text:
As the Senate debates tax cuts this week, wavering Republicans face three fundamental realities about President Donald Trump's top legislative priority.

It would only modestly boost economic growth.

It would significantly increase the national debt.

It would give the most money to the richest Americans.

A flurry of published analyses in recent days has obscured their agreement on these core conclusions about the House and Senate tax bills. Economists from different points on the political spectrum disagree only about the magnitude of those changes.

Start with economic growth, the linchpin of arguments by the White House and Republican leaders.

The most generous estimate comes from the conservative Tax Foundation, which uses an aggressive form of "dynamic scoring" to measure the effect of tax changes on economic activity. Compared with other analyses, it assumes a stronger business response to lower taxes and a weaker drag on growth from higher debt.

Even so, the foundation's forecasts fall far below White House claims of 3 percent or more annual growth. Under the House bill, it projects the economy won't reach 3 percent growth in even a single year by 2027; under the Senate bill, only in 2018.

Overall, the foundation projects the economy in 2027 would be larger by 3 percent under the House bill and 3.7 percent under the Senate bill. Other forecasters envision much smaller boosts.

The Penn-Wharton model, directed by a former Bush administration economist, says the economy would be less than 1 percentage point larger by 2027 under either bill. The Tax Policy Center, whose staff includes some veterans of Democratic administrations, says the House bill would boost the economy by just one-third of a percentage point.

That matches the tempered expectations of Wall Street forecasters. In a survey of top economists by the University of Chicago's business school, only 2 percent agreed that the GOP tax cuts would substantially boost the economy by 2027; 51 percent disagreed.

The White House insists tax cuts will generate so much growth and tax revenue that deficits won't rise at all. But the consensus from others that they will rise makes the administration's claim sound like a late-night infomercial.

Penn-Wharton's dynamic analysis pegs higher 10-year deficits under the House bill of at least $1.5 trillion; the Tax Policy Center estimates $1.2 trillion. The Tax Foundation's dynamic analysis says the House and Senate bills will hike debt by $1 trillion and $516 billion, respectively.

Congress' Joint Committee on Taxation, the official bipartisan scorekeeper that did not employ dynamic analysis, says each would increase deficits by $1.4 trillion. In the University of Chicago survey, 88 percent of economists agreed that federal debt would be substantially higher as a share of the economy by 2027.

Such broad agreement poses a particular problem in the Senate. One potential swing vote, Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee, has vowed to oppose tax cuts if he believes they increase debt after accounting for growth.

Nor do analysts disagree on who benefits most. The White House and GOP leaders insist they designed a middle-class tax cut, but economists agree the richest would benefit most.

Under the Senate bill, the Tax Policy Center finds the top-earning 1 percent of Americans would receive 61.8 percent of reduced taxes by 2027. Two-thirds of middle-income Americans, and half of taxpayers overall, would face a tax hike.

Under the House bill, Penn-Wharton projects the top 1 percent would reap 53 percent of all tax cuts by then. The Joint Tax Committee says $1 million earners would see their effective tax rates fall the most under both bills.

The Tax Foundation's "static" analysis yields similar findings. It uses a conventional assumption that 75 percent of corporate tax cuts go to business owners, while 25 percent go to workers.

The foundation's "dynamic" estimates flip those proportions, stipulating that workers get 70 percent and owners just 30 percent. Using that assumption, the Tax Foundation finds that under both bills after-tax incomes for the richest 1 percent would rise by a slightly smaller percentage than for Americans overall by 2027.

Yet even under that estimate, the most affluent make out best. Under both bills, the foundation says, the richest 1 percent would receive 15 percent of all reduced taxes by 2027; the most affluent 20 percent would get more than the bottom 80 percent combined.

Pitted against these realities, and polls showing public resistance, are warnings from GOP leaders and donors that failure on tax cuts guarantees calamity in 2018 elections. On the Senate floor, a half-dozen undecided Republicans have to decide which forces matter most.

question: Who would benefit most from these tax cuts?

answer: The White House insists they designed a middle-class tax cut, but economists agree the richest would benefit most.

question: What does Penn-Wharton say about the economic boost the country will get from the tax cuts?

answer: He said the economy would be less than 1 percentage point larger by 2027 under either bill.

question: What are the three fundamental realities about the House Bill or Senate bill on tax cuts?

answer: They would modestly boost economic growth, they would significantly increase the national debt, and they would give more money to the richest Americans.

question: What has senator Bob Corker vowed to do?

answer: He vowed to oppose tax cuts if he believes they increase debt after accounting for growth.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The article enumerates the realities of the tax cut bill and exposes all the different opinions on it.


split: train

text:
Overview

Note: “Total U.S. casualties” includes wounded, combat and non-combat deaths but not missing in action. “Deaths – other” includes all non-combat deaths including those from accidents, disease, suicide, and murder.

