text:
I took another breath. The electronic display read zero. I looked at the display not believing what it claimed. I looked outside the dome. The red clouds blanketed the sky covering the sun and the desert soil. I looked back inside, wondering how people lived fifty years ago at the turn of the millennium.

The phone which hung on the wall started to ring. I had never heard it ring before so I stared subconsciously before I remembered that I had to answer it. I walked over to the handset. The light blinked as the receiver stopped ringing.
The door flung open and two cops burst through the door.

‘Mr Collins?’ I looked at the guard.

‘Who’s asking?’ I replied.

The guards walked over, hooked me in both arms and dragged me down the hall after slamming the door while muttering something into his radio.

I looked the opposite way I was travelling as I skidded along. It was an odd sensation knowing that my life would end. The cold argon lights illuminated the room giving off a cold chill. I wondered who had invented them. The ability to turn heat into light whilst cooling the surrounding area had saved millions of lives, allowing a colony to keep cool without a power source.

We rounded several corners before we stopped. The guards dropped me to the ground and walked back the way I had come, closing two big doors behind them. I saw the gears and mechanisms on the door rotate and grind and I realised there was no way I was going back that way.

I stood up and brushed myself off. I had not collected a speck of dust because of the cleanliness of the corridor, but I still proceeded to nonetheless. I turned around to find a desk with a shorter man sitting in a black chair obviously too big for him.

‘Do you know why you’re here?’ He asked me.

‘Not really.’ I responded knowing full well why I was there.

‘Mr John Collins, born January 19th 2024, which makes you 32 as of 53 days ago, you were a model student, scoring an average score of a B+. We have no behavioural issues on record but a warning was issued in regards to a threat made to a colleague. You are an automotive service technician and you have no known offspring.’ He looked up and glared at me, waiting for a response.

‘Correct’ I responded.

‘On behalf of CiteRT, we are terminating your life on the grounds that you have expired your oxygen and water allowance without giving back to the community,’ I looked at his emotionless face. There was only the harsh truth of what lay beyond. ‘We are however offering you the opportunity to attempt to survive outside.’

I looked outside the window behind him. I looked off into the distance, beyond the cloudless, blue skies. Beyond the dirt mounds I could see nothing.

‘I accept.’ I don’t know why I did; it was just prolonging my agony. He stood up and handed me a backpack.

‘I’m sorry.’ He said. ‘Good luck.’ I saw the glint of a tear forming in my eye. He ushered me towards an elevator where I went further down than I ever had before. The elevator pinged as the doors opened and thousands of years of global warming hit my face in one blast.

I fell to one knee and opened my backpack to find a bottle of water and a gun. I put the gun to my head, and heard a gunshot behind me.
BANG! I turned…

EDIT: Formatting

title: Global Warming (Dystopian) [600 Words]

question: Explain what makes the society depicted in the story dystopian.

answer: The protagonist is expelled from the community for using up an allowance of oxygen and water without contributing to society. The rationing of such basic resources of life and the harsh penalties surrounding their misuse makes society bleak and almost hopeless. It's a world that requires you to earn your right to breathe.

question: What year does the story take place?

answer: Since the protagonist is born in 2024 and is 32 years old, the current year is 2056.

question: Why is the protagonist expelled despite being an educated technician?

answer: The officer announcing his fate cites a warning about a threat made to a colleague and that he doesn't have children. It's probably the latter one that got him expelled, but nothing is directly stated to confirm that.

question: Explain the significance of the electronic display that shows zero at the beginning of the story.

answer: While it's not explicitly stated, it can be assumed that it shows the remaining allowance of oxygen and water of the protagonist.

question: What's the significance of the gunshot at the end?

answer: It probably implies that the officer who condemned the protagonist to his fate killed himself. However, this is just a conjecture.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Living in a world devastated by global warming, the protagonist is expelled from his society for running out of his allowance of oxygen and water without contributing back to his community. He is given a bottle of water and a gun to try the impossible task of surviving outside. He puts the gun to his head, but before pulling the trigger he hears a gunshot behind him.


split: train

text:
[Goal of TPP: Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP)]
In a statement made to the Peruvian news agency Andina, Peru’s Ministry of Trade and Tourism (Mincetur) announced that it will send a delegation to the Inter-sectoral Meeting of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) scheduled to take place November 12-17 in Los Cabos, Mexico. The story published by Andina contains a very important revelation that is usually left out of similar statements made by the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) regarding the TPP.

“The TPP is a negotiation process that includes countries from three continents (America, Asia and Oceania). It seeks to become the basis and the means to establish the Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific (FTAAP), and therefore it is open to other countries that have formally expressed their interest in the process,” the story reports.

Creation of a Free Trade Area of the Asia Pacific is the ultimate goal of the secretive negotiations carried out among the 11 nations now comprising the TPP. Members of the proposed “free trade” bloc include: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam, and the United States. The regional trading partnership is intended to establish “a comprehensive free trade agreement across the region.”

An article written in the Georgetown Journal of International Law says that the TPP negotiations “are designed to culminate in a “gold standard” free trade agreement (FTA). The article continues:

The TPP negotiations are among the more recent of a large number of FTAs and Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) that have been or are being negotiated between the member economies of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Since the APEC Leaders’ Bogor Declaration in November 1994, the member economies have been committed on some level to the objective of achieving an environment for “free and open” trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region.

In the argot of globalism, “free and open trade” translates as “economic and political integration.” Later in the Georgetown piece, USTR Ron Kirk is quoted as calling for the TPP to be “more than a broad concept.”

Additional evidence of the “ambitious” goal of the TPP discussions is found in a press release issued by representatives of the member nations attending an APEC meeting in Honolulu in 2011:

We are delighted to have achieved this milestone in our common vision to establish a comprehensive, next-generation regional agreement that liberalizes trade and investment and addresses new and traditional trade issues and 21st-century challenges. We are confident that this agreement will be a model for ambition for other free trade agreements in the future….

In fact, the authors of the Georgetown review state that the ultimate goal of the TPP isn’t just the creation of a FTAAP. They insist that the TPP is a “trade agreement designed to achieve broad liberalization and a high degree of economic integration among the parties.” There’s that word “integration” again.

At the G20 Leading Economies Summit in Los Cabos, Mexico, USTR Kirk announced that Mexico would soon join the TPP. At a press conference after that announcement, Mexican President Felipe Calderón described the the TPP as “one of the free trade initiatives that’s most ambitious in the world” and one that would “foster integration of the Asia Pacific region, one of the regions with the greatest dynamism in the world.”

Integration is a word that is painful to the ears of constitutionalists and those unwilling to surrender U.S. sovereignty to a committee of globalists who are unelected by the American people and unaccountable to them. Integration is an internationalist tool for subordinating American law to the globalist bureaucracy at the United Nations. Economic and political integration will push the once independent United States of America into yet another collectivist bloc that will facilitate the complete dissolution of our nation and our states into no more than impotent members of a one-world government.

The reelection of Barack Obama as president has convinced some of our Asian TPP partners that the establishment of the FTAAP through the completion of the TPP negotiations now will be fast tracked.

On Wednesday, ChannelNewsAsia exulted:

With US President Barack Obama winning a second term, expectations are that this will speed up negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP).

Prime Minister [of Malaysia] Najib Razak said: “We hope that during his (President Obama’s) second term, we can find a successful conclusion to the negotiations leading to the Trans-Pacific Partnership. That will certainly open up a new era of burgeoning trade and investment between the two countries.”

Paul Jones, the US ambassador to Malaysia, said: “Malaysia, Singapore and nine countries are members now and a couple of others are coming in. There has been a great deal of interest, there has been whole series of negotiations; we are looking to drive that to conclusion as quickly as possible.”

In a story published on Election Day, Reuters India reports that China, the largest economy in Asia, is not willing to sit back and watch the United States lock up exclusive trade agreements with its regional neighbors.

Asreported by Reuters India:

China will later this month enter talks to create an Asian free-trade bloc covering 28 percent of world GDP, a reaction to U.S. progress in forming a Trans-Pacific Partnership that excludes China, South Korean Trade Minister Taeho Bark said on Monday.

The RCEP, or Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, will be comprised of the 10-nation ASEAN club plus six others: China, India, Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.

Its launch is to be formally announced at the ASEAN summit in Phnom Penh later this month, with a goal of reaching a deal to lower trade barriers across the region by the end of 2015.

Regionalism as an incremental step toward global government is moving along at a terrifying pace. Once the RCEP and the FTAAP come into existence, they will be nearly equal in economic size to the European Union.

“Those are the three big blocks in the future,” South Korean Trade Minister Taeho Bark said as quoted in the Reuters India piece.

For their part, Europe is anxious to move forward in the creation of a “free trade bloc” with the nations of the Asia Pacific.

Bloomberg reports that in a phone interview, Fredrik Erixon, head of the European Centre for International Political Economy in Brussels, lamented the slow pace of the EU’s formation of an FTAAP-style trade bloc. “Europe needs to improve its policy toward the entire Asian region in order to take up a greater part of Asia’s economic expansion, but we’re not really seeing it,” Erixon said in the Bloomberg article. “The train is about to leave the station and Europe certainly isn’t on it.”

Later in that same article, Changyong Rhee, the Asian Development Bank’s chief economist, is quoted saying:

The U.S., Canada and Australia are more aggressive in Asia than Europe. The EU may be slow because you have to harmonize all countries together to have a free trade agreement, but once you have one FTA between the EU and another country it’s actually 27 FTAs.

Free trade is never free; sovereignty is the cost paid by those pushing the United States toward integration with other nations. It was thus in NAFTA and the EU and it will be thus under the TPP and the FTAAP. John Birch Society CEO Art Thompson recently explained the role of regional trade blocs in the globalist agenda:

For several decades, The John Birch Society has been warning Americans about the loss of our national sovereignty brought about by so- called free trade agreements, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. We point out that political integration follows economic integration.

We also point out how the European Union has followed this pattern by progressing from a free trade area of independent European nations in the 1950s all the way to a new political entity, the European Union, that is now absorbing the last vestiges of sovereignty from its member states.

