text:
The SCHOOL WITHOUT WALLS (SWOW) was a public alternative school in Canberra, the capital of Australia, which operated from 1974 to 1997.

History

In 1973, a group of students, teachers and parents voluntarily met to establish the school to cater for educational needs they considered were not being met by the mainstream public education system in the Australian Capital Territory.[1]

The school's original location was on Childers Street within the campus of the Australian National University, where the meetings to establish the school were held. Later in 1974, the school relocated to what is now St Patrick's Church in Braddon, which had previously housed the Catholic schools St Patrick's School and St Mary's School–Our Lady of Mercy. In 1980, the school moved to what was formerly the infants building at Ainslie School in Braddon (now the Ainslie Arts Centre), where it was co-located with the Questacon science centre.[2]

In 1996, the ACT Education Department conducted a review which recommended the School Without Walls be restructured, and in 1997, SWOW was relocated and merged into Dickson College.[3]

Notable people

People who attended SWOW includes Tim Ferguson.[4][5]

Ned Manning spent a short time there as a teacher.[6]

Further reading

-

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

title: School Without Walls (Canberra)

question: What is the SWOW?

answer: The School Without Walls was an alternative public school in Canberra, Australia. It was established to cater for educational needs not being met by the mainstream public education system.

question: Why was the school closed?

answer: A review of the school was conducted in 1996 and recommended that the school be restructured. In 1997 the decision was made to merge the school into Dickson College.

question: How many times did the school move its physical location?

answer:
4 times, viz.
1. Within the campus of the Australian National University
2. St. Patrick's Church in Braddon
3. Ainslie Arts Centre in Braddon
4. Dickson College

question: What is the relationship between SWOW and Ned Manning?

answer: He spent a short time there as a teacher.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: School Without Walls (SWOW) was established in 1973 in Canberra, Australia to address educational needs that the public school system did not address. It's physical location moved 4 times and it was eventually merged with Dickson College in 1997 after a review by the ACT Education Department.


split: train

text:
The 15TH INDIAN DIVISION was an infantry division of the British Indian Army that saw active service in the First World War. It served in the Mesopotamian Campaign on the Euphrates Front throughout its existence. It did not serve in the Second World War,[1] but was reformed at Dehradun in 1964 as part of the post-independence Indian Army

History

[The 2nd Battalion, 6th Gurkha Rifles of 42nd Indian Brigade march towards the Action of Khan Baghdadi] The division was formed on 7 May 1916 to replace the 12th Indian Division on the Euphrates Front. It remained on the Euphrates Front until the end of the war. It took part in the Action of As Sahilan (11 September 1916), the Capture of Ramadi (28 and 29 September 1917), the Occupation of Hīt (9 March 1918) and the Action of Khan Baghdadi (26 and 27 March 1918).[2] The division was not attached to either of the army corps operating in Mesopotamia, the I Corps and III Corps.

The division was commanded from formation on 7 May 1916 by Brigadier-General H.T. Brooking. Brooking was promoted to Major-General on 5 June 1916.[3]

At the end of the war, the division was rapidly run down and it was disbanded in March 1919.[4]

The division was re-raised on 1 October 1964 at Clement Town, Dehradun and assigned to XI Corps (India).[5] In the 1965 war it was under XI Corps, Western Command, and had 20 Locating Regiment under its command. In 1971, it had the 66th Armoured Regiment (India) under command as its integral armoured unit.

The divisional headquarters is now at Amritsar.

Order of battle, First World War

The division commanded the following units, although not all of them served at the same time:[6]

12th Indian Brigade

-   1/5th Battalion, Queen's (Royal West Surrey Regiment)
-   2nd Battalion, 39th Garhwal Rifles
-   1st Battalion, 43rd Erinpura Infantry
-   90th Punjabis
-   128th Machine Gun Company
-   12th Light Trench Mortar Battery

34th Indian Brigade

    _Joined the division on formation and left for the 17th Indian Division in August 1917_

-   2nd Battalion, Queen's Own (Royal West Kent Regiment)
-   31st Punjabis
-   1st Battalion, 112th Infantry
-   114th Mahrattas
-   129th Machine Gun Company

42nd Indian Brigade

-   1/4th Battalion, Devonshire Regiment
-   1/4th Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment
-   1st Battalion, 5th Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)
-   2nd Battalion, 5th Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)
-   2nd Battalion, 6th Gurkha Rifles
-   130th Machine Gun Company
-   42nd Light Trench Mortar Battery

50th Indian Brigade

    _Joined from the 17th Indian Division in September 1917_

-   1st Battalion, Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry
-   6th Jat Light Infantry
-   14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs
-   24th Punjabis
-   1st Battalion, 97th Deccan Infantry
-   256th Machine Gun Company
-   50th Light Trench Mortar Battery

Divisional Artillery

-   VII Mountain Brigade, Indian Mountain Artillery (21st Kohat and 26th Jacob's Mountain Batteries)
-   CCXXII Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (375th, 1070th, 1072th, 77th (H) and 429th (H) Batteries)
-   CCXV Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (816th, 1087th, 1088th and 524th (H) Batteries}
-   Volunteer Battery
-   M, N and O Light Trench Mortar Batteries
-   X.15 Medium Trench Mortar Battery
-   15th Divisional Ammunition Column

Engineers and Pioneers

-   4th Field Company, 1st King George's Own Sappers and Miners
-   Malerkotla Sappers and Miners, ISF
-   448th (Northumbrian) Field Company, Royal Engineers
-   450th (Northumbrian) Field Company, Royal Engineers
-   451st (Northumbrian) Field Company, Royal Engineers
-   15th Division Signal Company, Royal Engineers Signal Service
-   48th Pioneers

Divisional troops

-   275th Machine Gun Company
-   3rd, 19th, 23rd, 24th, 34th, 105th and 108th Combined Field Ambulances, RAMC
-   No. 16 (renumbered No. 6) Mobile Veterinary Section, AVC
-   15th Division Train, ASC

Battles and engagements

The division was involved in the following actions:[7]

-   Action of As Sahilan _(11 September 1916)_
-   Capture of Ramadi _(2829 September 1917)_
-   Occupation of Hīt _(9 March 1918)_
-   Action of Khan Baghdadi _(2627 March 1918)_

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] Richard A. Renaldi and Ravi Rikhye, 'Indian Army Order of Battle,' Orbat.com for Tiger Lily Books: A division of General Data LLC, , 2011, 103-4.

[6]

[7]

title: 15th Infantry Division (India)

question: Where did the 15th Indian division serve?

answer: The 15th Indian Division served during World War I. It served in the Mesopotamian Campaign on the Euphrates Front throughout its entire existence. It did not serve in World War II.

question: What is the history of the division?

answer: It was formed on 7 May 1916 to replace the 12th Indian Division on the Euphrates Front. It remained on the Euphrates Front until the end of the war. It took part in the Action of As Sahilan, the Occupation of Hit, and the Action of Khan Baghdadi.


text: they go to the store. When they get there, Ally is there and she gives them a big, cheesy grin, “Hey guys! Nice to see you two here ”. “Yeah... okay.” they said. Ally was mean to them, so they ignored her. In the back of the store, they casually browsed the section with toy cars. Ally was staring at them; she had a mean glare when she wanted one. She was also a hooker, they suspected. They left after five minutes, the shop was uncool. Outside, the clouds were high in the sky and a line of smog lay lazily on the horizon. “Man, this day... shit’s crazy dude.” “I know man. Love it here, aye.” They walked down the street. The sun was like their friend: it gazed happily down at them. They were glad to be rid of Ally. “Dude, Mary Jane is waiting for us inside.” “Yeah man, okay”. They jacked some bikes and rode home quickly. The ghetto was thriving with little kids; it really was a gorgeous day. As they pushed the door open, they were greeted with a comforting smell of old leather, mould and dirty clothes. They liked living there. Life is good, man.

title: So I wrote this story

question: How was Ally "mean to them"?

answer: We are not told.

question: Why do they suspect she's a sex worker?

answer: This is not revealed.

question: Where do they live?

answer: Somewhere that smells like leather.

question: Does Ally work at the shop?

answer: It is assumed that she does.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Two people enter a shop where Ally is nice to them, but they ignore her because apparently she was mean in the past. They decide the store is uncool, and leave. They share that life is good and enter another building where they live. It smells comfortingly like leather and mold.


text:
[_Theologia moralis_, 1740 (Milano, Fondazione Mansutti).] HERMANN BUSENBAUM (or BUSEMBAUM) (19 September 160031 January 1668) was a Jesuit theologian. He attained fame as a master of casuistry.

Biography

He was born at Nottuln in Westphalia (Germany). He entered the Jesuit order in 1619, and taught scholastic and moral theology in Cologne. He became rector of the Jesuit college at Hildesheim and then at Münster, where he died on 31 January 1668, being at the time father-confessor to Bishop Christoph von Galen.