+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| War or | rowspa | colspa | rowspa | rowspa | rowspa | Source | Deaths |
| confli | n=“2”  | n=“3”  | n=“2”  | n=“2”  | n=“2”  | s      | as     |
| ct     | style= | style= | style= | style= | style= | and    | percen |
|        | “backg | “backg | “backg | “backg | “backg | notes  | tage   |
|        | round: | round: | round: | round: | round: |        | of     |
|        | #B0C4D | #B0C4D | #B0C4D | #B0C4D | #B0C4D |        | total  |
|        | E”     | E”     | E”     | E”     | E”     |        | popula |
|        | width= | data-s | width= | width= | width= |        | tion   |
|        | “80px” | ort-ty | “60px” | “80px” | “60px” |        |        |
|        | data-s | pe=“nu | data-s | data-s | data-s |        |        |
|        | ort-ty | mber”  | ort-ty | ort-ty | ort-ty |        |        |
|        | pe=“nu | |      | pe=“nu | pe=“nu | pe=“nu |        |        |
|        | mber”  | Total  | mber”  | mber”  | mber”  |        |        |
|        | | Date | U.S.   | |      | |      | |      |        |        |
|        |        | deaths | Wounde | Total  | Missin |        |        |
|        |        |        | d      | U.S.   | g      |        |        |
|        |        |        |        | casual |        |        |        |
|        |        |        |        | ties   |        |        |        |
+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+
| style= | style= | style= |
| “backg | “backg | “backg |
| round: | round: | round: |
| #B0C4D | #B0C4D | #B0C4D |
| E”     | E”     | E”     |
| width= | width= | width= |
| “60px” | “60px” | “60px” |
| data-s | data-s | data-s |
| ort-ty | ort-ty | ort-ty |
| pe=“nu | pe=“nu | pe=“nu |
| mber”  | mber”  | mber”  |
| |      | |      | |      |
| Combat | Other  | Total  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Americ | 1775–1 | 8,000  | 17,000 | 25,000 | 25,000 | 50,000 |        |
| an     | 783    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Revolu |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| tionar |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| y      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Northw | 1785–1 | 1,056+ |        | 1,056+ | 825+   | 1,881+ |        |
| est    | 796    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Indian |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Quasi- | 1798–1 | 20     | 494[4] | 514    | 42     | 556    |        |
| War    | 800    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| First  | 1801–1 | 35     | 39     | 74     | 64     | 138    |        |
| Barbar | 805    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| y      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Other  | 1800–1 | 36     | 158+[1 | 194+   | 100+   | 294+   |        |
| action | 900    |        | 1]     |        |        |        |        |
| s      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| agains |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| t      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| pirate |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| s      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Chesap | 1807   | 3      | 0      | 3      | 18     | 21     |        |
| eake–L |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| eopard |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Affair |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| War of | 1812–1 | 2,260  | 12,740 | 15,000 | 4,505  | 20,000 |        |
| 1812   | 815    |        | ~      | ~      |        | ~      |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Nuka   | 1813–1 | 5      | 0      | 5      | 11     | 16     |        |
| Hiva   | 814    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Campai |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| gn     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Creek  | 1813–1 |        |        | 575    |        | 575    |        |
| War    | 814    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Second | 1815   | 4      | 134[19 |        | 10     | 148    |        |
| Barbar |        |        | ]      |        |        |        |        |
| y      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| First  | 1817–1 | 47     | 0      | 47     | 36     | 83     |        |
| Semino | 818    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| le     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| First  | 1832   | 2      |        | 2      | 11     | 13     |        |
| Sumatr |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| an     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Expedi |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| tion   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Black  | 1832   | 47     | 258[23 | 305    | 85     | 390    |        |
| Hawk   |        |        | ][24]  |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Second | 1835–1 | 328    | 1,207  | 1,535  |        | 1,535  |        |
| Semino | 842    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| le     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Mexica | 1846–1 | 1,733  | 11,550 | 13,283 | 4,152  | 17,435 |        |
| n–Amer | 848    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ican   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Cayuse | 1847–1 | 40     | 1      | 41     | 74     | 115    |        |
| War    | 856    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Rogue  | 1851–1 | 190    | 6      | 196    | 293    | 489    |        |
| River  | 856    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Wars   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Yakima | 1855–1 | 32     | 2      | 34     | 92     | 126    |        |
| War    | 856    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Third  | 1855–1 | 26     |        | 26     | 27     | 53     |        |
| Semino | 858    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| le     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Second | 1856–1 | 12     |        | 12     | 39     | 51     |        |
| Opium  | 860    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Coeur  | 1858   | 36     |        | 36     | 60     | 96     |        |
| d'Alen |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| e      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| align= | 1861–1 | 214,93 | 450,00 | 655,00 |        |        |        |
| “left” | 865    | 8[33]  | 0~     | 0~     |        |        |        |
| data-s |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ort-va |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| lue=“C |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ivil   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War” | |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Civil  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War:   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| total  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| align= | data-s | 140,41 | 224,09 | 364,51 | 281,88 | 646,39 |        |
| “left” | ort-va | 4[35]  | 7      | 1      | 1      | 2      |        |
| data-s | lue=“1 |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ort-va | 861–18 |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| lue=“C | 65”    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ivil   | |      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War-1” |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| |      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Civil  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War:   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| U.S.   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Army   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| align= | data-s | 94,000 | 195,00 | 290,00 | 194,02 | 483,02 |        |
| “left” | ort-va | [37]   | 0+     | 0+     | 6      | 6      |        |
| data-s | lue=“1 |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ort-va | 861–18 |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| lue=“C | 65”    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ivil   | |      |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War-2” |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| |      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Civil  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War:   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Confed |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| erate  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Army   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Dakota | 1862   | 70–113 |        | 70–113 | 150    | 220–26 |        |
| War of |        |        |        |        |        | 3      |        |
| 1862   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| (Littl |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| e      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Crow's |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War)   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Shimon | 1863   | 4–5[41 | 0      | 4–5    | 6[43]  | 10     |        |
| oseki  |        | ][42]  |        |        |        |        |        |
| Strait |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| s      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Snake  | 1864–1 | 30     |        | 30     | 128    | 158    |        |
| Indian | 868    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Indian | 1865–1 | 919    |        |        | 1,025  | 1,944  |        |
| Wars   | 898    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Red    | 1866–1 | 126    |        | 126    | 100    | 226    |        |
| Cloud' | 868    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| s      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Korea  | 1871   | 3      |        | 3      | 9      | 12     |        |
| (Shinm |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| iyangy |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| o)     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Modoc  | 1872–1 | 56     |        | 56     | 88     | 144    |        |
| War    | 873    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Great  | 1875–1 | 314    |        | 314    | 211    | 525    |        |
| Sioux  | 877    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Nez    | 1877   | 134    |        | 134    | 157    | 291    |        |
| Perce  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Bannoc | 1878   | 12     | 0      | 12     | 22     | 34     |        |
| k      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Ute    | 1879   | 15     | 0      | 15     | 52     | 67     |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Sheepe | 1879   | 1      |        | 1      | 10     | 11     |        |
| ater   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Indian |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Samoan | 1887–1 | 0      | 62     | 62     |        | 62     |        |
| crisis | 889    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Ghost  | 1890–1 | 35     |        | 35     | 64     | 99     |        |
| Dance  | 891    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Sugar  | 1898   | 7      | 0      | 7      | 16     | 23     | 0      |
| Point  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Pillag |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| er     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Band   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Chippe |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| wa     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Indian |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| s      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Spanis | 1898   | 385    | 2,061  | 2,446  | 1,622  | 4,068  |        |
| h–Amer |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ican   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Philip | 1898–1 | 1,020  | 3,176  | 4,196  | 2,930  | 7,126  |        |
| pine–A | 913    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| merica |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| n      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Boxer  | 1900–1 | 68     | 63     | 131    | 204    | 335    | 0      |
| Rebell | 901    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ion    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Santo  | 1904   | 1      | 0      | 1      | 1      | 2      |        |
| Doming |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| o      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Affair |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| United | 1910,  | 90     | 69     | 159    | 290    | 449    |        |
| States | 1912–1 |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| occupa | 925,   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| tion   | 1927–1 |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of     | 933    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Nicara |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| gua    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Mexica | 1914–1 | 120    | 61     | 181    | 319    | 500    |        |
| n      | 919    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Revolu |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| tion   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Occupa | 1915–1 | 10     | 138    | 148    | 26+    | 184+   |        |
| tion   | 934    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Haiti  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| World  | 1914–1 | 53,402 | 63,114 | 116,51 | 204,00 | 320,51 | 3,350  |
| War I  | 918    |        |        | 6      | 2      | 8      |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| North  | 1918–1 |        |        | 424    |        | 424    |        |
| Russia | 920    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Campai |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| gn     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Americ | 1918–1 | 160    | 168    | 328    | 52+    | 380+   |        |
| an     | 920    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Expedi |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| tionar |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| y      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Force  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Siberi |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| a      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| China  | 1918;  | 5      |        |        | 78     | 83     |        |
|        | 1921;  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|        | 1926–1 |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|        | 927;   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|        | 1930;  |        |        |        |        |        |        |
|        | 1937   |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| World  | 1941–1 | 291,55 | 113,84 | 405,39 | 670,84 | 1,076, | 30,314 |
| War II | 945    | 7      | 2      | 9      | 6      | 245    |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Greek  | 1944–1 | 1      | 5      | 6      |        | 6      |        |
| Civil  | 949    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Chines | 1945–1 | 14     | 150    | 164    | 51     | 215    |        |
| e      | 950    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Civil  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Berlin | 1948–1 |        | 31     | 31     |        | 31     |        |
| Blocka | 949    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| de     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Korean | 1950–1 | 33,686 | 2,830  | 36,516 | 92,134 | 128,65 | 4,759  |
| War    | 953    |        |        |        |        | 0      |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| U.S.S. | 1947–1 | 32     |        | 32     | 12     | 44     |        |
| R.     | 991    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Cold   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| China  | 1950–1 | 16     |        | 16     |        | 16     |        |
| Cold   | 972    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Vietna | 1955–1 | 47,424 | 10,785 | 58,209 | 153,30 | 211,45 | 1,587  |
| m      | 975    |        |        |        | 3      | 4      |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 1958   | 1958   | 1      | 5      | 6      | 1+     | 7+     |        |
| Lebano |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| n      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| crisis |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Bay of | 1961   | 4      |        | 4      |        | 4      |        |
| Pigs   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Invasi |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| on     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Cuban  | 1962   | 1      | 19     | 20     |        | 20     |        |
| Missil |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| e      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Crisis |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Domini | 1965–1 | 27     | 20     | 47     | 283    | 330    |        |
| can    | 966    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Republ |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ic     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| USS    | 1967   | 34     |        | 34     | 171    | 205    |        |
| _Liber |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ty_    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| incide |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| nt     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Iran   | 1980   | 0      | 8      | 8      | 4      | 12     | 0      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| El     | 1980–1 | 22     | 15     | 37     | 35     | 72     |        |
| Salvad | 992    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| or     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Civil  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| War    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Beirut | 1982–1 | 256    | 10     | 266    | 169    | 435    |        |
| deploy | 984    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| ment   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Persia | 1987–1 | 39     | 0      | 39     | 31     | 100    |        |
| n      | 988    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Gulf   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| escort |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| s      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Invasi | 1983   | 18     | 1      | 19     | 119    | 138    |        |
| on     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Grenad |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| a      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 1986   | 1986   | 2      | 0      | 2      | 0      | 2      |        |
| Bombin |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| g      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Libya  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Invasi | 1989   | 23     |        | 40     | 324    | 364    |        |
| on     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Panama |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Gulf   | 1990–1 | 149    | 145    | 294    | 849    | 1,143  | 0[103] |
| War    | 991    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Operat | 1991–1 | 1      | 18     | 19     | 4      | 23     |        |
| ion    | 996    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Provid |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| e      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Comfor |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| t      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Somali | 1992–1 | 29     | 14     | 43     | 153    | 196    |        |
| a      | 993    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Haiti  | 1994–1 | 1      | 3      | 4      | 3      | 7      |        |
|        | 995    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Colomb | 1994–p | 0      | 8[109] | 8      |        | 8      |        |
| ia     | resent |        | [110]  |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Bosnia | 1992–1 | 1      | 11     | 12     |        | 12     |        |
| -Herze | 995    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| govina |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Kosovo | 1998–1 | 4      | 14     | 18     | N/A    | 18+    | 2      |
| War    | 999    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| War in | 2001–p | 1,833  | 383[11 | 2,216  | 20,050 | 22,266 | 0      |
| Afghan | resent | [114]  | 5]     |        | [116]  |        |        |
| istan  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Iraq   | 2003–2 | 3,836* | 961    | 4,497  | 32,222 | 36,710 | 2      |
| War    | 011    |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Interv | 2014   | 16     | 60     | 76     | 81     | 157    | 1      |
| ention |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| agains |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| t      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| the    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Islami |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| c      |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| State  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| of     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Iraq   |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| and    |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Syria  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Raid   | 2017   | 1      |        | 1      | 3      | 4      |        |
| on     |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
| Yemen  |        |        |        |        |        |        |        |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| TOTAL  | 1775–2 | 666,44 | 673,92 | 1,354, | 1,498, | 2,852, | 40,031 |
|        | 019    | 1+     | 9+     | 664+   | 240+   | 901+   | +      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