We are now warning Americans about the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a new free trade agreement that is currently being negotiated by a dozen or so Pacific Rim nations, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Mexico, and Canada. Since the United States Trade Representative’s website describes the TPP as “a vehicle for Asia-Pacific-wide economic integration,” we believe that eventual congressional approval of the TPP would lead to Asia-Pacific-wide political integration with the attendant loss of American sovereignty.

question: What is the TPP?

answer: A free trade agreement in the Pacific.

question: What regions does the TPP affect?

answer: America, Asia and Oceania.

question: What are the members of the proposed "Free Trade Bloc"?

answer: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam, and the United States.

question: What election has convinced partners the TPP will go through?

answer: The re-election of Barack Obama.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The article summarizes the Trans Pacific Partnership and discusses who are the regions and countries involved, as well as what Free Trade issues are involved. It also mentions how the re-election of Barack Obama made the TPP more likely.


text:
[Australian artist Anne Lynch.] ANNE LYNCH (born Melbourne 1956) is an Australian artist, working primarily as a draftsperson and printmaker in the genre of Outsider art.[1] Her artwork has been shown internationally and is represented in the Self-Taught and Outsider Art Research Collection at the Callan Park Gallery for Self-Taught and Outsider Art, University of Sydney.[2] Since 1995, Lynch has been a dedicated studio artist at Arts Project Australia in Northcote, an organization that supports the creativity and artwork of artists with an intellectual disability. Lynch's figurative pastel works evoke a sense of isolation and melancholy.[3]

Career, themes and style

In Lynch’s pastel works, she depicts lone figures over planes of colour.[4] The Arts Project Australia website describes Lynch’s works as ‘fleeting moments in time, [which] carry an air of nostalgia and memoir.’[5] In 2013 Lynch presented her first solo exhibition at the Arts Project Australia Gallery and has been included in numerous group exhibitions, both locally and internationally, notably ‘Renegades: Outsider Art’, The Arts Centre Gold Coast, Surfers Paradise in 2014 and ‘Outsider Art Fair’, Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York City in 2005.[6] As a well-known figure in Australian Outsider Art, Lynch's works are represented in collection at the National Gallery of Australia and in the Stuart Purves Collection. Lynch has further exhibited at the National Gallery of Victoria, with curator Anonda Bell noting in the exhibition catalogue Lynch's interest in aestheticising sport, writing, “Anne Lynch’s footballers and gymnasts are rendered simply in beaming colours mirroring the joy of the sporting experience.”[7]

Solo exhibitions

In 2013, Anne Lynch had a solo exhibition at the Arts Project Australia Gallery, Melbourne, Australia.

Selected group exhibitions

The artwork of Ann Lynch has been included in several group exhibitions, including:

-   _Annual Gala Exhibition_, Arts Project Australia Gallery, Melbourne (2015)
-   _Renegades: Outsider Art_, The Arts Centre Gold Coast, Surfers Paradise, QLD (2014)
-   _Classic Albums,_ Tanks Art Centre, Cairns, QLD (2013)
-   _National Gallery of Victoria 150th event,_ Melbourne (2011)
-   _BloodLines_: _Art and the Horse_, Latrobe Regional Gallery, Morwell, Victoria (2008)
-   _Outsider Art Fair_, New York, United States. Hosted by the Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York (2005).
-   _Home Sweet Home: Works from the Peter Fay Collection_, National Gallery of Australia Travelling exhibition (2005).[8]
-   Lynch was included in the _2nd Annual Intuit Show of Folk and Outsider Art_, Chicago, United States, Hosted by the Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York (2004)
-   _Art of the Sacred Heart_, Arts Project Australia Greenaway Art Gallery, Adelaide (2001).[9]
-   _Arterial - Artists from Arts Project Australia_, Paralympic Arts Festival, Sydney Opera House (2000)
-   _Connected,_ Geelong Art Gallery, Geelong (1999)
-   Centre d’Art Differencié, Liége, Belgium (1996)
-   Vita Gallery, Portland, Oregon (1995).

Collections

Lynch’s work is represented in private collections and in the National Gallery of Australia collection (Accession No: NGA 2002.431.93)[10] and the Stuart Purves Collection.[11]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

title: Anne Lynch (artist)

question: How many pieces of art has Ann Lynch created?

answer: The text doesn't say.

question: What part of Australia is Anne Lynch from?

answer: Melbourne.

question: List Anne Lynch's nineteen-nineties exhibitions.

answer:
Connected, Geelong Art Gallery, Geelong (1999)
Centre d’Art Differencié, Liége, Belgium (1996)
Vita Gallery, Portland, Oregon (1995)

question: What medium is Anne Lynch best known for?

answer: Pastels.

question: Where did Anne Lynch study?

answer: The text doesn't say.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: This text briefly introduces Australian artist, Anne Lynch, best known for her pastel works. Several of Lynch's exhibitions are listed here, beginning in the 1990s. Her figurative pastel works are described as evoking "a sense of isolation and melancholy."


text:
[]

It isn’t uncommon to see a film based on a preexisting novel. Filmmakers have been tapping into the dark world of fiction since the early days of celluloid. But what many don’t realize is that these days we’re gifted novels that are actually based on movies. Novelizations have become increasingly more popular over the last 50 years.

There are some awesome transfers out there, and while many are well known (the Halloween novelizations for example, or more recently efforts like 30 Days of Night and Pacific Rim), there’s a hefty bunch of novelizations that you may not have known existed. Well, it’s time to highlight a few of those works, check out 10 novels that are based on successful films!

[51ecWBu+NZL]

THE FOG BY DENNIS ETCHISON (1980): You likely all know the film, as it was one of John Carpenter’s early shining moments (despite poor initial box office sales) and one of his more frightening tales. There’s something evil out on the water and it’s moving toward land, masked by a thick fog bank, revenge and terror lurks inside. Awesome flick, and a novelization worth checking out!

ALIEN BY ALAN DEAN FOSTER (1979): Alan Dean Foster has crafted more novelizations than you can shake a stick at. The man has turned out wicked renditions of Terminator: Salvation, Starman, The Last Starfighter and The Chronicles of Riddick, to name just a few, and his Alien transfers (he crafted books for the first three Alien films) are solid work indeed. The perfect killing machine stalking dark corridors and bleeding acid, on page? We’re there!

FRIDAY THE 13TH   BY SIMON HAWKE (1987): After working up a novel for the sixth Friday the 13th flick, Hawke got retro and handled Friday the 13th Part I, II and III in quick succession. Jason Voorhees has a place in just about any entertainment medium, and most fans would likely agree, whether they knew these low key novels existed or not. Get ready for another fine way to bring Camp Crystal Lake home!

[n295497]

THE BRIDES OF DRACULA BY OWEN DEAN (1960): If you’re a fan of this legendary bloodsucker, or vintage horror fare in general, this is one to track down. Recently re-released by BearManor Media, this novel is surprisingly easy (and inexpensive) to get ahold of. And believe me, it’s worth it, toting all the charm of Terence Fisher’s Hammer classic.

BLACK CHRISTMAS BY LEE HAYS (1976): Good luck tracking this one down, it’s long been out of print and awfully pricey as a result. All the same, if you can find it for a reasonable figure, I’d suggest making the purchase. Black Christmas is one of the most horrifying films ever shot, and the book opens the door for a closer look at the psychology of the story and its players. Get it if you can!!

THE WICKER MAN BY ANTHONY SHAFFER (1979): I’ll be completely honest, I had absolutely no idea that this story had ever worked its way into the confines of a novel. The movie terrifically twisted, ultra-creepy and totally sex-charged. How could the novel possibly let down?

[965451]

POLTERGEIST BY JAMES KAHN (1982): This is easily one of the most terrifying haunted house stories ever told. Be it film or novel, it’s one paralyzing event after the other, and given Kahn’s pedigree (James put together a stellar adaptation of The Goonies) there’s no reason to anticipate anything less than another terrifying tale.

THE LOST BOYS BY CRAIG SHAW GARDNER (1987): Rebellious vamps on bikes, hot almost-gothic chicks; two laid back brothers, two vampire hunting brothers; a comic shop and a gorgeous dog make for unadulterated thrills. This is a classic vampire story that somehow made vampires seriously flashy but managed to keep them legitimately frightening. Tons of action anchor the film, and beautiful characters make for a solid structure. Terrific film, terrific novelization.

THE BLOB BY DAVID BISCHOFF (1988): Once again we’ve got another one that evaded my awareness. This one is interesting given the fact that The Blob was a remake of a classic film, but the novelization looks as though it leans focally on the second Blob picture. Does it really matter? Both of the pictures were downright awesome, and we’re not likely to lose one way or the other, as they’re not _completely_ different movies anyway. I’m itching to get my hands on this one!

[242748]

BUFFY THE VAMPIRE SLAYER BY RICHIE TANKERSLEY CUSICK (1992): Bet you didn’t see this one coming, did you? That’s right, before Buffy ruled the entertainment roost thanks to television offshoots and comic books, she jumped right into a novel. Few had any clue this one was floating around out there somewhere, but it is. If it’s anything like the original film, it’s likely to be a riotous affair that blends action, laughs and horror perfectly.

question: Why have movies based on novels become more popular in the last 50 years?

answer: not answered

question: Who directed The Fog?

answer: Dennis Etchinson directed The Fog.

question: What is Friday the 13th about?

answer: not answered

question: What is Black Christmas about?

answer: not answered

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article lists several movies that were based on novels.


text:
“Whitefish, the Master”
The howling wind blew across the shutters like a cliche ruins a good beginning to a story. Not the beginning to a good story, for the story has yet to be determined whether or not it is good. Despite the obvious literary devices, we meet our hero, Whitefish. Whitefish, the ghost, the whisper, the living legend, the myth, Whitefish the mystery. Whitefish strode down the creaking hall of the abandoned mansion now called home. The mansion stood on a bluff, a mere sixty-eight feet from the ocean’s icy gaze. Abandoned, the mansion was a halfway home to those traveling through the area, but only its foyer, for the innermost recesses, where Whitefish resided, were “haunted”. These were simply superstitions, created by Whitefish to elude any unwanted visitors. Shouts and echoes, would drift down the halls, created by endless rants and ravings on new thoughts of rhetoric.

Whitefish was a self proclaimed writer, comparable to the great Greek orators such as Antiphon and Lysais, though the potential had gone unrecognized. To Whitefish’s dismay, the existence of such an individual in this provincial society was backward and deemed unnecessary. Whitefish rejected this society because the purpose of the writing was not for recognition or petty earnings, rather the thrill and excitement of the adventure stored within the next story, waiting to be unlocked by Whitefish’s genius. Whitefish digressed, because Whitefish’s existence had nothing to do with society, rather the life of a humble hermit. Each night, Whitefish paced along the rocky shoreline, illuminated by the full Moon’s iridescent glow, contemplating the universe and its enormity, fathoming the depths to which writing could take oneself. Each night, the manuscripts became longer, the memoir lengthening, the account of Whitefish developing into the esoteric mystery as scribbled by the one and only, Whitefish.

