

Hypotrichosis is a condition of abnormal hair patterns, predominantly loss or reduction. It occurs, most frequently, by the growth of vellus hair in areas of the body that normally produce terminal hair. Typically, the individual's hair growth is normal after birth, but shortly thereafter the hair is shed and replaced with sparse, abnormal hair growth. The new hair is typically fine, short and brittle, and may lack pigmentation. Baldness may be present by the time the subject is 25 years old.[21]

Signs and symptoms

[A case of mid-frontal baldness: Andre Agassi] Symptoms of hair loss include hair loss in patches usually in circular patterns, dandruff, skin lesions, and scarring. Alopecia areata (mild – medium level) usually shows in unusual hair loss areas, e.g., eyebrows, backside of the head or above the ears, areas the male pattern baldness usually does not affect. In male-pattern hair loss, loss and thinning begin at the temples and the crown and hair either thins out or falls out. Female-pattern hair loss occurs at the frontal and parietal.

People have between 100,000 and 150,000 hairs on their head. The number of strands normally lost in a day varies but on average is 100.[22] In order to maintain a normal volume, hair must be replaced at the same rate at which it is lost. The first signs of hair thinning that people will often notice are more hairs than usual left in the hairbrush after brushing or in the basin after shampooing. Styling can also reveal areas of thinning, such as a wider parting or a thinning crown. [Throughout his political career, Urho Kekkonen, the President of Finland, was well-known for his baldness. He was last known to have had hair in about the 1920s.[23] This photo is of Kekkonen in 1959.]

Skin conditions

A substantially blemished face, back and limbs could point to cystic acne. The most severe form of the condition, cystic acne, arises from the same hormonal imbalances that cause hair loss and is associated with dihydrotestosterone production.[24] Seborrheic dermatitis, a condition in which an excessive amount of sebum is produced and builds up on the scalp (looking like an adult cradle cap), is also a symptom of hormonal imbalances, as is an excessively oily or dry scalp. Both can cause hair thinning.

Psychological

Hair thinning and baldness cause psychological stress due to their effect on appearance. Although societal interest in appearance has a long history, this particular branch of psychology came into its own during the 1960s and has gained momentum as messages associating physical attractiveness with success and happiness grow more prevalent.[25]

The psychology of hair thinning is a complex issue. Hair is considered an essential part of overall identity: especially for women, for whom it often represents femininity and attractiveness. Men typically associate a full head of hair with youth and vigor. Although they may be aware of pattern baldness in their family, many are uncomfortable talking about the issue. Hair thinning is therefore a sensitive issue for both sexes. For sufferers, it can represent a loss of control and feelings of isolation. People experiencing hair thinning often find themselves in a situation where their physical appearance is at odds with their own self-image and commonly worry that they appear older than they are or less attractive to others. Psychological problems due to baldness, if present, are typically most severe at the onset of symptoms.[26]

Hair loss induced by cancer chemotherapy has been reported to cause changes in self-concept and body image. Body image does not return to the previous state after regrowth of hair for a majority of patients. In such cases, patients have difficulties expressing their feelings (alexithymia) and may be more prone to avoiding family conflicts. Family therapy can help families to cope with these psychological problems if they arise.[27]

Causes

Although not completely understood, hair loss can have many causes:

Pattern hair loss

Male pattern hair loss is believed to be due to a combination of genetics and the male hormone dihydrotestosterone.[28] The cause in female pattern hair loss remains unclear.[29]

Infection

-   Dissecting cellulitis
-   Fungal infections (such as tinea capitis)
-   Folliculitis
-   Secondary syphilis[30]
-   _Demodex folliculorum_, a microscopic mite that feeds on the sebum produced by the sebaceous glands, denies hair essential nutrients and can cause thinning. _Demodex folliculorum_ is not present on every scalp and is more likely to live in an excessively oily scalp environment.

Drugs

-   Temporary or permanent hair loss can be caused by several medications, including those for blood pressure problems, diabetes, heart disease and cholesterol.[31] Any that affect the body's hormone balance can have a pronounced effect: these include the contraceptive pill, hormone replacement therapy, steroids and acne medications.[32]
-   Some treatments used to cure mycotic infections can cause massive hair loss.[33]
-   Medications (side effects from drugs, including chemotherapy, anabolic steroids, and birth control pills[34][35])

