text:
ZUBY NEHTY () are an all-female underground rock group from the Czech Republic.

History

The band formed under the name Plyn in 1980. Plyn played concerts at the 007 Club Strahov, 011 Club Strahov (where they also practised for a while in the mid-to-late 1980s), Euridika, and at alternative rock festivals.[1] After being blacklisted in 1983, they changed their name to Dybbuk and released their first EP on Panton Records[2] in 1986.

In 1987, they changed their name again to Zuby nehty (“Tooth and Nail”). Pavla Jonssonová and Marka Míková started the band with poet Naďa Bilincová. Tomáš Mika and Michal Pokorný joined on saxophones and Jan Lorenc on drums. This formation performed at Slunecnice and Lucerna. Mira Wanek of Už jsme doma proposed in 1991 to produce Dybbuk songs for Punc, and the original lineup (Marka Míková, Kateřina Jirčíková, Pavla Slabá (Jonssonová), Hana Řepová, and Eva Trnková) decided to continue with a new repertoire. The band toured Europe, especially Germany. The first Zuby nehty album _Utíkej_ (Run) came out in 1993, followed by _Král vysílá své vojsko_ (The king sends out his army) in 1995, _Dítkám_ (For the children) in 1997, and _Loď odplouvá_ (The ship is sailing away) in 1999. The band produced a film and several videos for Czech TV, theater soundtracks, and a book of poetry for the underground publishing house Mata.

In 2000, Zuby nehty stopped rehearsing and met occasionally to record soundtracks for Míková's theatrical productions. In 2003, Indies Records released the double CD _Best of ... & Rarity_. The group played on special occasions, e.g. the release of the digitalized film _Hudba Praha 85_ at Archa Theatre, various benefits, and festivals like Mikulov and Unijazz events. In 2010, the decision was made to start rehearsing and playing concerts again. Romek Hanzlik's agency AMP signed the band to regular concerts. The band undertook a US tour in the fall of 2010, including a concert in the annual Czech street festival in New York City on October 2.

In 2014, they released the album _Kusy_ (Pieces).

Zuby nehty has connections with the progressive rock group Už jsme doma: saxophonist Alice Flesarová was once a member of UJD, and UJD's leader Miroslav Wanek produced some of their albums. Pavla Jonssonová has taught and researched gender studies[3] since 1993. Drummer Jana Modráčková went on to play trumpet for Traband and drums for Klec.

Members

Current members

-   Pavla Jonssonová (was Slabá, _née_ Fediuková) – guitar, bass guitar, vocals (1980–1998, 2010–present)
-   Hanka Řepová (_née_ Kubíčková) – drums, vocals (1980–1997, 2010–present)
-   Marka Míková (_née_ Horáková) – keyboard, piano, bass guitar, vocals (1980–2000, 2010–present)
-   Kateřina Jirčíková (_née_ Nejepsová) – alto saxophone, flute, vocals (1983–1988, 1991–1997, 2010–present)

Former members

-   Renata Špičanová – saxophone (1980–1981)
-   Dáša Seidlová – drums (1980–1981)
-   Vendula Kašpárková – keyboard (1981–1983)
-   Eva Trnková – guitar (1985–1988)
-   Naďa Bilincová – guitar (1988–1990)
-   Tomáš Mika – saxophone (1988–1990)
-   Michal Pokorný – saxophone (1988–1990)
-   Jan Lorenc – drums (1988–1990)
-   Michal Lang – drums (1988–1990)
-   Alice Flesarová (_née_ Kalousková) – alto saxophone, vocals (1991–1997)
-   Klára Valentová – violin (1994–1997)
-   Petr Svoboda – drums (1997)
-   Jana Modráčková – drums (1997–2000)
-   Martin Černý – bass guitar (1998–2000)
-   Jaroslav Svoboda – guitar (1998–2000)

Discography

Albums

-   _Ale čert to vem_ (under the name Dybbuk, 1991; re-issued as _Poletíme_ in 1998)
-   _Utíkej_ (1993)
-   _Král vysílá své vojsko_ (1995)
-   _Dítkám_ (1997)
-   _Loď odplouvá_ (1999)
-   _Best of ... & Rarity_ (2003)
-   _Kusy_ (2014)

Compilation appearances

-   _Czech Alternative Music Vol. IV_ (“Ven paca” from _Dítkám_, 1998)
-   _Indies Records 2004 and Best of 15 Years_ (“Kobylka” from _Král vysílá své vojsko_, 2004)

