text:
The baritone voice is typically written in the range from the second A below middle C to the A above middle C (A2-A4) although it can be extended at either end. However, the baritone voice is determined not only by its vocal range, but also by its timbre, which tends to be darker than that of the typical tenor voice.[1]

The term _baritone_ was developed in relation to classical and operatic voices, where the classification is based not merely on the singer's vocal range but also on the tessitura and timbre of the voice. For classical and operatic singers, their voice type determines the roles they will sing and is a primary method of categorization. In non-classical music, singers are defined by their genre and their gender and not by their vocal range.[2] When the terms _soprano_, _mezzo-soprano_, _contralto_, _tenor_, _baritone_, and _bass_ are used as descriptors of non-classical voices, they are applied more loosely than they would be to those of classical singers and generally refer only to the singer's perceived vocal range.

Successful non-classical baritones display a wide range of vocal qualities and effects that lend a unique character to their voices, many of which are considered undesirable in the operatic or classical baritone singer, such as “breathy” (Jim Reeves),[3] “crooning” (Ville Valo),[4][5] “growling” (Neil Diamond),[6] and even “ragged” (Bruce Springsteen).[7]

The following is a list of singers in various music genres and styles (most of which can be found on the List of popular music genres)[8] who have been described as the best baritones.

List of names

[Damon Albarn] [Mikael Åkerfeldt] [Phil Anselmo] [Matt Barlow] [David Bowie] [James Brown] [Kurt Cobain] [J. Cole] [Nat King Cole] [Chris Cornell] [David Draiman] [Freddie Mercury] [Bob Dylan] [Bryan Ferry] [Larry Graham] [Josh Groban] [George Ezra] [Jimi Hendrix] [Mick Jagger] [Ben E. King] [John Mayer] [Frank Ocean] [Elvis Presley] [Frank Sinatra] [Bruce Springsteen] [Ringo Starr] [Harry Styles] [Serj Tankian] [Alex Turner|alt=] [V|alt=] [Ville Valo|alt=] [Eddie Vedder] [Scott Weiland|alt=] [254.988x254.988px|Bang Yong-guk]