Trauma

-   Traction alopecia is most commonly found in people with ponytails or cornrows who pull on their hair with excessive force. In addition, rigorous brushing and heat styling, rough scalp massage can damage the cuticle, the hard outer casing of the hair. This causes individual strands to become weak and break off, reducing overall hair volume.
-   Frictional alopecia is hair loss caused by rubbing of the hair or follicles, most infamously around the ankles of men from socks, where even if socks are no longer worn, the hair often will not grow back.
-   Trichotillomania is the loss of hair caused by compulsive pulling and bending of the hairs. Onset of this disorder tends to begin around the onset of puberty and usually continues through adulthood. Due to the constant extraction of the hair roots, permanent hair loss can occur.
-   Traumas such as childbirth, major surgery, poisoning, and severe stress may cause a hair loss condition known as telogen effluvium,[36] in which a large number of hairs enter the resting phase at the same time, causing shedding and subsequent thinning. The condition also presents as a side effect of chemotherapy – while targeting dividing cancer cells, this treatment also affects hair's growth phase with the result that almost 90% of hairs fall out soon after chemotherapy starts.[37]
-   Radiation to the scalp, as when radiotherapy is applied to the head for the treatment of certain cancers there, can cause baldness of the irradiated areas.

Pregnancy

Hair loss often follows childbirth in the postpartum period without causing baldness. In this situation, the hair is actually thicker during pregnancy owing to increased circulating oestrogens. Approximately three months after giving birth (typically between 2 and 5 months), oestrogen levels drop and hair loss occurs, often particularly noticeably around the hairline and temple area. Hair typically grows back normally and treatment is not indicated.[38][39] A similar situation occurs in women taking the fertility-stimulating drug clomiphene.

Other causes

-   Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disorder also known as “spot baldness” that can result in hair loss ranging from just one location (_Alopecia areata monolocularis_) to every hair on the entire body (_Alopecia areata universalis_). Although thought to be caused by hair follicles becoming dormant, what triggers alopecia areata is not known. In most cases the condition corrects itself, but it can also spread to the entire scalp (alopecia totalis) or to the entire body (alopecia universalis).
-   Localized or diffuse hair loss may also occur in cicatricial alopecia (lupus erythematosus, lichen plano pilaris, folliculitis decalvans, central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, postmenopausal frontal fibrosing alopecia, etc.). Tumours and skin outgrowths also induce localized baldness (sebaceous nevus, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma).
-   Hypothyroidism (an under-active thyroid) and the side effects of its related medications can cause hair loss, typically frontal, which is particularly associated with thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows (also seen with syphilis). Hyperthyroidism (an over-active thyroid) can also cause hair loss, which is parietal rather than frontal.[40]
-   Temporary loss of hair can occur in areas where sebaceous cysts are present for considerable duration (normally one to several weeks).
-   Congenital triangular alopecia – It is a triangular, or oval in some cases, shaped patch of hair loss in the temple area of the scalp that occurs mostly in young children. The affected area mainly contains vellus hair follicles or no hair follicles at all, but it does not expand. Its causes are unknown, and although it is a permanent condition, it does not have any other effect on the affected individuals.[41]
-   Gradual thinning of hair with age is a natural condition known as involutional alopecia. This is caused by an increasing number of hair follicles switching from the growth, or anagen, phase into a resting phase, or telogen phase, so that remaining hairs become shorter and fewer in number.
-   An unhealthy scalp environment can play a significant role in hair thinning by contributing to miniaturization or causing damage. Air and water pollutants, environmental toxins, conventional styling products and excessive amounts of sebum have the potential to build up on the scalp.. This debris can block hair follicles and cause their deterioration and consequent miniaturization of hair.. It can also physically restrict hair growth or damage the hair cuticle, leading to hair that is weakened and easily broken off before its natural lifecycle has ended.

Other causes of hair loss include:

-   Alopecia mucinosa
-   Biotinidase deficiency
-   Chronic inflammation
-   Diabetes[42]
-   Lupus erythematosus
-   Pseudopelade of Brocq
-   Telogen effluvium
-   Tufted folliculitis

Genetics

Genetic forms of localized autosomal recessive hypotrichosis include:

  Type   OMIM            Gene     Locus
  ------ --------------- -------- --------- ----------------
  LAH1   {{OMIM|607903   none}}   _DSG4_
  LAH2   {{OMIM|604379   none}}   _LIPH_
  LAH3   {{OMIM|611452   none}}   _P2RY5_

Pathophysiology

Hair follicle growth occurs in cycles. Each cycle consists of a long growing phase (anagen), a short transitional phase (catagen) and a short resting phase (telogen). At the end of the resting phase, the hair falls out (exogen) and a new hair starts growing in the follicle beginning the cycle again.

Normally, about 40 (0–78 in men) hairs reach the end of their resting phase each day and fall out.[43] When more than 100 hairs fall out per day, clinical hair loss (telogen effluvium) may occur. A disruption of the growing phase causes abnormal loss of anagen hairs (anagen effluvium).

Diagnosis

Because they are not usually associated with an increased loss rate, male-pattern and female-pattern hair loss do not generally require testing. If hair loss occurs in a young man with no family history, drug use could be the cause.