_Medulla_

His book _Medulla theologiae moralis, facili ac perspicua methodo resolvens casus conscientiae_ (1645) grew out of his lectures to students at Cologne. The manual obtained a wide popularity and passed through over two hundred editions before 1776.[1] Although less bold in its declarations than some other Jesuit books, such as, for example, the _Defensio Fidei_ (1613) of Francisco Suarez, it was the most complete and systematized in its exposition, and served as a type for succeeding treatises of the sort.[2]

The theology of _Medulla_ was generally well received within the Catholic Church. The book was published in all the major European centers of Catholicism and was widely used in seminaries as a manual on practical moral theology for 200 years. It received positive commentary from theologians including St. Alphonsus de Liguori, a Doctor of the Church.[3]

The book met no significant opposition until Pierre Lacroix added considerably to its bulk.[4] His editions in two folio volumes appeared in both Germany (1710–1714) and France (1729). In these editions, the sections on murder and especially on regicide were much amplified, and in connection with Damiens' attempt on the life of Louis XV the book was severely handled by the parlement of Paris. At Toulouse in 1757, though the offending sections were repudiated by the heads of the Jesuit colleges, the _Medulla_ was publicly burned, and the episode undoubtedly led the way to the duc de Choiseul's attack on the Jesuits.[5]

Other writings

Busenbaum also wrote a book on the ascetic life, _Lilium inter spinas_.[6]

Notes

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

title: Hermann Busenbaum

question: How long did Hermann Busenbaum live?

answer: 68 years.

question: How long was Busenbaum in the Jesuit order?

answer: For 49 years.

question: Explain the significance of the book 'Medulla theologiae moralis, facili ac perspicua methodo resolvens casus conscientiae'.

answer: It was widely used in seminaries as a manual on practical moral theology for 200 years.

question: Why was the 'Medulla' publicly burned in Toulouse in 1757?

answer: It is implied that it contains some offending sections.


text:
VLADIMIR EVGENEVICH IVANOVSKY (; 9 May 1948 – 3 June 2016) was a Russian diplomat. He last served as the Russian Ambassador to Turkey (2007–2013).[1] He had previously served as the Russian Ambassador to Macedonia (2000–2002) and Serbia and Montenegro (2002–2004).[2][3]

Born in Moscow, Ivanovsky was the son of Soviet general Yevgeni Ivanovsky (1918–1991). He graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations in 1977. That same year he joined the diplomatic service. He was married and had a son. Aside from his native Russian, he also spoke English, Serbian and Croatian.[4]

Ivanovsky died on 3 June 2016 at the age of 68.[5]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]  (archived)

[5]

title: Vladimir Ivanovsky

question: What positions has Ivanovsky served?

answer: He served as the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro.

question: Where did Ivanovsky graduate from?

answer: Ivanovsky graduated from the Moscow State INstitute of International Relations.

question: How many languages could Ivanovsky speak?

answer: Ivanovsky could speak four languages - his native Russian, English, Serbian, and Croatian.

question: How did Ivanovsky die?

answer: This information is cannot be found.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer:
Vladimir Evgenevich Ivanovsky was a Russian diplomat. He had served as the Russian Ambassador to Turkey, Macedonia, Serbia, and Montenegro. In 1977, Ivanovsky graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations and in the same year joined the diplomatic service.

He died in June 2016 at the age of 68.


text:
Portland Trail Blazers

Portland Trail Blazers

 []

[]

Click here to download the new MyTeams App by NBC Sports! Receive comprehensive coverage of your Blazers and stream the games easily on your device.

WHY THIS GAME MATTERS
With just six games that differentiate the number one team in the Western Conference Standings to the number 13 team, playing a Western Conference foe is crucial as the Trail Blazers get set to face the LA Clippers on the road.

GAME HEADLINES
WILL BLAZERS’ MOMENTUM TRAVEL?
Portland will look to start a winning streak on Monday night vs. the Clippers after the Blazers defeated the Raptors 128-122 on Friday. With the win, Portland improved to 16-13 overall and 11-4 at home. The big storyline of Friday’s game was the Trail Blazers’ second unit. Portland’s bench scored a season-high 58 points, led by Zach Collins’ 16 points. Seth Curry and Nik Stauskas also added 13 points apiece. The Blazers as a team dished out a season-high 29 assists to just eight turnovers. Now the question is: Can Portland take this momentum on the road and improve its 5-9 road record?

CLIPPERS SLOWING DOWN AS OF LATE
LA is coming off a 110-104 loss to the Thunder on Saturday. In the loss, Danilo Gallinari led the charge with 28 points to go along seven rebounds. The Clippers are 2-6 in their last eight games. LA has struggled on the offensive end, scoring under 90 points two different times in its last six games. Lou Williams has missed the last three games with a left hamstring injury.  Williams will miss Monday’s game vs. Portland.

BLAZERS LOOK TO TAKE LEAD IN SEASON SERIES
Monday’s game at Staples Center marks the third of four meetings between the Blazers and the Clippers. The season series is tied, 1-1 with Portland winning four of its last five games against the Clippers. In the most recent matchup on November 25th, the Clippers beat the Blazers, 104-100, at Moda Center after LA outscored Portland 38-16 in the third quarter. In the loss, Damian Lillard led the way with 30 points to go along with six rebounds. Tobias Harris led the Clippers with 34 points on 14-of-22 shooting. In Los Angeles, the Blazers hold an overall record of 57-54 against the Clippers.

INJURY UPDATES
The Trail Blazers have no injuries to report for Monday’s game.

The Clippers have listed Jerome Robinson (right foot), Luc Mbah a Moute (left knee) and Lou Williams (left hamstring) as out vs. the Blazers.

QUICK LINKS

DWIGHT JAYNES: How do you beat the NBA's best team? Apparently with the Trail Blazers' bench...

DWIGHT JAYNES: Is there any such thing in the NBA as momentum from game to game?

MIKE RICHMAN: A blueprint for Trail Blazers' success

VIDEO: Blazers bench bounces back against NBA's best

VIDEO: Curry finally has his breakout game

GAME DETAILS

WHERE TO WATCH: NBC Sports Northwest

WHERE TO WATCH ON THE GO: Stream the game live on the new MyTeams App

TIP-OFF TIME: 6:00p.m.

NBCS NW COVERAGE: Blazers Outsiders Pregame Show (6:30 p.m.), Blazers Outsiders Postgame Show (immediately after the game).

POINT SPREAD: Los Angeles -2

RADIO: 620AM Rip City Radio

Download the brand new MyTeams app today - This is the app for everything Blazers: games, highlights, articles, podcasts and more from your NBC Sports Northwest Blazers team.

question: What game is discussed in the game?

answer: Portland Trail Blazers versus the Clippers.

question: WHat game was played?

answer: Information not found.

question: Were there any injuries in this game?

answer: Ye, the clippers recorded 3 players getting injuries after the game.

question: WHat day was the game on?

answer: Monday

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The text describes the game between Portland Trail Blazers versus the Clippers.


text:
CHRISTIAN HIRSCHBÜHL (born 19 April 1990)[1] is an Austrian alpine ski racer. Hirschbuehl specializes in the technical events of Slalom and Giant slalom. Hirschbühl made his World Cup debut on 17 January 2015.

Career

Hirschbühl made his World Cup debut on 17 January 2015 in the Wengen Slalom, he failed to finish the first run.[2] On 25 October 2015 he scored his first World Cup points finishing 22nd in the Sölden Giant slalom.[3]

World Cup results

+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| Season | Age    | Overal | Slalom | Giant  | Super- | Downhi | Combin |
|        |        | l      |        | slalom | G      | ll     | ed     |
+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+========+
| 2016   | _25_   | 95     | 34     | 41     | —      | —      | —      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 2017   | _26_   | 75     | 28     | 56     | —      | —      | —      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| 2018   | _27_   | 53     | 25     | 49     | —      | —      | —      |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|  |
+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+

-   Standings through 28 January 2018

[1]

[2]

[3]

title: Christian Hirschbühl

question: What is Christian Hirschbühl's occupation?

answer: He is an alpine ski racer.

question: How did Hirschbühl perform in the Wengen Slalom?

answer: He failed to finish the first run.

question: What nationality is Hirschbühl?

answer: Austrian.

question: What is Hirschbühl's specialty?

answer: The technical events of the Slalom and Giant slalom.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Hirschbühl is an Austrian alpine ski racer specializing in the Slalom and Giant slalom. He made his World Cup debut in 2015 and scored his first World Cup points in the Sölden Giant slalom.


text:
Feather is the new development board from Adafruit, and like its namesake it is thin, light, and lets you fly! We designed Feather to be a new standard for portable microcontroller cores.

This is the ADAFRUIT FEATHER M0 ADALOGGER - our take on an 'all-in-one' Cortex M0 datalogger (or data-reader) with built in USB and battery charging. Its an Adafruit Feather M0 with a microSD holder ready to rock! We have other boards in the Feather family, check'em out here

At the Feather M0's heart is an ATSAMD21G18 ARM Cortex M0 processor, clocked at 48 MHz and at 3.3V logic, the same one used in the new Arduino Zero. This chip has a whopping 256K of FLASH (8x more than the Atmega328 or 32u4) and 32K of RAM (16x as much)! This chip comes with built in USB so it has USB-to-Serial program & debug capability built in with no need for an FTDI-like chip.

To make it easy to use for portable projects, we added a connector for any of our 3.7V Lithium polymer batteries and built in battery charging. You don't need a battery, it will run just fine straight from the micro USB connector. But, if you do have a battery, you can take it on the go, then plug in the USB to recharge. The Feather will automatically switch over to USB power when its available. We also tied the battery thru a divider to an analog pin, so you can measure and monitor the battery voltage to detect when you need a recharge.

Here's some handy specs! Like all Feather M0's you get:

-   Measures 2.0" x 0.9" x 0.28" (51mm x 23mm x 8mm) without headers soldered in
-   Light as a (large?) feather - 5.3 grams
-   ATSAMD21G18 @ 48MHz with 3.3V logic/power
-   256KB of FLASH + 32KB of RAM
-   No EEPROM
-   3.3V regulator with 500mA peak current output
-   USB native support, comes with USB bootloader and serial port debugging
-   You also get tons of pins - 20 GPIO pins
-   Hardware Serial, hardware I2C, hardware SPI support
-   8 x PWM pins
-   10 x analog inputs
-   1 x 10-bit analog output (DAC)
-   Built in 100mA lipoly charger with charging status indicator LED
-   Pin #13 red LED for general purpose blinking
-   Power/enable pin
-   4 mounting holes
-   Reset button

The FEATHER M0 ADALOGGER uses the extra space left over to add MicroSD + a green LED:

-   Pin #8 green LED for your blinking pleasure
-   MicroSD card holder for adding as much storage as you could possibly want, for reading or writing.

Comes fully assembled and tested, with a USB bootloader that lets you quickly use it with the Arduino IDE. We also toss in some header so you can solder it in and plug into a solderless breadboard. LIPOLY BATTERY, MICROSD CARD AND USB CABLE NOT INCLUDED (but we do have lots of options in the shop if you'd like!)