Whitefish’s story was being lived out as it was written, but Whitefish felt it was lackluster. While the solitary existence was Whitefish’s passion, the written word beckoned Whitefish out, into the world to experience more than a dusty mansion. Whitefish read from the mansion’s extensive library which contained thousands of books, where Whitefish would sit, gathering inspiration, watching the ominous waves creep up the shoreline. Whitefish sat for hours at a great Oak table contemplating how the story would pan out, how the characters would meet and get to know each other. How the setting could later create conflict. Small details that would foreshadow the downfall of a character, or the solution to the conflict. The complexity of Whitefish’s mind was somewhat of an enigma. Not to say bipolar, but the raging emotions had cultivated from a life of abandonment and rejection, which left a negative impression on Whitefish. The emotions were not all bad. Whitefish was indeed insane. Left to its own devices, Whitefish had grown paranoid, crazed from the lack of human interaction. At any point in time, Whitefish work on several pieces of literature, ranging from full blown novels, to snippets of interior monologue, though all the while, Whitefish worked on the memoir that would be finished only by the swift hands of Satan himself. This ending would come sooner than Whitefish could have thought.

On a cool autumn evening, the sun had already set and Whitefish sat at the great Oak table when Satan smiled. Whitefish looked to a mural painted on the ceiling of the library and head cocked to one side, Whitefish had an epiphany. The ending to the memoir. The finality that would make the story a legend. A message to future generations of the struggles of the past, of the sacrifices of the future. An ending that would come true. Whitefish had been writing the memoir piece by piece after various significant events, but now, Whitefish felt guilty. The ending would be written before its prophetic demands could be met. But Whitefish was true to its word. Palms sweating, Whitefish jotted down the last paragraphs of the memoir. Once finished, Whitefish set the pages of the story in the middle of the table and stood up. Whitefish walked to the window and leaned a hand upon a pane, gazing out to the vast emptiness of the ocean. Whitefish took the back door out to the patio and stood at the edge of the bluff.

Each step down the bluff depressed the sand, pushing it out as if repelled by the awe of a courageous hero. The tall grasses billowed in the cool autumn breeze, rustling with the soft waves that caressed the smooth rocks, one by one. At the bottom of the bluff, Whitefish stopped. Unprotected, the breeze nipped at Whitefish’s ankles, but to no avail. No shiver or goosebump was aroused by the breeze’s beckon. The rocks, about the size of a fist, were slippery. They were unpleasant to tread upon. Whitefish showed no pain, but the weight of the world burst out its eyes. They showed the thrill of entering the next story, of finishing the old, but the impending doom scrapped the Earth behind Whitefish, pulling back away from the icy depths of the ocean ahead. Whitefish stopped again, this time at the water’s edge. Each push of the ocean moistened the bare feet of Whitefish. Another step forward cast Whitefish several inches below the surface. The next step sent several more inches. Paralyzing shivers spiked up through Whitefish’s body.Whitefish was now waist deep in the dark water. During the following steps, panic arose from deep within the animal instincts that begged Whitefish to return to the shore, to pursue life, not just a good story. Eyes twitching, Whitefish ignored the pleas and tread further into the water, until Whitefish could no longer touch the rocky ocean floor. The air slowly escaped Whitefish’s lungs until the nearly lifeless body was submerged.

title: Whitefish, the Master

question: What does the story say about Whitefish's motivation to enter the ocean?

answer: Whitefish is a self-proclaimed writer that works on the memoir. He is writing the last passages of the memoir and decides to make the ending true. He enters the ocean ignoring the instincts that beg him to return to the shore, to pursue life, instead of a good story.

question: What does the story say about whether Whitefish's memoir was published?


text:
She wrapped her arm around him. They were leaning on one another for quite some time. She and the lady love to her side sipped his drink. They leaned on each other, she rubbed his back.

<tldnr: True story bro.>

title: Sip.

question: Who are the main characters in this story?

answer: A man and a woman. No other information is given.

question: What are the major events in this story?

answer: The woman wraps her arm around him, they lean on each other. She rubs his back.

question: Where is this story set?

answer: It is unclear from the information given.

question: What is the relationship between the characters?

answer: They are most probably in a romantic relationship.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The woman wraps her arm around him, they lean on each other. She rubs his back.


text:
The 2017 NORTHERN COLORADO BEARS FOOTBALL TEAM represented the University of Northern Colorado in the 2017 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by seventh-year head coach Earnest Collins Jr. and played their home games at Nottingham Field. They were a member of the Big Sky Conference.[1] They finished the season 3–7, 2–6 in Big Sky play to finish in a three-way tie for ninth place.

Schedule

    The game between Florida and Northern Colorado, recently had been rescheduled in advance of the arrival of Hurricane Irma, but on September 7, both schools agreed to canceled the game completely.

-   Source: Schedule

Game summaries

College of Idaho

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at Colorado

{{-}}

Idaho State

{{-}}

at Northern Arizona

{{-}}

at North Dakota

{{-}}

Montana State

{{-}}

Southern Utah

{{-}}

at Sacramento State

{{-}}

at Montana

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Cal Poly

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[1]

title: 2017 Northern Colorado Bears football team

question: What school do the Northern Colorado Bears Football team represent?

answer: The Northern Colorado Bears represent the University of Northern Colorado.

question: Who was the Bears' coach?

answer: The Bears were coached by Earnest Collins Jr.

question: Where is their home field?

answer: Their home field is at Nottingham Field.

question: What was their season record for 2017?

answer: They finished the season with three wins and seven losses.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article details the University of Northern Colorado's football team, the Bears, and their 2017 season.


text:
As people happily played yet to be released video games in a booth behind me, I stood guard, people watching, and answering questions for attendees.

She had walked by a few times before I worked up the courage to speak with her. I found my chance when she finished playing a new racing game’s demo and turned to wait for her turn to play a first person shooter.

Abandoning my post, I stood beside her. “You look bored,” I said, feigning confidence.

“Oh, no,” she replied in a shy voice with a European accent, “I’m just waiting to play the game.”

It was clear to me that she didn’t want to have a conversation.

“Well, let me know if you feel like they’re taking too long. Have a good time.”

Her accent was wondrous to me, and being a francophile, I decided that she was French.

I found myself glancing at her every few minutes, sneaking a peak at the most beautiful woman in a sea of 20,000 attendees’ faces, until I found her looking back at me with a frustrated expression. She waved me over as we made eye contact.

She is left handed and was having trouble with the control scheme, I changed the settings for her and my heart fluttered as she smiled and thanked me. After a few moments of watching her play the game, I returned to my post and stared out into the crowd. Finally, I decided that it was imperative for me to speak with her again. My life could not possibly continue until I did so.

Turning to return to her side, I looked around in a panic. I had missed my chance. She was gone. Her match must have ended and she had gone off to continue with her convention experience. I convinced myself that she was better off for it.

Hours passed by as I stared out into the crowd, helping people find booths and explaining how to play various games. A tap on my shoulder and glimpse of blonde in my peripheral vision startled me. She was back and holding a small paper bag.

“Would you like some popcorn?” she offered in the same shy voice.

A few moments passed while, having decided she was not French, I tried to place her accent. Finally, I replied, “No thanks.”

‘Damnit, I thought, ‘should have said yes!’

“But the convention closes in 30 minutes, would you like to go to dinner?”

‘Nice! Good save.’

My mind raced as I awaited her response. Ready for rejection, I sat down on the high chair behind me. She moved forward, close enough for me to feel the warmth radiating from her perfect body.

I don’t remember what she said, only that the impression was something along the lines of, “Yes.”

Flabbergasted, I smiled wide and she smiled back. What a beautiful smile, I was speechless.

My supervisor saw us and beckoned me over. “I think we’ve got it under control for today if you want to take off early.”

A expression of gratitude was all I could manage, but I knew my message made it when he laughed and told me to go have some fun.

At the time, I didn’t have any clear recollection of what happiness felt like, but I knew this was it. She had given me a gift, and her presence was awe-inspiring.

Over the course of the next three days, we walked miles and miles through the city. Our destination was irrelevant, even the path was irrelevant, the companionship was what mattered.

I fell in love with her that weekend. A puppy love, a lustful love, a sudden and overwhelming love.

Not a complete love, of that I am certain, but it was so satisfying. I knew it wasn’t real and I knew that she didn’t love me back. I didn’t let it bother me, and somehow, the temporary nature of our relationship did not spoil a thing until the last day.

We set off from my hotel room early that morning. My flight to California was scheduled for the early evening, and I knew that we didn’t have long together.

My heart condition, normally maintained by medication, was exasperated by the stress induced at the thought of leaving her. The palpitations in my chest recurred every few hours as we walked Austin’s city streets for the very last time.

When we made it back to the hotel with little time to spare and as we waited for my taxi, I knew this was it. Repressing my emotions for fear of breaking into tears, I sat in silence, staring into her eyes. Her beautiful eyes, so perfect, so symmetrical. The literal definition of beauty was standing before me and I would never get to see her again. Tragic, really, I thought.

After loading my luggage into the taxi, I turned to say goodbye, only to see her crying. She reached out and hugged me and told me that she missed me already. I knew that she had given me the gift of happiness one last time. Strange, how my heart was crushed and lifted sky high in the same moment. The agony of leaving her, of seeing her cry, and the glee of knowing that someone cared for me.

The feeling was incredible. A feeling I had never felt before, a feeling I have not felt since. She had given me my emotions back. She had freed me from the mental shackles of my many neurosis. She had made me real.

—

We kept in touch for a few weeks, but as I wanted to send her more messages, she seemed to send me less. I decided not to bother her, it was only making me feel worse.

We haven’t spoken in months.

I miss her.

title: [NF] I met a girl this summer. [x-post: /r/Oluutaa]

question: Describe the relationship between the narrator and the girl and his feelings for her.

answer: The narrator met a stunning girl with a European accent at a video game convention during the summer. He was instantly taken by her beauty and tried to establish a connection via communication with her. After the convention ended, he had the opportunity to take the girl out, and over the weekend, they hung out and got to know each other. The narrator fell in love with the girl but felt the girl didn't love him back, at least not as much as he did. After departing from each other, the narrator tried to maintain the communication between them, however, the girl didn't seem to be interested in him anymore.


text:
EVI RAUER (29 October 1915 – 17 September 2004) was an Estonian stage, film and television actress and television director whose career spanned more than sixty years.