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  Name                     Lifespan                                 Nationality                Associated group(s)
  ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------ --------------------------- -------
  21 Savage                1992–                                    British                                                          [9]
  Trace Adkins             1962–                                    American                                                         [10][11][12]
  Mikael Åkerfeldt         1974–                                    Swedish                    {{hlist|Opeth                         Storm Corrosion}}
  Damon Albarn             1968–                                    British                    {{hlist|Blur                          Gorillaz}}
  Ian Anderson             1947–                                    British                    Jethro Tull                           [19][20][21]
  John Anderson            1954–                                    American                                                         [22][23][24][25][26]
  Phil Anselmo             1968–                                    American                   {{hlist|Pantera                       Down}}
  Charlie Applewhite       1932–2001                                American                                                         [30][31][32]
  Richard Araiza           1991– or 1992–[33]                       American                   The Buttertones                       [34]
  Alexander Armstrong      1970–                                    British                                                          [35][36]
  Louis Armstrong          1901–1971                                American                                                         [37][38]
  Brad Arnold              1978–                                    American                   3 Doors Down                          [39]
  Ian Astbury              1962–                                    English                    The Cult                              [40][41][42][43][44]
  Rick Astley              1966–                                    British                                                          [45][46][47]
  Kevin Ayers              1944–2013                                British                    Soft Machine                          [48][49]
  Amitabh Bachchan         1942–                                    Indian                                                           [50][51][52]
  Bad Bunny                1994–                                    Puerto Rican                                                     [53][54][55][56][57]
  Faris Badwan             1986–                                    British                    The Horrors                           [58][59]
  Michael Ball             1962–                                    English                                                          [60][61][62][63]
  Paul Banks               1978–                                    British-American           Interpol                              [64][65][66]
  Matt Barlow              1971–[67]                                American                   {{hlist| Ashes of Ares                Iced Earth
  James Bay                1990–                                    British                                                          [69]
  David Bazan              1976–                                    American                   {{hlist                               Pedro the Lion
  Beck                     1970–                                    American                                                         [71][72]
  Daron Beck               1975– or 1976–[73]                       American                   Pinkish Black                         [74][75][76][77][78]
  Harry Belafonte          1927–                                    American                                                         [79][80][81]
  Burton C. Bell           1969–                                    American                   {{hlist| Fear Factory                 Ascension of the Watchers
  Matt Berninger           1971–                                    American                   The National                          [84][85][86]
  Andy Bey                 1939–                                    American                                                         [87][88][89]
  Jello Biafra             1958–                                    American                   {{hlist| Dead Kennedys                Jello Biafra and the Guantanamo School of Medicine
  Andy Biersack            1990–                                    American                   Black Veil Brides                     [92]
  Aloe Blacc               1979–                                    American                   Emanon                                [93][94]
  James Blake              1988–                                    English                                                          [95][96][97]
  David Bowie              1947–2016                                English                    {{hlist|The Riot Squad                Tin Machine
  Joakim Brodén            1980–                                    Swedish-Czech              Sabaton                               [102][103][104][105][106]
  James Brown              1933–2006                                American                   The Famous Flames                     [107][108]
  Kane Brown               1993–                                    American                                                         [109][110][111][112]
  Michael Bublé            1975–                                    Canadian                                                         [113][114][115][116][117]
  Eric Burdon              1941–                                    British                    The Animals                           [118][119]
  Pete Burns               1957–2016                                British                    Dead or Alive                         [120][121][122]
  Richard Butler           1956–                                    English                    {{hlist| The Psychedelic Furs         Love Spit Love}}
  Bobby Byrd               1934–2007                                American                   The Famous Flames                     [127][128][129]
  Daniel Caesar            1995–                                    Canadian                                                         [130][131]
  Bill Callahan            1966–                                    American                   Smog                                  [132][133][134][135][136]
  Lewis Capaldi            1996–                                    Scottish                                                         [137]
  Julian Casablancas       1978–                                    American                   The Strokes                           [138][139][140]
  Johnny Cash              1932–2003                                American                   {{hlist|The Highwaymen                The Tennessee Three}}
  Nick Cave                1957–                                    Australian                 Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds           [145][146][147]
  Adam Chance              1984–                                    American                   {{hlist|Home Free                     Street Corner Symphony}}
  Kenny Chesney            1968–                                    American                                                         [149]
  Jacky Cheung             1961–                                    Chinese                                                          [150]
  Andy Childs              1962–                                    American                   Sixwire                               [151]
  Eric Clapton             1945–                                    British                    {{hlist|The Yardbirds                 Cream
  Kurt Cobain              1967–1994                                American                   Nirvana                               [154][155]
  Jarvis Cocker            1963–                                    British                    Pulp                                  [156][157][158]
  Joe Cocker               1944–2014                                English                    The Grease Band                       [159][160][161]
  David Allan Coe          1939–                                    American                                                         [162]
  J. Cole                  1985–                                    German-American                                                  [163]
  Nat King Cole            1919–1965                                American                                                         [164][165][166][167]
  Jacob Collier            1994–                                    English                                                          [168][169]
  Arthur Collins           1864–1933                                American                   {{hlist|Collins & Harlan              Peerless Quartet}}
  Perry Como               1912–2001[171][172] or 1913–2001[173]    American                                                         [174][175][176]
  Alice Cooper             1948–                                    American                   Alice Cooper                          [177]
  Bradley Cooper           1975–                                    American                                                         [178][179][180][181][182]
  Nick Cordero             1978–2020                                Canadian                                                         [183][184]
  Chris Cornell            1964–2017                                American                   {{hlist|Soundgarden                   Audioslave
  Hugh Cornwell            1949–                                    British                    The Stranglers                        [188]
  Bing Crosby              1903–1977[189] or 1904–1977 [190][191]   American                                                         [192][193][194][195]
  Jamie Cullum             1979–                                    English                                                          [196][197][198]
  Tim Curry                1946–                                    British                                                          [199][200][201]
  Ian Curtis               1956–1980                                British                    Joy Division                          [202][203][204]
  Vic Damone               1928–2018                                American                                                         [205][206][207][208][209]
  Glenn Danzig             1955–                                    American                   {{hlist|Misfits                       Samhain
  Mac DeMarco              1990–                                    Canadian                                                         [213][214][215][216]
  Tommy DeVito             1928–2020                                American                   The Four Seasons                      [217][218][219]
  Joe Diffie               1958–2020                                American                                                         [220]
  Neil Diamond             1941–                                    American                                                         [221][222][223][224]
  Orlando Dixon            1988 or 1989–[225]                       American                   DCappella                             [226]
  Nate Dogg                1969–2011                                American                   213                                   [227][228][229]
  Fats Domino              1928–2017                                American                                                         [230][231][232]
  Will Downing             1963–                                    American                                                         [233][234][235]
  David Draiman            1973–                                    American                   {{hlist|Disturbed                     Device}}
  Drake                    1986–                                    Canadian                                                         [237][238][239]
  Nick Drake               1948–1974                                English                                                          [240]
  Bob Dylan                1941–                                    American                   Traveling Wilburys                    [241]
  Dave East                1988–                                    American                                                         [242][243]
  Billy Eckstine           1914–1993                                American                                                         [244][245][246][247]
  Zac Efron                1987–                                    American                                                         [248]
  Brett Eldredge           1986–                                    American                                                         [249][250][251][252][253]
  Andrew Eldritch          1959–                                    British                    {{hlist|The Sisters of Mercy          The Sisterhood}}
  Ansel Elgort             1994–                                    American                                                         [257]
  Kurt Elling              1967–                                    American                                                         [258][259][260][261][262]
  Don Everly               1937–                                    American                   The Everly Brothers                   [263][264][265]
  George Ezra              1993–                                    English                                                          [266][267][268][269]
  James Farnsworth                                                  British                    Out of the Blue                       [270]
  Joey Fatone              1977–                                    American                   NSYNC                                 [271][272][273][274][275]
  Michael Feinstein        1956–                                    American                                                         [276][277][278]
  Alejandro Fernández      1971–                                    Mexican                                                          [279][280][281][282][283]
  Bryan Ferry              1945–                                    English                    {{hlist|Roxy Music                    The Bryan Ferry Orchestra}}
  Charlie Fink             1986–                                    English                    Noah and the Whale                    [289][290][291][292][293]
  John Fogerty             1946–                                    American                   Creedence Clearwater Revival          [294][295][296]
  Bobby Fox                                                         Irish-Australian                                                 [297]
  Dave Gahan               1962–                                    British                    Depeche Mode                          [298][299][300]
  Liam Gallagher           1972–                                    British                    {{hlist| Oasis                        Beady Eye}}
  Larry Gatlin             1948–                                    American                   The Gatlin Brothers                   [302][303][304]
  Childish Gambino         1983–                                    American                                                         [305]
  Daughn Gibson            1981–                                    American                   Pearls and Brass                      [306][307][308][309]
  David Gilmour            1946–                                    English                    Pink Floyd                            [310]
  Marian Gold              1954–                                    German                     Alphaville                            [311]
  William Lee Golden       1939–                                    American                   The Oak Ridge Boys                    [312][313][314]
  Vern Gosdin              1934–2009                                American                                                         [315][316][317][318][319]
  Ryan Gosling             1980–                                    Canadian                   Dead Man's Bones                      [320][321][322][323]
  Will Gould               1988-                                    English                    Creeper                               [324]
  Robert Goulet            1933–2007                                American                                                         [325][326][327]
  Greg Graffin             1964–                                    American                   Bad Religion                          [328][329]