Other

-   _Live 85 Volume 1_ (under the name Plyn/Dybbuk, 1985)
-   _Rock Debut 1_ (under the name Dybbuk, 1986)

[1]

[2]

[3]

title: Zuby Nehty

question: Summarize the highlights of Zuby Nehty.

answer: The band, playing under the name Plyn, was blacklisted in the 1980s for unknown reasons, but perhaps that had to do with their music, reactive fans, and the politics climate of the Czech Republic during that time period. In the early 1990s, the band toured Europe extensively. They made a film in 1999, rounding out their most active decade.

question: Summarize the band's political leanings and messaging.

answer: It is not completely explored in this article, but the band has connections to a progressive rock group. There is also the fact that they were banned in some places in Europe during the early 1980s. That period also contained the fall of the Berlin Wall, and Europe housed a lot of contention around the fall of Communism. Band member Pavla Jonssonova has also researched and taught gender studies.

question: Summarize the influence of the band on current alternative music.


split: train

text:
_ANACITHARA ERRABUNDA_ is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Horaiclavidae.[1]

Description

Distribution

This extinct marine species occurred off New Zealand in Lower and Middle Miocene strata.

[1] Marshall, B. (2015). Anacithara errabunda Powell, 1942 †. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=831537 on 2016-12-22

title: Anacithara errabunda

question: What is the ANACITHARA ERRABUNDA?

answer: an extinct species of sea snail

question: Where does the extinct species occur?

answer: Off of New Zealand in Lower and Middle Miocene strata.

question: When did the extinction occur?

answer: This information is not available in the article.

question: Summarize the description of the species.

answer: a marine gastropod mollusk within the family Horaiclavidae.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The ANACITHARA ERRABUNDA is an extinct species of sea snail that occurred off New Zealand.


text:
SANDYWOODS TOWNSHIP is an inactive township in Scott County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.[1]

Sandywoods Township was erected in 1822, and so named on account of sandy soil within its borders.[2]

[1]

[2]

title: Sandywoods Township, Scott County, Missouri

question: What is Sandywoods Township?

answer: An inactive township in the United States.

question: Which state is it in?

answer: Missouri.

question: How did it gets its name?

answer: It was named on account of its sandy soil.

question: In which county is Sandywoods Township?

answer: Scott County.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Sandywoods Township is an inactive township in Scott County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. It was built in 1822.


text:
Step 1

First, know your adult dog. Is he a happy go lucky, friendly and sociable fellow used to interactions with other dogs? Then your introduction will be very easy. If he is not used to other dogs and generally cranky about them, he will probably be tolerant about a puppy, but you'll have to work a bit harder.

Step 2

Unless you are very sure your current dog will be a tolerant sweetheart with your new puppy, the first meeting should be through a crate or baby gate. Most adult dogs are naturally tolerant of puppies, but can correct them for rudeness very emphatically. You don't want your new baby puppy terrified right off the bat. Let them sniff each other through the barrier and relax about each other.

step 3

Before letting them meet face to face, pick up all toys, treats, food and even the water bowl. Removing anything your dog might get possessive about will greatly reduce the chance for corrections.

step 4

It is helpful to have two people for the introduction. With both dogs on a leash, allow sniffing and distract either with praise, treats or toys if you see any tension. The absolute best way to do this is to take the dogs for a short walk together. This is called parallel walking and is an excellent way for dogs of any age to get used to each other and bond.

Step 5

Your puppy will probably want to jump up at the older dog's face and lick his muzzle. This is very normal, submissive puppy behavior. Your dog may snap or growl. This looks scary but it is also very normal and his way of teaching the puppy manners.

Step 6

Let your new puppy learn manners from your well adjusted older dog. She will learn not to bother him while sleeping and not to take his food and toys away. Sometimes the corrections will make her carry on like she is being killed but watch closely. Most likely she will get over it within 30 seconds and will continue to follow your older dog around. She is learning.

Step 7

Continue to spend quality alone time with your adult dog. It is easy to neglect your resident dog when there is a new puppy in the house because puppies need so much attention. Spend time playing and training with your puppy, too, so she does not become overly bonded to the other dog.

Step 8

Sometimes an adult dog will not properly correct a puppy, and the puppy can become very bold and obnoxious. If this happens, have the pup trail a lightweight leash in your presence and correct and distract if she is being a real brat with the older dog. Remember to praise her when she is being good, too.