Check out our tutorial for all sorts of details, including schematics, files, IDE instructions, and more!

[Adafruit Feather M0 Adalogger]

Thin and light, just like a...

[MicroPython Displays: Drawing Shapes]

How to draw basic shapes on pixel-based displays with MicroPython!

[Debug Header for the Feather [M0]]

Make a Simple JTAG Debugging FeatherWing for the M0

[Using ATSAMD21 SERCOM for more SPI, I2C and Serial ports]

Get more high speed serial commports without bitbanging

SEE ALL GUIDES __

question: What is Feather?

answer: Feather is Adafruit's all-in-one Cortex M0 datalogger or data-reader.

question: What is the RAM of the chip?

answer: It comes with 32K RAM.

question: What is the ADALOGGER used for?

answer: ADALOGGER is a datalogger or a data-reader.

question: How many analog inputs does the datalogger come with?

answer: The datalogger has 10 analog inputs.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer:
Feather is Adafruit's latest all-in-one Cortex M0 datalogger (or data-reader) with built-in USB and battery charging. The chip has a whopping 256K of FLASH and a 32K of RAM. To make it easy to use for portable projects, they have also added a connector for any of their 3.7V Lithium polymer batteries and built-in battery charging.

The data reader comes fully assembled and tested with a USB bootloader that lets you quickly use it with the Arduino IDE.


text:
_SHINE WE ARE!_ is the third special album by Korean singer BoA, released on December 4, 2003. Some of her tracks contain Korean versions of her Japanese songs; the last track in the album features the Irish band Westlife.

Track listing

1.  “B.I.O”
2.  “SHINE WE ARE!”
3.  “세상의 어디에서도 (One Way)”
4.  “Discovery”
5.  “Milky Way” (Club Remix)
6.  “Flower”
7.  “Searching for Truth”
8.  “Beside You”
9.  “이별풍경 (Always)”
10. “Flying Without Wings” (Westlife featuring BoA)

Category:BoA albums Category:2003 EPs Category:SM Entertainment EPs Category:Korean-language EPs

title: Shine We Are!

question: What does BoA's third album, Shine We Are!, says about her?

answer: It shows that she does not mind collaborating across different cultures and languages.


text:
-   World

This was published 5 years ago

They did in a big way, and the results were startling. The birthrate for teenagers across the state plunged 40 per cent from 2009 to 2013, while their rate of abortions fell 42 per cent, according to the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. There was a similar decline in births for another group particularly vulnerable to unplanned pregnancies: unmarried women younger than 25 who have not finished high school.

[Researchers found teenagers and disadvantaged women chose to take long-term contraception if it was offered.]

Researchers found teenagers and disadvantaged women chose to take long-term contraception if it was offered.Credit:Vince Caligiuri

"Our demographer came into my office with a chart and said, 'Greta, look at this, we've never seen this before'," said Greta Klingler, the family planning supervisor for the public health department. "The numbers were plummeting."

The changes were particularly pronounced in the poorest areas of the state, places like Walsenburg, a small city in southern Colorado where jobs are scarce and unplanned births come often to the young. Hope Martinez, a 20-year-old nursing home receptionist here, recently had a small metal rod implanted under the skin of her upper arm to prevent pregnancy for three years. She has big plans – to marry, to move West, and to become a dental hygienist.

"I don't want any babies for a while," she said.

More young women are making that choice. In 2009, half of all first births to women in the poorest areas of the state happened before they turned 21. By 2014, half of first births did not occur until they had turned 24, a difference that advocates say gives young women time to finish their educations and to gain a foothold in an increasingly competitive job market.

"If we want to reduce poverty, one of the simplest, fastest and cheapest things we could do would be to make sure that as few people as possible become parents before they actually want to," said Isabel Sawhill, an economist at the Brookings Institution. She argues in her 2014 book, _Generation Unbound: Drifting Into Sex and Parenthood Without Marriage_, that single parenthood is a principal driver of inequality and long-acting birth control a powerful tool to prevent it.

Teenage births have been declining nationally, but experts say the timing and magnitude of the reductions in Colorado are a strong indication that the state's program was a major driver. About one-fifth of women aged 18 to 44 in Colorado now use a long-acting method, a substantial increase driven largely by teenagers and poor women.

The surge in Colorado has far outpaced the growing use of such methods nationwide. About 7 per cent of American women aged 15 to 44 used long-acting birth control from 2011 to 2013, the most recent period studied, up from 1.5 per cent in 2002. The figures include all women, even those who were pregnant or sterilised. The share of long-acting contraception users among just women using birth control is likely to be higher.

But the experiment in Colorado is entering an uncertain new phase that will test a central promise of the Affordable Care Act: free contraception.

The private grant that funds the state program has started to run out, and while many young women are expected to be covered under the health care law, some plans have required payment or offered only certain methods, problems the Obama administration is trying to correct. What is more, only new plans are required to provide free contraception, so women on plans that predate the law may not qualify. (In 2014, about a quarter of people covered through their employers were on grandfathered plans, according to the Kaiser Family Foundation.) Advocates also worry that teenagers - who can get the devices at clinics confidentially - may be less likely to get the devices through their parents' insurance. Long-acting devices can cost between $800 and $900.

"There's no lifeboat with the Affordable Care Act," said Liz Romer, a nurse practitioner who runs the Adolescent Medicine Program at Children's Hospital Colorado, which went from giving out 30 long-acting devices a year in 2009 to more than 2,000 in 2013.

The state failed to get additional funding through the Republican-controlled Legislature this spring, a shortfall Klingler said would slow, but not stop, the state's progress.

Women's health advocates contend that long-acting birth control is giving American women more say over when – and with whom – they have children. About half of the 6.6 million pregnancies a year in the United States are unintended. Teenage births may be down, but unplanned births have simply moved up the age scale, Sawhill said, and having a baby before finishing college can be just as risky to a woman's future as having one while in high school.

Colorado's program, funded by a private grant from the Susan Thompson Buffett Foundation, named for the billionaire investor Warren Buffett's late wife, was the real-world version of a research study in St Louis, (also paid for by the foundation, which does not publicly acknowledge its role) that came to the same conclusion: Women overwhelmingly chose the long-acting methods, and pregnancy and abortion rates plunged.

"The difference in effectiveness is profound," said Dr Jeffrey Peipert, a professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at Washington University in St Louis, who ran the study. The failure rate for the pill was about 5 per cent, compared with less than 1 per cent for implants and IUDs.

The methods are effective because, unlike the pill, a diaphragm or condoms, they do not require a woman to take action to work. And while an early incarnation, the Dalkon Shield introduced in the 1970s, had disastrous results, the modern devices are safe and have been increasingly promoted by doctors. Last fall, the American Academy of Pediatrics published guidelines that for the first time singled them out as a "first-line" birth control option for adolescents, citing their "efficacy, safety and ease of use."

"There's been a big shift in the mindset," said Dr Laura MacIsaac, director of family planning for Mount Sinai Beth Israel in New York. "The demand is coming from everywhere now."

In Walsenburg, studded with boarded-up buildings and weedy parking lots, advocates have used the Buffett grant to help women get more control. Poverty erodes health here: Last year, rural Huerfano County, which includes Walsenburg, was ranked second-to-last for life expectancy in the state.

"If you get pregnant here, you are stuck," said Debbie Channel, manager of the Spanish Peaks Regional Health Centre's Outreach and Women's Clinic, where Martinez, the nursing home receptionist, got her implant. "We're trying to keep them safe and baby free.

Proponents say the program is working. The state health department estimated that every dollar spent on the long-acting birth control initiative saved $5.85 for the state's Medicaid program, which covers more than three-quarters of teenage pregnancies and births. Enrolment in the federal nutrition program for women with young children declined nearly a quarter between 2010 and 2013.

Martinez had a preview of life as a mother while babysitting two young stepbrothers. She found it exhausting. She watched girls in her high school get trapped when they became mothers too soon, and she knew she did not want that for herself.

"They say they want to leave Walsenburg, but they never do," Martinez said. "It's a circle. It keeps happening and happening."

She plans to leave town this summer after she marries her fiance, now in California in military training. She is excited about the next chapter.

"I'm not scared at all," she said. "I'm just really ready."

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question: When was this published?

answer: Five years ago.

question: Are more young women choosing to have children later?

answer: Due to long-term contraceptive options, yes.

question: Is the article specific to one region?

answer: It appears to focus mainly on Colorado.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The article examines how available contraception is a benefit to young women who do not want to become mothers, focusing on Hope Martinez, who has an implant so that she can move to California with her boyfriend and become a dental hygienist. There is also a brief look at how the Affordable Care Act is helping to pay for young women to remain protected.


text:
Overview

Ricoh’s Sustainability Optimisation Programme offers immediate and measurable reductions of your CO2 emissions by helping you to optimise your document production and Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). Our Sustainability Optimisation Programme is delivered through a five step consultancy process that offers practical steps toward achieving a zero carbon footprint:

1. ANALYSE
 First we collect and analyse all available information about your document output infrastructure to establish a baseline of your current carbon emissions, taking paper and energy consumption into account, to assess the right approach for your environment and future needs.

2. DESIGN
 We then formulate a plan that clearly identifies key areas for improvement, incorporating your own management commitments, ambitions relating to process efficiency, cost optimisation and productivity improvement. Practical steps include new floor plans for energy efficient device placement, and a report that sets out the path to achieve solid KPIs to track and measure tangible results.

3. IMPLEMENT
 The next phase is the implementation stage of the agreed blueprint, covering the installation and setup of devices like multifunction printers that include duplex printing and power saving modes. Training is offered to raise environmental awareness, teach energy-efficient device operation and communicate the impact that simple changes like double-sided printing can have.