  Larry Graham             1946–                                    American                   Sly and the Family Stone              [330]
  Josh Groban              1981–                                    American                                                         [331][332][333]
  H.R.                     1956–                                    British-American           Bad Brains                            [334]
  Michael C. Hall          1971–                                    American                                                         [335]
  Calvin Harris            1984–                                    Scottish                                                         [336][337]
  Isaac Hayes              1942–2008                                American                                                         [338][339][340]
  Dick Haymes              1916–1980                                Argentine-American                                               [341][342][343][344]
  Justin Hayward           1946–                                    English                    The Moody Blues                       [345][346]
  Dan Heathcote                                                     British                    Out of the Blue                       [347]
  Heino                    1938–                                    German                                                           [348]
  Jimi Hendrix             1942–1970                                American                   {{hlist|The Jimi Hendrix Experience   Curtis Knight and the Squires
  James Hetfield           1963–                                    American                   Metallica                             [350][351]
  Tom Hiddleston           1981–                                    English                                                          [352]
  Peter Hook               1956–                                    English                    {{hlist|New Order                     Joy Division}}
  Mark Hoppus              1972-                                    American                                                         [358]
  Scott Hoying             1991–[359]                               American                   {{hlist|Pentatonix                    Superfruit}}
  Hozier                   1990–                                    Irish                                                            [364][365][366]
  Michael Hutchence        1960–1997                                Australian                 {{hlist|INXS                          Max Q}}
  Caleb Lee Hutchinson     1999–                                    American                                                         [370][371][372][373][374]
  Billy Idol               1955–                                    British                    {{hlist|Generation X                  Chelsea}}
  Ben Igielman                                                      British                    Out of the Blue                       [377]
  James Monroe Iglehart    1974–[378]                               American                                                         [379][380][381]
  Hugh Jackman             1968–                                    Australian                                                       [382][383]
  Alan Jackson             1958–                                    American                                                         [384][385][386]
  Christopher Jackson      1975–                                    American                                                         [387]
  Mick Jagger              1943–                                    English                    The Rolling Stones                    [388]
  José James               1978–                                    American                                                         [389]
  Waylon Jennings          1937–2002                                American                                                         [390][391]
  David Johansen           1950–                                    American                   New York Dolls                        [392][393][394]
  Brian Johnson            1947–                                    English                    {{hlist|AC/DC                         Geordie}}
  Calvin Johnson           1962–                                    American                   {{hlist|Beat Happening                The Halo Benders}}
  Jay Armstrong Johnson    1987–                                    American                                                         [401]
  Joji                     1992–                                    Japanese-Australian[402]                                         [403]
  Tom Jones                1940–                                    Welsh                                                            [404][405][406]
  Jung Joon-young          1989–                                    South Korean               Drug Restaurant                       [407][408]
  Jyrki 69                 1968–                                    Finnish                    The 69 Eyes                           [409][410][411][412][413]
  Paul Kantner             1941–2016                                American                   {{hlist|Jefferson Airplane            Jefferson Starship}}
  Alex Kapranos            1972–                                    Scottish                   {{hlist|Franz Ferdinand               FFS
  Ramin Karimloo           1978–                                    Iranian-Canadian                                                 [419]
  Andy Karl                1973–                                    American                                                         [420]
  Howard Keel              1919–2004                                American                                                         [421][422][423]
  Maynard James Keenan     1964–                                    American                   {{hlist| Tool                         A Perfect Circle
  Toby Keith               1961–                                    American                                                         [429][430][431][432]
  Scott Kelly              1967–                                    American                   {{hlist| Neurosis                     Tribes of Neurot}}
  Khalid                   1998–                                    American                                                         [437][438][439]
  Roy Khan                 1970–                                    Norwegian                  {{hlist                               Conception| Kamelot }}
  Anthony Kiedis           1962–                                    American                   Red Hot Chili Peppers                 [441][442][443]
  Steve Kilbey             1954–                                    Australian                 The Church                            [444][445][446]
  Val Kilmer               1959–[447] or 1960–[448]                 American                                                         [449]
  Ben E. King              1938–2015                                American                   The Drifters                          [450][451][452][453]
  Mike Kinsella            1977–                                    American                   {{hlist                               American Football
  Taylor Kirk                                                       Canadian                   Timber Timbre                         [455][456][457][458]
  Richard Knauss                                                    American                   The Marcels                           [459][460]
  Mark Knopfler            1949–                                    British                    Dire Straits                          [461][462][463]
  Mark Kozelek             1967–                                    American                   {{hlist|Red House Painters            Sun Kil Moon}}
  Uncle Kracker            1974–                                    American                                                         [467][468][469]
  Chad Kroeger             1973–                                    Canadian                   Nickelback                            [470][471][472]
  Kwabs                    1990–                                    English                                                          [473][474][475][476]
  Drew Lachey              1976–                                    American                   98 Degrees                            [477]
  Mark Lanegan             1964–                                    American                   Screaming Trees                       [478][479][480]
  Christopher Lee          1922–2015                                English                                                          [481][482][483][484][485]
  John Legend              1978–                                    American                                                         [486][487]
  Aaron Lewis              1972–                                    American                   Staind                                [488][489][490]
  Norm Lewis               1963–                                    American                                                         [491][492][493]
  Gary Lightbody           1976–                                    Irish                      {{hlist|Snow Patrol                   The Reindeer Section}}
  Gordon Lightfoot         1938–                                    Canadian                                                         [497][498][499]
  Carvens Lissaint         1989– or 1990–[500]                      Haitian-American[501]                                            [502][503][504]
  Mike Love                1941–                                    American                   The Beach Boys                        [505][506][507]
  Mark Lowry               1958–                                    American                   Gaither Vocal Band                    [508][509][510]
  John Lydon               1956–                                    English                    {{hlist| Sex Pistols                  Public Image Ltd}}
  Phil Lynott              1949–1986[512]                           English-Irish              Thin Lizzy                            [513][514]
  M.anifest                1982–                                    Ghanaian                                                         [515][516][517]
  Seth MacFarlane          1973–                                    American                                                         [518][519][520][521]
  Kevin Mahogany           1958–2017                                American                                                         [522][523][524][525][526]
  Post Malone              1995–                                    American                                                         [527]
  Dan Mangan               1983–                                    Canadian                                                         [528][529][530][531][532]
  Barry Manilow            1943–                                    American                                                         [533][534][535]
  Philip Margo             1942–                                    American                   The Tokens                            [536][537]
  Carlos Marín             1968–                                    German-Spanish             Il Divo                               [538][539][540]
  Archy Marshall           1994–                                    English                    King Krule                            [541][542][543][544][545]
  Chris Martin             1977–                                    English                    Coldplay                              [546][547][548]
  Dean Martin              1917–1995                                American                   Rat Pack                              [549][550][551][552]
  Hugh Masekela            1939–2018                                South African                                                    [553][554][555][556]
  Dave Matthews            1967–                                    American                   Dave Matthews Band                    [557][558]
  John Maus                1980–                                    American                                                         [559][560][561][562][563]
  John Mayer               1977–                                    American                   {{hlist|John Mayer Trio               Dead & Company}}
  Scotty McCreery          1993–                                    American                                                         [566][567][568]
  Michael McDonald         1952–                                    American                   {{hlist|Steely Dan                    The Doobie Brothers}}
  Bill Medley              1940–                                    American                   The Righteous Brothers                [573][574][575][576]
  Tom Meighan              1981–                                    British                    Kasabian                              [577][578][579]
  John Cougar Mellencamp   1951–                                    American                                                         [580][581]
  Matt Monro               1930–1985                                British                                                          [582][583][584]
  Country Dick Montana     1955–1995                                American                   The Beat Farmers                      [585]
  Ivan Moody               1980–                                    American                   {{hlist|Five Finger Death Punch       Ghost Machine}}
  Tom Morello              1964–                                    American                   {{hlist|Rage Against the Machine      Audioslave
  Ben Morris                                                        British                    Out of the Blue                       [593]
  Jim Morrison             1943–1971                                American                   The Doors                             [594][595][596][597][598]
  Morrissey                1959–                                    British                    {{hlist|The Smiths                    The Nosebleeds}}
  Marcus Mumford           1987–                                    American-British           Mumford and Sons                      [602][603][604]
  Peter Murphy             1957–                                    British                    Bauhaus                               [605][606][607]
  Jim Nabors               1930–2017                                American                                                         [608][609][610][611]
  Willie Nelson            1933–                                    American                                                         [612][613][614][615][616]
  Tom Netherton            1947–2018                                American                                                         [617][618][619]
  Randy Newman             1943–                                    American                                                         [620]
  Leonard Nimoy            1931–2015                                American                                                         [621][622]
  Finneas O'Connell        1997–                                    American                                                         [623]
  Philip Oakey             1955–                                    British                    The Human League                      [624][625][626]
  Frank Ocean              1987–                                    American                   Odd Future                            [627]
  Okieriete Onaodowan      1987–                                    American                                                         [628]
  Roland Orzabal           1961–                                    British                    Tears for Fears                       [629]
  Jeffrey Osborne          1948–                                    American                   L.T.D.                                [630][631][632]
  Ken Page                 1954–                                    American                                                         [633][634][635][636][637]
  Robert Palmer            1949–2003                                British                    The Power Station                     [638][639]
  Kevin Parent             1972–                                    Canadian                                                         [640]
  John Park                1988–                                    Korean-American                                                  [641][642][643][644][645]
  Andy Partridge           1953–                                    English                    {{hlist| XTC                          The Dukes of Stratosphear}}
  Orville Peck             1988–[647]                               Canadian                                                         [648][649][650][651][652]