Early life

Evi Rauer was born in Tallinn to Kustav Rauer, who was an Estonian champion wrestler,[1][2] and Johanna Katariina Rauer (_née_ Wisel). She spent most summers with family in Haimre, Märjamaa Parish, Rapla County. At age four, her mother was diagnosed with a severe lung ailment and died a year later. Her father would later remarry and emigrate to Sweden following the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940. She attended schools in Tallinn, graduating from the Elfriede Lender Girls' Private Gymnasium in 1935. From 1936 until 1939, she studied acting at the Tallinn Töölisteater.[3]

Stage career

Shortly after graduation in 1939, she became engaged as an actress at the Ugala theatre in Viljandi. She would leave the Ugala in 1942, but return for engagements from 1945 until 1952 and again, from 1969 until 1973. From 1942 until 1945, she was engaged at the Endla Theatre in Pärnu, and from 1952 to 1958 at the Tallinn National Drama Theatre (now, the Estonian Drama Theatre). During her years on the stages of Estonian theatres, she would appear in notable productions of works by: Shakespeare, Eugene O'Neill, Hella Wuolijoki, Aleksei Arbuzov, Anton Hansen Tammsaare, August Mälk, Alexander Ostrovsky, August Kitzberg, Oskar Luts and Anton Chekhov, among others.[4][5][6]

Film career

In 1951, Rauer made her film debut as Roosi in the Herbert Rappaport directed drama _Valgus Koordis_ for Lenfilm. The film is notable as being the second Estonian feature film made following the annexation of the country by the Soviet Union (the first being 1947's _Elu tsitadellis_), and starring Estonian singer Georg Ots. The plot of _Valgus Koordis_ follows the struggle of a small village to set up a collective farm after the end of World War II. The film was based on a story of the same name by author Hans Leberecht.[7]

Rauer would follow up her role in _Valgus Koordis_ with a small role in the 1955 Mikhail Yegorov directed drama _Jahid merel_. In 1960, she had a starring role as Maali in the Aleksandr Mandrõkin directed drama _Perekond Männard_. In 1967, she appeared in the Lilli Promet penned, Veljo Käsper directed drama _Tütarlaps mustas_ for Tallinnfilm. The following year, she had a small role in the Leida Laius directed film adaptation of the August Kitzburg play _Libahunt_; in the early 1950s, Rauer had already performed in both a stage adaptation and radio play as Mari, one of the play's main characters. In the film, the role of Mari was played by actress Malle Klaassen.[8][9]

Following her role in _Libahunt_, Rauer would return to the stage as an actress. She would not return to film until appearing in a small role in the 1993 Hungarian drama film _Senkiföldje_, directed by András Jeles. In 1998, she appeared in the family film _Kallis härra Q_ as the character Julius' mother.[10]

Television

From 1958 until 1968, Evi Rauer worked as a broadcast and programming director at Eesti Televisioon (ETV). She retired from acting in 1973.[11]

She had also appeared in a number of roles in feature-length television films, including the 1960 Virve Aruoja directed _Näitleja Joller_, starring Voldemar Panso, for Eesti Telefilm.[12]

In 1997, at age 83, she was approached by film and television director Tõnis Kask about appearing as a regular cast member on the long-running ETV drama series _Õnne 13_. Rauer agreed, and debuted on the television series later that year as Maie; a role she would play until 2000.[13]

Personal life

Evi Rauer was married to actor Arnold Sikkel, who died in 1974. The couple had one daughter, actress Piret Sikkel, born in 1941. Evi Rauer died in Tallinn at age 88.[14]

Acknowledgements

-   Soviet Estonian Prize (1950)
-   Merited Artist of the Estonian SSR (1952)
-   USSR State Prize (1952)

[1] e-kultuur.ee _Raskejõustiklane Gustav Rauer_ Retrieved 19 December 2016.

[2] _Eesti Spordileht_, no. 4. 20 April 1936. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

[3] kultuur.elu.ee _Sündinud ja elanud südametulest_ October 2004. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[4] kultuur.elu.ee _Sündinud ja elanud südametulest_ October 2004. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[5] Sirp _Evi Rauer 29. X 1915 17. IX 2004_ Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[6] _Eesti Sõna_, no. 5. 9 January 1942.

[7] delfi.ee _“Koordi” pimestav stalinistlik valgusvihk_ 17 August 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2016.

[8] raadioteater.err.ee Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[9] Eesti Filmi Andmebaas. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[10] Eesti Filmi Andmebaas. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[11] kultuur.elu.ee _Sündinud ja elanud südametulest_ October 2004. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[12] Eesti Filmi Andmebaas. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[13] Postimees _Õnnelikud episoodid, Reportaazh_ 24 May 1998. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

[14] delfi.ee _Suri näitleja Evi Rauer_ 18 September 2004. Retrieved 20 December 2016.

title: Evi Rauer

question: What nationality was Evi Rauer?

answer: Estonian.

question: When was Evi Rauer born?

answer: 29 October 1915.

question: What theatre did Evi Rauer become engaged in after graduation?

answer: Ugala theatre.

question: When did Rauer make her film debut?

answer: 1951.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article is about a 20th century Estonian actress, Evi Rauer.


text: It was 3am and I needed a ride home. I had a place to stay, but no idea how to get there. A car was driving up so I flagged it down. The driver seemed like I could trust him so I got in his truck and attempted to tell him how to get to where I needed to go. He was from out of town and was as familiar with the area as I was. He asked what I had to do, and I said nothing. He was passing through town to pick up sections of a chopped up tree that he could later turn into firewood and sell. He said his place overlooked Morrow Rock and asked if I wanted to go back there with him and smoke. I agreed on the condition that he gave me a ride back. He had a cool dog. It was a 6 month old boxer/pitbull with a black coat and amazing, bright, cream colored eyes. His name was Lazarus. The car ride was about 25 minutes long and he did most of the talking. I answered in short sentences that had a hint of an attitude that said “Don’t fuck with me”. He was a lonely man with no one left in the world. His dad died when he was young, and his mom is a drug addict who he regularly sells prescription pills to. Their latest transaction was pills in exchange for about a quarter eighth of an ounce of weed, which we later smoked. He was 28 and had a 9 year old kid who he never saw. This man only had his dog, and that night he needed a friend to talk to. He was a meth addict, which although he later told me, was evident from his firewood scheme, disjointed ideas, and overall behavior. He lived with an air of uneasy and uncertain enthusiasm. This was the reason for my slight attitude. He needed to know that I was only here to talk. I was not someone to be messed with. He needed to know that I was smart, and that the things he told me didn’t frighten or alarm me. I laughed at his 3 prison stints and called him an idiot for going that many times. I had his respect, and he told me everything he could think of. When we got back to his place, I saw Morrow Rock just past the inland part of the bay that was about 300 yards in front of me. We entered the door of the garage and I saw that this was not his house. He lived on a mattress next to the clutter of a senior citizen that hadn’t given much thought to a room like this in more than 15 years. There was a fridge from which he handed me a Gogurt and a water. He told me that the woman who owned the house used to swim with William Hurst in his beautiful pools of gold leaf and Roman architecture. His father had known her, and apparently he was doing some job on the house for her. It looked like nothing more than squatting. He told me about how he got kicked out of school at 16, and about kayaking in the bay when the tide was high, and about his favorite boyhood potato gun. He told me about his fear of being alone, and how he preferred to have someone with him as much as he could. His mom pays for the food that he and Lazarus eat. We smoked and talked until 8am, and then we started splitting wood. It was what he loved to do. He said his dad had bought him the hydraulic powered machine that I used, which he called a splitter, to separate the wood that they used to get from cutting down trees. At 8am the city allowed the operation of machinery. He took a brand new chainsaw out of his truck and cut wood that was 3 feet in diameter after we unloaded it from the bed. We turned sections of trees into firewood fit for a campsite. We finished up around 10am and I asked him to drive me home. He had been waiting to hear from his mom so that she could give him money to fill up his gas tank, but we had already agreed that I’d be back where I needed to be by 11am. He put 3 gallons of gasoline that was meant for the chainsaw in his tank. As we drove back to town he tried to convince himself that putting gasoline mixed with oil in his truck wouldn’t harm it, but he had no basis, or power to reason why that was true. I gave him a series of statements that followed logically and gave him reason to believe that it would be fine, even though I had no idea if the premises were true. He dropped me off at the local Right Aide around 11am, and gave me his phone number. I didn’t know his name and substituted it with August 26, 2012 in my phone. He honked as he drove away, and I thought about an interesting night spent with a man who didn’t have much hope. He had a very privileged youth, and his life could have been a thousand times different. But this is who he was, and after a sleepless night I was glad to have known him. I thought for the rest of the day about his life, and those whom he had known. I hoped that life could change him, and wondered if it could. In the hot, morning sun I hoped that he could move on to better things than splitting wood, and to be more than a date in a directionless man’s phone.

title: Addicted

question: What did the narrator agree to with the driver of the truck?

answer: He agreed to go back to his place to smoke on the condition of getting a ride back.

question: Explain the truck driver's living conditions.

answer: He lived on a mattress next to the clutter of a senior citizen.

question: Explain what the narrator and new friend did at 8am.

answer: After talking and smoking until 8am, they started splitting wood for the guy to sell.

question: Why did they wait until 8am to start splitting and separating the wood?

answer: Because at 8am the city allowed the operation of machinery.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator needed a ride so he meets a truck driver and agrees to go back to his place to smoke. The man is drug addict who splits and sells wood. They smoke and talk until the morning when they start splitting wood together before giving the narrator a ride back.


text:
News

WASHINGTON - A federal judge has found a witness in contempt for refusing to testify before the grand jury hearing evidence in special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.

×

Robert Mueller, the special counsel investigating Russia’s interference in the 2016 election, leaves the Capitol in Washington, June 21, 2017. Mueller has charged an attorney with making a false statement when he was interviewed about work he did with a Donald Trump presidential campaign adviser six years ago. The attorney, Alex van der Zwaan, was expected to appear in court on Feb. 20, 2018. (Doug Mills/The New York Times / Copyright 2018 / New York Times)

WASHINGTON - A federal judge has found a witness in contempt for refusing to testify before the grand jury hearing evidence in special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.

U.S. District Chief Judge Beryl Howell made the ruling Friday after a sealed hearing to discuss Andrew Miller's refusal to appear before the grand jury. Miller is a former aide to longtime Trump confidant Roger Stone.

 [Newsletter signup for email alerts]

Miller's lawyer Paul Kamenar said after the hearing that Miller was "held in contempt, which we asked him to be in order for us to appeal the judge's decision to the court of appeals."

Howell stayed her order while Miller's legal team appeals the judge's decision.

Miller lost a court battle earlier this month to quash a subpoena, after Howell issued a 93-page opinion saying Miller must testify before the grand jury.

Kamenar said he believes Miller's challenge could ultimately rise to the Supreme Court.

"None of these questions are easy," the lawyer said, adding that the appeal was designed to challenge the constitutionality of Mueller's appointment, not slow or obstruct the investigation.