4. GOVERN
We then begin to monitor results and measure them against your baseline and the sustainability KPIs set out in the design phase. We provide you with regular reports along with recommendations to improve processes if we observe negative variance and replicate successes where departments outperform targets. Targets may also be redefined if necessary to calibrate the sustainability performance of your fleet.

5. NEUTRALISE
 Our solution aims to reduce the environmental impact of all activities within our control. However even with the most sustainable process, there will be remaining carbon emissions produced by unavoidable paper and power use and device maintenance. Using our British Standard Institution accredited calculation method, we translate the remaining impact into hard figures and offer a choice of carbon credits to help you achieve a zero footprint target.

Video:

[ ]

 Key features & benefits

    Ricoh’s Sustainability Optimisation Programme provides you with a practical, structured, measurable approach to neutralise the carbon footprint of your document workflow.

    SUSTAINABILITY AS A BUSINESS DRIVER
    A pragmatic, actionable sustainability policy has become a crucial part of the business agenda in recent years. The rising cost of energy and its impact on the bottom line is only one factor. A solid sustainability strategy is of crucial importance to remain competitive as customers and partners seek assurances that you do business in a responsible way.

    STREAMLINED PROCESSES AND GREATER FINANCIAL CONTROL
    Beyond the clear environmental benefits, the implementation of the Sustainability Optimisation Programme offers organisation-wide productivity and cost saving advantages. Sustainable working includes the implementation of energy-efficient hardware, waste-reducing software and environmentally aware work patterns. All of which have a direct impact on your bottom line and the way people perform within your organisation.

    A TESTED, PROVEN AND VALIDATED APPROACH
    The Ricoh Sustainability Optimisation Programme draws on an extensive pool of experience in analysis and implementation. Through our British Standards Institution certified Sustainability Optimisation Programme, we’ve to date (June 2016) completed over 10,000 green audits for customers ranging from small businesses to multinational enterprises across Europe. We’ve helped our customers achieve demonstrable results, with an average reduction of 34% in carbon emissions and a 31% reduction in their TCO.

 Use cases

    Use case 1 : Mobile phone company’s green IT printing initiative

    THE CHALLENGE - To reduce the environmental impact of its office print environment, this global mobile phone company launched a Green IT ‘Less Paper Office’ initiative, which aimed to achieve:

    -   Smaller carbon footprint
    -   Lower Total Cost of Ownership
    -   Improved service delivery
    -   Increased security
    -   Managed global print service

    THE RICOH SOLUTION - Ricoh has developed an eco-efficient print infrastructure for the group, which supports the company’s flexible work and mobility strategy. This includes developing:

    -   A Green office environmental survey
    -   Global/local project management
    -   Standardised best-fit technology
    -   Dedicated on-site service support
    -   Detailed global/local reporting

    THE RESULTS - Global rationalisation and standardisation has:

    -   Increased the employee to device ratio by 300% (from an average 20:1 to 60:1)
    -   Reduced paper consumption by up to 75% in some regions
    -   Led to an average 50% reduction of annual office print cost per user
    -   Helped the company achieve significant and sustainable reductions in its carbon footprint by almost 3 million kilograms per annum.

    Use case 2 : Ricoh green-office solution helps world leading industrial company reduce its global carbon emissions

    THE CHALLENGE - The organisation’s print and reprographics infrastructure had grown organically. A fleet of stand-alone printers was proving expensive to run and provided little control over usage. Print volumes were growing and, with the company using inefficient equipment, carbon emissions were higher than necessary.

    RICOH’S SOLUTION – Ricoh analysed the existing infrastructure, auditing print volumes and recording green metrics such as energy consumption. Based on our findings, we provided:

    -   Ricoh green-office solution
    -
 Environmental print audit
    -
 Energy efficient multifunction printers
    -
 Managed print environment

    THE RESULTS - By removing inefficient printers and directing print to more energy-efficient multifunctional products, the solution is helping the company reduce its global carbon emissions and saving money:

    -   Print and reprographic expenditure is down by 18%
    -   Paper use is reduced by 15%
    -   A significant and sustainable reduction in their carbon footprint has been achieved

question: What does the article say about the advantages of Ricoh's Sustainability Optimization Process?

answer: The process reduces carbon footprint and energy use where possible as well as the total cost of ownership. In addition to environmental benefits, the program can reduce expenditures and increase productivity. Ricoh touts efficiency increases in device per employee in addition to sustainability increases in one of their case reports.

question: What does the article say about cow farts?


text:
"You fell in love with another bimbo, didn't you?" I stopped hugging him.

Becky was far from a bimbo though I'm sure her ability to keep my boyfriend up until dawn trying to understand the fourth dimension was hampered by whatever she was on half the time. Still, here we were again.

"She was... unexpectedly inspiring," he told me. I wondered how much the writer in him worked on that stupid euphemism because it wasn't enough.

He couldn't lie to me. I saw the spark of another she in his eyes. Her taste wasn't on his lips, and not just because he used mouthwash. Her scent wasn't in my favorite spot on his chest on that shirt he wore too much. Her fingerprints weren't on the belt buckle he never cleaned. But Becky was inside him.

"I'm not in love," he whispered.

I tilted my head toward him and started with wide, unconvinced eyes.

"Love's not a binary thing," he said. "I'm not sure what it is exactly, or how I feel now but this is something new, something unexpected."

"I don't care how you define or rationalize it inside yourself, the point is you're not completely mine again!"

"Oh, I didn't realize you owned me."

"You know what I mean!" He didn't. He never knew what it was like to be fully in love. Or emotionally faithful.

His words were Becky's words. There was the meaning of things, then the attempts at better definitions, followed by logical pandering. I never understood how she could major in philosophy or how they accomplished anything when they talked. Our conversations were mental sprints and I was cramping up.

I met him in the middle of a three-year-stretch of getting over his first love. Or was it his first girlfriend? His first "true" inspiration? Whatever. They're all romantic semantics that mean the same thing to me: there's rarely one person in his heart.

"Why does this keep happening, just tell me, why?" I said.

"I... I don't know."

"What part of me is not enough?"

Nothing.

"Is it that I keep forgiving you?"

Nothing.

"Is it that I'm not inspiring enough?"

Nothing.

"Am I not blonde enough? Are my boobs the wrong size? Am I so far from your dream girl that you have to keep looking for her regardless of how much faith I blindly invest in you?"

He shook his head but wouldn't look up.

My temples throbbed at a thousand beats per minute. The same thousand beats that I wanted to pound into his chest just to stop that wandering heart. But no, that'd be too easy. He hadn't earned that kind of peace.

"There's nothing I'd change about you. You're... perfect," he mumbled.

"If I'm so damn perfect, then tell me why this keeps happening! Why do you keep searching for someone else?"

"I'm not searching. I'm really not." He sat down on my briefcase and covered his face. He said something I couldn't make out.

"Stop mumbling!" I said.

"I don't want this to happen. I hate it when it happens. I hate feeling torn."

"You're torn? Oh you poor baby! You're torn between every smart, pretty semi-blonde that jiggles her intellectual hips before fading through your life. Torn between all of them and me. Me. Me! The one girl who stays with you despite all of this. And do you know why, stupid?"

"...because you love me," he answered.

"That's right! That's..." I tried to picture him with Becky but I couldn't. It didn't happen. It was all in his head or his heart or wherever it comes from. Could I really be this hurt by his thoughts? "Maybe I shouldn't judge you or call you stupid. I'm the one too dumb to just end it."

"You're not du--"

"No! No. Why am I even beginning to doubt myself? You're the one who goes around continuously falling for girls other than me and I shouldn't judge you? Ha!"

"I'm not proud of it."

"Is that supposed to make it better?" I said.

"Of course not. I just..."

"What?"

His eyes were fixated on the ground, like he was trying to make sense of the scuffmarks in the pavement.

"What?" I repeated.

Nothing.

"Don't stop being honest now. You just what?"

"I just don't," he started, "I just don't understand. They tell you to follow your heart, right? They say it'll never lead you wrong. That's all I ever do. I follow my heart but I feel like the world keeps punishing me for it."

"They? Who are they? Your muses? Your single friends? Your family that couldn't keep a single relationship from failing?"

"You know what I mean." I didn't.

I'm sure Becky did. Becky or Sarah. Or Lindsey. Or Isabel. The philosophy major or the physics one. The first love or the one he wrote the most about. The one who left for New York years ago. Or someone he didn't even bother telling me about. Maybe they all knew. Maybe that's what separated us.

"You follow your heart too." He looked up at me. "And you're punished for it too."

He was right, for once. I loved him and that never changed. It didn't fluctuate with my moods or based on inspiration. It wasn't subject to a quarter-life crisis or nostalgia from seeing where I grew up. It was honest and constant and raw and kept me by his side. But he was right.

He broke the silence: "I'm sorry this keeps happening. I'm sorry I keep hurting you."

"I've always followed my heart and I always will," I said.

I noticed the car was still running, trunk still open. One suitcase was already inside while he sat on the other. I turned my back to him and stepped off the curb, past the other cars. I didn't even have to raise my hand. One of the cab drivers made eye contact and pulled over.

"What are you doing?" he asked as he finally got off the suitcase.

I walked over to the trunk and yanked my things out.

"Wait." He touched my shoulder in the humble way he used to.

The cab driver followed my finger to the suitcase he sat on. Soon both were in the new trunk. His hand was still on my shoulder.

"You follow your heart, I'll follow mine," I said.

For the first time since our first kiss on that cold night four and a half years ago, his touch wasn't enough to hold me. We followed our hearts but kept coming back to this honest place neither of us could understand.

He came to pick me up but I wouldn't leave with him.

I'd see him at home within the hour.

The cab door slammed shut.