-   THE PULL TEST helps to evaluate diffuse scalp hair loss. Gentle traction is exerted on a group of hairs (about 40–60) on three different areas of the scalp. The number of extracted hairs is counted and examined under a microscope. Normally, fewer than three hairs per area should come out with each pull. If more than ten hairs are obtained, the pull test is considered positive.[44]
-   THE PLUCK TEST is conducted by pulling hair out “by the roots”. The root of the plucked hair is examined under a microscope to determine the phase of growth, and is used to diagnose a defect of telogen, anagen, or systemic disease. Telogen hairs have tiny bulbs without sheaths at their roots. Telogen effluvium shows an increased percentage of hairs upon examination. Anagen hairs have sheaths attached to their roots. Anagen effluvium shows a decrease in telogen-phase hairs and an increased number of broken hairs.
-   SCALP BIOPSY is used when the diagnosis is unsure; a biopsy allows for differing between scarring and nonscarring forms. Hair samples are taken from areas of inflammation, usually around the border of the bald patch.
-   DAILY HAIR COUNTS are normally done when the pull test is negative. It is done by counting the number of hairs lost. The hair from the first morning combing or during washing should be counted. The hair is collected in a clear plastic bag for 14 days. The strands are recorded. If the hair count is >100/day, it is considered abnormal except after shampooing, where hair counts will be up to 250 and be normal.
-   TRICHOSCOPY is a noninvasive method of examining hair and scalp. The test may be performed with the use of a handheld dermoscope or a video dermoscope. It allows differential diagnosis of hair loss in most cases.[45]

There are two types of identification tests for female pattern baldness: the Ludwig Scale and the Savin Scale. Both track the progress of diffused thinning, which typically begins on the crown of the head behind the hairline, and becomes gradually more pronounced. For male pattern baldness, the Hamilton–Norwood scale tracks the progress of a receding hairline and/or a thinning crown, through to a horseshoe-shaped ring of hair around the head and on to total baldness.

In almost all cases of thinning, and especially in cases of severe hair loss, it is recommended to seek advice from a doctor or dermatologist. Many types of thinning have an underlying genetic or health-related cause, which a qualified professional will be able to diagnose.

Management

Hiding hair loss

[General Douglas MacArthur with a comb over]

Head

One method of hiding hair loss is the comb over, which involves restyling the remaining hair to cover the balding area. It is usually a temporary solution, useful only while the area of hair loss is small. As the hair loss increases, a comb over becomes less effective.

Another method is to wear a hat or a hairpiece such as a wig or toupee. The wig is a layer of artificial or natural hair made to resemble a typical hair style. In most cases the hair is artificial. Wigs vary widely in quality and cost. In the United States, the best wigs—those that look like real hair—cost up to tens of thousands of dollars. Organizations also collect individuals' donations of their own natural hair to be made into wigs for young cancer patients who have lost their hair due to chemotherapy or other cancer treatment in addition to any type of hair loss.

Eyebrows

Though not as common as the loss of hair on the head, chemotherapy, hormone imbalance, forms of hair loss, and other factors can also cause loss of hair in the eyebrows. Loss of growth in the outer one third of the eyebrow is often associated with hypothyroidism. Artificial eyebrows are available to replace missing eyebrows or to cover patchy eyebrows. Eyebrow embroidery is another option which involves the use of a blade to add pigment to the eyebrows. This gives a natural 3D look for those who are worried about an artificial look and it lasts for two years. Micropigmentation (permanent makeup tattooing) is also available for those who want the look to be permanent.

Medications

Treatments for the various forms of hair loss have limited success. Three medications have evidence to support their use in male pattern hair loss: minoxidil, finasteride, and dutasteride.[46][47] They typically work better to prevent further hair loss, than to regrow lost hair.[48]

-   Minoxidil (Rogaine) is a nonprescription medication approved for male pattern baldness and alopecia areata. In a liquid or foam, it is rubbed into the scalp twice a day. Some people have an allergic reaction to the propylene glycol in the minoxidil solution and a minoxidil foam was developed without propylene glycol. Not all users will regrow hair. The longer the hair has stopped growing, the less likely minoxidil will regrow hair. Minoxidil is not effective for other causes of hair loss. Hair regrowth can take 1 to 6 months to begin. Treatment must be continued indefinitely. If the treatment is stopped, hair loss resumes. Any regrown hair and any hair susceptible to being lost, while Minoxidil was used, will be lost. Most frequent side effects are mild scalp irritation, allergic contact dermatitis, and unwanted hair in other parts of the body.[49]
-   Finasteride (Propecia) is used in male-pattern hair loss in a pill form, taken 1 milligram per day. It is not indicated for women and is not recommended in pregnant women. Treatment is effective starting within 6 weeks of treatment. Finasteride causes an increase in hair retention, the weight of hair, and some increase in regrowth. Side effects in about 2% of males, include decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, and ejaculatory dysfunction. Treatment should be continued as long as positive results occur. Once treatment is stopped, hair loss resumes.[50]
-   Corticosteroids injections into the scalp can be used to treat alopecia areata. This type of treatment is repeated on a monthly basis. Oral pills for extensive hair loss may be used for alopecia areata. Results may take up to a month to be seen.
-   Immunosuppressants applied to the scalp have been shown to temporarily reverse alopecia areata, though the side effects of some of these drugs make such therapy questionable.[51]
-   There is some tentative evidence that anthralin may be useful for treating alopecia areata.[52]
-   Hormonal modulators (oral contraceptives or antiandrogens such as spironolactone and flutamide) can be used for female-pattern hair loss associated with hyperandrogenemia.