  Teddy Pendergrass        1950–2010                                American                   Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes        [653][654][655]
  William Pennell          1889–1956                                American                                                         [656]
  Brendan Perry            1959–                                    British                    Dead Can Dance                        [657][658][659][660][661]
  Jim Peterik              1950–                                    American                   {{hlist| Survivor                     The Ides of March}}
  Mike Pinder              1941–                                    English                    The Moody Blues                       [665][666]
  Chris Pine               1980–                                    American                                                         [667]
  Nick Pitera              1986–                                    American                                                         [668]
  Iggy Pop                 1947–                                    American                   The Stooges                           [669][670][671][672]
  Gregory Porter           1971–                                    American                                                         [673][674][675][676]
  Elvis Presley            1935–1977                                American                                                         [677][678][679][680]
  Charley Pride            1934–                                    American                                                         [681][682][683][684][685]
  Prince                   1958–2016                                American                   The Revolution                        [686]
  Dee Radke                1993 or 1994–[687]                       American                   Radkey                                [688][689][690][691]
  Rag'n'Bone Man           1985–                                    English                                                          [692][693][694]
  Shiva Rajkumar           1962–                                    Indian                                                           [695]
  Lou Rawls                1933–2006                                American                                                         [696][697][698][699]
  Leon Redbone             1949–2019                                Canadian-Cypriot                                                 [700][701][702][703][704]
  Lou Reed                 1942–2013                                American                   The Velvet Underground                [705][706]
  Jim Reeves               1923–1964                                American                                                         [707][708][709][710]
  Dan Reynolds             1987–                                    American                   Imagine Dragons                       [711][712][713][714]
  Rou Reynolds                                                      British                    Enter Shikari                         [715][716][717][718]
  Trent Reznor             1965–                                    American                   {{hlist|Nine Inch Nails               Option 30
  Thomas Rhett             1990–                                    American                                                         [720][721]
  RM                       1994–                                    South Korean               BTS                                   [722]
  Marty Robbins            1925–1982                                American                                                         [723][724][725][726]
  Brad Roberts             1964–                                    Canadian                   Crash Test Dummies                    [727][728][729]
  Kenny Rogers             1938–2020                                American                                                         [730][731][732]
  Will Roland              1989–                                    American                                                         [733]
  Dexter Romweber          1966–                                    American                   {{hlist| Flat Duo Jets                Let's Active
  Axl Rose                 1962–                                    American                   {{hlist|Guns N' Roses                 Hollywood Rose}}
  Gavin Rossdale           1965–                                    English                    {{hlist|Bush                          Institute}}
  David Lee Roth           1954–                                    American                   {{hlist|Van Halen                     The David Lee Roth Band}}
  Sean Rowe                1975–                                    American                                                         [743][744][745]
  Darius Rucker            1966–                                    American                   Hootie & the Blowfish                 [746][747][748][749]
  David Ruffin             1941–1991                                American                   The Temptations                       [750]
  RuPaul                   1960–                                    American                   RuPaul's Drag Race                    [751][752][753][754][755]
  Thomas Sanders           1989–                                    American                                                         [756]
  Mark Sandman             1951–1999[757] or 1952–1999[758]         American                   {{hlist|Morphine                      Treat Her Right}}
  Andy Samberg             1978–                                    American                   The Lonely Island                     [762]
  Wes Scantlin             1972–                                    American                   Puddle of Mudd                        [763]
  Gil Scott-Heron          1949–2011                                American                                                         [764][765][766]
  Bob Seger                1945–                                    American                                                         [767][768][769]
  Brian Setzer             1959–                                    American                   {{hlist|The Tomcats                   Stray Cats
  M. Shadows               1981–                                    American                   Avenged Sevenfold                     [772]
  Shaggy                   1968–                                    Jamaican                                                         [773][774][775][776][777]
  Blake Shelton            1976–                                    American                                                         [778][779][780][781]
  Mike Shinoda             1977–                                    American                   {{hlist|Linkin Park                   Fort Minor}}
  Jackie Shroff            1957–                                    Indian                                                           [783]
  Frank Sinatra            1915–1998                                American                   Rat Pack                              [784][785]
  Arijit Singh             1987–                                    Indian                                                           [786][787][788]
  Troye Sivan              1995–                                    Australian                                                       [789]
  Matt Skiba               1976–                                    American                   {{hlist                               Alkaline Trio
  Dan Smith                1986–                                    British                    Bastille                              [791]
  Tom Smith                1981–                                    British                    Editors                               [792][793][794]
  Bruce Springsteen        1949–                                    American                   E Street Band                         [795][796][797]
  Stuart A. Staples        1965–                                    English                    Tindersticks                          [798][799][800][801][802]
  Chris Stapleton          1978–                                    American                   {{hlist|The SteelDrivers              The Jompson Brothers}}
  Scott Stapp              1973–                                    American                   {{hlist|Creed                         Art of Anarchy}}
  Ringo Starr              1940–                                    British                    {{hlist|The Beatles                   All-Starr Band}}
  Peter Steele             1962–2010                                American                                                         [813][814]
  Cat Stevens              1948–                                    British                                                          [815][816][817]
  Michael Stipe            1960–                                    American                   R.E.M.                                [818][819][820]
  Stromae                  1985–                                    Belgian                                                          [821]
  Joe Strummer             1952–2002                                British                    {{hlist|The Clash                     The 101ers
  Levi Stubbs              1936–2008                                American                   Four Tops                             [823][824][825]
  Harry Styles             1994–                                    English                    One Direction                         [826][827]
  Earl Sweatshirt          1994–                                    American                   Odd Future                            [828]
  David Sylvian            1958–                                    British                    Japan                                 [829]
  Russ Taff                1953–                                    American                   {{hlist|The Imperials                 Gaither Vocal Band}}
  Andrew Taggart           1989–[831]                               American                   The Chainsmokers                      [832]
  Serj Tankian             1967–                                    Armenian                   System of a Down                      [833][834][835]
  Lama Tashi               1968–                                    Indian                                                           [836]
  Geoff Tate               1959–                                    American                   Queensrÿche                           [837]
  Corey Taylor             1973-                                    American                   {{hlist|Slipknot (band)               Stone Sour}}
  James Taylor             1948–                                    American                                                         [839][840][841]
  Courtney Taylor-Taylor   1967–                                    American                   The Dandy Warhols                     [842][843][844][845][846]
  Jake Thackray            1938–2002[847] or 1939–2002[848]         British                                                          [849][850][851]
  Leon Thomas              1937–1999                                American                                                         [852][853][854]
  Ray Thomas               1941–2018                                English                    The Moody Blues                       [855][856]
  Rob Thomas               1972–                                    American                   Matchbox Twenty                       [857][858]
  Marshall Thompson        1942–                                    American                   The Chi-Lites                         [859][860]
  Richard Thompson         1949–                                    British                                                          [861][862][863]
  Sakis Tolis              1972–                                    Greek                      Rotting Christ                        [864][865]
  Randy Travis             1959–                                    American                                                         [866][867][868]
  Alex Turner              1986–                                    British                    {{hlist|Arctic Monkeys                The Last Shadow Puppets}}
  Conway Twitty            1933–1993                                American                                                         [872][873][874][875]
  V                        1995–                                    South Korean               BTS                                   [876][877][878][879][880]
  Ville Valo               1976–                                    Finnish                    HIM                                   [881][882][883][884]
  Luther Vandross          1951–2005                                American                   {{hlist|Change                        Chic}}
  David Vanian             1956–                                    British                    {{hlist|The Damned                    Phantom Chords}}
  Andrew VanWyngarden      1983–                                    American                   MGMT                                  [890][891]
  Eddie Vedder             1964–                                    American                   Pearl Jam                             [892][893][894][895]
  Steve Von Till                                                    American                   {{hlist| Neurosis                     Tribes of Neurot}}
  Vladimir Vysotsky        1938–1980                                Russian                                                          [900][901][902]
  Scott Walker             1943–2019                                American                   The Walker Brothers                   [903][904][905]
  Colter Wall              1995–                                    Canadian                                                         [906][907][908][909][910]
  Charlie Waller           1935–2004                                American                   The Country Gentlemen                 [911][912][913]
  Fetty Wap                1990–[914] or 1991–[915]                 American                                                         [916][917]
  Justin Warfield          1973–                                    American                   {{hlist| She Wants Revenge            One Inch Punch}}
  Brian Warner             1969–                                    American                   Marilyn Manson                        [923][924]
  Scott Weiland            1967–2015                                American                   {{hlist|Stone Temple Pilots           Velvet Revolver
  Gus Wickie               1885–1947                                German-American                                                  [928][929][930]
  Don Williams             1939–2017                                American                                                         [931]
  Joe Williams             1918–1999                                American                                                         [932][933][934][935][936]
  Paul Williams            1939–1973                                American                   The Temptations                       [937][938][939]
  Charlie Wilson           1953–                                    American                   The Gap Band                          [940]
  Bill Withers             1938–2020                                American                                                         [941][942][943][944]
  Nicky Wire               1969–                                    Welsh                      Manic Street Preachers                [945]
  Patrick Wolf             1983–                                    British                                                          [946][947][948]
  Bobby Womack             1944–2014                                American                   The Valentinos                        [949][950][951][952][953]
  Roddy Woomble            1976–                                    Scottish                   Idlewild                              [954]
  Stevie Wright            1947–2015                                English                    The Easybeats                         [955]
  Darren Yang                                                       Hongkonger                 Out of the Blue                       [956]
  Bang Yong-guk            1990–                                    South Korean               B.A.P                                 [957]
  Chris Young              1985–                                    American                                                         [958][959][960][961][962]
  Warren Zevon             1947–2003                                American                                                         [963][964][965]