A hearing transcript from June 18 shows Miller was subpoenaed for information about Stone as well as key figures in the 2016 hacking of the Democratic National Committee, and the public release of Democrats' emails during the campaign.

According to that transcript, the subpoena seeks information from Miller about the anti-secrecy group WikiLeaks and its leader, Julian Assange. WikiLeaks published large volumes of hacked Democrats' emails during the campaign.

The subpoena also seeks information about Guccifer 2.0 and DCLeaks. Investigators say both were online fronts invented by Russian intelligence operatives to spread the hacked documents. DCLeaks was a website that posted hacked emails of current and former U.S. officials and political aides, while Guccifer 2.0 claimed to be a Romanian hacker.

Miller had asked for "some grant of immunity" specifically regarding financial transactions involving political action committees for which he assisted Stone, according to Alicia Dearn, an attorney for Miller.

On that issue, Miller "would be asserting" his Fifth Amendment right to refuse to answer questions, Dearn said.

As for the hacking and WikiLeaks questions, Dearn said at the hearing, "we don't believe he has any information" about those topics.

Peter Flaherty, chairman of the National Legal and Policy Center, a conservative nonprofit that is funding Miller's legal fight, said Miller is in Missouri.

Earlier in the day, Kamenar and Flaherty were seen entering Howell's courtroom before she sealed it, and declined to comment on the proceeding. Kamenar spoke afterward, confirming it was a hearing held after prosecutors filed a motion to find the witness in contempt.

When a subpoenaed witness refuses to testify before a grand jury, that person can be held in contempt. In some cases, such a contempt finding can lead to a witness being sent to jail until the person agrees to testify.

Mueller is investigating whether any of Trump's associates conspired with Russia's efforts to influence the election. Stone has faced scrutiny in part because of a series of public statements and tweets he made during the 2016 campaign appearing to suggest he had advance knowledge of the hacked emails released by WikiLeaks. The emails' publication embarrassed Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and helped disrupt the race.

U.S. intelligence agencies have concluded the Russian government was behind the hacking of the material from the Democratic Party and the personal email account of Clinton's campaign chairman, John Podesta. A grand jury indicted 12 Russian military officers in July for orchestrating the hacks.

Miller worked for Stone during the 2016 presidential campaign, handling duties such as setting up media interviews. He is one of at least a half-dozen of Stone's associates to be called to testify. Others include his driver, John Kakanis, and a social media consultant, Jason Sullivan. Kristin Davis, who gained notoriety in the 2000s as the "Manhattan Madam" when she ran a high-end prostitution ring, is also expected to testify to the grand jury.

Stone has accused Mueller's team of harassing his associates.

---

_This article was written by Spencer S. Hsu and Devlin Barrett, reporters for The Washington Post._

question: Who is Alex van der Zwaan?

answer: He is an attorney and witness found in contempt by a judge for refusing to testify before the grand jury hearing evidence in special counsel Robert Mueller's investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 election.

question: Who is Andrew Miller?

answer: He is a former aide to Roger Stone, a longtime confidant of Trump. Miller refused to testify before the grand jury hearing in Robert Mueller's investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.

question: Why was Miller held in contempt?

answer: He was asked to be by his lawyer Paul Kamenar so they could appeal the judge's decision. Kamenar said he believes Miller's challenge could ultimately rise to the Supreme Court.

question: What can happen to a person being held in contempt?

answer: When a subpoenaed witness refuses to testify before a grand jury they can be held in contempt, which can sometimes result in that person being thrown in jail until they agree to cooperate.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Alex van der Zwaan and Andrew Miller both have varying ties to the Trump administration, and both have been held in contempt for refusing to testify before a grand jury in Robert Mueller's special investigation on Russian interference in the 2016 election. Miller was asked to be held in contempt so his lawyer could appeal the judge's decision. When a person is held in contempt after being subpoenaed, there are instances when they can be thrown in jail until they finally agree to testify.


text:
The Australian Bureau of Statistics has decided to retain names and addresses collected in the 2016 Census of Population and Housing in order to enable a richer and dynamic statistical picture of Australia through the combination of Census data with other survey and administrative data.

Whilst the Census has always been valuable in its own right, when used in combination with other data the Census can provide even greater insight. Some examples are:

-   The combination of Census data and education data can provide insight into employment outcomes from the various educational pathways available to Australians, and
-   The combination of Census data and health data can help improve Australia’s understanding and support of people who require mental health services and assist with the design of better programs of support and prevention.

The retention of addresses will also support the ABS Address Register enabling more efficient survey operations, reducing the cost to taxpayers and the burden on Australian households.

This decision has been informed by public submissions, public testing and the conduct of a Privacy Impact Assessment.

WHAT ABOUT PRIVACY?

The ABS is committed to the protection of the privacy and confidentiality of everyone who completes the Census. In order to assess this proposed change, the ABS commissioned a full Privacy Impact Assessment in order to identify privacy, confidentiality and security considerations, and assess strategies in place to mitigate any risks.

The Privacy Impact Assessment assessed the level of risk to personal privacy, considering the protections in place, as very low. The risks identified are mitigated by storing names and addresses separately from other Census data as well as separately from each other. The risks are further mitigated by governance and security arrangements the ABS already has in place. These arrangements were found to robustly manage data, protect privacy and guard against misuse of information.

The retention of names and addresses collected in the 2016 Census is consistent with the functions of the ABS prescribed in the _Australian Bureau of Statistics Act 1975_ and compliant with all the provisions in the _Census and Statistics Act 1905_ and the _Privacy Act 1988_, including the Australian Privacy Principles.

HOW WILL THE ABS SAFEGUARD NAMES AND ADDRESSES?

The ABS has legal obligations to keep data secure and ensure that it does not disclose identifiable information about a person, household or business.

The ABS has been accredited as a safe environment for statistical data integration projects. The ABS will use well-established governance infrastructure and procedures to manage the approval, conduct and review of statistical data integration projects using Census data.

To secure Census data, the ABS will remove names and addresses from other personal and household information after data collection and processing. Names and addresses will be stored separately and securely. No-one working with the data will be able to view identifying information (name and address) at the same time as other Census information (such as occupation or level of education).

Addresses and anonymised versions of names will only be used for projects approved by a senior-level committee, and will be subject to strict information security provisions.

The ABS complies with the mandatory requirements established by the Australian Commonwealth Protective Security Policy Framework, which include implementing governance, physical, and information security measures to protect data held by the ABS. Key measures to safeguard information include strong encryption of data and all staff access is logged, monitored, and restricted on a need-to-know basis.

The ABS will conduct regular audits of the protection mechanisms, and the use and the need for ongoing retention of Census names and addresses. For the 2016 Census, the ABS will destroy names and addresses when there is no longer any community benefit to their retention or four years after collection (i.e. August 2020), whichever is earliest.

HOW WILL PEOPLE KNOW ABOUT THE ABS’ PLANS?

The ABS is completely transparent around the collection, protection and use of data. The ABS has published the Privacy Impact Assessment and the decision to retain names and addresses. The ABS publishes its approach to conducting the Census in “Nature and Content of Census 2016” and in “How Australia Takes a Census”.

All Census forms will provide information about how to access the Census Privacy Statement. This Privacy Statement will clearly communicate our plans to retain and use names and addresses. There will also be information available through Census field officers, the Census Inquiry Service and online help materials.

The ABS also publishes details of every statistical data integration project that it conducts on its website.

MORE INFORMATION ON THIS DECISION IS AVAILABLE ON THE CENSUS PRIVACY, CONFIDENTIALITY AND SECURITY PAGE.

question: Explain the Australian Bureau of Statistics' reason given for retaining census data?

answer: To enable a richer and dynamic statistical picture of Australia through the combination of Census data with other survey and administrative data.

question: What year was this published?

answer: During or after the year 2016.

question: Does the retention of information gathered in the census constitute a breach of the law by ABS?

answer: According to the article, ABS is protected in this action by the Australian Bureau of Statistics Act 1975 and compliant with all the provisions in the Census and Statistics Act 1905 and the Privacy Act 1988, including the Australian Privacy Principles.

question: What is the source of this information?

answer: The text doesn't explicitly say.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article highlights the Australian Bureau of Statistics' decision to retain names and addresses gathered in the 2016 census. The article then goes on to address privacy issues and concerns surrounding the decision and explains where readers can locate more information.


text:
According to Islamic tradition, the Quran was revealed in SEVEN _AHRUF_ (, sing. _ḥarf_), translated variously as “editions”,[1] “styles”,[2] “ways”,[3] “forms” and “modes”.[4] Although Muslim scholars differ on their exact nature, it is thought they constituted a degree of acceptable variation in the Quranic text.[5] Rashidun caliph Uthman's standardisation of the Quranic _rasm_ and destruction of non-conforming _mus'hafs_ has been held by some scholars to have eliminated all the ahruf except one,[6] although the extent to which the Uthmanic codex contains the seven ahruf has been a subject of debate.[7] The ahruf are distinct from the _qira'at_, which are later variant readings of the Quran.

Etymology

The word _aḥruf_ is the plural of paucity of the Arabic word _ḥarf_, which has multiple meanings.[8] It can refer to the letters that form a word, and the aspects, borders or sides of an object.[9][10] For this reason, Yasin Dutton suggests the Quran is being described as “linguistically seven-sided”. Abu Amr al-Dani posits two explanations of _ḥarf's_ meaning in the context of the seven _aḥruf_: that it refers to “dialectical variation” in the sense that language has multiple “sides”, or that it refers to a reading of the Quran by virtue of being part of it; in each reading a letter (_ḥarf_) has been modified.[11]

Scriptural basis

References to the seven ahruf are widespread in Sunni hadith literature and principally revolve around the variants of three narrations.[12] 6 ahruf traditions are included in Sahih al-Bukhari and 21 traditions in the _Musnad_ of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[13] Other ahruf traditions and references are found in the _Tafsir_ of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari,[14][15][16] the _Musnad_ of Abu Ya'la,[17] the _Musannaf_ of Ibn Abi Shaybah, the _Jami_' of Ma'mar ibn Rashid and most other classical hadith collections,[18] including versions attributed to Abu Hurairah and Abdullah ibn Masud.[19]

First cluster of narrations

The most prevalent cluster of narrations describe a dispute between Umar ibn al-Khattab and a certain Hisham ibn Hakim regarding the recitation of Surah Al-Furqan, before the former requests Muhammad to adjudicate on the matter. One such narration can be found in the _Muwatta_ of Malik ibn Anas:

  "I heard Hisham ibn Hakim ibn Hizam reciting Surat al-Furqan differently to the way I recited it, and it was the Prophet who had taught me it. I was about to rush up to him, but I allowed him time to finish [his prayer]. Then I grabbed him by his cloak and took him to the Messenger of God, and said, “Messenger of God, I heard this man reciting Surat al-Furqan differently to the way you taught me.” The Messenger of God said, “Let him go.” He then said “Recite, Hisham”, and Hisham recited in the same way that he had done before. The Messenger of God said, “It was sent down like that.” He then told me to recite, and I did so, and he said, “It was sent down like that. This Quran was sent down according to seven _aḥruf_, so recite whatever of it is easy [for you].”[20]

Variants of the narration are included in all six of the canonical Sunni hadith collections, including Sahih Muslim[21] and Sahih al-Bukhari.[22]

Second cluster of narrations

A second cluster of narrations describes how the ahruf encompass the substitution of words in more detail, including a hadith in the _Musannaf_ of Abd al-Razzaq citing Ubayy ibn Ka'b:

  "I disagreed with one of my companions regarding an _āya_ and so we went to the Messenger of God about it. He said, “Recite, Ubayy”, and I did so. Then he said to the other man, “Recite”, and he did so. The Prophet said, “Both of you are right and correct.” I said, “We can't both be right and correct!” The Prophet pushed me in the chest (_dafaʿa [ḍaraba] fī ṣadrī_) and said, "The Quran was sent down to me and I was asked, 'According to one _ḥarf_ or two? I said, 'According to two.' I was then asked, 'According to two _ḥarfs_ or three?' I said, 'According to three.' This went on until we had reached seven _ḥarfs_. All of them are acceptable as long as you do not mix up an _āya_ of mercy with an _āya_ of punishment, or an _āya_ of punishment with an _āya_ of mercy. If [the verse ends with], _ʾazīzun ḥakīm_ ('Mighty and Wise'), and you say _samīʿun ʿalīm_ ('All-Hearing and All-Knowing'), then Allah is All-Hearing and All-Knowing.'[23]

Variants of the narration are included in the _Musnad_ of Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the _Sunan_ of Abu Dawud, with Ibn Hanbal's recension including the addition of _ghafūran raḥiman_ ('Forgiving and Merciful').[24]

Third cluster of narrations

A third cluster of narrations, citing Ibn Abbas and included in Sahih Muslim, describe Muhammad relating how he asked Gabriel to recite in an increasing number of _ḥarfs_ before the latter stopped him at seven.[25]

Interpretation

The exact meaning and nature of the seven ahruf has been debated by Muslim scholars, with the 9th-century hadith specialist Ibn Hibban writing up to forty explanations of the ahruf traditions.[26] The majority identify the seven ahruf with Arabic dialects, although a minority identifies them as categories of Quranic material.[27] Muslim scholars also disagreed on whether the number seven was to be interpreted literally or metaphorically.[28]

Identification

Canonical Quranic readings

The identification of the seven ahruf with the seven readings of the Quran (_qira'at_) canonised by Ibn Mujahid has been rejected by Muslim and Western scholars. Medieval Quranic scholar Ibn al-Jazari mentioned the rejection of the notion as a point of agreement among subject specialists,[29] while Christopher Melchert stated that it is both “contrary to reason” and “unsupported by the Islamic tradition”.[30] Others who opposed the view include al-Qurtubi[31] and al-Suyuti, with the latter citing six other scholarly authorities against the view.[32]

Arabic dialects

Several Muslim scholars identified the seven ahruf with Arabic dialects (_lughāt_). Ibn al-Jazari mentions Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam as believing the ahruf referred to the dialects spoken by seven Arab tribes, including Quraysh and Banu Tamim. Other views, according to al-Jazari, include the ahruf referring to seven dialects found in the Quran – a position held by Ahmad al-Harrani – or every Arabic dialect. Al-Jazari criticises these stances on the grounds that Umar and Hisham, who dispute over the recitation of Surah al-Furqan in some ahruf traditions, both hailed from the same tribe, Quraysh.[33]

Categories of Quranic content

According to Ibn al-Jazari, a group of scholars identified the ahruf with seven categories of Quranic content – such as stories, prayers and parables – or legal judgements, such as _haram_ (forbidden), _halal_ (permitted), _mutashbih_ (ambiguous), etc. Proponents of the second view adduce a hadith narrated by al-Tabarani attributed to Abdullah ibn Masud, describing the Quran as being sent down from seven gates of heaven according to seven ahruf, before listing seven types of legal judgement. Al-Jazari comments that ahruf, as defined in this tradition, may be referring to a separate concept since it is mentioned elsewhere in the context of Quranic recitation. He alternatively proposes that the legal judgements refer to the seven heavenly gates, not the ahruf.[34]

Linguistic variation

In the view of Ibn al-Jazari, the seven ahruf refer to seven types of linguistic variation. These range from changes in short vowels that do not change the Uthmanic _rasm_ or meaning of a verse, to differences in both and word order.[35] Similar views were held by Ibn Qutaybah, al-Zarkashi and Abu al-Fadl al-Razi.[36]

Meaning of seven

A group of Muslim scholars argued that seven should be interpreted metaphorically,[37] due to the tendency of Arabs to use numbers such as 7, 70 and 700 to denote large quantities. In their view, the ahruf were intended to permit the recitation of the Quran in any Arabic dialect or a multiplicity of variants. Ibn al-Jazari objects on the basis of the hadith which describes Gabriel granting Muhammad _ḥarfs_. In one of its recensions, Muhammad is quoted as saying “I knew that the number had come to an end.” when seven _ḥarfs_ had been reached. According to al-Jazari, this is evidence that seven is a specific value. However, Dutton maintains that it can still be interpreted metaphorically, as the number seven indicates limited multiplicity in a manner that others do not.[38]

What happened to the _ahruf_

Bilal Philips writes that the Quran continued to be read according to the seven _ahruf_ until midway through Caliph 'Uthman's rule when some confusion arose in the outlying provinces concerning the Quran's recitation. According to Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley, different regions of the new empire followed the different 'ahruf' of different prominent companions of the prophet (_Sahaabah_): “the Syrians followed Ubayy ibn Ka'b, the Kufans followed Abdullah ibn Masud, the people of Hims followed Miqdad ibn Aswad, and the people of Basra followed Abu Musa.”[39] Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman reportedly observing these regional differences and on returning to Madina told Uthman, “Take this umma in hand before they differ about the Book like the Christians and Jews.”[40][41]

Philips writes that Some Arab tribes had begun to boast about the superiority of their ahruf and a rivalry began to develop. At the same time, some new Muslims also began mixing the various forms of recitation out of ignorance.[42]

The “official copies” of the Quran Caliph 'Uthman decided to make were according to the writing conventions of the Quraysh tribe. He send them along with the Quranic reciters to the major centres of Islam. This decision was approved by Companions of the Prophet (_Sahaabah_) and all unofficial copies of the Quran were destroyed so that the Quran began to be read in only one harf. Thus, the Quran which is available throughout the world today is written and recited only according to the harf of Quraysh.[43][44]

Comparison to Qira'at

Bilal Philips

Bilal Philips writes that “after the seven _ahruf_ were reduced to one” (that of the Quraysh), under the direction of Caliph 'Uthman, all of the methods of recitation (all the _Qira'at_) were based on this mode. Bilal Philips writes that

  A _Qirâ'ât_ is for the most part a method of pronunciation used in the recitations of the Qur'an. These methods are different from the seven forms or modes (_ahruf_) in which the Qur'an was revealed. The seven modes were reduced to one, that of the Quraysh, during the era of Caliph 'Uthman, and all of the methods of recitation are based on this mode. The various methods have all been traced back to the Prophet through a number of Sahaabah [ Companions of the Prophet ] who were most noted for their Qur'anic recitations. That is, these Sahaabah recited the Qur'an to the Prophet or in his presence and received his approval. Among them were the following: Ubayy Ibn K'ab, 'Alee Ibn Abi Taalib, Zayd Ibn Thaabit, 'Abdullah Ibn Mas'ud, Abu ad-Dardaa and Abu Musaa al-Ash'aree. Many of the other Sahaabah learned from these masters.[45]

Since the _Qirâ'ât_ “have all been traced back to the Prophet” and there is now only one harf for these _Qirâ'ât_ to use, this suggests the _Qirâ'ât_ were all based on the one remaining harf. (Philips does not explain who then used the other _ahruf_.)

On transmission of Quran, Philips writes that among the next generation of Muslims (the Tabi'in), there arose many scholars who learned the various methods of recitation from the Sahaabah and taught them to others. Centres of Quranic recitation developed in Medina, Mecca, Kufa, Basra and Syria, leading to the evolution of Quranic recitation into an independent science. By the mid-eighth century CE, there existed many outstanding scholars considered specialists in the field of recitation. Most of their methods of recitations were authenticated by chains of reliable narrators ending with the Prophet.[46]

Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley

In writing about “The Seven Qira'at of the Quran”, Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley suggests some of the diversity of the _ahruf_ lived on in the _Qira'at_. The “official” Uthmanic mus'haf to “unite the Muslims on a single copy” of the Quran thinned out variation, but because it contained only _rasm_ or a “skeleton” of the Arabic with “no diacriticalmarks”, it still allowed for diversity of oral transmission.

  The Qurayshi dialect was favoured in this [i.e. the elimination of all but one _rasm_] and this eliminated much of the diversity, but some of it was still reflected in the different readings because it was essentially a business of oral transmission and there were no diacriticalmarks in the 'Uthmanic script. People recited the Qur'an as they had read it from their teacher and they in turn passed on this oral transmission.[47]

Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan

Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan also write that “the famous ten _qirāʾāt_ studied today represent only a limited assortment of the variations that existed prior to the ʿUthmānic codex” and its narrowing down of _ahruf_.[48]

Source of differences between the _ahruf_

_Ahruf_ ceased to exist about 1400 years ago, according to Islamic literature, when Uthman destroyed all but the official copies of the Quran, so the variants cannot be compared today. According to some, the differences were of differences in dialects, differences in tribe differences.

The Australian Islamic da‘wah (prosletizing) media network OnePath Network states that hundreds of Companions of the Prophet (_ṣaḥābah_) “memorised the complete Quran in seven official dialects, all of which were considered valid ways of reciting the Quran”, the seven dialects being the seven _ahruf_.[49] According to Bilal Philips the downfall of _ahruf_ came from “a rivalry” of “some Arab tribes” over which _ahruf_ was superior,[50][51] and that in the end only the _harf_ of the Quraysh tribe remained.