I left the airport that day a beautiful hypocrite.

title: Beautiful Hypocrite

question: Who is the narrator?

answer: Information can't be found.

question: Who is Becky?

answer: The person the narrator's boyfriend is falling for.

question: Why does he keep cheating on her?

answer: He's trying to follow his heart.

question: Does she leave him eventually?

answer: Yes, despite still being in love with him.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator gets mad at her boyfriend for being emotionally unfaithful again. She yells at him until she eventually decides to break up with him.


text:
Jerry Chavez hardly ever said a word. A damn shame because he knew so many good ones. Lascivious, licentious, and lethargic all laid latent. He even invented some new ones that would have been a boon to society:

Escube:  to get ready for the day at work or a night out on the town by  shitting, showering, and shaving

(hygienically speaking the best order to perform them in).

Potanic: any item possessing the potency of Titanic proportions.

Yet, Jerry's laconic manner cursed the air with the language of a mundane nature: shit, fuck, double-fuck, cock, bitch, hell, that 'c' word, Jesus, and sugar. All paltry words and a pantry one too.

Jerry would spend most of his time creating the most wonderful worlds. Staying alive it might seem only to live in his daydreams. That was until the gift bag came.

Jerry, returning to his cheap motel-style apartment complex from an appointment with a doctor, found a lavishly adorned gift bag on his welcome mat. “Is it my birthday,” he thought. Jerry looked at his watch. “No, much too cold to be my birthday.” Truly placing a temperature gauge on a watch is a brilliant idea, you are able to see how cold it is outside which helps you to realize if you have dressed appropriately. Or in this case it helped Jerry realize that this present was too early or much too late for his July birthday. Without a reason for the gift bag coming to mind Jerry still took it into his somnolently decorated apartment. Jerry was never one to look a gift horse in the mouth, mainly because the giving of horses as presents seemed to have fallen out of fashion. At least that is in the circles Jerry ran in. Although the only circles Jerry ran in was down at the high school. But this was not a horse track. And obviously it's not the right track for getting a horse either. But I digress, actually looking back on how long that tangent was it would be more appropriate to say I trigressed or even quadgressed.

Jerry in the meantime had grabbed himself a beer and sat down on his couch with the gift bag. He said something to himself which I intend was “Go for it you pussy.” and then he opened the gift bag. The first thing he found was what seemed to be a normal everyday yellow, Ticonderoga, number 2 pencil. Next was a brown leather bound journal, with which one would assume was to be written in with the pencil. The card followed. Jerry opened it with no haste, and read only this:

What you write with this Pencil into this Journal will come

true in that you will be able to fully participate in it so long

as you pop one of those Purple Pills.

Jerry daunted but determined checked the back of the card. Exactly as he thought, it was not a Hallmark. He now turned his attention to the dilemma of the pills. That is, where are they? The card's removal had emptied the gift bag. But as Jerry went to grab the bag again he heard the distinct sound of pills rattling in a bottle. And there they were. The purple pills were in his left hand.

Jerry removed the magic lid from the magic bottle, and took out the magic cotton swab, and grabbed a magic pill. Jerry said something silently to himself which I intend was “Hell, why not.” and then swallowed the pill with the help of a swig from his beer bottle.

Its taste was not bad. Jerry now felt he had done something wrong. Maybe, he was to have written first. But before he was to become too worried a story came to him and he began to write.

It was a very good story. In the vein of Rip Van Winkle. A young lad, who Jerry would play, fell asleep on top of a hill overlooking a dystopian city. He was very unhappy in this world. He wished he could change it not just for himself, but for all. When the young man awoke he found himself on top of the hill looking down though on an unfamiliar city. He came down from his mount and walked around this new and as he found better city. Being quite confused he rested on a park bench. An old man seeing this unnerved young man sat down beside him hoping he could assuage the youth's pain. Jerry told him about the world he came from and how happy and surprised he was to see this one. Jerry asked how it became such and how it maintained its wonderfulness. The old man, who was quite knowledgeable, told him the story. He told the version that was not too long to allow the listener to become uninterested and not too short as to leave anything of importance out. It was a very good story and at the end of this he asked Jerry a question, “Shouldn't you be on your way?”

“To where?” Jerry replied.

“Home.” said the old man. Jerry paused. He believed senility had finally caught up to the old man.

“I have no home here.”

This made the old man smile making Jerry now certain of the old man's brain being gone. The old man said, “Then maybe here is not the place you should stay. Your home is there. You might want to go back and share with others the story that you have found here.”

Upon hearing this Jerry knew what he must do. He would return to his dystopian world and share this gift, the one he was given, with others.

As great as this would have been you must already know that this is not what happened. Our world has no magic pencil or magic paper. Neither does it have magic pills. Just regular pills which purpose is to help. The kind you might get after an appointment with a psychiatrist. Pencils and journals with which we can write our feelings and thoughts in and one day share with others.

No, Jerry never came back to our world. Damn shame too for he had so many wonderful stories to tell.

title: The Gift Bag

question: What are some words that Jerry has made up?

answer: Escube and potanic.

question: What does Jerry find outside of his apartment?

answer: A gift bag.

question: What was in the gift bag?

answer: A pencil that makes things true when written and some purple pills.

question: How does Jerry get back home?

answer: Jerry is unable to return back home.

question: Write a ~7 sentence summary.

answer: Jerry is a guy who likes to make up words. One day, he returns to his apartment to find a gift bag. He takes it inside with him and opens it. In the bag is a pencil and some purple pills, with a note explaining that what he writes will become true. Jerry takes one of the pills and writes a story set in a dystopian city. He falls asleep and awakens in the city, where an old man explains everything to him. He is unable to return to the real world.


text:
-   View author archive
-   email the author
-   follow on twitter

-   View author archive
-   email the author

September 2, 2014 | 12:16am

NYPD precinct commanders are going back to school to study a subject that’s second nature to any teen — using social media.

After a series of online gaffes — including a joke tweet about a dead woman and a hashtag that became a laughingstock — the NYPD is forcing top officers to take a course in Twitter.

“USE COMMON SENSE” reads a memo handed out to the commanders at the first training session at John Jay College.

The cops are being warned not to post off-the-cuff remarks on Twitter and encouraged to laud community groups, send out wanted posters and post crime stats, information obtained by The Post reveals.

“They want us to put info like street closures or bus diversions because of a street fair. Also info like an accident-prone location or a picture of the cop of the month,” one source said. “Public information stuff.”

Commanding officers are also being told not to release information on crime scenes or investigations.

“I think the training is a good idea. A lot of COs are a bit older, so they might not know how. They may not realize the power or the damage one wrong message can do,” another police source said.

The course is designed to prevent embarrassments like a tweet sent by Capt. Thomas Harnisch of Harlem last month in which he made light of the death of a woman who fell onto the subway tracks at Union Square while using an iPad.

“Let me guess, driver’s fault right?” he wrote over his personal account in a tweet directed at a safe-streets advocacy group.

Blasted by a group member, he wrote on the official precinct account: “Isn’t that exactly what you do? Seize on a tragedy and assign culpability having no facts?”

He later apologized.

The NYPD suffered its biggest Twitter fail in April, when it began a p.r. campaign urging the public to post photos of the city cops with the hashtag “#myNYPD.”

Users instead posted images of police brutality.

Zachary Tumin, the NYPD’s deputy commissioner for strategic initiatives, said social media can be a tool for cops.

“It’s an opportunity for commanding officers . . . to share news while engaging with the people whom she or he serves,” he said.

question: What are NYPD commanders going back to school for?

answer: For a course on using social media

question: What prompted the NYPD to force top officers to take the course?

answer: A series of online gaffes

question: What are officers being warned about?

answer: To not post sensitive remarks on Twitter

question: What is the course designed for?

answer: To prevent further embarrassments

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: In a 2014 article, the author reports on NYPD commanders going back to school to study using social media. After a series of bad jokes posted on Twitter by officers, the NYPD is forcing top officers to take a course. Cops are being warned what not to post and to use common sense.


text:
BENOÎT PAUL ÉMILE CLAPEYRON (; 26 January 1799 – 28 January 1864) was a French engineer and physicist, one of the founders of thermodynamics.

Life

Born in Paris, Clapeyron studied at the École polytechnique, graduating in 1818.[1] He also studied at École des mines. In 1820 he and Gabriel Lamé went to Saint Petersburg to teach and work at the school of public works there. He returned to Paris only after the Revolution of July 1830, supervising the construction of the first railway line connecting Paris to Versailles and Saint-Germain.[2] The half brothers Stéphane Mony and Eugène Flachat collaborated in this project, which was financed by Adolphe d'Eichthal(fr), Rothschild, Auguste Thurneyssen, Sanson Davillier and the Péreire brothers (Émile(fr) and Isaac(fr)).[3] Clapeyron took his steam engine designs to England in 1836 to find a manufacturer and engaged Sharp, Roberts and Co..[4]

From 1844 to 1859 Clapeyron was a professor at École des Ponts et Chaussées.[5]

Clapeyron married Mélanie Bazaine, daughter of Pierre-Dominique Bazaine (mathematician and ingénieur des ponts), and older sister of Pierre-Dominique (Adolphe) Bazaine (railway engineer) and Francois Achille Bazaine (Marshal of France).

Work

In 1834, he made his first contribution to the creation of modern thermodynamics by publishing a report entitled _Mémoire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur_ (_Memoir on the Motive Power of Heat_), in which he developed the work of the physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, deceased two years before. Though Carnot had developed a compelling analysis of a generalised heat engine, he had employed the clumsy and already unfashionable caloric theory.

Clapeyron, in his memoire, presented Carnot's work in a more accessible and analytic graphical form, showing the Carnot cycle as a closed curve on an indicator diagram, a chart of pressure against volume (named in his honor CLAPEYRON'S GRAPH). Clapeyron's analysis of Carnot was more broadly disseminated in 1843 when Johann Poggendorff translated it into German.[6]

In 1842 Clapeyron published his findings on the “optimal position for the piston at which the various valves should be opened or closed.”[7][8] In 1843, Clapeyron further developed the idea of a reversible process, already suggested by Carnot and made a definitive statement of _Carnot's principle_, what is now known as the second law of thermodynamics.