Surgery

Hair transplantation is usually carried out under local anaesthetic. A surgeon will move healthy hair from the back and sides of the head to areas of thinning. The procedure can take between four and eight hours, and additional sessions can be carried out to make hair even thicker. Transplanted hair falls out within a few weeks, but regrows permanently within months. Hair transplants, takes tiny plugs of skin, each which contains a few hairs, and implants the plugs into bald sections. The plugs are generally taken from the back or sides of the scalp. Several transplant sessions may be necessary.[53]

-   Surgical options, such as follicle transplants, scalp flaps, and hair loss reduction, are available. These procedures are generally chosen by those who are self-conscious about their hair loss, but they are expensive and painful, with a risk of infection and scarring. Once surgery has occurred, six to eight months are needed before the quality of new hair can be assessed.
    -   Scalp reduction is the process is the decreasing of the area of bald skin on the head. In time, the skin on the head becomes flexible and stretched enough that some of it can be surgically removed. After the hairless scalp is removed, the space is closed with hair-covered scalp. Scalp reduction is generally done in combination with hair transplantation to provide a natural-looking hairline, especially those with extensive hair loss.
    -   Hairline lowering can sometimes be used to lower a high hairline secondary to hair loss, although there may be a visible scar after further hair loss.
-   Wigs are an alternative to medical and surgical treatment; some patients wear a wig or hairpiece. They can be used permanently or temporarily to cover the hair loss. High-quality, natural-looking wigs and hairpieces are available.

Chemotherapy

Hypothermia caps may be useful to prevent hair loss during some kinds of chemotherapy, specifically when tazanes or anthracyclines are used.[54] It should not be used when cancer is present in the skin of the scalp or for lymphoma or leukemia.[55] There are generally only minor side effects from treatment.[56]

Embracing baldness

Instead of attempting to conceal their hair loss, some people embrace it by either doing nothing about it or sporting a shaved head.[57][58] The general public became more accepting of men with shaved heads in the early 1950s, when Russian-American actor Yul Brynner began sporting the look; the resulting phenomenon inspired many of his male fans to shave their heads.[59] Male celebrities then continued to bring mainstream popularity to shaved heads,[60][61][62] including athletes such as Michael Jordan[63] and Zinedine Zidane[64] and actors such as Dwayne Johnson,[65] Ben Kingsley,[66] and Jason Statham.[67] Baldness in females, however, is still viewed as less “normal” in various parts of the world.[68][69]

Alternative medicine

Dietary supplements are not typically recommended.[70] There is only one small trial of saw palmetto which shows tentative benefit in those with mild to moderate androgenetic alopecia.[71] There is no evidence for biotin.[72] Evidence for most other produces is also insufficient.[73] There was no good evidence for ginkgo, aloe vera, ginseng, bergamot, hibiscus, or sorphora as of 2011.[74]

Many people use unproven treatments.[75] Egg oil, in Indian,[76] Japanese, Unani (Roghan Baiza Murgh)[77] and Chinese[78] traditional medicine, was traditionally used as a treatment for hair loss.

Research

Research is looking into connections between hair loss and other health issues. While there has been speculation about a connection between early-onset male pattern hair loss and heart disease, a review of articles from 1954 to 1999 found no conclusive connection between baldness and coronary artery disease. The dermatologists who conducted the review suggested further study was needed.[79]

Environmental factors are under review. A 2007 study indicated that smoking may be a factor associated with age-related hair loss among Asian men. The study controlled for age and family history, and found statistically significant positive associations between moderate or severe male pattern hairloss and smoking status.[80]

Vertex baldness is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and the relationship depends upon the severity of baldness, while frontal baldness is not. Thus, vertex baldness might be a marker of CHD and is more closely associated with atherosclerosis than frontal baldness.[81]

Hair follicle aging

A key aspect of hair loss with age is the aging of the hair follicle.[82] Ordinarily, hair follicle renewal is maintained by the stem cells associated with each follicle. Aging of the hair follicle appears to be primed by a sustained cellular response to the DNA damage that accumulates in renewing stem cells during aging.[83] This damage response involves the proteolysis of type XVII collagen by neutrophil elastase in response to the DNA damage in the hair follicle stem cells. Proteolysis of collagen leads to elimination of the damaged cells and then to terminal hair follicle miniaturization.