Wars ranked by U.S. combat deaths

  Rank   War                          Years          Deaths
  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- ---------
  1      World War II                 1941–45        291,557
  2      American Civil War           1861–65        218,222
  3      World War I                  1917–18        53,402
  4      Vietnam War                  1955–75        47,434
  5      Korean War                   1950–53        33,686
  6      American Revolutionary War   1775–83        8,000
  7      Iraq War                     2003–2011      3,836
  8      War of 1812                  1812–15        2,260
  9      War in Afghanistan           2001–present   1,833
  10     Mexican–American War         1846–49        1,733

Wars ranked by total number of U.S. military deaths

  Rank   War                          Years          data-sort-type=“number”|Deaths          Deaths per day   U.S. population in first year of war   Deaths as percentage of population
  ------ ---------------------------- -------------- --------------------------------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------- ------------------------------------
  1      American Civil War           1861–65        655,000 (est.)(U.S./Confederate)[123]   449              31,443,000                             2.083% (1860)
  2      World War II                 1941–45        405,399                                 297              133,402,000                            0.307% (1940)
  3      World War I                  1917–18        116,516                                 200              103,268,000                            0.110% (1920)
  4      Vietnam War                  1961–75        58,209                                  11               179,323,175                            0.032% (1970)
  5      Korean War                   1950–53        36,574                                  30               151,325,000                            0.024% (1950)
  6      American Revolutionary War   1775–83        25,000                                  11               2,500,000                              1.00% (1780)
  7      War of 1812                  1812–15        15,000                                  15               8,000,000                              0.207% (1810)
  8      Mexican–American War         1846–48        13,283                                  29               21,406,000                             0.057% (1850)
  9      Iraq War                     2003–11        4,576                                   2                294,043,000                            0.002% (2010)
  10     Philippine–American War      1899–1902      4,196                                   3.8              72,129,001                             0.006% (1900)
  11     War in Afghanistan           2001–present   2,420                                   0.36             294,043,000                            0.001% (2010)
  12     Spanish–American War         1898           2,246                                   9.6              62,022,250                             0.004% (1890)

“Deaths per day” is the total number of Americans killed in military service, divided by the number of days between the dates of the commencement and end of hostilities. “Deaths per population” is the total number of deaths in military service, divided by the U.S. population of the year indicated.

Notes

A. REVOLUTIONARY WAR: All figures from the Revolutionary War are rounded estimates. Commonly cited casualty figures provided by the Department of Defense are 4,435 killed and 6,188 wounded, although the original government report that generated these numbers warned that the totals were incomplete and far too low.[124] In 1974, historian Howard Peckham and a team of researchers came up with a total of 6,824 killed in action and 8,445 wounded. Because of incomplete records, Peckham estimated that this new total number of killed in action was still about 1,000 too low.[125] Military historian John Shy subsequently estimated the total killed in action at 8,000, and argued that the number of wounded was probably far higher, about 25,000.[126] The “other” deaths are primarily from disease, including prisoners who died on British prison ships.

B. OTHER ACTIONS AGAINST PIRATES: Includes actions fought in the West Indies, the Greek Isles, off of Louisiana, China and Vietnam. Other deaths resulted from disease and accidents.

C. CIVIL WAR: All Union casualty figures, and Confederate killed in action, from _The Oxford Companion to American Military History_ except where noted (NPS figures).[127] estimate of total Confederate dead from James M. McPherson, _Battle Cry of Freedom_ (Oxford University Press, 1988), 854. Newer estimates place the total death toll at 650,000 to 850,000.[128] 148 of the Union dead were U.S. Marines.[129][130]
CA. CIVIL WAR April 2, 2012 Doctor David Hacker after extensive research offered new casualty rates higher by 20%; his work has been accepted by the academic community and is represented here.

D. WORLD WAR I figures include expeditions in North Russia and Siberia. See also World War I casualties

DA. WORLD WAR II Note: as of March 31, 1946 there were an estimated 286,959 dead of whom 246,492 were identified; of 40,467 who were unidentified 18,641 were located {10,986 reposed in military cemeteries and 7,655 in isolated graves} and 21,826 were reported not located. As of April 6, 1946 there were 539 American Military Cemeteries which contained 241,500 dead. Note the American Battle Monuments Commission database for the World War II reports that in 18 ABMC Cemeteries total of 93,238 buried and 78,979 missing and that “The World War II database on this web site contains the names of those buried at our cemeteries, or listed as Missing in Action, buried or lost at sea. It does not contain the names of the 233,174 Americans returned to the United States for burial...” Similarly, the ABMC Records do not cover inter-War deaths such as the Port Chicago disaster in which 320 died. As of June 2018 total of US World War II casualties listed as MIA is 72,823[131]

E. KOREAN WAR: Note:[132] gives Dead as 33,746 and Wounded as 103, 284 and MIA as 8,177. The American Battle Monuments Commission database for the Korean War reports that “The Department of Defense reports that 54,246 American service men and women lost their lives during the Korean War. This includes all losses worldwide. Since the Korean War Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C. honors all U.S. Military who lost their lives during the War, we have tried to obtain the names of those who died in other areas besides Korea during the period June 27, 1950 to July 27, 1954, one year after the Korean Armistice...”. {For a breakdown of Worldwide casualties of 54,246 see The Korean War educator at [133] gives figures as In-theatre/non theater} After their retreat in 1950, dead Marines and soldiers were buried at a temporary gravesite near Hungnam, North Korea. During “Operation Glory” which occurred from July to November 1954 the dead of each side were exchanged; remains of 4,167 US soldiers/Marines were exchanged for 13,528 North Korean/Chinese dead.[134] After “Operation Glory” 416 Korean War “unknowns” were buried in the Punchbowl Cemetery. According to a DPMO white paper.[135] 1,394 names were also transmitted during “Operation Glory” from the Chinese and North Koreans, of whom 858 names proved to be correct; of the 4,167 returned remains were found to be 4,219 individuals of whom 2,944 were found to be Americans of whom all but 416 were identified by name. Of 239 Korean War unaccounted for: 186 not associated with Punchbowl unknowns (176 were identified and of the remaining 10 cases 4 were non-Americans of Asiatic descent; one was British; 3 were identified and 2 cases unconfirmed); Of 10 Korean War “Punchbowl Unknowns” 6 were identified. The W.A. Johnson listing of 496 POWs—including 25 civilians[136]—who died in North Korea can be found here and there[137]