Good Luck!

question: Who is the audience for this piece?

answer: People who already own an adult dog and who have just got a new puppy.

question: Who are the parties involved / mentioned in this article?

answer: Dog owners, their current adult dog, and a new puppy they are bringing into the home

question: What kind of advice does this article intend to give?

answer: Advice on how to introduce and socialise a new puppy with an adult dog in the same home

question: Where is this advice likely to be published?

answer: Likely a website targeted towards dog owners (since it offers advice on a relatively niche situation)

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article gives step by step advice to dog owners with an adult dog on how to introduce and socialise a new puppy with the adult dog, to ensure that the dogs can get along and the puppy is properly trained.


text:
MEILING () is a scenic town located in Jiangxi province, Nanchang city, in the north of Wanli District, Nanchang. Meiling is located inside the Meiling National Forest Park. , it has 2 residential communities, 3 residential quarters and 5 villages under its administration.[1] These include the villages Meiling, Lixin (), Dongchang (), Tuanjie (), Yuanjia (), and the residential communities Dianqian (), Wayao (), as well as living quarters of Xichang Zone (), Xiangyang Forest Zone (), and Xiaoling Forest Zone ().

Over 80% of the area of Meiling town is hilly. Meiling's most abundant crop is rice, and is green with Mao bamboo and cedarwood. The beauty spots of Meiling town include Hongya Dan wells, Meiling Dragon pond, Bamboo Sea Pearl, XiYao Lake, and Lion peak. Meiling town is also known as “the little Mount Lu”.

Major Attractions

Hongya Dan wells

HONGYA DAN WELLS is one of the top ten examples of scenery in Yuzhang () as well as one of the oldest historic sites of China. The well existed around 5500–6000 years ago. Hongya Dan wells is the leading scenery of Meiling, and is also said to be the origin of ancient Chinese music.

Ling Lun was the music officer of the Yellow Emperor. According to the legend, Ling Lun came to Hongya, and dug five wells. The posterity of Ling Lun call him Mr. Hongya. In the ninth year of the Sui dynasty, all the administrative regions of China were named “state”. Because of Mr. Hongya, Yuzhang county was named HONG STATE.[2]

Meiling Dragon pond

Dragon pond is located in the hinterland of Meiling area, about 30 kilometers away from Nanchang city. A natural scenery as the basis, mountain style, folk customs for the cultural connotations. Dragon is famous of our winding streets, waterfalls, singing river etc. Dragon pond has longtan waterfall with God, Tigers Spring Falls, Lake Tam Tam Falls, Dragons Valley, Lan Zhu River, Buddha Ridge, the Millennium Yew and other natural scenery.[3]

Bamboo Sea Pearl

Meiling Bamboo Pearl is formerly known as Meiling peak, located in the hinterland of Meiling scenic area. 12 km away from the Bay City, 27 km from the center of Nanchang. Scenic area is 6.2 square kilometers, there are “flowers old ridge”, SWORD TRYING PEAK, WULAO MOUNT, YANG MOUNT and another dozen peaks. The main peak's height is more than 800 meters above sea level.[4]

XiYao Lake

XiYao lake is located in Luohan mountain, the highest peak of the scenic area in Meiling in Nanchang, 841 meters above the sea level, and the average temperature is 8-10 degrees lower than the urban area of Nanchang, is one of the thirteen summer resort in China.[5]

Lion peak

Meiling Lion Peak consists of Lion Peak, Panxi Lake and looking Lion Stream. The mountain is shaped like a crooked lion, so people named it the LION PEAK. Meiling Lion Peak is only 260 meters high, but its steep is close to Huangshan, cliffs, with strange rocks and forest. Mount Feilai is the most magnificent and most spectacular place of the granite inverted heap geomorphology, which reflects the megalithic mountain structure and the magnificent mountainous process.[6]

[1]

[2] 南昌市旅游发展委员会 Accessed in 11.29.2016

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

title: Meiling, Jiangxi

question: Where is Meiling located?

answer: The Jiangxi province in the north of Wanli District, Nanchang, China.

question: What are the major attractions in Meiling?

answer: The Hongya Dan wells, Meiling Dragon pond, the Bamboo Sea Pearl, XiYao Lake, and Lion peak.

question: What is the population of Meiling?

answer: That information can't be found.

question: What languages do the residents of Meiling speak?

answer: That information can't be found.

question: Describe the XiYao lake.

answer: It is located in Luohan mountain. The average temperature is 8-10 degrees lower than the urban area of Nanchang. It is one of the thirteen summer resorts in China.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: This article concerns Meiling, Jiangxi, a scenic town in Nanchang. The town is mostly hilly, and its most abundant crop is rice. Its main attractions include Hongya Dan wells, Meiling Dragon pond, Bamboo Sea Pearl, XiYao Lake, and Lion peak.


text:
An Adelaide learner driver and her supervisor have been caught allegedly driving under the influence of methamphetamine in a busy Adelaide suburb this morning.