Etymology

The term _alopecia_ () is from the Classical Greek ἀλώπηξ, _alōpēx_, meaning “fox”. The origin of this usage is because this animal sheds its coat twice a year, or because in ancient Greece foxes often lost hair because of mange.

The term _bald_ likely derives from the English word _balde_, which means “white, pale” or Celtic _ball_, which means “white patch or blaze”, such as on a horse's head.[84]

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[11]

[12]

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[14]

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[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

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[23] Kuvat: Kekkonen ei ollut aina kalju – tältä tuleva presidentti näytti teini-ikäisenä (in Finnish)

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[27]

[28]

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[40] Alopecia Areata , by Maria G. Essig, MS, ELS, Yahoo! Health

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[53] ‘Hair Transplants’, WebMD:

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title: Hair loss

question: Out of 560 people, how many will develop alopecia areata?

answer: 11

question: If people did not grow new hair, how many days would it take a person to lose all their hair?

answer: 1000-1500

question: What does it mean if 15 hairs are pulled out during a pull test?

answer: That person is going bald.

question: How might people perceive male baldness if it hadn't been for Yul Brynner?

answer: Male baldness might not be as accepted.


text:
PHILIPPA GREGORY (born 9 January 1954) is an English historical novelist who has been publishing since 1987. The best known of her works is _The Other Boleyn Girl_ (2001), which in 2002 won the Romantic Novel of the Year Award from the Romantic Novelists' Association[1] and has been adapted into two separate films.

_AudioFile_ magazine has called Gregory “the queen of British historical fiction”.[2]

Biography

Early life and academic career

Philippa Gregory was born on 9 January 1954 in Nairobi, at that time serving as capital city of the Colony and Protectorate of Kenya (modern-day Republic of Kenya), the second daughter of Elaine (Wedd) and Arthur Percy Gregory, a radio operator and navigator for East African Airways.[3] When she was two years old, her family moved to Bristol, England.[4]

She was a “rebel” at Colston's Girls' School[5][6] where she obtained a B grade in English and two E grades in History and Geography at A-level. She then went to journalism college in Cardiff and spent a year as an apprentice with the _Portsmouth News_ before she managed to gain a place on an English literature degree course at the University of Sussex, where she switched to a history course.[7] She worked in BBC radio for two years before attending the University of Edinburgh, where she earned her doctorate in 18th-century literature. Gregory has taught at the University of Durham, University of Teesside, and the Open University, and was made a Fellow of Kingston University in 1994.

Private life

Gregory wrote her first novel _Wideacre_ while completing a PhD in 18th-century book history,[8] and living in a cottage on the Pennine Way with first husband Peter Chislett, editor of the _Hartlepool Mail_, and their baby daughter, Victoria. They divorced before the book was published.

Following the success of _Wideacre_ and the publication of _The Favoured Child_, she moved south to near Midhurst, West Sussex, where the _Wideacre_ trilogy was set.

After the break-up of her first marriage, she met and married Anthony Mason, whom she had first met during her time in Hartlepool.

Gregory now lives on a farm in the North York Moors National Park, with her husband, children and stepchildren (six in all). Her interests include riding, walking, skiing, and gardening.

Writing

She has written novels set in several different historical periods, though primarily the Tudor period and the 16th century. Reading a number of novels set in the 17th century led her to write the best-selling Lacey trilogy _Wideacre_, which is a story about the love of land and incest, _The Favoured Child_ and _Meridon_. This was followed by _The Wise Woman_. _A Respectable Trade_, a novel of the slave trade in England, set in 18th-century Bristol, was adapted by Gregory for a four-part drama series for BBC television. Gregory's script was nominated for a BAFTA, won an award from the Committee for Racial Equality, and the film was shown worldwide.

Two novels about a gardening family are set during the English Civil War: _Earthly Joys_ and _Virgin Earth_, while she has in addition written contemporary fiction – _Perfectly Correct_, _Mrs Hartley and the Growth Centre_, _The Little House_ and _Zelda's Cut_. She has also written for children.

Some of her novels have won awards and have been adapted into television dramas. The most successful of her novels has been _The Other Boleyn Girl,_ published in 2001 and adapted for BBC television in 2003 with Natascha McElhone, Jodhi May and Jared Harris. In the year of its publication, _The Other Boleyn Girl_ also won the Romantic Novel of the Year[9] and it has subsequently spawned sequels – _The Queen's Fool,_ _The Virgin's Lover,_ _The Constant Princess,_ _The Boleyn Inheritance,_ and _The Other Queen_. Miramax bought the film rights to _The Other Boleyn Girl_ and released a film of the same name in February 2008.