Listed as MIA: 7,683[138]

EA. Cold War – Korea and Vietnam and Middle East-additional US Casualties:

-   North Korea {Cold War} 1959:1968–1969;1976;1984 killed 41; Wounded 5; 82 captured/released.[139]
-   USS Liberty incident 1967 killed 34; Wounded 173 by Israeli armed forces
-   Vietnam War prior to 1964-US Casualties were Laos-2 killed in 1954; and Vietnam 1946–1954 2 killed see;[140]

F. IRAQ WAR. See also Casualties of the Iraq War. Sources: .[141]

G. AFGHANISTAN. Casualties include those that occurred in Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Guantanamo Bay (Cuba), Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Philippines, Seychelles, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Yemen.

[1] John Grenier _The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier_ (Cambridge University Press) pg 195–200

[2] Rajitar 33–36, 71–73

[3] Konstantin 11–14, 111

[4] Michael A Palmer _Stoddert's War: Naval Operations During the Quasi-War with France 1798–1801_ (Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 1987) pg 119, 208, 218, 228

[5]

[6]

[7] Joseph Wheelan _Jefferson's War_, (Carol and Graph Publishers, 2003) pg 208–228

[8]

[9] Gregory Fremont-Barnes _Wars of the Barbary Coast: To the Shores of Tripoli_ (Osprey Publishing 2006)

[10] John Randolph Spears _David G Farragut_ (Cornell University Press, 2009) pg 39

[11]

[12]

[13] Edgar Stanton Maclay, _A History of the United States Navy from 1775 to 1894_pg 120–127

[14]

[15]

[16] The “other” deaths were primarily from disease. Donald R. Hickey, _Don't Give Up the Ship! Myths of the War of 1812t_ (University of Illinois Press, 2006), 297.

[17]

[18] Richard Blackmon, _The Creek War, 1813–1814_ (Center of Military History, 2014), 40.

[19] Joseph Wheelan _Jefferson's War_ pg 357

[20] Joseph Wheelan _Jefferson's War_ (Carol and Graf 2003), pg 354,357

[21] Colonel Raymond K Bluhm _US Army A Complete History_ (The Army Historical Foundation) pg 154

[22]

[23] Bluhm 166

[24] Kerry A Trask _Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America_ (Henry Holt and Co, 2006) pg 271–276

[25] Patrick Jung _The Black Hawk War of 1832_ (University of Oklahoma Press) pg 170–172

[26] John W. Chambers, II, ed. in chief, _The Oxford Companion to American Military History_. (Oxford University Press, 1999, ), 849.

[27] Frances Fuller Victor, _The Cayuse Wars (The Early Indian Wars of Oregon, Pt 1_. (Taxus Baccata Books, 2006, ), 211.

[28] AG Henry, _Rogue River War_. (YE Galleon Press, 1996, ), 39.

[29]

[30] Joe Knetscii _Florida's Seminole Wars: 1817–1858_ (Florida Historical Society)pg 152

[31]

[32] Ray Hoard Glassley _Pacific Northwest Indian Wars_ (Binford and Mort, 1953) 244.

[33] https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf

[34] America's Wars, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, November 2011

[35]

[36] DCAS Reports - Principal Wars, 1775 - 1991, U.S. Department of Defense, May 2015

[37]

[38] Yenne pg 95–99

[39] Jerry Keenan _The Great Sioux Uprising_(Da Capo Press)

[40] Alvin Josephy jr _Civil War in the American West_ (Vintage Press 1993)

[41]

[42] Long, Barbara. _The Civil War Day by Day: An Almanac_ pg 386

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46] CW. Cornell, _Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict 1864–1868_(Caxton Press, 2007)

[47]

[48] Yenne pg 117–124

[49] Rajitar

[50] Konstantin

[51] Dispatch from Commodore John Rodgers to the Secretary of the Navy, Corea, June 23, 1871

[52] Yenne 151–156

[53] Rajtar 46–48

[54] Yenne pg 175–211

[55] Rajtar pg 88–91

[56] Kurt Nelson, _Fighting for Paradise: A Military History of the Pacific Northwest_ (Westholme, 2008) pg 277

[57] Yenne 239–244

[58] Phil Konstantin, _This Day in North American Indian History_ (Da Capo, 2002)

[59] Yenne 245–248

[60]

[61] Yenne Pg 250

[62]

[63] Ryden, George Herbert. The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa. New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928. pg.449

[64] Steve Rajtar, _Indian War Sites_ (McFarland, 1999), pg 230–232

[65] Yenne 286–294

[66] Bill Yenne, _Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West_. (Westholme Publishing, 2008) 296.

[67]

[68]

[69] _Journal of the Military Service Institution of The United States_ Vol 38 pg 572 1

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73] Keith B Bickel _Mars Learning: the Marine Corps development of small wars doctrine 1915–1940_ (Westview Press) pg 119

[74]

[75]

[76] Keith B Bickel _Mars Learning: the Marine Corps development of small wars doctrine 1915–1940_ (Westview Press) pg 91

[77]

[78] Hudson, Miles (2004). _Intervention in Russia 1918–1920: A Cautionary Tale_. Pen and Sword. .

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88] page 7 of

[89] [https://books.google.com/books?id=PhuJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59&lpg=PT59&dq=SGT+James+Nettles++US+Army+paratrooper.&source=bl&ots=yAqw2cbd2h&sig=ACfU3U1tcYcDwg37Y7TfbXngWlFaGaOlmQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwicyoyi0Z_pAhUJKa0KHTJfAPcQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=SGT%20James%20Nettles%20%20US%20Army%20paratrooper.&f=false Beirut 1958: How America's Wars in the Middle East Began], Bruce Riedel, Brookings Institution Press, Oct 29, 2019: “Sergeant James R. Nettles was shot by a sniper on August 2, 1958.”

[90] John Padros, _Safe For Democracy:The Secret Wars of the CIA_(Ivan R Lee Publishers Chicago 2006) pg 263

[91]

[92]

[93] Richard K Kolb, _Cold War Clashes: Confronting Communism, 1945–1991_ (VFW Publications, Kansas City MO, 2004) pg 129

[94] Operation Power Pack

[95] Peter Huchthausen, _America's Splendid Little Wars_ pg 37

[96] Bradley Graham, _Medals Granted After Acknowledgement of US Role in El Salvador_, Washington Post; 5/6/1996 1A

[97] Miami Herald _Copter Crash kills 5 near San Salvador_, 2/26/1991. 4A

[98] Ted Gup _Star Agents: The anonymous stars in the CIA Book of Honor_, Washington Post; 9/7/1997 WO6

[99] Army Air Crews Line of Duty Deaths _http://www.armyaircrews.com/_

[100]

[101] Peter Huchthausen, _America's Splendid Little Wars: A Short History of U.S. Military Engagements 1975–2000_. (Viking Press, 2003) pg 96.

[102]

[103] Initials may offer clue to missing Gulf War pilot Note: ID and found August 2009

[104]

[105] http://www.marines.mil/news/publications/Documents/Humanitarian%20Operations%20in%20Nothern%20Iraq,%20Operation%20Provide%20Comfort%20PCN%2019000316500_2.PDF

[106]

[107]

[108]

[109]

[110]

[111]

[112]

[113]

[114]

[115]

[116] Casualty, Retrieved on May 5, 2018

[117]

[118]

[119]

[120]

[121] https://dod.defense.gov/News/Casualty-Status/

[122]

[123]

[124] Howard H. Peckham, ed., _The Toll of Independence: Engagements & Battle Casualties of the American Revolution_ (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), xii.