Key points:

-   A learner driver has allegedly tested positive to methamphetamine
-   Her supervising passenger was also allegedly under the influence of the drug
-   Police said the pair were caught driving in Clarence Gardens

South Australian police said a BMW sedan was stopped by a Policing Tactical Unit on Edward Street in Clarence Gardens just before 10:00am this morning for a mobile driver test.

Police said the driver — a 34-year-old woman from Morphettville — was drug tested and allegedly returned a positive result to methamphetamine.

Checks on her licence also revealed that she had a learner's permit.

She was given a direction not to drive for 24 hours.

Police said the supervising passenger — a 39-year-old man from O'Halloran Hill — was also drug tested by officers and allegedly returned a positive result to methamphetamine.

He was also issued with a direction not to drive for 24 hours.

Police said both samples taken would be sent to Forensic Science SA for further analysis.

The incident comes after police allegedly caught a man drug driving with a child sitting on his lap in the Adelaide Hills last week.

Police said a Mount Barker Highway Patrol pulled over a vehicle on North Terrace in Littlehampton — in the Adelaide Hills — at about 5:30pm on Wednesday, October 10 after noticing a young child was sitting on the lap of the driver.

It was alleged that the 39-year-old male driver tested positive for methamphetamine and when police questioned him about his driving, he allegedly stated that it was the child who was driving.

The man was reported for driving in a dangerous manner and failing to ensure the child was wearing a seatbelt.

He was also issued with a driver direction not to drive for 24 hours.

Posted 17 October 2018, updated 17 October 2018

More on:

-   Adelaide
-   SA
-   Clarence Gardens
-   Police
-   Crime
-   Law, Crime and Justice
-   Drugs and Substance Abuse
-   Community and Society
-   Road Transport

question: What substance was the Adelaide learner driver using?

answer: The Adelaide driver was found to be under the influence of methamphetamine.

question: Where was the driver caught?

answer: The driver was caught in Clarence Gardens.

question: How long was the driver ordered not to drive for?

answer: The driver was ordered to not drive for 24 hours.

question: What happened on October 10?

answer: On October 10, a Mount Barker Highway Patrol pulled over a vehicle after noticing a young child was sitting on the lap of the driver. The driver tested positive for methamphetamine.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: An Adelaide learner driver and the supervising passenger were caught under the influence of methamphetamine. Both individuals were ordered to not drive for 24 hours.


text:
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Food PR is an Award-Winning Communications Agency servicing all of Ireland offering full Communications and Public Relations services .

Experts in PR, Communications and Social Media for Food, Drink Lifestyle Brands as well as Hotels, Restaurants, Pubs & Bars. We offer strategic and creative campaigns with measurable results. We cultivate and nurture brands through telling their story.

[About FoodPr]

[Public Relations]

Public Relations

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Food PR & Communications work Ireland’s food and drink industry’s most exciting personalities and businesses, to help build and manage profiles and providing the necessary media guidance while devising effective and result-oriented campaigns.

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Social Media Marketing

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Food PR & Communications sister agency Food Social (insert link) social media team are constantly keeping up to date with the latest and ever-changing social media marketing trends for Food, Drink or Hospitality Brands. Our team use the best practice social media communications tools and strategies, positioning each client carefully and in turn targeting the right audience for each business in a unique voice and style.

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Communications Consultancy

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Food PR & Communications deliver innovative PR & Communications strategies that help keeps your business and brand in the public eye, as well as a relevant part of the media world. We work with each client to explore, expand and identify unique aspects to help find their voice and achieve their overall business goals.

[Content Creation]

Content Creation

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An unique, consistent online brand image and authentic voice are essential elements of building brand love for Food, Drink and Hospitality Brands in Ireland. Food Social’s team of copywriters and designers create engaging content which catches the attention of your business prospects, encourages them to engage with your brand and most importantly, turns them into paying customers.