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[2] Axelrod, Alan, _The complete idiot's guide to jazz_, Alpha Books, 1999, pp. 68–69 (). See also Tarasti, Eero, _Signs of music: a guide to musical semiotics_, Walter de Gruyter, 2002, pp. 157–178 ()

[3] Laird, Tracey E. W., [https://books.google.com/books?id=jns8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=jim+reeves+baritone+louisiana+hayride+tracey+e+w+laird&source=bl&ots=Vo4bMNNZ4H&sig=6lO3tKZGzRdhdDjCURUsx4VPPGA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUufzU5PbbAhVKqlkKHSwaAZoQ6AEwA3oECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=jim%20reeves%20baritone%20louisiana%20hayride%20tracey%20e%20w%20laird&f=false= _Louisiana hayride: radio and roots music along the red river_], by Oxford University Press US, 2005, p. 115

[4] Cray, Jen, Review: H.I.M. with Skindred and Finch, _Ink19_, November 2005.

[5] Werner, Craig Hansen, _A change is gonna come: music, race & the soul of America_, University of Michigan Press, 2006, p. 180

[6] Jackson, Laura, _Neil Diamond: His Life, His Music, His Passion_,. ECW Press, 2005, p. 155

[7] Gardner, Elysa, Jersey son Springsteen hosts 'the ultimate party', USA Today, 15 July 2003.

[8] For a detailed description of the differences between the operatic and musical theatre voice see Björkner, Eva, _Why so different? Aspects of voice characteristics in operatic and musical theatre singing_, KTH School of Computer Science and Communication, 2006 ()

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title: List of baritones in non-classical music

question: What range is a baritone voice?

answer: The baritone voice is typically from the second A below middle C to the A above middle C.

question: What are the parameters for classifying a singer's voice?

answer: It is determined by the vocal range of the singer, but also its timbre.

question: Who are some non-classical baritones?

answer: Jim Reeves, Ville Valo, Neil Diamond, and Bruce Springsteen are also considered non-classical baritones.

question: What are some other non-classical classifications for voices?

answer: Some other terms include soprano, mezzo-soprano, and tenor.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article gives a description of baritone voices, as well as a list of singers that fall into the baritone classification.


split: train

text:
Nike and the NBA introduced on Tuesday the new game uniforms that teams will wear next season.

Nike takes over for Adidas, which had been league's official apparel outfitter since the 2006 season. Nike and the NBA signed an eight-year deal that could be worth $1 billion.

The new jerseys have significant changes over the Adidas ones: The armhole, neck and side seams were moved to eliminate distractions and the back shoulder of the uniform was also changed.

The hemlines on the bottom of both the jersey and shorts were changed allowing full range of motion. Nike will also unveil a new on-court collection to include tights and socks.

[nike-uniform-nba.jpeg]

“The mental advantage of a quality uniform is priceless,” Cleveland Cavaliers guard Kyrie Irving said. “The fact that Nike listened to all of our feedback while developing the new NBA uniforms speaks volumes, I’m excited for the new fit and feel.”

[gsw-uniform.png]
Courtesy of Nike

Starting this season, the league is eliminating its "Home” and “Road" uniform designations. The home teams will now pick which uniforms will be worn at their home games and visiting teams will choose a contrasting uniform.

[nba-road-home-uniforms.jpeg]
Courtesy of Nike

Each team will have four primary uniforms, with the home jersey being renamed the Association Edition and the road jersey being designated the Icon Edition. Nike's iconic Swoosh logo will also appear on the uniforms.

Eight NBA teams will have a Classic Edition uniform that will be available in the fall. The Charlotte Hornets will be the only NBA team wearing uniforms from the Jordan Brand, a subsidiary of Nike.

question: What uniforms is the league eliminating this season?

answer: The "Home" and "Road" uniform designation.

question: Who introduced the new uniforms the teams will wear this season?

answer: Nike and the NBA.

question: What changes do the jerseys have over the Adidas ones?

answer: The armhole, neck and side seams have been moved to eliminate distractions and the back shoulder of the uniform was changed.

question: How many primary uniforms will each team have?

answer: Four.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Nike and the NBA are announcing new uniforms for the upcoming season. Nike will take over for Adidas, and there will be changes to the uniforms. The narrator describes the changes to the uniforms that will be made for this season.


text:
I am an idiot. At least my mind is an idiot; a full on ignoramus. It has led me to make the worst decisions I have ever made; it is my mind that allows itself to be duped by my cock, by grandiose visions of universal destinies and fates, flying spaghetti monsters, and all around lies. My mind builds untrue facades of reality, positions itself into allowing me to think that what I am feeling, what I am wanting, or sense, is coming from some other, much more important organ or part of my body.

My gut, my heart, my soul, when in reality, its just that fucked up mind of mine. I carry it not on my shoulders, but channel it from the center of my forehead. It talks to me and swindles me, presses against my hard skull; gives the illusion of infinity, when in reality it is small and round, the size of a bean, just circular, so as I attempt to trace these ridiculous thoughts, I find myself constantly trotting over beleaguered territory.

 Oh what a fucked up mind I have. To make me have fallen in love with nearly every woman I meet, only to nearly make me loose the one woman I truly do love. To make me volunteer to travel to far off war zones, as if it is destiny, good for my future, or my current self being that benefits from deplorable conditions and the constant threat of death. It's a sacred trickster, as minds the world over have convinced people of false deities and false emotions. It stands with the ego its only protector. Solid, thick, ego, ready to go at any time.

Fuck my mind; it just told me to fuck your mouth.

My mind could conquer the world if placed on the path, except it allows itself only to be as persistent as necessary. Once my body takes over, laziness is injected, solid reasons to not do something as much as do. Fight or flight? but really its just cowardice that pervades my mind. Despite how dumb it is, my mind is oh so cunning. Convincing me to eat that pie, and that its OK just this one time, to get drunk, to fight, to fuck. It's conniving ways twist reality and turn fiction to fact, and deeds into misgivings.