These foundations enabled him to make substantive extensions of Clausius' work, including the formula, now known as the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, which characterises the phase transition between two phases of matter. He further considered questions of phase transitions in what later became known as Stefan problems.

Clapeyron also worked on the characterisation of perfect gases, the equilibrium of homogeneous solids, and calculations of the statics of continuous beams, notably the theorem of three moments[9] (CLAPEYRON'S THEOREM).

Honors

-   Member of the Académie des Sciences, (1858).
-   The Rue Clapeyron in Paris' 8th arrondissement (here) is named for him.
-   His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

Publications

-   -

[1] Milton Kerker (1960) Sadi Carnot and the Steam Engine Engineers, Isis 51: 257–70 via JSTOR

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] Annalen der Physik und Chemie 59: 446

[7]

[8] Clapeyron (1842) “Mémoir sur le règlement des tiroirs dans la machines à vapeur”, Comptes Rendus 14: 632

[9]

title: Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron

question: What was Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron known for?

answer: He was one of the founders of thermodynamics and one-half of the formula "the Clausius–Clapeyron relation".

question: How long did Clapeyron teach at École des Ponts et Chaussées?

answer: 15 years.

question: What is Clapeyron's Theorem of three moments?

answer: It is the characteristics of perfect gases, the equilibrium of homogeneous solids, and calculations of the statics of continuous beams.


text:
There was a bench that sat nestled beside the path of a park. It ran like a line created at the stroke of a pen by the hand of a heart with artistic spirits. A love not easily made. The bench sat immovable under the branches of a thick oak tree. That no matter what time of day, time of month, or time of year, the shade provided was never penetrated by any glow of sunlight. And on that park bench, under that mysterious oak; sat a girl.

I wearily admired that girl from a distance.

Like the way the moon admires the sun.

She dug her eyes into her sketch pad paper and buried herself in the thick and thin growing lines of her imagination that shone through her blank canvas. Making pictures of exquisite designs, dream catchers, and things kindled that only her heart will ever recognize. Every now and then she would donate a few moments to look up and notice the world around her and in those few seconds I was able to distinguish the minute characteristics about her that ran a thread through my melting heart.

     The way her gentle brown eyes reflected light like a still pool of water in a river bank, surrounded by misty mountains and brown barked trees that lined the shoreline. Maybe in that forest I could find the heart I’ve been striving for. With her elbow propped on her knee, she held her chin and studied the lives before her. Her hair danced with the wind and every curl told a story of love and adventure still yet to be translated. It parted like curtains upon a stage to reveal a production with the most gorgeous performer I’ve ever seen.

     I never knew this girl.

     I never thought I would.

     After days past her beauty only grew and the drum in my chest would only beat faster, pushing my love-struck blood into every crevice my veins met. One day, like no other, a rope snapped on my ankle and I broke free from that spot on my park bench. She wore a long red skirt that hung all the way down her soft thin legs and met her feet, with designs like red explosions that mimicked the passion that poked holes into my heart and throat. Her glorious hair braided and her tiny fingers at work in her art. I approached, shaking from the weight of fear and the obstacle of beauty, but I walked to meet her. Her eyes gently rose to mine. A smile grabbed my hope and sat me down.

     On that park bench sat a girl.

     On that park bench sat a boy.

     And on that day like no other.

     The moon met the sun.

     And the sun touched that bench and that shade was broken.

title: One Park Bench. (The first short story I've ever written.)

question: Where does the story take place?

answer: In a park, near a bench

question: Who are the main characters?

answer: A boy and a girl in the park

question: What was the girl wearing?

question: What do the boy and girl do?

answer: The boy stares at the girl while she sketches

question: How does the narrator feel?

answer: He feels like he loves the girl

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: A boy sees a girl in the park sketching in a notepad on a bench. He admires her from afar, hoping to get to know her better. eventually, he works up the courage to introduce himself and they sit together.


text:
(CNN) — Every year, around 25 global sites deemed to have "outstanding universal value" are added to UNESCO's World Heritage list.

There are now more than 1,000 sites to visit all over the world.

Not bad, considering the original list, compiled in 1978, included only 12 entries.

There are still a few months till the newest members of the prestigious list are announced in June, so here's a look back at 20 of the most beautiful -- and famous -- already on the list.

Site details in the gallery above, while info on getting to each is below.

ANGKOR (CAMBODIA)

The site is a 20-minute tuk-tuk ride from the city of Siem Reap.

The bulk of visitors come between November and February, when the weather is dry and temperatures are coolest (25-30 C).

To make the most of your visit to this incredible temple complex, a guide is essential.

His knowledge and respect for the sites and their history is phenomenal; he's particularly skilled at creating an itinerary that will keep you away from crowds and allow you to check out some lesser known but beautiful ruins.

ACROPOLIS (GREECE)

It's possible to take a tour to the site, or simply wander in from Athens on foot.

The route along Adrianou Street to the back entrance of the site is a gentler climb than the Dionysus Theatre entrance.

BAGAN (MYANMAR)

But we couldn't help but include this beautiful stretch of ruins on the Irawaddy River that dates to the 10th century.

Located in Myanmar's central west, Bagan is serviced by flights, buses and trains from Yangon.

Accommodation is centered in the surrounding villages of New Bagan and Nyaung Oo.

GALAPAGOS ISLANDS (ECUADOR)

Located nearly 1,000 kilometers from mainland Ecuador, the islands are serviced by flights from Quito and Guayaquil.

Multi-day boat cruises are generally the best way to explore the islands.

GOREME NATIONAL PARK AND THE ROCK SITES OF CAPPADOCIA (TURKEY)

Due to the remote nature of the site in central Anatolia, most visitors opt to fly in from Istanbul to visit the area on a tour.

Hotels cut out of the rock provide accommodation.

GREAT BARRIER REEF (AUSTRALIA)

Larger islands are serviced by flights from mainland Australia.

It's also possible to visit the reef via day trips from northern Queensland ports including Cairns and Port Douglas.

HAMPI (INDIA)

Hampi is serviced by overnight bus from Goa.

Trains run to nearby Hospet from Chennai, Mumbai, Bangalore, Delhi and Kolkata, and visitors will find a good range of low- to mid-range lodgings around Hampi village.

IGUAZU NATIONAL PARK (BRAZIL AND ARGENTINA)

The less developed but refreshingly uncrowded Brazilian side of the falls is a half-hour bus ride from the city of Foz do Iguacu.

It's the same distance to the falls from Puerto Iguazu on the Argentine side.

The two countries are connected via a bridge downriver of the falls.

LOS GLACIARES NATIONAL PARK (ARGENTINA)

Most visitors to this remote southern region of Argentina base themselves in El Calafate, the closest town to the park entrance.

There are daily flights and buses from the capital, Buenos Aires.

MACHU PICCHU (PERU)

Several multi-day treks terminate at Machu Picchu, but it's also possible to take a train from Cusco to Aguas Calientes, and climb a steep flight of stairs or bus up to the site.

Only the first 400 daily visitors are granted entry to Wayna Picchu, a separate set of ruins overlooking the main complex.

MONT-SAINT-MICHEL (FRANCE)

Mont-Saint-Michel is serviced by buses/tours from Rennes and St-Malo, but it's also possible to stay in one of Mont Saint-Michel's small hotels.

PETRA (JORDAN)

Buses and day/overnight tours run from Jordan's capital Amman and the port city of Aqaba.

It's also possible to organize tours from Egypt, and the Israeli resort town of Eilat.

For longer stays, you can bunk down in Wadi Musa, Petra's neighboring town.

PYRAMIDS OF GIZA (EGYPT)

Just 25 kilometers southwest of Cairo along the Nile River, the complex is most easily visited on a day trip from Egypt's capital.

RAPA NUI (CHILE)

While it's possible to access Easter Island by air from Tahiti, most visitors opt for the five-and-a-half hour flight from Santiago, Chile.

SERENGETI NATIONAL PARK (TANZANIA)

The short October/November and March/April rainy seasons notwithstanding, the Serengeti, usually accessed via Kilimanjaro or Nairobi airports, offers great game viewing year-round.

SIGIRIYA (SRI LANKA)

The central Sri Lankan site is located two to three hours by local bus from the city of Kandy (via Dambulla, home to a massive cave temple complex).

It's also possible to organize a tour or personal driver from Kandy.

TULUM (MEXICO)

Located a few minutes drive from the small Yucatan Peninsula township of Tulum, the easily accessible ruins lie about 60 kilometers south of the larger township of Playa del Carmen, and a further 60 kilometers from Cancun.

VALLETTA (MALTA)

Just south of Sicily, Malta is connected by flights from across Europe.

It's possible to stay in Valletta, but the bulk of visitors make for the tiny nation's beach resorts.

VENICE AND ITS LAGOON (ITALY)

Venice is served by nearby Marco Polo and Treviso airports, while trains arrive at the Venezia Santa Lucia train station in the western part of the city.

YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK (UNITED STATES)

Located around 100 kilometers from Jackson Hole, Wyoming, the closest major airport hub, the park has five main access points.

Most visitors choose to drive throughout the park, camping en route.

_Published December 2013, updated February 2015._

CNN Travel's series often carries sponsorship originating from the countries and regions we profile. However CNN retains full editorial control over all of its reports. Read the policy.

question: How many global sites deemed to have "outstanding universal value" are added to UNESCO's World Heritage list every year?

answer: 25 global sites are added each year.

question: How many total World Heritage sites are there in the world at the time of the article?

answer: There are now more than 1,000 sites all over the world.

question: In comparison, how many World Heritage sites were there in 1978?

answer: The original list only had 12 entries.

question: Name CNN's top 20 most beautiful and famous World Heritage sites.

answer:
Angkor (Cambodia)
Acropolis (Greece)
Bagan (Myanmar)
Galapagos Islands (Ecuador)
Goreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (Turkey)
Great Barrier Reef (Australia)
Hampi (India)
Iguazu National Park (Brazil and Argentina)
Los Glaciares National Park (Argentina)
Machu Pichu (Peru)
Mont-Saint-Michel (France)
Petra (Jordan)
Pyramids of Giza (Egypt)
Rapa Nui (Chile)
Serengeti National Park (Tanzania)
Sigiriya (Sri Lanka)
Tulum (Mexico)
Valletta (Malta)
Venice and its lagoon (Italy)
Yellowstone National Park (United States)

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: CNN reports that 25 global sites deemed to have "outstanding universal value" are added to UNESCO's World Heritage list every year. At the time of the article, there were more than 1,000 sites all over the world, a far cry from 12 in 1978. CNN names the top 20 most beautiful and famous World Heritage sites in the world. The list includes the Acropolis in Greece, the Great Barrier Reef in (Australia), and Petra in Jordan.


text:
Fraternity Core Values: To build lasting bonds of friendship and brotherhood, Beta calls for…

Mutual Assistance

Betas believe that men are mutually obligated to help others in the honorable labors and aspirations of life.