Gregory has also published a series of books about the Plantagenets, the ruling houses that preceded the Tudors, and the Wars of the Roses. Her first book _The White Queen_, published in 2009, centres on the life of Elizabeth Woodville the wife of Edward IV. _The Red Queen_, published in 2010, is about Margaret Beaufort the mother of Henry VII and grandmother to Henry VIII. _The Lady of the Rivers_ (2011), is the life of Jacquetta of Luxembourg, mother of Elizabeth Woodville. _The Kingmaker's Daughter_, published in 2012, is about Anne Neville, the wife of Richard III, and _The White Princess_ (2013) centres on the life of Elizabeth of York, wife of Henry VII and the mother of Henry VIII. The latest work is the 2017 novel _The Last Tudor_. The 2013 BBC One television series _The White Queen_ is a 10-part adaptation of Gregory's novels _The White Queen_, _The Red Queen_ and _The Kingmaker's Daughter_ (2012).[10]

In 2013, Helen Brown of _The Telegraph_ wrote that “Gregory has made an impressive career out of breathing passionate, independent life into the historical noblewomen whose personalities had previously lain flat on family trees, remembered only as diplomatic currency and brood mares.”[11] She added, “Gregory’s historical fiction has always been entertainingly speculative (those tempted to sneer should note that she’s never claimed otherwise) and comes with lashings of romantic licence.”[12]

In 2011 she contributed a short story “Why Holly Berries are as Red as Roses” to an anthology supporting the Woodland Trust. The anthology, _Why Willows Weep_ has so far helped The Woodland Trust plant approximately 50,000 trees.

Controversy

Gregory has said that her “commitment to historical accuracy” is a hallmark of her writing.[13] This is disputed by historians. Historian David Starkey, appearing alongside Gregory in a documentary about Anne Boleyn, described her work as “good Mills and Boon”,[14] adding that: “We really should stop taking historical novelists seriously as historians. The idea that they have authority is ludicrous.”[15] Susan Bordo criticised Gregory's claims to historical accuracy as “self-deceptive and self-promoting chutzpah”, and notes that it is not so much the many inaccuracies in her work as “Gregory's insistence on her meticulous adherence to history that most aggravates the scholars.”[16]

In her novel _The Other Boleyn Girl_, her portrayal of Henry VIII's second wife Anne Boleyn drew criticism.[17][18] The novel depicts Anne as cold and ruthless, as well as heavily implying that the accusations that she committed adultery and incest with her brother were true, despite it being widely accepted that she was innocent of the charges.[19] Novelist Robin Maxwell refused on principle to write a blurb for this book, describing its characterisation of Anne as “vicious, unsupportable”.[20]

Media

She is a frequent contributor to magazines and newspapers, with short stories, features and reviews. She is also a frequent broadcaster and a regular contestant on _Round Britain Quiz_ for BBC Radio 4 and the Tudor expert for Channel 4's _Time Team_. She won the 29 December 2008 edition of _Celebrity Mastermind_ on BBC1, taking Elizabeth Woodville as her specialist subject.

Charity work

Gregory also runs a small charity building wells in school gardens in The Gambia.[21] Gardens for The Gambia was established in 1993 when Gregory was in The Gambia, researching for her book _A Respectable Trade_.

Since then the charity has dug almost 200 low technology, low budget and therefore easily maintained wells, which are on-stream and providing water to irrigate school and community gardens to provide meals for the poorest children and harvest a cash crop to buy school equipment, seeds and tools.

In addition to wells, the charity has piloted a successful bee-keeping scheme, funded feeding programmes and educational workshops in batik and pottery and is working with larger donors to install mechanical boreholes in some remote areas of the country where the water table is not accessible by digging alone.

The UK Chagos Support Association

Philippa Gregory is a patron of The UK Chagos Support Association,[22] which supports the Chagos islanders in their legal disputes with the British government. The people of Chagos were relocated by the British government when the archipelago in the Indian Ocean was cleared in the 1960s and 1970s to make way for an important U.S. airbase. Gregory often speaks about the Chagossians' situation and lobbies the government to take action.