[125] Peckham, _Toll of Independence_, 131.

[126] John Shy, _A People Numerous and Armed: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence_ (revised edition, University of Michigan Press, 1990, ), 249–50.

[127]

[128]

[129]

[130]

[131]

[132]

[133]

[134]

[135]

[136]

[137]

[138]

[139] List of border incidents involving North Korea

[140] Vietnam War casualties

[141]

title: United States military casualties of war

question: Why did World War Two cost the most deaths in the history of the United States?

answer: Because of its scale and involvement. Also, because a little bit of the action happened on American soil (Pearl Harbor).


text:
The HEN HARRIER (_Circus cyaneus_) is a bird of prey. The genus name _Circus_ is derived , referring to a bird of prey named for its circling flight. The specific _cyaneus_ is Latin, meaning “dark-blue”.[1]

While many taxonomic authorities split the northern harrier and the hen harrier into distinct species, others consider them conspecific.[2]

It breeds in Eurasia. The term “hen harrier” refers to its former habit of preying on free-ranging fowl.[3]

It migrates to more southerly areas in winter. Eurasian birds move to southern Europe and southern temperate Asia. In the mildest regions, such as France and Great Britain, hen harriers may be present all year, but the higher ground is largely deserted in winter.

Description

[Bird in flight at an altitude over 12,500 ft in Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary in East Sikkim district, India in the month of November]

The hen harrier is [4] long with a wingspan.[5][6] It resembles other harriers in having distinct male and female plumages. The sexes also differ in weight, with males weighing , with an average of , and females weighing , with an average of .[7][8] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the tail is and the tarsus is .[9] It is relatively long winged and long tailed.[10]

The male is mainly grey above and white below except for the upper breast, which is grey like the upperparts, and the rump, which is white; the wings are grey with black wingtips. The female is brown above with white upper tail coverts, hence females, and the similar juveniles, are often called “ringtails”. Their underparts are buff streaked with brown.[11] Immatures look like females but with less distinct barring, dark brown secondaries dark brown and less-streaked belly.[12]

The female gives a whistled _piih-eh_ when receiving food from the male, and her alarm call is _chit-it-it-it-it-et-it_. The male calls _chek-chek-chek_, with a more bouncing _chuk-uk-uk-uk_ during his display flight.[13]

Behaviour

This medium-sized raptor breeds on moorland, bogs, prairies, farmland coastal prairies, marshes, grasslands, swamps and other assorted open areas. A male will maintain a territory averaging , though male territories have ranged from .

These, are the one of the few raptorial birds known to practice polygyny – one male mates with several females. Up to five females have been known to mate with one male in a season. A supplementary feeding experiment on the Orkney islands showed that rates of polygyny were influenced by food levels; males provided with extra food had more breeding females than 'control' males that received no extra food.[14]

The nest is built on the ground or on a mound of dirt or vegetation. Nests are made of sticks and are lined inside with grass and leaves. Four to eight (exceptionally 2 to 10) whitish eggs are laid. The eggs measure approximately . The eggs are incubated mostly by the female for 31 to 32 days. When incubating eggs, the female sits on the nest while the male hunts and brings food to her and the chicks. The male will help feed chicks after they hatch, but does not usually watch them for a greater period of time than around 5 minutes.[15] The male usually passes off food to the female, which she then feeds to the young, although later the female will capture food and simply drop into the nest for her nestlings to eat. The chicks fledge at around 36 days old, though breeding maturity is not reached until 2 years in females and 3 years in males.

In winter, the hen harrier is a bird of open country, and will then roost communally, often with merlins and marsh harriers. There is now an accepted record of transatlantic vagrancy by the northern harrier, with a juvenile being recorded in Scilly, Great Britain from October 1982 to June 1983.[16]

Hunting behavior

This is a typical harrier, which hunts on long wings held in a shallow V in its low flight during which the bird closely hugs the contours of the land below it. Northern or hen harriers hunt primarily small mammals, as do most harriers. Up to 95% of the diet comprises small mammals.However, birds are hunted with some regularity as well, especially by males. Preferred avian prey include passerines of open country (i.e. sparrows, larks, pipits), small shorebirds and the young of waterfowl and galliforms. Supplementing the diet occasionally are amphibians (especially frogs), reptiles and insects (especially orthopterans).[17] The species has been observed to hunt bats if these are available.[18] Larger prey, such as rabbits and adult ducks are taken sometimes and harriers have been known to subdue these by drowning them in water.[19] Harriers hunt by surprising prey while flying low to the ground in open areas, as they drift low over fields and moors.[20] The harriers circle an area several times listening and looking for prey. Harriers use hearing regularly to find prey, as they have exceptionally good hearing for diurnal raptors, this being the function of their owl-like facial disc.[21] This harrier tends to be a very vocal bird while it glides over its hunting ground.

Mortality and competition

Little information is available on longevity in hen harriers. The longest-lived known bird is 16 years and 5 months. However, adults rarely live more than 8 years. Early mortality mainly results from predation. Predators of eggs and nestlings include raccoons, skunks, badgers, foxes, crows and ravens, dogs and owls. Both parents attack potential predators with alarm calls and striking with talons. Short-eared owls are natural competitors of this species that favor the same prey and habitat, as well as having a similarly broad distribution. Occasionally, both harriers and short-eared owls will harass each other until the victim drops its prey and it can be stolen, a practice known as kleptoparasitism. Most commonly, the harriers are the aggressors pirating prey from owls.[22]

[]

Status

This species has a large range. There is evidence of a population decline, but the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). It is therefore classified as “least concern”.[23] In the United Kingdom, however, hen harrier populations are in a critical condition, due to habitat loss and illegal killing on grouse moors.[24] In 2012 only 617 pairs remained, representing a fall of 20% from 2004.

Relationship with humans

In some parts of Europe people believed that seeing a harrier perched on a house was a sign that three people would die. Unlike many raptors, hen harriers have historically been favorably regarded by farmers because they eat predators of quail eggs and mice that damage crops. Harriers are sometimes called “good hawks” because they pose no threat to poultry as some hawks do.

Forestry and hen harriers

[Eggs, Collection Museum Wiesbaden] The hen harrier is a bird of open habitats such as heather moorland and extensive agriculture. However, much of its range, particularly in Ireland and parts of western Britain, has been (and continues to be) afforested, predominantly with non-native conifers such as Sitka spruce (_Picea sitchensis_) from North America.[25][26] Hen harriers nest and forage in commercial forestry when it is young, before the canopy closes (typically at between 9–12 and years old), but do not make much use of thicket and subsequent growth stages,[27][28] which typically comprise between and of the commercial growth cycle. Where forests replace habitats that were used by hen harriers they will therefore tend to reduce overall habitat availability.[29] However, where afforestation takes place in areas that were previously underutilised by hen harriers, it may increase the value of such areas to this species in the long-term.[30][31] Areas dominated by forestry may remain suitable to hen harriers provided that a mosaic of age classes is maintained within the forest, such that areas of young, pre-thicket forest are always available.

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[12] Woo-Shin Lee, Tae-Hoe Koo, Jin-Young Park (2005). A field guide to the birds of Korea. p. 106. .

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title: Hen harrier

question: Are Hen Harriers considered threatened or endangered?

answer: They're considered least concern.


text:
MORNINGSIDE HOSPITAL was a 125-bed hospital located at 8711 South Harvard Boulevard, Los Angeles, California. The facility opened in early 1958. An August 1980 Los Angeles Times article indicated that the closing date of Morningside would be September 15, 1980, citing financial losses and competition from larger hospitals.[1] Its emergency room closed two weeks before the hospital itself.[2]

Morningside was one of the filming locations for _Halloween II_ (1981), _Fast Times at Ridgemont High_ (1982), _10 to Midnight_ (1983) and _V: The Final Battle_ (1984).