Evil, horrible mind, MOLOCH!  You persist on continuing to fool me, so I am obviously the idiot. The one who listens, who obeys all commands and stumbles often; falls resulting in bruised egos and mistakes, down a path that is obvious to only your savant direction. Goddamn mind. To be mindless, to be confident, to be counter intuitive; you don't control me, yet the town drunk stumbles from bar to bar. I stumble from choice to choice. Don't kill me.

title: Great Minds Think Alike or Mind your Mine

question: What temptation snagged the narrator?

answer: Sex/lust.

question: Why does the narrator feel they don't have control?

answer: They will go whichever way the lure of sex leads them.

question: Which body part if most affected in this passage?

answer: The penis.

question: Who is Moloch?

answer: The text doesn't verify this, but it seems it might be the narrator, and in the corroborated instance, they are speaking to themselves.


text:
“JUST PRETEND” is a 1970 song by Elvis Presley.

Writing

It was composed by Guy Fletcher in partnership with his writing partner Doug Flett.[1][2]

Recording

Elvis Presley recorded it on June 6, 1970[3] as part of his July 4–8 studio sessions for RCA at RCA's Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee.[4]

Personnel

-   Elvis Presley – lead vocals, acoustic rhythm guitar
-   James Burton – lead guitar
-   Chip Young – rhythm guitar
-   Charlie Hodge – acoustic rhythm guitar
-   Norbert Putnam – bass
-   David Briggs – piano
-   Jerry Carrigan – drums
-   Charlie McCoy – marimba

Release history

The song was first released on Presley's album _That's the Way It Is_ that appeared on November 11, 1970.

Critical response

Robert Matthew-Walker in his 1995 book _Heartbreak Hotel: The Life and Music of Elvis Presley_ calls the song “massive, slow and uninspired”:

2016 version with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra

In 2016, the song appeared on the album _The Wonder of You: Elvis Presley with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra_, which included new versions of Presley's songs, reworked and dubbed with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. There were two versions of the song: Presley's solo version and his duet with Helene Fischer.[5]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

title: Just Pretend (Elvis Presley song)

question: What is Just Pretend?

answer: a 1970 song by Elvis Presley

question: Who wrote Just Pretend?

answer: Guy Fletcher in partnership with his writing partner Doug Flett

question: When was Just Pretend first released?

answer: November 11, 1970 on Elvis Presley's album That's the Way It Is

question: How many guitars are on Just Pretend by Elvis Presley?

answer: four

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Just Pretend is a 1970 song by Elvis Presley first released on his album That's the Way It Is.


text:
UW and the community  |  UW News blog

May 18, 2018

[Student veterans and other volunteers place nearly 7,400 flags on the HUB lawn to recognize the number of U.S. veterans who died by suicide in one year.]

Student veterans and other volunteers place nearly 7,400 flags on the HUB lawn to recognize the number of U.S. veterans who died by suicide in one year.Dennis Wise/U. of Washington

For the past three years, a striking visual statement has marked Memorial Day on the University of Washington campus: thousands of miniature flags dotting the HUB lawn.

The first year, student veterans placed hundreds of flags as a solemn gesture to underscore the significance of the holiday. The next year, the office of Student Veteran Life placed some 4,400 flags, to recognize the number of soldiers killed in the Iraq War. And in 2017, more than 5,800 flags honored the fallen in Vietnam – one flag for every 10 U.S. deaths.

This year, nearly 7,400 flags will mark the number of veterans who died by suicide in 2014 (the most recent year for which statistics are available). The display, along with a series of events beginning May 21, is meant to call attention to veteran mental health issues and the ways friends and loved ones can respond.

These statistics aren’t simply data points, said Sam Powers, director of the UW office of Student Veteran Life. In 2017, two student veterans at the UW died by suicide.

“Instead of ignoring it and pretending it doesn’t happen here, we thought we’d open that dialogue,” said Powers, an Air Force veteran who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. “We want to make sure that the resources are known, that veterans have a family here, and that this is a safe place for them to be.”

Veteran mental health has gained increasing attention in recent years. A 2014 study found that nearly one in four active-duty service members suffered from a mental health condition. In addition, statistics from the Veterans Administration show that veterans also have a higher rate of post-traumatic stress disorder than the general population. The risk of suicide among veterans is 22 percent higher than for civilian adults, according to the VA.

The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is at 1-800-273-8255. Press 1 for veterans.

At the UW, the office of Student Veteran Life was established in 2016 as a way to formalize a student group and provide programs and services beyond financial aid and other administrative needs. Funding was just renewed, for example, for the second year of a psychologist dedicated to serving veterans at the campus Counseling Center.

This academic year, a little more than 1,000 veterans – members of the reserves or National Guard, those who have been discharged or on active duty – are enrolled at UW’s Seattle campus. About three-fourths are male, and their average age is a decade older than the typical undergraduate: 33. Student Veteran Life’s office in the HUB sees at least three dozen veterans a day, from those who stop in with a question to those who like to hang out for hours with friends.

The weeklong build-up to Memorial Day is one of the largest community-oriented events that Student Veteran Life sponsors each year. In addition to the flag laying, there is a photo exhibit; a workshop geared toward faculty and staff on spotting students, especially student veterans, in crisis; and a session on coping strategies with the UW Resilience Lab and Forefront Suicide Prevention, “Coming Back from the Ledge” for student and alumni veterans.

“Our intention is to acknowledge barriers that may develop for student veterans, while simultaneously not perpetuating the stereotype that all veterans are broken,” Powers said. “Veterans bring amazing strengths to our university.”

###

For more information, visit the office of Student Veteran Life website, email vetlife@uw.edu or call 206-221-0830.

Tag(s): Forefront • Sam Powers • Student Veteran Life

------------------------------------------------------------------------

question: Summarize everything related to the motivation behind the Memorial Day display.

answer: The display is meant to recognize 7,400 veterans who died by suicide in 2014. Its purpose is to call attention to veteran mental health issues and the ways friends and loved ones can respond to them.

question: What does the article say about the deaths of Iraqi soldiers?


text:
A nation's Intelligence Agency released a 140 page report detailing the lack of food and water for the planet's growing population, the inevitability of climate change to keep elevating dangerous weather conditions, and the destined collapse of the current monetary system.  The whole nation was already full of unhappy people, a generation that had been fed the lie that if they worked hard they would eventually be prosperous and happy, were unemployed or held dead-end jobs where they were constrained, bored, underpaid and unappreciated.  They were furious at being mislead.  A generation of baby-boomers before them had stolen all of the prosperity from the nation and left a dying planet behind as their inheritance.

The nation’s news-media grew increasingly cynical, morbid and depressing every day.  Networks were purely out to make money and the dying nation, which felt helpless to help itself, ate up these stories and wallowed in its unhappiness.  As a result those with mental disorders such as antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy and narcissistic personality disorder, began to believe that they were in fact part of the majority, as people had forgotten long ago that TV was not a true representation of reality.  Such individuals became so convinced of their normalcy that they never sought out the mental counseling they so desperately needed, and as their self-assurance grew so did their boldness.

A few started openly killing innocents, and once made famous by the greed of the media, more joined in.  Soon even innocent children were not safe from the crossfire.  With every disaster that befell the nation its people, scared and delusional, gave up one civil liberty after another until the freedom the nation once held proudly over the heads of the rest of the world was nothing more than a distant memory.  Its citizens grew divided between the five stages of grief; denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance as though each stage were in fact an ideology to live by.

Only a small percentage of the population had made it to the final stage and the deniers were so desperate to believe that everything would be OK that they turned their back completely on science and reason, the two things that human beings prided themselves on the most.  The desperate actively ignored the evidence that came to light more and more every day, and lashed out at those who sought to end their ignorance.  These people controlled vital aspects of the government, and so the nation was locked in a terrible stand still, completely unable to deal with the current problems and imminent dangers of the future.