Intellectual Growth

Betas are devoted to continually cultivating their minds, including high standards of academic achievement.

Trust

Betas develop absolute faith and confidence in one another by being true to themselves and others.

Responsible Conduct

Betas choose to act responsibly, weighing the consequences of their actions on themselves and those around them.

Integrity

Betas preserve their character by doing what is morally right and demanding the same from their brothers.

question: What is Beta?

answer: This information can't be found.

question: What is Beta's core value?

answer: To build lasting bonds of friendship and brotherhood.

question: How should Betas act?

answer: Betas should act responsibly, weighing the consequences of their actions on themselves and those around them.

question: Is Beta only for men?

answer: It may be implied that Beta is just for men.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Beta has a core value to build friendships and brotherhood. They believe that men are mutually obligated to help others. They also wish to develop absolute faith and confidence in one another by being true to themselves and others. Betas preserve their character by doing what is morally right and demanding the same from their brothers.


text:
BESSIE BREUER (October 19, 1893 – September 26, 1975) was an American journalist, novelist, and playwright. She was an O. Henry Award winner.

Biography

Breuer was born with the name Elizabeth Freedman in Cleveland, Ohio to Samuel Aaron Freedman, a cantor and composer, and Julia Freedman. She studied journalism at University of Missouri and then worked as a reporter for the _St. Louis Times_ in her late teens.[1] She later became an editor for the _New York Tribune_, first working as the head of the women's department and then, at the age of 22, becoming the Sunday editor. She left that position to become the national director of magazine publicity for the American Red Cross at the end of World War I, and subsequently joined the staff of the _Ladies Home Journal_. She also contributed articles on feminism to _Harper's Magazine_ and the ''Pictorial Review]'.[2]

Part of the expatriate movement, Breuer moved to France in the early 1920s and began writing fiction under the encouragement of Kay Boyle and Laurence Vail. Her first works of fiction to be published were short stories in _Story_ and _Harper's_ magazines. In 1925, she married her third husband, the painter Henry Varnum Poor (previously she had been married to Mr. Breuer and Carl Kahler). This third marriage of 45 years ended with Poor's death in 1970.[3]

Breuer's first novel _Memory of Love_ (1935)[4] was made into a film in 1939 titled _In Name Only_. The film starred Cary Grant and Carole Lombard.[5] Her other novels include _The Daughter_ (1938), _The Actress_ (1955), and _Take Care of My Roses_ (1961). A prolific writer of short stories, she won four O. Henry Awards between 1943 and 1947. One of her stories is included in _55 Short Stories from the New Yorker_ and a collection of her stories was published, titled _The Bracelet of Wavia Lea and Other Stories_ (1947). _Sundown Beach_, her only play, which was about World War II fliers suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, premiered on Broadway in 1948. It was directed by Elia Kazan.[6] It featured the young, then-unknown actress Julie Harris and was the first Broadway venue of the Actors' Studio.[7]

During World War II, Breuer worked for the United States Office of War Information. She also wrote for periodicals such as _World's Work_, _House Beautiful_, _Mademoiselle_, and _The New Yorker_ until the 1960s.[8] She died at the age of 81 at her home in New City, New York. She had two children, Peter and Anne, and three grandchildren.[9]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

title: Bessie Breuer

question: Who was Bessie Breuer?

answer: She was an American journalist, novelist and playwright.

question: Which notable award did Breuer win?

answer: She was an O. Henry Award winner.

question: Where was Breuer's first work of fiction first published?

answer: It was published in the Story and Harper's magazines.

question: What is the name of the film that was inspired by Breuer's first novel, Memory of Love (1935)?

answer: In Name Only (1939).

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer:
Bessie Breuer was born as Elizabeth Freedman in Ohio. Breuer is an American journalist, novelist, and playwright. She was an ). Henry Award winner.

Breuer's first fictional short stories were published in Story and Harper's magazines. Her first novel, Memory of Love (19350, was made into a film titled In Name Only (1939).


text:
Awakening
There is this slight beeping noise every few seconds…..beep…….beep, it comes and goes every now and then. The first time I could feel a large quake and at the time it felt like the area around me was being torn apart, but after a few minutes the feeling went away. Noises could be slightly heard all around me, they sounded like voices, but doing what exactly I couldn’t tell. Then my surroundings faded and so did I.  …….beep……beep…….beep…….beep….. Again I could sense my environment, but I was not granted sight. What was this place that I was in? I could not tell, it was dark and my thoughts were disoriented, where am I, what am I, what is my purpose (faded away, yet again)? Beep……beep….beep……beeeeeeeeep….. I could feel this pain as if I was dying then there was a noise close, but muffled and then I could see! The first figure I saw was blurred and augmented in a way that its figure wasn’t what it seemed to be. The figure had what seemed to be its face pressed up again whatever I was contained in.
 There was this faded color of green that blurred my images, but in the distance I could see more blurred figures walking about, they were doing something. There were many of these creatures walking about my surrounding, but I was still lost in this place and didn’t know where or what I was (faded again). The next time awoke there was no beeping noise I just came to, and there the creature was again, over and over every time I slipped away into darkness and saw the light again there was that figure identical to the rest pressed against my space looking at me. What it wanted I could not tell, I tried to ask but couldn’t get my words out, it sounded like I was trapped in a bubble with everyone looking in on me. For time on end I tried to figure out where or what I was without prevail, except one time the creature lifted me up. Confused with the feeling of falling I started to panic and I felt this rush of energy within me, and a new feeling of feeling trapped or about to come to an end of my unidentified existence. The creature moved my container and me to another location within the space around me. I was placed near a large piece of plated glass perhaps a window of sorts and in the distance I could see this bright burning light that hurt my sight even though the veil of green.
As I stared into the abyss I could see faded spheres and ovals out the widow just floating around. I began to wonder is this what my existence is to be, just like those spheres to float endlessly in this place for no purpose at all. The creature turned me around and then an appendage appeared and it pointed out into the abyss then it turned me back around. There was this large quake that shook the surrounding and this time it was so massive that I too shook. Then there was the cacophony that took place then I could see a fast moving shiny sphere that shined as the light from the burning sphere reflected off of its surface. The object kept traveling into it came to a stop then a bright light enveloped it and then there was the shaking again. The light began to dull and all the masses in the abyss began to be pulled into the light. All the object were being sucked towards that one position and I watched for what seemed to be a lifetime whatever mine was to be as the masses were sucked in as I faded away again. When I came to, there were no multiple objects floating about, but yet one giant dark mass that seemed to have streaks of bright colors all over it. Again I began to slowly fade as I sat their watching the blurred, but shiny sphere.
When I had awoken the sphere was no longer there and I had been moved. There was this bright light shining through my container and the color was clear, it was a peaceful light that filled my container with warmth, and then a sharp pain surged through me. It felt so painful then it stopped, then it came again. As my mind screamed with pain it continued on and off for a few minutes then finally it stopped. I could hear something within me going lub dub, lub dub. I couldn’t understand what it was, but my sight was clear, my green film that shrouded my surrounding was gone and I could see clearly.
Rebirth
The sights were strange and baffling, the sounds clear, and the feelings that surged through me were exhausting. I was always curious what had happened, and finally I found out. The creature had moved my container to another larger container and I could see the creatures more clearly than before, but their shape was undefined. I spent minutes trying to see what they were, but my attention was drawn to the green blurred reflection in the glass. There was this small blob like creature and within it was a red beating thing. It’s what you call a heart I do believe and the creature in the reflection moved when I did. It was making it hard to see outside the container and I moved trying to avoid it and it followed me all over the container. Finally I started yelling and trying to bash it to get it to move, even though I couldn’t be heard the creature in the container with me did everything I did. When I rushed towards it I hit the container wall, the creature made a flinching motion as if it took a blow, but so did I. Ramming the creature was doing nothing for me, I began to hurt and started to feel exhausted, but the other creature seemed to be feeling it too. After a few hours had passed of trying to remove it from my view I began to ponder as the beings began to crowd around my container and watch. As I moved to the left so did the other creature, when I moved to the right it followed in suit. I began to think “hmm when I move it does too, when I’m tired it looks tired too, but what is it?” After a few minutes of pondering on it I began to think to myself perhaps it’s just ….. A large wall began to lower from the top of the container making everything dark and the other creature was gone. The lights in the container turned and began to fill it with some sort of goop. It was a light blue goop and the feeling was splendid. Then there was that pain again as it surged through my container sometimes striking at me, and that had continued for hours. It was torture and it hurt so badly.  I finally passed out and when I awoke it seemed as if I was asleep for a really long time. There was this cold that remained in the glass container and there were these crystal stars formed on the inside of my container and I couldn’t move. I sat frozen still in that container for a really long time as my mind wandered into a place where the warmth of the light filled me up and kept me from becoming still like the crystals. I began to imagine that large bright shiny sphere just floating amongst the eternal blackness.

title: Coming Into Existance

question: Where is the beeping noise coming from?

answer: A medical heart rate monitor in the hospital.

question: What was the first figure that they saw?

answer: Information can't be found.