After its closure the hospital was abandoned and then demolished in 2003.[3] That same year construction of the Harvard Yard Senior Apartments began on the former hospital site,[4] with funding provided by the Los Angeles Housing Department.[5]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

title: Morningside Hospital (California)

question: What is the Morningside Hospital?

answer: The Morningside Hospital was a 125-bed hospital in Los Angeles, California.

question: How long was the hospital open?

answer: The hospital was open for 22 years.

question: Why did the hospital close?

answer: The hospital closed due to financial losses and competition from larger hospitals.

question: How many movies were filmed at the hospital?

answer: Four movies were filmed there.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The Morningside Hospital was a 125-bed hospital in Los Angeles, California. After the hospital closed due to financial losses and competition from larger hospitals, it was used to film 4 movies.


text:
[]

 <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/starr-environmental/9219693374/in/photolist-f3ta3v-f3t9At-f3Hk8Y-f3taGz-f3HkCA-f3t9aD-f3HgyJ"> Forest and Kim Starr </a>/Flickr

Let our journalists help you make sense of the noise: Subscribe to the _Mother Jones Daily_ newsletter and get a recap of news that matters.

Imagine if Monsanto announced the debut of a genetically engineered superfood—a vegetable rich in protein and essential vitamins and minerals, perfectly adapted to Africa’s soils and changing climate.

The leaves of amaranth, pumpkin, and cowpea (black-eyed pea) plants are packed with vitamins, minerals, and protein.

There’d be howls of protest, no doubt, from anti-GMO activists. But also great adulation—possibly a World Food Prize—along with stern lectures about how anti-science romanticism must not impede heroic corporate efforts to “feed the world.”

Thing is, such superfoods exist in Africa. They exist thanks not to the genius and beneficence of a foreign company, but rather through millennia of interactions between Africa’s farmers and its landscape. And while their popularity waned in recent decades as urbanization has swept through the continent, they’re gaining renewed interest from food-security experts and urban dwellers alike, reports a new article by Rachel Cernansky in _Nature_.

Cernansky focuses on the work of Mary Abukutsa-Onyango, a horticulturalist at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Kenya, who has since the 1990s been a kind of Johnny Appleseed for reviving appetites for indigenous vegetables in Africa. Here’s Cernansky:

  Most of the indigenous vegetables being studied in East Africa are leafy greens, almost all deep green in colour and often fairly bitter. Kenyans especially love African nightshade and amaranth leaves (_Amaranthus_ sp.). Spider plant (_Cleome gynandra_), one of Abukutsa’s favourites for its sour taste, grows wild in East Africa as well as South Asia. Jute mallow has a texture that people love or hate. It turns slimy when cooked — much like okra. … [M]oringa (_Moringa oleifera_) is not only one of the most healthful of the indigenous vegetables — both nutritionally and medicinally — but it is also common in many countries around the world.

In a 2010 paper, Abukutsa-Onyango demonstrated the nutritional punch packed by these foodstuffs. This chart, pulled from the paper, shows how African vegetables like the leaves of amaranth, pumpkin, and cowpea (black-eyed pea) plants outshine rival western greens that have been introduced into African agriculture over the past century.

[]

From: ” African Indigenous Vegetables in Kenya: Strategic Repositioning in the Horticultural Sector.”

Then there’s the leaves of the moringa tree, native to Africa and parts of Asia, which, according to the anti-hunger nonprofit Trees for Life International, deliver three times more vitamin A than carrots, seven times more vitamin C than oranges, and twice the protein of cow’s milk, per 100 grams.

Traditional markets, supermarkets, and restaurant menus in Nairobi now feature indigenous vegetables heavily.

Unlike “exotic” (i.e., non-native to Africa) vegetables like kale and cabbage, these crops are adapted to Africa’s soils and growing conditions. “Most of the traditional varieties are ready for harvest much faster than non-native crops, so they could be promising options if the rainy seasons become more erratic—one of the predicted outcomes of global warming,” Cernansky writes.

As a result of these advantages, indigenous vegetables are gaining traction throughout East Africa. Traditional markets, supermarkets, and restaurant menus in Nairobi feature them heavily, Cernansky reports. As a result, “Kenyan farmers increased the area planted with such greens by 25 percent between 2011 and 2013.” They’re also gaining ground in Western Africa.

Of course, spiderplant and cowpea leaves are a long way from solving Africa’s nutritional problems. As of 2013, indigenous vegetables accounted for just 6 percent of Kenya’s total vegetable market, reports _SciDevNet_. Despite growing demand, SciDevNet found, production is constrained by the same factors that haunt African food security broadly: poor infrastructure (roads, rail, etc.) for bringing fresh food from farm to market, along with a dearth of investment in research and development.

There are no simple answers, no silver bullets, to the problem of ensuring a robust food supply on a warming planet with a growing population. But it’s important to remember that the best, cheapest solutions aren’t necessarily the ones that emerge from patent-seeking laboratories.

question: Who is Mary Abukutsa-Onyango?

answer: She is a horticulturalist at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Kenya, who has since the 1990s been reviving appetites for indigenous vegetables in Africa.

question: What are the indigenous vegetables being studied in East Africa?

answer: Bitter, leafy greens such as African nightshade, amaranth leaves, spider plant, jute mallow, and moringa.

question: What are the nutritional properties of the moringa leaf?

answer: Per 100 grams, moringa leaves deliver three times more vitamin A than carrots, seven times more vitamin C than oranges, and twice the protein of cow's milk.

question: What are some of the problems facing African food security?

answer: Poor infrastructure (lack of rail, roads, etc) for bringing fresh food from farm to market and a lack of investment in research and development have constrained the production of these superfoods.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Rachel Cernansky reports that Mary Abukutsa-Onyango, a horticulturalist at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology in Kenya, has been reviving appetites for indigenous vegetables in Africa since the 1990s. Onyango is trying to solve the problem of food security by focusing on vegetables that pack a nutritional punch such as spider plant, moringa, and cowpea leaves. Despite growing demand, there have been production issues due to poor infrastructure and a lack of investment in research and development.


text:
On 20 December 2016, a fireworks explosion occurred at the San Pablito Market in the city of Tultepec, north of Mexico City.[1][2][3] At least 42 people were killed,[4] and dozens injured.[5]

Background

[Partial view of San Pablito Market in 2010|left] Tultepec has a major fireworks culture and industry,[6] with a two hundred-year history of fireworks production.[7] About 65% of the population of the town is directly or indirectly involved in fireworks production.[8] According to the Instituto Mexiquense de la Pirotecnia, 436 fireworks workshops or retailers were registered in the Tultepec municipality.[9] San Pablito Market is a major center for Mexican handcrafted fireworks.[10] The city had implemented new safety measures in the market following firework-related explosions in 2005 and 2006.[11]

Explosion

The cause of the explosion is unknown, but sources preliminarily claimed that gunpowder from the fireworks ignited the explosion.[12] Up to 300 tonnes of fireworks were reported to have been present at the market.[13] The explosion occurred at approximately 15:00 CST (21:00 UTC).[14] As of 24 December, at least 36 people died,[15] with at least 84 more injured.[16] Of the dead, 26 died at the site of the explosion and the remaining at the hospital.[17] Of the injured, 46 individuals were hospitalized, five of whom were in critical condition.[18]

Six children were among the injured, including a girl with burns to over 90% of her body.[19] Once they were stable and guardians had been contacted, these children were planned to be transferred to Shriners Hospital for Children in Galveston, Texas, United States, to be treated.[20] Nearby homes were damaged significantly[21] and much of the market was leveled in the explosion.[22]

Reaction

[Enrique Peña Nieto, his cabinet, and multiple doctors and nurses observing a moment of silence during an event in San Pablo del Monte, Tlaxcala] José Manzur, representing the government of the State of Mexico, stated that all funeral and medical bills of those killed and injured will be paid for by the government.[23] President Enrique Peña Nieto offered his condolences and ordered federal agencies to coordinate with state authorities to help the families of those affected, particularly in medical care.[24] Germán Galicia Cortes, the president of San Pablito Market, said that vendors would receive government assistance to help cover their losses, and pledged to re-open the market.[25] The office of the federal attorney general began an investigation into the incident, with forensic investigators deployed to the site on 21 December.[26]

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title: 2016 San Pablito Market fireworks explosion

question: Where is the San Pablito Market located?

answer: The San Pablito Market is located in Tultepec, a city north of Mexico City. The market is a major center for Mexican handcrafted fireworks.

question: What is Tultepec's major industry?

answer: The main production of Tultepec is fireworks.

question: According to the article, how many explosions occurred at the market?

answer: three

question: In the 2016 explosion, how many were injured or killed?

answer: 42 people were killed and at least 84 were injured.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: In 2016 a large fireworks explosion occurred in the San Pablito Market of Tultepec, Mexico killing 42 and injuring at least 84.


text:
CityNews – A group of men claiming to be police officers have been fining shop owners and asking for monthly ‘protection fees’ in Hang Dong.