Works

Novels

The _Wideacre_ trilogy:

1.  _Wideacre_ (1987)
2.  _The Favoured Child_ (1989)
3.  _Meridon_ (1990)

_Tradescant_ series:

1.  _Earthly Joys_ (1998)
2.  _Virgin Earth_ (1999)

_The Plantagenet and Tudor novels_:

Previously separated as the _Tudor Court_ and _Cousins' War_ series, as of August 2016 Gregory lists these novels as one series, _The Plantagenet and Tudor Novels_.[23][24]

1.  _The Other Boleyn Girl_ (2001)
2.  _The Queen's Fool_ (2003)
3.  _The Virgin's Lover_ (2004)
4.  _The Constant Princess_ (2005)
5.  _The Boleyn Inheritance_ (2006)
6.  _The Other Queen_ (2008)
7.  '' The White Queen '' (2009)
8.  '' The Red Queen'' (2010)
9.  _The Lady of the Rivers_ (2011)
10. _The Kingmaker's Daughter_ (2012)
11. _The White Princess_ (2013)
12. _The King's Curse_ (2014)
13. _The Taming of the Queen_ (2015)
14. _Three Sisters, Three Queens_ (2016)
15. _The Last Tudor_ (2017)[25]

Gregory has suggested a “reading order” for the series, based on the real-world chronology of historical figures and events.[26]

1.  _The Lady of the Rivers_ (Jacquetta of Luxembourg)
2.  _The White Queen_ (Elizabeth Woodville)
3.  _The Red Queen_ (Margaret Beaufort)
4.  _The Kingmaker's Daughter_ (Isabel and Anne Neville)
5.  _The White Princess_ (Elizabeth of York)
6.  _The Constant Princess_ (Katherine of Aragon)
7.  _The King's Curse_ (Margaret Pole)
8.  _Three Sisters, Three Queens_ (Margaret Tudor, featuring Mary Tudor and Katherine of Aragon)
9.  _The Other Boleyn Girl_ (Mary and Anne Boleyn)
10. _The Boleyn Inheritance_ (Jane Boleyn, Anne of Cleves and Katherine Howard)
11. _The Taming of the Queen_ (Kateryn Parr)
12. _The Queen's Fool_ (A young Jewish girl's story of her service in the courts of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I)
13. _The Virgin's Lover_ (Elizabeth I, Robert Dudley and Amy Robsart)
14. _The Last Tudor_ (Jane, Katherine and Mary Grey)
15. _The Other Queen_ (Mary, Queen of Scots, George Talbot and Bess of Hardwick)

_The Order of Darkness_ series:

1.  _Changeling_ (2012)
2.  _Stormbringers_ (2013)
3.  _Fools' Gold_ (2014)
4.  _Dark Tracks_ (2018)

_Fairmile_ series:

1.  _Tidelands_ (2019)
2.  _Dark Tides_ (forthcoming November 2020)

Stand-alones:

-   _Mrs. Hartley and the Growth Centre_, or _Alice Hartley's Happiness_ (1992)
-   _The Wise Woman_ (1992)

        A young girl forced out of her nunnery and into the real world during the reformation during Anne Boleyn's time of being queen.

-   _Fallen Skies_ (1994)
-   _A Respectable Trade_ (1995)
-   _Perfectly Correct_ (1996)
-   _The Little House_ (1998)
-   _Zelda's Cut_ (2000)

Short stories

Collections:

-   _Bread and Chocolate_ (2000)

Children's books

_Princess Florizella_ series (picture books):

1.  _Princess Florizella_ (1988)
2.  _Florizella and the Wolves_ (1991)
3.  _Florizella and the Giant_ (1992)

Stand-alones:

-   _Diggory and the Boa Conductor_ (1996), picture book
-   _The Little Pet Dragon_ (1997), picture book
-   _A Pirate Story_ (1999), picture book

Non-fiction

-   _The Women of the Cousins' War: The Duchess, the Queen and the King's Mother_ (2011), with David Baldwin and Michael Jones, history

Adaptations

-   _A Respectable Trade_ (1998), miniseries directed by Suri Krishnamma, based on novel _A Respectable Trade_
-   _The Other Boleyn Girl_ (2003), telefilm directed by Philippa Lowthorpe, based on novel _The Other Boleyn Girl_
-   _The Other Boleyn Girl_ (2008), film directed by Justin Chadwick, based on novel _The Other Boleyn Girl_
-   _The Little House_ (2010), miniseries directed by Jamie Payne, based on novel _The Little House_
-   _The White Queen_ (2013), miniseries directed by Colin Teague, James Kent and Jamie Payne, based on novels _The White Queen_, _The Red Queen_ and _The Kingmaker's Daughter_
-   _The White Princess_ (2017), miniseries directed by Jamie Payne and Alex Kalymnios, based on novel _The White Princess_
-   _The Spanish Princess_ (2019-2020), series directed by Birgitte Stærmose, Daina Reid, Lisa Clarke, Stephen Woolfenden, Chanya Button and Rebecca Gatward, based on novels _The Constant Princess_ and _The King's Curse_

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] Philippa Gregory walk at BBC Bristol Retrieved 6 June 2013

[5]

[6] Philippa Gregory at Chroniclelive. Retrieved 6 June 2013

[7] Philippa Gregory _The Guardian Education_ interview. Retrieved 6 June 2013

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[15] David Starkey: it is 'ludicrous' to suggest that historical novelists have authority", _The Telegraph_, 11 May 2013. Accessed 12 September 2013