question: Where did the light lead to?

answer: His rebirth.

question: What "other creature" is the narrator referring to in the rebirth stage?

answer: Their birth mother.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator talks about their experience of death and rebirth.


text:
The 1948 CONSTITUTION OF ROMANIA was the first adopted after the establishment of the Communist regime, which it enshrined into law. It was modelled on the 1936 Soviet Constitution and adopted by the Great National Assembly (MAN) on April 13, 1948, being published in _Monitorul Oficial_ the same day. The Romanian People's Republic was defined as a “unitary and sovereign people's state” that “came into being through a struggle led by the people, the working class at their head, against fascism, reaction and imperialism”.[1]

It proclaimed the principle of the sovereignty of the people, who “exercises its power through representative organs, elected by universal, equal, direct and secret vote”. In reality, because a single party, the Romanian Workers' Party, controlled all the levers of power, this principle was never put into practice. In a first for a constitutional act in Romania, provisions were introduced dealing with the socio-economic structure of society, indicating the existence of three categories of property: state-owned (“as goods of the entire citizenry”), cooperative and private. The superior nature of state-owned property was spelled out, as was the duty of each citizen to help expand its scope. In order to provide a constitutional basis for the waves of nationalization that were to come, it was provided that “when the general interest demands it, the means of production, banks and insurance societies, which are the private property of physical or juridical persons, may become State property, that is a public good, under conditions provided by law”. The state was to defend “working people” against “exploitation” and to raise their standard of living. The principle of guiding and planning the national economy was introduced, while domestic and foreign trade was regulated and controlled by the state.[2]

Regarding rights and freedoms, equality before the law was guaranteed for all citizens, who were also assured the right to vote and be elected, and to work and rest. Minorities were allowed to use their languages in education, and freedom of conscience and of religion were provided for within the framework of state-recognised religions, so long as these did not violate “public security and good morals”. Freedom of the press, of speech and of assembly and association were also included, though any association of a “fascist or antidemocratic character” was explicitly forbidden. In reality, all the rights proclaimed by the constitution were systematically and severely violated in the first years of the Communist regime, which saw the start of repression unprecedented in Romanian history. The ban on associations of “fascist or antidemocratic character” was broadly interpreted to suppress nearly all meaningful opposition.

The MAN became the supreme organ of state power, “elected” for a four-year term. Executive power was exercised by a government, answerable for its activities before the MAN and the MAN Presidium. The local organs of state power were the Popular Councils, also elected for four years. As for judicial power, people's associate judges (_asesori populari_) were granted the right to sit in judgment. The subordination of the judicial system to the Communist authorities was provided for, _inter alia_, by granting the prosecutor’s office the role of punishing “crimes against the democratic order and liberty, the economic interests, the national independence and the sovereignty of the Romanian State”. The 1948 Constitution, which contained 105 articles in 10 titles, was amended once, in March 1952, and abrogated on September 24, 1952, when a new constitution came into force.[3]

Notes

[1] Stoica, pp.91-2

[2]

[3]

title: 1948 Constitution of Romania

question: Why was the 1948 Constitution of Romania problematic in its implementation?

answer: The 1948 Constitution of Romania was modeled after the 1936 Soviet Constitution. It extols the principle of the sovereignty of the common people. The constitution laid out a nationalization plan that brings crucial private-owned enterprises into the possession of the state. Regarding rights and freedoms, everyone is equal before the law and allowed to vote and be elected. There is freedom of conscience and religion as long as they are not in conflict with the state's interests. Unfortunately, The implementation of the constitution caused problems as people's rights were trampled on. Most opposition was labeled as against the government, hence suppressed.


text:
The trial of the seven experts has proved immensely controversial, with the international scientific community saying that earthquakes cannot be predicted and that the experts are being made scapegoats for an unforeseen natural disaster.

But critics say that by downplaying the risks, they consigned hundreds of people to their deaths when the quake struck at 3.32am on April 6, 2009, reducing centuries-old buildings as well as modern apartment blocks to dust.

In calling for the jail sentences, prosecutors accused the experts of offering "an incomplete, inept, unsuitable and criminally mistaken analysis" of the dozens of tremors which rattled the mountain city in the days before the massive quake.

The geologists and volcanologists were members of a special committee on natural disasters which held an emergency meeting in L'Aquila on May 31, 2009 – six days before the ITALIAN city and surrounding villages were devastated by the 6.3 magnitude quake.

They ruled that it was impossible to determine whether the tremors would be followed by a large quake, in a judgment which reassured the residents of the city in the Apennines.

But the advice they issued was described by Fabio Picuti, a prosecutor in the trial, as "banal, useless, self-contradictory and mistaken." The court heard that Enzo Boschi, a member of the panel and a former director of the National Institute of Geophysics and Vulcanology, allegedly told concerned locals: "I would reject (the possibility) of an earthquake."

Mr Picuti, the prosecutor, said: "People died because of this phrase."

Prosecutors claim that clearer information would have allowed the inhabitants of the city, the capital of the Abruzzo region, to evaluate the threat and decide whether to evacuate.

After the main earthquake struck, L'Aquila and the surrounding area was shaken by another 250 powerful aftershocks within 48 hours.

The quake caused damage worth an estimated 10 billion euros, with large parts of L'Aquila still abandoned and resembling a ghost town.

The trial started in Sept 2011 and is expected to finish next month.

Defence lawyers will present their final arguments on October 9 and 10.

Scientists around the world have criticised the trial as unjust, saying that current technology does not allow the prediction of quakes.

Last year more than 5,000 scientists sent an open letter sent to Giorgio Napolitano, Italy's president, criticising the trial.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science also expressed its concern over the trial, saying that the charges had "no merit".

"The charges against these scientists are both unfair and naive," the association said in a letter to President Napolitano.

It was mistaken to think that the scientists could have alerted the people of L'Aquila to the possibility of an earthquake, the association said.

"There is no way they could have done that credibly."

question: What is the main topic of this article?

answer: The article covers the trial of seven expert geologists and volcanologists who are on trial for their opinions that dozens of tremors weren't necessarily indication that an earthquake would occur. Days later, an 6.3 magnitude quake caused damage costing billions of euros.

question: Where did this story take place?

answer: L'Aquila, Italy

question: Which phrase causes people to die?

answer: "I would reject (the possibility) of an earthquake." said by Enzo Boschi.

question: Why did the American Association for the Advancement of Science get involved?

answer: They expressed concern over the trial saying that the charges had no merit.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The article covers the trial of seven expert geologists and volcanologists who are on trial in Italy for their opinions that dozens of tremors weren't necessarily an indication that an earthquake would occur. Days later, an 6.3 magnitude quake caused damage costing billions of euros. Scientists worldwide criticised the trial saying that current technology doesn't allow the prediction of quakes.


text:
The leading blogger still has doubts about the parentage of Trig Palin

By  Justin Elliott

April 26, 2011 5:30PM (UTC)

SARAH PALIN

Last week we published a series of posts debunking Trig Trutherism, the idea that Sarah Palin is not the mother of the young Trig Palin.

Andrew Sullivan, who is the most prominent Trig doubter, has now weighed in with a lengthy post responding to both my investigation into the matter and a first-person account of an Alaska reporter who confronted Palin about the rumors while she was still pregnant in early 2008. (Both the Alaska reporter and I concluded that there is no reason to suspect an elaborate coverup.)

Sullivan acknowledges at one point that Salon's stories "do strongly tip the balance toward establishing the pregnancy as fact" -- but he is not fully satisfied, finishing his post this way:

  But c'mon, Salon. Clinch this for good and all. You can do it. Just ask Palin's camp for medical records. And if she refuses, explain what her reasoning is, given her position on Obama's birth certificate?

We're prepared to do that right here and now: Sarah Palin, we'd be happy to see and publish your medical records. But the point of our package is that Palin simply doesn't need to do this -- there is no credible evidence to suggest that anyone other than Sarah Palin is the mother of Trig. (And, no, Palin's foolish endorsement of Donald Trump's Birther crusade doesn't change this fact.)

Sullivan also makes a distinction between his Trig doubts and classical birtherism:

  But the difference remains obvious. Obama _provided_ the salient empirical evidence - his birth certificate - one of those humiliations that public figures have to endure sometimes. Does Salon think it was reprehensible that he was even _asked_ to do so? Was that a betrayal of journalism?

This is indeed a useful comparison. But the real difference between the case of Obama and the case of Trig is not the level of evidence -- there was never reason to doubt the basic facts in either case.

Rather, in the case of Obama, his place of birth presented a potentially urgent constitutional problem. If Obama had been born abroad, there would have been questions about his eligibility to be president, hinging on the murky definition of the phrase "natural-born citizen." Absurd as it all seemed, there was a reason in 2008 for a reporter to ask the Obama campaign for a copy of the birth certificate. (And remember: Obama wasn't the only '08 candidate who faced questions from the press about the circumstances of his birth.)

The parentage of Trig Palin presents no similarly urgent issue. Sullivan has argued that Trig was a crucial factor in John McCain's picking of Sarah Palin as his running mate. But Steve Kornacki has authoritatively dispatched that argument. And, again: There is no reason to suspect that Palin faked the pregnancy, let alone evidence that it was a hoax.

Justin Elliott

Justin Elliott is a reporter for ProPublica. You can follow him on Twitter @ElliottJustin

MORE FROM JUSTIN ELLIOTT • FOLLOW ELLIOTTJUSTIN

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Trending Articles from Salon

question: What's Sarah Palin's son's name?

answer: Trig

question: Who is the reporter on this story?

answer: Justin Elliott.

question: What is Sullivan's take on the situation?

answer: Palin shouldn't even be asked to provide evidence.

question: Which publication is Elliott criticizing for their speculative pieces?

answer: Salon.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Some journalists and reporters do not believe that Sarah Palin is the biological mother of her son, Trig.  ProPublica reporter Justin Elliott believes the Salon's skepticism of her insistence is unfounded and in poor taste.