Bismika Allahuma,{{#tag:ref|“Bismika Allahuma is a Muslim apologetics website and our purpose is to facilitate Muslim responses to the various mendacious polemics and distortions of Islam.”[52]|group=Note}} also states that at least according to one scholarly opinion there were seven _ahruf_ because there were seven Arab tribes -- _Quraysh_, _Hudhayl_, _Tameem_, _Hawaazin_, _Thaqeef_, _Kinaanah_ and _Yemen_{{#tag:ref|other scholars gave the names of other tribes[53]|group=Note}} -- each with their own dialects (_lughaat_) at the time the Quran was revealed. “Thus, under this opinion, various verses would be pronounced according to the pronunciation of that particular tribe, and words from one dialect would be replaced by other words used by that particular tribe.”[54]

Oxford Islamic Studies Online writes that “according to classical Muslim sources”, the variations that crept up before Uthman created the “official” Quran “dealt with subtleties of pronunciations and accents (qirāʿāt) and not with the text itself which was transmitted and preserved in a culture with a strong oral tradition.”[55]

However, at least a few scholars (Islam Question & Answer[56] and Javed Ahmad Ghamidi)[57] have dismissed the theory that the different ahruf reflect the different tribal dialects noting that in the famous hadeeth of ahruf (see above) where two Companions of the Prophet recite differently but are assured by Muhammad that both are correct -- both are (ʻUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb and Hishaam ibn Hakeem) are from the same tribe (Quraysh). “It was revealed thus; this Quran has been revealed in seven Ahruf. You can read it in any of them you find easy from among them.” The salafi website Islam Question & Answer asks: “If the difference in ahruf (styles) had been a difference in dialects, why would two men of Quraysh have been different? ... the Quraysh had only one dialect”[58] Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, writes that people from same tribe cannot have different pronunciation.[59]

According to Ammar Khatib and Nazir Khan the “vast majority of specialists in Qur’anic sciences” agree with their (Khatib and Khan's) argument on aḥruf and Qiraat that (among other things) difference among aḥruf are manifested “in the following ways”:

-   Singularity, duality, plurality, masculinity, and femininity.
-   _Taṣrīf al-Afʿāl_ (Verbal Morphology)—verb tense, form, grammatical person.
-   _Iʿrāb_ (grammatical case endings).
-   Omission, substitution, or addition of words.
-   Word order.
-   _Ibdāl_ (alternation between two consonants or between words).

(The list is not “an exclusive or exhaustive categorization”).[60]

Questions

Emphasizing the difficulty of the issue, conservative Islamic scholar Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi stated in a 2020 interview that “every single student of knowledge ... who studies ulm of Quran” knows “that the most difficult topics are ahruf and qira’at”,[61] so vexing that even “the most advanced of our scholars, they are not quite fully certain how to solve all of it and answer questions in there”,[62] and so sensitive that it "should never be brought up in public” and is “not something you discuss among the masses”.[63]

Were the variant ahruf readings approved by God?

Other reports of what the Prophet said (as well as some scholarly commentary) seem to contradict the presence of variant readings.[64]

Abu Abd Al-Rahman al-Sulami writes, “The reading of Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Zayd ibn Thabit and that of all the Muhajirun and the Ansar was the same. They would read the Quran according to the _Qira'at al-'ammah_. This is the same reading which was read out twice by the Prophet to Gabriel in the year of his death. Zayd ibn Thabit was also present in this reading [called] the _{{'}}Ardah-i akhirah_. It was this very reading that he taught the Quran to people till his death”.[65] According to Ibn Sirin, “The reading on which the Quran was read out to the prophet in the year of his death is the same according to which people are reading the Quran today”.[66]

Examining the hadith of Umar's surprise in finding out “this Quran has been revealed in seven Ahruf”, Suyuti, a noted 15th-century Islamic theologian, concludes the “best opinion” of this hadith is that it is “_mutashabihat_”, i.e. its meaning “cannot be understood.”[67]

Another critic, Shezad Saleem (quoted by Christian critic and scholar Sam Shamoun), has doubts about the validity of the hadith:

  it is known that Hisham had accepted Islam on the day Makkah was conquered. If this Hadith is accepted, it would mean that for almost twenty years even the closest Companions of the Prophet like ‘Umar were unaware of the Qur’an being revealed in some other reading.[68][69]

Sam Shamoun raises a number of questions about the basis of Qira'at.[70]

At least two _Sahih al-Bukhari_ hadith explicitly state the Qur'an was revealed in the dialect of the Quraysh (Muhammad's tribe) -- making no mention of other _ahruf_—and that in case there are disagreements over recitation, this should clear everything up.

  Narrated Anas bin Malik: (The Caliph 'Uthman ordered Zaid bin Thabit, Said bin Al-As, 'Abdullah bin Az-Zubair and 'Abdur-Rahman bin Al-Harith bin Hisham to write the Quran in the form of a book (Mushafs) and said to them. “In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit (Al-Ansari) regarding any dialectic Arabic utterance of the Quran, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, for the Quran was revealed in this dialect.” So they did it.[71][72]

  Narrated Anas bin Malik: Hudhaifa bin Al-Yaman came to Uthman at the time when the people of Sham and the people of Iraq were waging war to conquer Arminya and Adharbijan. Hudhaifa was afraid of their (the people of Sham and Iraq) differences in the recitation of the Qur'an, so he said to 'Uthman, “O chief of the Believers! Save this nation before they differ about the Book (Quran) as Jews and the Christians did before.” So 'Uthman sent a message to Hafsa saying, “Send us the manuscripts of the Qur'an so that we may compile the Qur'anic materials in perfect copies and return the manuscripts to you.” Hafsa sent it to 'Uthman. 'Uthman then ordered Zaid bin Thabit, 'Abdullah bin AzZubair, Said bin Al-As and 'AbdurRahman bin Harith bin Hisham to rewrite the manuscripts in perfect copies. 'Uthman said to the three Quraishi men, “In case you disagree with Zaid bin Thabit on any point in the Qur'an, then write it in the dialect of Quraish, the Qur'an was revealed in their tongue.” They did so, and when they had written many copies, 'Uthman returned the original manuscripts to Hafsa. 'Uthman sent to every Muslim province one copy of what they had copied, and ordered that all the other Qur'anic materials, whether written in fragmentary manuscripts or whole copies, be burnt. Said bin Thabit added, "A Verse from Surat Ahzab was missed by me when we copied the Qur'an and I used to hear Allah's Apostle reciting it. So we searched for it and found it with Khuzaima bin Thabit Al-Ansari. (That Verse was): ‘Among the Believers are men who have been true in their covenant with Allah.’ (33.23)”[73][74]

Furthermore, while some hadith refer to ahruf, there is no mention of seven _ahruf_ or of different ways of reciting the Quran in the Quran itself, nor does the Quran ever refer to itself in the plural, (for example, ). Since there are multiple verses of the Quran declaring that “our revelations” have been “explained in detail”, (, , ) some mention of the existence multiple recitation or variants there would be expected, according to Shamoun.[75]

Other ideas

Javed Ahmad Ghamidi questions those hadith which purport “variant readings”. He also insists on the basis of Quranic verses (, ) that Quran was compiled in the life of Muhammad, hence he questions those hadith which report compilation of Quran in Uthman's period:[76] As most of these narrations are reported by Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, Imam Layth Ibn Sa‘d in his letter to Imam Malik has written:[77][78]

It is said that Abu Ubaid al-Qasim bin Salam (d. 224 AH) selected twenty-five readings in his book.[79] The seven readings which are famous in current times were selected by Ibn Mujahid.[80] The 20th-century Pakistani theologian Javed Ahmad Ghamidi writes:

[1] Sale G, Preliminary discourse 3

[2]

[3]

[4] Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, _Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat_, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, pp. 29–30.

[5] Dutton 2012, p. 21.

[6]

[7] Dutton 2012, p. 28, quoting Ibn al-Jazari from his work _al-Nashr fī l-qiraʾāt al-ʿashr_: “Whether theʿUthmānī _muṣḥafs_ contain all the seven aḥruf is a major issue (_masʿala kabīra_) about which all the _ʿulamā_ have different opinions.”

[8] Dutton 2012, p. 22. The page is a summary of Ibn al-Jazari's discussion on the matter in his work _al-Nashr fī l-qiraʾāt al-ʿashr._

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12] Dutton 2012, p. 20.

[13] Melchert 2008, p. 83.

[14] Abû Jacfar Muhammad bin Jarîr al-Tabarî (Translated & Abridged by J Cooper, W F Madelung and A Jones), Jamic al-Bayân 'an Tâ'wil ay al-Qur'an, 1987, Volume 1, Oxford University Press & Hakim Investment Holdings (M.E.) Limited, p. 16.

[15] Abû Jacfar Muhammad bin Jarîr al-Tabarî (Translated & Abridged by J Cooper, W F Madelung and A Jones), Jamic al-Bayân 'an Tâ'wil ay al-Qur'an, 1987, Volume 1, Oxford University Press & Hakim Investment Holdings (M.E.) Limited, p. 31.

[16] Abû Jacfar Muhammad bin Jarîr al-Tabarî (Translated & Abridged by J Cooper, W F Madelung and A Jones), Jamic al-Bayân 'an Tâ'wil ay al-Qur'an, 1987, Volume 1, Oxford University Press & Hakim Investment Holdings (M.E.) Limited, p. 39.

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20] Dutton 2012, pp. 19-20.

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26] Melchert 2000, p. 19.

[27] Dutton 2012, p. 26.

[28] al-Khaṭṭābī, _Maʿālim al-sunan_, (Halab: al-Maṭbaʿah al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1932), 1:293; quoted in

[29] Dutton 2012, p. 23.

[30] Melchert 2008, p. 82.

[31] Melchert 2008, pp. 83-84.

[32] Melchert 2000, p. 20.

[33] Dutton 2012, p. 24.

[34] Dutton 2012, pp. 24-25.

[35] Dutton 2012, p. 27.

[36]

[37] al-Khaṭṭābī, _Maʿālim al-sunan_, (Halab: al-Maṭbaʿah al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1932), 1:293; quoted in

[38] Dutton 2012, pp. 25-26.

[39] The Seven _Qira'at_ of the Qur'an by Aisha Bewley

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43] Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, _Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat_, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, p. 28-29

[44]

[45]

[46] Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips, _Tafseer Soorah Al-Hujuraat_, 1990, Tawheed Publications, Riyadh, p.30.

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57] Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Mizan, _Principles of Understanding the Qu'ran _, Al-Mawrid

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]  YouTube, Yasir Qadhi, 8 June 2020, video at 1h24m17s

[63]  YouTube, Yasir Qadhi, 8 June 2020, video at 1h29m29s

[64] Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Mizan, _Principles of Understanding the Qu'ran _, Al-Mawrid

[65] Zarkashi, al-Burhan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1980), p. 237.