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[19] Ives, E. W. (2004) _The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn_

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title: Philippa Gregory

question: Are Philippa Gregory's books historically accurate?

answer: Several scholars seem to claim that it is not.


text:
[Victoria on top of the Berlin Victory Column. Cast by Gladenbeck, Berlin)[1]] VICTORIA (), in ancient Roman religion, was the personified goddess of victory.[2] She is the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Nike, and was associated with Bellona. She was adapted from the Sabine agricultural goddess Vacuna and had a temple on the Palatine Hill. The goddess Vica Pota was also sometimes identified with Victoria. Victoria is often described as a daughter of Pallas and Styx, and as a sister of Zelus, Kratos, and Bia.[3] [Arch of Trajan (Benevento), with a pair of winged victories in the spandrels] Unlike the Greek Nike, the goddess Victoria (Latin for “victory”) was a major part of Roman society. Multiple temples were erected in her honor. When her statue was removed in 382 CE by Emperor Gratianus there was much anger in Rome.[4][5] She was normally worshiped by triumphant generals returning from war.[6]

Also unlike the Greek Nike, who was known for success in athletic games such as chariot races, Victoria was a symbol of victory over death and determined who would be successful during war.[7]

Victoria appears widely on Roman coins,[8] jewelry, architecture, and other arts. She is often seen with or in a chariot, as in the late 18th-century sculpture representing Victory in a quadriga on the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, Germany; “Il Vittoriano” in Rome has two. Nike or Victoria was the charioteer for Zeus in his battle to overtake Mount Olympus.

Iconography

Winged figures, very often in pairs, representing victory and referred to as WINGED VICTORIES, were common in Roman official iconography, typically hovering high in a composition, and often filling spaces in spandrels or other gaps in architecture.[9] These represent the spirit of victory rather than the goddess herself. They continued to appear after Christianization of the Empire, and slowly mutated into Christian angels.[10] A pair, facing inwards, fitted very conveniently into the spandrels of arches, and have been very common in Triumphal arches and similar designs where a circular element is framed by a rectangle.

Gallery

Solidus Constantine II-heraclea RIC vII 101.jpg|Gold coin of Constantine II depicting Victoria on the reverse Image:Intaglio in lapis lazuli of lazuliet met afbeelding van Victoria, 100 tot 200 NC, vindplaats- Tongeren, Paspoel, zuidwestgrafveld, losse vondst, collectie Gallo-Romeins Museum Tongeren, GRM 5875.jpg|Intaglio in lapis lazuli representing Victoria, 100 - 200 A.D., found in Tongeren Gallo-roman museum, Tongres Roman goddess Victoria in Arretine Ware fragment.jpg|Roman goddess Victoria in Arretine Ware fragment

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] Sheridan, J. J., “The Altar of Victory – Paganism's Last Battle.” L'Antiquite Classique 35 (1966): 187.

[5] Ambrose Epistles 17–18; Symmachus Relationes 1–3.

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

title: Victoria (mythology)

question: Why was there an uproar when Victoria's statue was removed in 382 by Emperor Gratianus?

answer: Because unlike her Greek counterpart Nike, the goddess Victoria was a major part of Roman society, worshipped by triumphant generals returning from war and had several temples erected in her honor.

question: Where was Victoria adapted from?

answer: Victoria was adapted from the Sabine agricultural goddess Vacuna and the goddess Vica Pota.

question: Why did representations of Victoria in iconography change into the Christian angels of today?

answer: The iconography changed after the Roman Empire's Christianization.


text:
God is a Criminal

[]

God is a criminal. He has several characteristics and none of which I particularly like. If a person in our society were to act like God does, he would find himself in prison and on death row.

If you knew a crime was being committed, would you report it? Well, guess what...If you didn't, you could be charged for being an accomplice, or an accessory.

According to churches, God knows all and sees all, yet does nothing to stop horrific things from happening, even though, according to those churches, he's capable of 'divine intervention'. So, does that mean that God is a criminal? Yes, because if a person knows a crime has taken place, they are required by law to report it.

Not only is God a criminal, he is also an asshole. These are some characteristics of God that make me think he's an asshole:

-   He's Jealous
-   He's Hateful
-   He's Spiteful
-   He's Vengeful
-   He's Sexist
-   He's Greedy
-   He's a Murderer

I still don't understand how anyone can 'live their life' for a person or entity like this. It boggles my mind. The worst part is that God is openly admits he is like that. He is an asshole.

Someone in our society with these characteristics would be sentenced to life without parole, or would be put to death. I would even advocate for it. God is an asshole. God is a criminal.

question: What religion do you think the author is criticizing?

answer: While not explicitly stated, it can be assumed that the author is talking about Christianity.