Only one solution seemed to remain; revolution.  A total revision of government and civilization.  But revolution was never to happen, too much of the nation had become convinced that they were completely helpless to influence the world, and reverted to total depression, complete apathy or a mix of the two.  Each time an uprising started it was never able to gain enough momentum to stop the government from quelling it, through military and police action, and more powerfully through clever manipulation of the press and propaganda.  People came to fear conflict more than anything, especially amongst themselves and so they created societal restrictions on which words they could say and which situations they could show in movies and on TV. In this stifling environment people became unable to think for themselves, and creativity and originality were snuffed out.  Suicides, murders and sickness grew.

Some began openly hoping for the end of their world.  Nature began lashing out in its death throes as the misery of money continued to strangle it.  Floods, droughts, blizzards, and terrible storms wreaked havoc across the planet.  Wars over resources broke out around the globe, and finally the government took total control of the nation through military and police supervision.  Each and every citizen was now a ward of the state, but even with strict laws in place limiting the production of more children the population had already grown too large to sustain.  Soon governments around the world began to consider something once thought to be unthinkable-nuclear war.

All it took was one missile, and all pandemonium broke out. No one can remember who made the first move, but it hardly mattered once a nuclear winter, an event which scientists had been warning about for decades, consumed the planet.  The access to food and water, already scarce, became virtually non-existent and the starving population bottlenecked.  The humans, plants and animals that managed to survive were plagued with genetic mutations and disease.  Extinctions on a massive scale ravaged the land and sea.  Eventually only a small niche of organic life remained, breeding and evolving over many thousands of years to create a new era.  Although some mutated form of the human genome survived, the human race is never again at the top of the food chain.

All information that humans had gathered and analyzed over the centuries was lost forever, for you see, the human race had been so distracted by war and money that they had never mastered space travel.  When the sun eventually went supernova, any existence of life on the planet Earth and possibly in the entire known universe was completely eliminated.  Doomed to revert to the stardust which had originally allowed for its creation.

The end.

This is my first time writing anything other than a research paper really, so I'm curious as to how other people view the style, and what you all generally think.  (It's ok if you don't like it!)

title: "I'm afraid that this story takes place in the not-so-distant future."

question: Why are these hardworking people unemployed or underpaid and unappreciated?

answer: The population is growing but there is no food and water and the monetary system is on the point of collapse

question: Why is the media so negative?

answer: The media is driven by greed and used by governments for propaganda

question: Why is everything so bleak?

answer: Resources are scarce due to climate change and rapid population growth. Civil unrest has become the order of the day and people are suffering from mental health problems. They felt helpless to change the world

question: Why would people start killing innocents?

answer: They are killed in the crossfire. Some parts of the populace turned their backs on science and reason.

question: Write a ~9 sentence summary.

answer: Climate change results in food and water shortages. The monetary system on earth is about to collapse and unemployment and despair prevail. The media, driven by greed, feed people morbid and depressing stories. The populace becomes desperate and apathetic. Revolution is needed but none could gain momentum. Suicide, murder and sickness grow. Despite population control, there are too many people for the available resources. Governments had long taken control. Nuclear war breaks out, and the nuclear winter puts an end to all life on earth.


text:
By Sanaz Tahernia •  Published July 16, 2016 • Updated on July 16, 2016 at 4:52 pm

Shortly before Donald Trump officially announced that Indiana Gov. Mike Pence is his running mate, Hillary Clinton's campaign mocked the presumptive Republican nominee's "indecisive" rollout in a new web video.

The video published online Saturday morning, compiles news clips of Trump telling various reporters at different times that his shortlist of contenders included, 10, 3, "potentially 4, but in my own mind I probably am thinking about two."

It also shows how Trump appeared to waffle over his decision to choose Pence in the 48 hours leading up to his announcement, using footage of outlets reporting that the real estate businessman tried to retract his pick after reports emerged he had settled on Pence.

U.S. & World

[]

[]

"Donald Trump: Always divisive. Not so decisive," read a card at the end of the video.

Trump received widespread criticism on Friday, for his erratic and indecisive handling of the vice president nominating process.

Click here to see the video: Indecisive Donald.

question: How did Hillary Clinton mock Trump, Republican nominee, in a web video shortly before he officially announced Indiana Gov. Mike Pence as his running mate?

answer: Hillary Clinton said in the video that Trump is 'indecisive' and the video showed Trump telling at different times that his shortlist of contenders included, 10, 3, "potentially 4, but in my own mind I probably am thinking about two".

question: What did the video show about Trump's decision to choose Pence?

answer: The video showed how Trump appeared to be indecisive about the decision.

question: What is the title of the video?

answer: The title is "Indecisive Trump".

question: What was Trump criticized for at the time the article was written?

answer: Trump was criticized for his erratic and indecisive handling of the vice president nominating process.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Hillary Clinton mocked Trump, Republican nominee, in a web video shortly before he officially announced Indiana Gov. Mike Pence as his running mate. She said in the video that Trump is 'indecisive' and the video showed Trump telling at different times that his shortlist of contenders included, 10, 3, "potentially 4, but in my own mind I probably am thinking about two". The video showed how Trump appeared to be indecisive about the decision to chose Pence.


text:
ANDRÉS MOLINA ENRÍQUEZ (November 30, 1868, Jilotepec de Abasolo, State of Mexico – 1940)[1] was a Mexican revolutionary intellectual, author of ''The Great National Problems '' (1909) which drew on his experiences as a notary and Justice of the Peace in Mexico State.[2][3] He is considered the intellectual father of the land reform movement in modern Mexico embodied in Article 27 of the Constitution of 1917 “by transcending the Liberal taboo against state interference in the ownership and administration of private property.”[4] He has been called “the Rousseau of the Mexican Revolution.”[5]

Influence & work

_Los Grandes Problemas Nacionales_

Molina Enríquez is best known for publishing _Los Grandes Problemas Nacionales_ (The Great National Problems) in 1909,[6] a book highly critical of the Porfirio Díaz government.[7] Molina Enríquez characterized the period after 1821 as the era of national disintegration. The book highlighted issues of sharp political divisions, recurrent armed conflicts, and periodic foreign interventions.[8] Molina Enríquez focused particularly on two aspects, land reform and the rights of the indigenous people and their place in society socially. Molina Enríquez was arrested by the government of Francisco León de la Barra on August 25, 1911 for publishing the document, which has later been described as highly influential on the eve of the Mexican Revolution.[9][10] A well-known quote from the book is “la hacienda no es negocio” [the hacienda is not a business]: “By this he meant that the large Mexican landed states of his day (and stretching back to their origins in the era of the Spanish conquest) were for the most part not profit-oriented but 'feudal' enterprises, that rural Mexico was therefore only partially capitalistic, if at all, and that the country was ipso facto only imperfectly modern.”[11]

Indigenous rights

Molina Enríquez argued indigenous people suffered because of position on national social structure. In order to resolve the suffering of the indigenous people, and create equality, Molina Enríquez believed they had to be integrated into the national state, this idea would be central to the indigenist movement when it went international.[12] Molina Enríquez has been cited as arguing that the only true Mexicans were the mestizos and that they would be the inheritors of Mexico, classifying the other social group in Mexico as Criollos, who were Spanish/French in their thinking and ways, the mestizos to Molina Enríquez, were a new race, with a new culture of their own and the majority of Mexicans.[13]

Land reform

Molina Enríquez believed land reform was needed. In August 1911, he issued the Plan de Texcoco as a prelude to revolt, in which he called for establishing a dictatorship committed to land reform.[14] A version of the Plan de Texcoco was published in the newspaper _El Imparcial_, which condensed the land reform section, with the Decree over the breaking up of large properties saying

  It is declared that on the basis of public utility, from the date of this decree [August 23, 1911], the partial expropriation of all the rural estates with a surface area that exceeds two thousand hectares. Popular action may denounce the real estate that should be expropriated in keeping with this law. The denouncer has the right to choose the best part of the land suitable for expropriation.[15]

The role of the dictatorship would be to parcel out large haciendas to individual, not communal claimants. Molina Enríquez would eventually go on to be a key adviser to the committee which drafted article 27 of the Mexican Constitution and a member of the National Agrarian Commission.[16][17][18][19] Molina Enríquez had helped create the legal mandate for the destruction of the hacienda system and the re-centralization of State power.