[]

A toy shop owner in Hang Dong issued a report to Police and the Army when a group of men who claimed to be police officers ‘arrested’ the owner and fined him for displaying products without clear labels.

The men who claimed to be police officer were dressed in regular clothes and arrived in regular cars, and refused to display their badges or a warrant when asked by the store owner.

Unsure of the circumstances, the owner agreed to visit Hang Dong Police Station with the men in order to sign a form and pay a fine. However, when they arrived at the station, he was made to sign the form in the car park and never once stepped foot in the station.

The shop owner was forced to pay 8,000 baht in cash, plus an additional 1,000 baht in ‘protection fees’ that the men said they would collect every month.

After the incident, the shop owner reported the case to Region 5 Police and also delivered a complaint to the Army, asking for assistance in the matter. According to the report, one of the men identified is in fact a real police officer. Their actions clearly display an act of fraud or a scam. This is not the first time this case has been reported, with other shop owners in the area also being subjected to such abuse.

Authorities are investigating more claims and are opening an investigation into the matter.

question: Who is impersonating police officers?

answer: It is unclear who the men are, but one of them is a police officer.

question: What are the men asking for?

answer: The men asked for 8,000 baht in cash as well as 1,000 in "protection fees"

question: What did the toy store owner do when confronted by the men?

answer: The toy store owner went with the men to the Hang Dong Police Station, but did not actually set foot inside the station. Instead, the men made him sign a form in the parking lot.

question: Is this the first time an incident like this has happened?

answer: No. There have been other cases of local shop owners being harassed and abused.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: A group of men claiming to be police officers harassed a local toy shop owner and made him pay "protection fees" in Hang Dong. The man reported the incident to the police and military.


text:
As I walked along the beach, the sand caressing my feet, I stared out at the ocean in it’s vast emptiness. The waves crashed against the shore with a rhythmic pounding that soothed the echoes of voices in my head. The moon was out, bright and inviting, lighting the empty beach around me. I sat down at the base of the water, letting the tide embrace me. I didn’t know why I was here, but I knew it was where I wanted to be.

My life had become a mess, something I couldn’t figure out no matter how hard I tried. Event after event passed around me, until I felt that I was nothing more than a spectator in a horribly acted play based upon me. The actors coming and going, never quite right to the plot, but always there and always acting. The stage began to get cluttered and I found myself pushed aside, as if the story was no longer about me, but those around me.

I watched them wander because that’s all they ever did, wander. They’d reach the stage, act out their lines and exit stage left, their presence still felt despite the emptiness of their bodies and mind upon the backdrop of my life.

I stood back and watched as the actors filled up the stage, their costumes accentuating their different traits. A clown on one corner, trying to make me laugh to forget the screaming in my mind, giggling and playful, but nary cracking a smile upon my wretched lips. A woman, her features mundane, though filled with beauty. She danced her way to me, her face close to mine, before gently placing her lips on mine. She kissed me then, though my lips would not part. She looked disappointed before dancing her way back off stage.

The actors and actresses began to thin, as they played their part in my life and found their exit. That was how it went, in my life. Permanence was not a word that would ever pass my lips. Nothing but the loneliness I felt once they found their way to the end of their plot arcs stayed with me. That’s what my life had become, a series of feeling nothing; loneliness. I inched back more and more, until my back leaned against the set. I watched them go, until it was but me on the stage. The audience left their seats and walked away, the actors had gone on to focus on their lives, no longer a part of mine. The spotlight shone on only me as I walked to the edge of the stage, I whispered my final lines and leapt from the stage, praying someone in the audience would be left to catch me. As I fell, all I could think was that I was a fool for praying.

Snapped back to the reality of my situation, I stared back out at the empty crashing ocean. It’s vast emptiness began to call to me, beckoning. I tried, I swear I did, to ignore it’s calls. Suddenly the realization that vast emptiness was better than the sickening loneliness I felt began to tear me apart. I stood up, not bothering to wipe the sand from all around me. I breathed in deep, scared but knowing it’d all be over soon. Strangely, as I began to walk into the water, a smile broke the static in my face for the first time in weeks. I smiled as the water reached my neck, until finally I was overcome by the waves. The all encompassing emptiness of the ocean swallowed me and I took my final breath, the smile stayed upon my face, until suddenly I was one with it. The void became I, and I became the void.

title: Going through a tough time. My ex told me to write how I felt. This was the result.

question: What happens to the narrator at the end of the story?

answer: He commits suicide.

question: What two spaces does the narrator describe?

answer: The beach and the stage, which is in his imagination.

question: Why is he lonely?

answer: He feels that no one ever stays in his life long enough to form any connection with them. He thinks he has become a spectator of his own life.

question: How does he feel when he is submerged in the water?

answer: He smiles. He seems relieved.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The text is a short story about a lonely man who feels that he has become a spectator in his own life. At the end of the story, he commits suicide by walking into the ocean and drowning.


text:
THE RT REV WILLIAM ARTHUR HOLBECH (14 December 1850 – 7 March 1930) was an Anglican Bishop in the first half of the 20th century.

Biography

Born on 14 December 1850 and educated at Eton and Brasenose College, Oxford,[1] he was ordained in 1874.[2] Following a curacy at _St Mark’s, Lakenham_[3] he emigrated to South Africa where he was a Mission Priest before promotion to be the Archdeacon of Kimberley and Rector of St Cyprian's Church (where he served through the Siege of Kimberley), then Dean of Bloemfontein.[4] In 1905 he became Bishop of St Helena,[5] a post he held until his death on 7 March 1930.

Notes

Category:1850 births Category:People educated at Eton College Category:Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford Category:Anglican archdeacons in Africa Category:Anglican deans Category:Bishops of St Helena Category:20th-century Anglican bishops Category:1930 deaths

[1] “Who was Who” 1897–2007 London, A & C Black, 2007

[2] “The Clergy List, Clerical Guide and Ecclesiastical Directory” London, Hamilton & Co 1889

[3] Church photo

[4] University of the Witwatersrand

[5] The Times, Tuesday, 1 Aug 1905; pg. 8; Issue 37774; col B _Ecclesiastical Intelligence_

title: William Holbech (bishop)

question: What position did William Holbech hold at the time of his death?

answer: Bishop of St. Helena

question: What schools did William Holbech attend?

answer: Eton and Brasenose College, Oxford

question: Describe William Holbech's work in South Africa.

answer: He served in South Africa as a Mission Priest

question: When was William Holbech born?

answer: December 14, 1850

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: William Holbech was an Anglican Bishop. After emigrating to South Africa as a Mission Priest, he served as Archdeacon of Kimberly and Rector of St. Cyprian's Church, Dean of Bloemfontein, and then Bishop of St. Helena.


text:
“Is that seat open?”
a moments pause....
“I said, is that seat open?”

The man two seats away quickly got up and left instead of answering the guy’s question.
Who asks random people if the other seat at a sit-down restaurant is open? The questioner, a rather tall man with a thick brown beard and wearing a white tee with a rather large yellow stain towards the bottom, had been making a circuit of the room asking each table if their seat was open.

 Maybe I should just leave the room before the guy gets to me. I really hate these awkward moments with anybody and will do nearly anything to avoid them. In fact, I didn’t even really know why I was still here. I had finished my meal and was just sitting here drinking my coffee watching this guy make his way around..As he drew closer, I went back to my newspaper and flipped to the sports section, hoping he wouldn’t notice me.