[66] Suyuti, al-Itqan fi Ulum al-Qur'an, 2nd ed., vol. 1 (Baydar: Manshurat al-Radi, 1343 AH), p. 177.

[67] Suyuti, Tanwir al-Hawalik, 2nd ed. (Beirut: Dar al-Jayl, 1993), p. 199.

[68] Shezad Saleem, Collection and Transmission of the Quran

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76] Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Mizan, _Principles of Understanding the Qu'ran _, Al-Mawrid

[77]

[78] Ibn Qayyim, I‘lam al-Muwaqqi‘in, vol. 3 (Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, n.d.), 96.

[79]

[80]

title: Ahruf

question: Where was the Quran revealed?

answer: The Quran was revealed in seven aruf.

question: What does the word 'aḥruf' mean?

answer: The word 'ahruf' is the plural of Arabic word 'ḥarf' and refers to several meanings: editions, styles, ways, forms, and modes.

question: How are the seven ahruf interpreted?

answer: The majority identify the seven ahruf with Arabic dialects, and a minority identifies them as categories of Quranic material.

question: What is the exact meaning and nature of the seven ahruf?

answer: The exact meaning and nature of the seven ahruf has been debated by Muslim scholars. There are up to forty explanations of the ahruf traditions.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The word 'ahruf' is the plural Arabic word 'ḥarf' and refers to several meanings: editions, styles, ways, forms, and modes. There are seven variant ahruf in which the Qur'an was revealed. However, the identification of the seven ahruf with the seven readings of the Quran has been rejected by Muslim and Western scholars.


text:
In the minutes after Chicago media outlets called the Cook County State’s Attorney’s race for Kim Foxx on Tuesday night, a young African-American man wearing a t‑shirt reading “Adiós Anita” took the stage at her victory party, beaming, chanting out to the exuberant crowd “two down, one to go!” — a reference to the firing of former police chief Garry McCarthy as well as Foxx’s ousting of Anita Alvarez, both coming in the wake of the video release of Laquan McDonald’s killing by Chicago police officer Jason Van Dyke.

By organizing youth of color in the city around a transformational racial justice program, and by relentlessly participating in actions highlighting what they see as a broken criminal justice system led by Alvarez, these groups helped create the political space for Foxx’s campaign to grow into a city-wide movement to unseat an incumbent prosecutor in a primary—a remarkably unusual feat.

And much of the crowd at Foxx’s celebration joined in, chanting right along.

It was a fitting moment for a campaign that benefited enormously from the organizing work of African-American youth and racial justice groups in the city, who made removing Alvarez from office a key goal in the lead up to Tuesday’s Democratic primary, in which Foxx won 58 percent of the vote to Alvarez’s 29 percent. (A third candidate, Donna More, took 13 percent.) Foxx now looks ahead to an almost certain win in the fall general election against a Republican nominee.

Alvarez came under fire following the disclosure of the McDonald video, which the city held onto for over a year until a judge ordered it released to the public. It wasn’t until the court order that Alvarez chose to finally charge Van Dyke for McDonald’s murder — a full 13 months after he shot the unarmed 17-year-old African American 16 times.

The video, released last December, led to weeks of street protests, blocking traffic, disrupting commerce in some of the busiest commercial areas in the city and putting Chicago in the national spotlight in the growing debate over police violence and criminal justice.

One of the primary demands voiced at the protests was the removal from office of McCarthy, Alvarez and Mayor Rahm Emanuel — all accused of participating in a cover-up to conceal the McDonald video to avoid the kind of uproar that happened in places like Ferguson and Baltimore following similar police killings of unarmed African Americans.

Most of these protests were led by groups of young African-American activists and organizers, such as Black Youth Project 100, Assata’s Daughters and We Charge Genocide.

These groups and many of their members had previously helped achieve major victories for racial justice in Chicago, including the passage of a bill providing reparations for victims of police torture and, most recently, the planned construction of a Level I trauma center on the city’s south side Hyde Park neighborhood to provide emergency care for victims of gunshot wounds and other life-threatening conditions.

Both of those victories were the result of multi-year campaigns and required dogged determination. Foxx’s win is yet another victory for which these groups can rightly claim much credit.

Of course, Foxx also owes much of her victory to the hard work of her team of staff and volunteers — dubbed “Team Foxx” — as well as the support of Cook County Board President Toni Preckwinkle, progressive groups like Grassroots Collaborative and United Working Familes, and major endorsements ranging from the _Chicago Tribune_ and _Sun-Times_ to Sen. Dick Durbin.

But by organizing youth of color in the city around a transformational racial justice program, and by relentlessly participating in actions highlighting what they see as a broken criminal justice system led by Alvarez, these groups helped create the political space for Foxx’s campaign to grow into a city-wide movement to unseat an incumbent prosecutor in a primary — a remarkably unusual feat.

And they helped lead a savvy social media campaign using the hashtag #ByeAnita to draw attention to Alvarez’s long history of allegedly protecting police officers accused of misconduct and routinely violating the rights of African Americans in the criminal justice system.

While none of these groups explicitly endorsed Foxx, they did work diligently to make sure Chicagoans did not vote for Alvarez. Brenna Champion, an organizer with BYP100, said that the group canvassed, knocked on doors throughout the city with their anti-Alvarez message and reached out to 2,500 voters who planned to vote for Foxx, focusing on African-American voters, largely on college campuses.

Foxx promises to be a much more progressive prosecutor than Alvarez. As reported by _In These Times_ editor Micah Uetricht, she has called for an independent prosecutor for every case in which a citizen is shot by a police officer, citing a conflict of interest in the state’s attorney’s office prosecuting Chicago police. And she both opposes mandatory minimums for gun crimes and wants to end the “school-to-prison pipeline.”

Damon Williams, an organizer with BYP100, tweeted on Tuesday night: “This is a really important win for Chicago that will set a tone and shift conversations throughout America…The Laquan McDonald conversation only happened because young people organized. People were motivated to vote because people took the street.”

Indeed, as Darryl Holliday reports for _Chicago_ magazine, BYP100 is “fast emerging in the wake of the McDonald firestorm as the most vocal and arguably most effective activist group in town.”

And the group Assata’s Daughters said in a statement: “Chicago Black youth kicked Anita Alvarez out of office. Just a month ago, Anita Alvarez was winning in the polls. Communities who refuse to be killed and jailed and abused without any chance at justice refused to allow that to happen. We did this for Rekia. We did this for Laquan. We won’t stop until we’re free and Kim Foxx should know that well.”

The statement makes clear that they plan to keep the heat on Foxx, and any elected official, who is in a position to dole out justice. And while two are now down — McCarthy and Alvarez — there is one major target left: Rahm Emanuel.

Chicago’s mayor appears a much more difficult official to unseat. But judging by this movement’s recent successes, it shouldn’t be counted out.

question: What was the young African-American man celebrating?

answer: Kim Foxx winning the Cook County State Attorney seat and ousting incumbent prosecutor Anita Alvarez.

question: Why is the crowd happy Foxx won?

answer: African American youth and racial justice groups in the city believe Anita Alvarez led a broken criminal justice system, punctuated by the killing of an unarmed 17-year-old black teen, Laquan McDonald by Chicago police officer Jason Van Dyke, who shot the kid 16 times.

question: What did Alvarez do to earn the ire of the public?

answer: She held on to the video of the McDonald shooting for 13 months until a judge ordered it released to the public.

question: Why did Alvarez and the other accused elected officials cover up the McDonald shooting?

answer: They wanted to avoid the kind of uproar that happened in places like Ferguson and Baltimore following similar police killings of unarmed African Americans.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: Residents of Cook County celebrate Kim Foxx beating incumbent prosecutor Anita Alvarez for the Cook County State Attorney seat. The victory comes on the heels of public anger when Alvarez released the video of the shooting of an unarmed, 17-year-old African American Laquan McDonald by Chicago police officer Jason Van Dyke, 13 months after it happened. The public is accusing Alvarez and other officials of covering up the murder. McDonald was shot 16 times. African American youth and racial justice groups in the city now only have one target left: Mayor Rahm Emanuel, whom they believe was also part of the cover-up.


text:
WILLIAM MCAULAY (1 November 1879 – 1935) was a Scottish footballer who played as an inside left. He played for several league clubs in Scotland and England, with his longest spells at Aberdeen and Alloa Athletic.

Career

Born in Newton near Cambuslang in 1879, as a teenager McAulay played for local teams in the village and for Junior side Cambuslang Hibernian. He was signed by Celtic in April 1898 and scored in his single league appearance before being released by the Glasgow club in October of the same year in a cost-cutting measure.[1]

McAulay was picked up by Sheffield Wednesday but only featured for their reserves and went back to Scotland on loan to Dundee. He then moved to Walsall Town Swifts, and in the three subsequent seasons turned out for Aston Villa,[2] Portsmouth and Middlesbrough.

McAulay moved back to Scotland permanently when transferring to Aberdeen in 1903. He was the new club's first-ever league goalscorer after the merger leading to their formation. He spent three seasons at Pittodrie, averaging around a goal every three league games. In 1904 the _Aberdeen Evening Gazette_ commented _“He is, off the field, one of the most modest of men, and on it one of the trickiest players going. It is not too much to say that it is his experience and coaching that has made such a vast improvement on the team's forward play”_.[3] He also spent time on loan at Arthurlie.

In 1906 McAulay moved to Falkirk for a year,[4] at which time the _Falkirk Herald_ said of him _“He is extremely smart with his feet, and his dribbling tactics have astonished not a few opponents. He can shoot with accuracy, and seldom fails to gather a possible pass”_.[5] He transferred to Hibernian in 1907[6] before spending the final years of his career at Alloa.

McAulay died in 1935.

[1] William McAulay, The Celtic Wiki

[2] William McAulay, Aston Villa Player Database

[3] William McAulay, AFC Heritage Trust

[4] [A Record of pre-war Scottish League Players], John Litster / Scottish Football Historian magazine, October 2012

[5] William McAulay 1907, Falkirk Football Historian

[6] William McAulay, Hibernian, FitbaStats

title: William McAulay

question: Where was William McAulay from?

answer: Scotland.

question: Why did he leave Celtic?

answer: The club was cutting costs and he had to leave.

question: How did the Falkirk Herald describe him?

answer: As a footballer who is smart with his feet, has astonishing dribbling tactics, shoots with accuracy, and seldom fails to gather a pass.

question: What was the last club he played for?

answer: Alloa Athletic.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The text is about William McAulay, a Scottish footballer who played at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 20th century.