Further reading

-   Coffman, Amador. _Andrés Molina Enríquez_. Toluca: Patrimonio Cultural y Artística del Estado de México 1979.
-   Sánchez Arteche, Alfonso. _Molina Enríquez: La herencia de un reformador_. Toluca: Instituto Mexiquense de Cultura 1990.
-   Shadle, Stanley F. _Andrés Molina Enríquez: Mexican Land Reformer of the Revolutionary Era_. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1994.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] Stanley F. Shadle, _Andrés Molina Enríquez: Mexican Land Reformer of the Revolutionary Era_, Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1994, p. 2.

[5] Anita Brenner, _The Wind That Swept Mexico: The History of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1942._ New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers 1943, p. 43.

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11] Eric Van Young, “Beyond the Hacienda: Agrarian Relations and Socioeconomic Change in Rural Mesoamerica,” _Ethnohistory_ 50:1 (2003): 231.

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15] Plan de Texcoco by Andres Molina Enríquez published in _El Imparcial_, translation by Stanley F. Shadle. Shadle, _Andrés Molina Enríquez_, Appendix. p. 114.

[16] Stanley Shadle, _Andrés Molina Enríquez: Mexican Land Reformer of the Revolutionary Era_. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1994.

[17]

[18]

[19]

title: Andrés Molina Enríquez

question: What does the article say about who Molina Enriquez is?

answer: Molina is a Mexican intellectual and revolutionary. He's influential on the Mexican revolution because of his book, Los Grandes Problemas Nacionales (The Great National Problems). Enriquez is also a supporter of indigenous rights, and he thinks land reform is the most important issue facing the nation at his time (in the 1910s). He's a key figure in the re-centralization of state power in Mexico.

question: What commentary does the article offer about Marxist revolutions?

question: Summarize Enriquez's ascent to becoming an advisory to the land reform committee.

answer: He's a notary and Justice of the Peace in Mexico State before writing and publishing his book, The Great National Problems. There, he talks about establishing a dictatorship committed to land reform as a prelude to revolt. After that, a decree is published so that based on public utility, all the rural estates with a surface area larger than two thousand hectares would be partially expropriated. Enriquez becomes an advisor to the committee that established Article 27 of the Constitution of 1917, which established the land reforms.


text:
One beer down and two to go, a can tossed from the window. A foot on the pedal and his mouth to metal he chokes on his barley and rye as the light is such sights for his sore eyes. With a flick of his wrist the lights dimmed to darkness of the mist. Gripping the wheel with force, speed became the moment of his source.

“Fuck her”. Jeremy cried. With his fist balled he punched the dash only to find that he changed the station. Life couldn't get any worse. Just today he lost his job and while coming home he found another man in bed with his wife. And now,a good song, lost in frequencies of his own stupidity. Thumbing for the tune, his eyes drifted from the road. “ Don't leave me too”. Jeremy whimpered as his fingers slipped pass the dial. Reaching for the head lights his eyes jerked forward. A dark silhouette in the middle of the windshield raced towards his car. With a twist of his fingers, an array of white shinned in the face of his wife. “Emma!”. Jeremy shouted.

The car thumped and rocked from side to side. With two feet on the brake, his heels dug into the floorboard as red flashed into his eyes from the shine of the rear view mirror. He kicked open the door and flung himself out into the road. “It cant be you. I killed you and your mutt.” Jeremy screamed. Walking slowly around his car he noticed he didn't have any damages and neither a body of any type to be found.

Jeremy walked back to his car. His seat warm and wet, he nestles back into position slamming the door behind him. While adjusting the mirror the radio broke into an emergency broadcast. “ THIS JUST IN. ESCAPED MENTAL PATIENT ON THE LOOSE. TWO DEAD. FUGITIVE WEARING A WOMANS BLOUSE AND THE SKIN OF HIS VICTIM. DO NOT APPROACH. HE IS ARMED AND DANGEROUS. I REPEAT. ARMED AND DANGEROUS". Glancing to his left and right, Jeremy changed the station. “ Ha! What idiots. I'm going to get away with this scot free. Some retard is gonna get the book thrown at him for what I've done”. Revving the engine Jeremy thrust the gears into drive while smoke boiled beneath the tires.

A few miles down the road and one twenty on the speedometer, a cop appears from behind. Blue lights and sirens wailed for him to pull over. “Shit”, Jeremy thought. “Keep calm. It will all be over soon. Let him give me a ticket and ill be on my way”. A flash light tapped the car window. “ Could you roll down your window please, sir”.

“What seems to be the problem officer”? With a pen in hand, paper followed. The officer began to write. “license and registration”. Jeremy reached for his glove compartment and saw his gun on the floorboard. Not to bring any attention to it, he quickly opened the glove box and grabbed his registration. “Mr. Barns do you know how fast you were going”? Jeremy tried to remember but the thought of getting caught clouded his mind. “No officer I don't But I bet your gonna tell me”. The officer turned on his flash light and looked inside the car window. “Have you been drinking tonight”? The officer asked. His hands cupped his face to get a better look in the back seat. “No officer, I haven't ”, Jeremy said with a smile of confidence to follow.

The officer turned towards Jeremy and stared right into his eyes. “ What about her”? Asked the officer. With a scorn look of fear Jeremy sat still. twisting towards the back seat, a knife ran against his throat. Looking in the face of his wife he noticed her eyes weren't the same color as before. With her skin welted and withered, blood dripped from the cracks of her lips. A smile emerged from the floppy flesh when a deep voice of a man said, “What wrong honey. You don't love me any more!”.

title: Criminally Insane

question: What caused the radio station in Jeremy's car to change?

answer: It changed because he slammed the dashboard in anger.

question: Why did Jeremy stop in the middle of the road?

answer: He thought he saw Emma, his wife, standing on the road.

question: What reason did the cop give for stopping Jeremy?

answer: The cop believes Jeremy was driving over the speed limit.

question: Whose face did Jeremy saw when he looked at the backseat of his car?

answer: He saw a grotesque form of his wife's face, speaking to him.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer:
Jeremy was driving at full speed, yelling obscenities as he smashed his fist into the dashboard, which causes the radio station to change. As he struggles to change the radio station to where it was, he saw a dark silhouette that he believed to be the face of his wife, on the road ahead. He slammed his break and stopped as he shouted “It can't be you. I killed you and your mutt.”

As Jeremy walked back to his car, he heard an emergency broadcast on the radio announcing that a fugitive is on the loose. Jeremy changed the station, saying that he will escape and another person will take the fall for what he did.

Shortly after Jeremy resumed driving, a cop's car followed him, signaling that he pulls over.