“Is that seat open?”
“what?.... No, no it’s not open.” He sits across from me anyways and immediately grabbed my paper and started reading it. Everyone was staring. After about a minute in he looked up.
“I saw that no one was sitting with you and was planning on sitting with you a little bit after I entered the restaurant.” He calmly said this as he was turning my newspaper around.
“Why do you read the newspaper at night? Isn’t it typically more of an early morning ritual for people?” I just glared at him. Why can’t he just leave me alone?

“Why are you here, sitting with me? What if I was waiting for someone?” He ignored me and continued flipping through the news. This continued for at least another minute and I would’ve stopped him but honestly I didn’t even know how to go about stopping him. After a few moments he abruptly slapped the paper down and looked me in the eyes.

“I really like this restaurant, and I don’t like eating alone. You looked bored so I decided I would sit with you, besides who goes to a sit-down restaurant and eats alone?”

“Well, I enjoy eating alone; it allows me time to think.”

“You’re a pensive fellow; I bet you live by yourself” He said quickly as he was pointing at my bare left ring finger. “And, I bet you don’t have a girlfriend because who has a sit-down meal on a Saturday night by himself?”

“Two of us clearly.”

“Hahaha! You know I wasn’t planning on eating alone when I came in here. You did see me ask all of those people, didn’t you?” There was a pause as i drank my coffee and gave him the point. At this point i didn’t see a point in trying to take it from him.

“Tom, is it alright if i call you Tom? You look like a Tom.”
“My name isn’t Tom; it’s …” He just barreled on his way.
“Right Tom, I’m going to order a drink. Do you want a drink? You know what? I’m just going to get you one too. I hate drinking alone” As he said this he waved the waiter over and ordered two drinks and then looked back down at the paper for a bit.

“You know you didn’t have to buy me that. I make plenty of money from my accounting job and my name isn’t Tom; it’s....”

“Listen, I don’t want to sound rude, but i honestly don’t give a rat’s ass what your name is or what you do for a living. I just wanted to come here and buy somebody something.” The drinks came and he grabbed his and downed it in a few gulps. I just sipped at mine and stared across the table at him.

A drink later, he spoke up again.
“Am I making you uncomfortable?”

“Yes, well not really anymore.” Everyone had stopped staring, and i was approaching the end of my first drink.

“Why am I making you uncomfortable? Is it that I’m wearing this ugly, stained white tee when I came in or was it that you were one of the last tables i asked? (I assure you if you’re worrying that I chose tables in no particular order, so it is nothing against you). In fact, if you’ll permit me to say...”
“It doesn’t look like i have a choice.”
“No, no of course not. Anyways Tom, I was going to say that you would make a rather splendid first impression if you talked more. But back to my original question. Why am i making you uncomfortable?” I paused for a few moments and took a sip to buy me more time.

“well.... I don’t know. It’s just when i came here i was sort of making the decision to eat here by myself and then you showed up and ruined my night.”

“I don’t think that is the real reason and it insults me when you say that ‘i’ ruined your night. Tom ma’ boy, it was an admirable lie you told me there. I bet you don’t even realize it was a lie. Allow me to explain.”
“Please do.”
“You’re, quite simply, uncomfortable with me crushing your social norms. You’re so used to life just happening for you. I bet you majored in something that would be ‘useful’ outside of college and would have an immediate job waiting for you because you were too scared to try something different. And to top it off, I bet you really didn’t even necessarily make that decision yourself. You allowed yourself to get talked into it, just like you’ve allowed me to call you Tom for the past 15 minutes when your name clearly isn’t Tom.”

I was quiet for another minute thinking about what he said. As i was about to open my mouth with a reply, he launched onwards.

“I think you were alone tonight because you plainly haven’t just gone up and asked anybody out to come eat with you. You sat here with your paper killing time, really just waiting for someone, anyone, to come talk to you.” Another pause as he gulped down the glass of water the waiter brought, letting it spill all down the front of him in a rather disturbing manner.

 I quickly got out my wallet gave him five dollars.
“Thank you for the drinks but i really have to go.”
“Of course you do.... Goodnight Tom.”
“Good bye.”
I turned and hurried out into the night.

title: Sit-Down Dinners

question: Who wants to sit with the narrator?

answer: An unnamed man heretofore unknown to the narrator.

question: Why does the narrator say the seat isn't open?

answer: He wants to be left alone.

question: How does the man know the narrator's name is Tom?

answer: Tom is not the narrator's name; the man calls him Tom because he says he looks like a Tom.

question: What is the story's genre?

answer: Contemporary literary drama.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: A man is finishing up his dinner in a restaurant, having eaten alone with his newspaper, and is watching a stranger go around the restaurant, asking diners if they had an open seat. The strange man finally sits down across from the narrator, despite the narrator's protests, and makes a speech about social norms until the narrator gets up and leaves.


text:
RENAUD III (d. 1141), son of John I, Count of Soissons, and Aveline de Pierrefonds. Count of Soissons.

Little is known about Renaud other than he inherited the Count of Soissons from his father in 1115. Upon Renaud's death in 1141, Ivo II de Nesle was chosen as his successor by the Bishop of Soisson, Joscelin de Vierzi.

Renaud married Bathilde, of an unknown family, in 1137. No children are recorded. Renaud was the last of the Norman counts of Soissons.

Notes

Sources

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Category:Counts of Soissons

title: Renaud III, Count of Soissons

question: How long was Renaud the third's reign as count?

answer: From 1115 to 1141, 26 years.

question: Who succeeded Renaud III?

answer: Ivo II de Nesle.

question: Who was the predecessor to Renaud III?

answer: His father, John I.

question: Why did the Bishop choose the next ruler?

answer: While the article doesn't elaborate, it could be because there were no children to inherit the title.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: Renaud III (d. 1141), son of John I, inherited the Count of Soissons from his father in 1115. Upon his death, Ivo II de Nesle was chosen as his successor by the Bishop of Soissons. Renaud married Bathilde of an unknown family in 1137. There are no children on records. He was the last Norman count.


text:
*I'm not a writer by any means, but here's a small idea I wanted to get out of my head.*

The Decestians were an advanced intelligent race living on Earth millions of years ago. Their pioneering technologies eventually lead to interstellar travel, but not without great cost. Their exponential technological advances had taken its toll on the planet, and despite their great intellect, they couldn't reverse the damage they had caused. Earth had to go through an inhospitable cycle, and the Decestians had to leave.

Ephemerous, the closest planet with liquid water, was orbiting a dying star. The planet was cold, dark and hostile. To ensure the survival of their species, the Decestians migrated to Ephemerous, planning their return nine-million years later, when the earth had returned to a hospitable state. For only Earth had the ideal conditions for life.

The Decestians knew how fortunate they were to have a celestial system with the perfect conditions to harbour life, and with this in mind, they knew that after nine-million years, they might return to a species smart enough to defend their home. The Decestians were no strangers to war, and knew all too well of the desperate actions a primitive race will take in order to survive.

Knowing of this risk, the Decestians influenced a passing comet out of it's usual orbit, and according to their calculations, had directed it to impact Earth shortly before their return. It wouldn't cleanse Earth of life, but it would certainly throw an intelligent species off guard. And that would hopefully be enough to win their home back.

title: The Decestians (250 words)

question: Did the Decestians decision to return nine-million years later seem to be a smart choice?

answer: Yes, this decision made by the Decestians seemed to be a smart choice as it would ensure that they come back to an Earth that has ideal living conditions.

question: What would have happened if the Decestians did not influence a passing comet out of its usual orbit?

answer: If the Decestians did not influence a passing comet out of its usual orbit, them their flight to Earth would have been very rocky, even resulting in them not reaching Earth.

question: What kind of life would you imagine the Decestians may have had when they reached the cold, dark, and hostile planet of Ephemerous?

answer: The Decestians could be in for a rough living situation with a planet being cold, dark, and hostile.