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Crisis Management

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Food PR & Communications are skilled in offering support to our clients across a range of issues such as managing crisis communications, responding quickly, effectively and strategically to protect or rebuild your brand’s reputation.

-   Having worked with Olivia and Food PR since 2010, we see the service they provide as an important part of our business's growth. We have had consistent national media coverage over the years. We have also been propelled into an international spotlight. We see our PR as a crucial part of our business and Food PR has provided us with support with an upbeat, can-do attitude.

    JP McMahon Michelin Star Chef

-   Esquires Coffee has been engaged with Food PR since January 2016 after an intensive search to find a company, boutique in style, that would be able to offer a one-stop solution and had a true understanding of the food and beverages industry. Since that time Olivia Collins and her team have done a terrific job in promoting the Esquires Coffee forms part of the Cook’s Global Foods International network and since Food PR have taken over our marketing and public relations role we would be very much seen within the overall Cook’s group as being the leaders and innovators in both these important categories.

    Tony McVerry Esquires Coffee

-   This was our first experience of using a professional PR agency to promote our brand of Irish honey products and we were admittedly very uncertain as to the value it would bring. Olivia and her dedicated team quickly quashed all concerns and provided us with a detailed and passionate level of service that left us wanting more. Their attention to detail and excellent contacts in the food industry set them apart from the crowd, and we’d openly recommend FoodPR Agency for any budding or established Irish food & drink company in their quest for branding success.

    Conan McDonnell Beeactiv - Raw Irish Honey

-   Olivia and Food PR listened to us closely and immediately understood our needs, without fuss they set about achieving these goals in a very efficient way. They were the safeguard we needed, giving advice and making a number of suggestions along the way, whilst at the same time elevating our campaign to a new level.

    Colum Lanigan La Rousse Foods

-   Food PR have played a really important part in the growth of our business. They’re a great company to work with and their passion and dedication to their clients is what sets them apart.

    Andy McFadden Glovers Alley Restaurant, Dublin

-   The team at Food PR and Food Social planned and advised on the recent opening of our new deli space at Galway Bay Seafoods - The Dockside Deli. From branding advice , through communications strategy and into event management of our launch and social media management they were instrumental in producing a flawless campaign. We are really happy to have them as part of our team and we are working together on developing more campaigns throughout the year

    Andrew Keady Galway Bay Seafoods and Dockside Deli

-   The team at Food PR & Communications have had a massive influence on the way we market ourselves at Greene's Restaurant. We have been working closely with Olivia and her team for over two years now and couldn't be more satisfied with their services. The enthusiasm and dedication of the Food PR team has shone through on all of the projects we have collaborated with them on.

    Bryan MacCarthy Greenes Restaurant & Cask Bar Cork

-   Food PR have an in-depth knowledge of the Food Sector and provided invaluable practical advice on the strategic management of our ‘Galway, West of Ireland, European Region of Gastronomy’ designation at a local, national and international level. Olivia and her team brought a high level of professionalism, energy and creativity to each of their campaigns through-out the contract while maximising value for money and return on investment for the four public bodies she represented.

    Elaine Donohue Programme Lead for Galway & West of Ireland, European Region of Gastronomy

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question: What makes Food PR & Communications beloved by its clients?

answer:
Food PR & Communications helps its clients build and manage their public profiles while giving advice on how to improve their media image and appearances. By using social media, the company keeps its clients in the public eye at all times.

Many clients value Food PR's skills at understanding what's trending within the food and beverages industry. Some also value the contacts and the international exposure that dealing with the company provides.


text:
In 1993, Congress enacted a taxloophole for qualified small business stock, which has been dubbed the Section 1202 conversion."Thanks to recent tax changes, it may now help you save millions.

This rule, if executed correctly, could allow you to save up to 100 percent of your capital gains on the sale of your company.

As explained by Paul J. Valentine, a tax attorney at Jennings, Strouss and Salmon, PLC, the 1202 exclusion provides that if you contribute a qualified company to a C-corporation, and hold the company's stock for five years or more, then the greater of $10 million or 10 times the initial value are not subject to capital gains when you sell.

In layman's terms, this requires you to create a new C-corporation, and "contribute" the equity from your existing company to this new entity.

After waiting a minimum of five years, you can then take advantage of ridiculously advantageous tax shields, excluding up to 10 times the base value from tax. Instead of paying the long-term capital gains tax on the total value of your sale, you might only pay long-term capital gains on the base value. In a growing company, this five-year-old basis could be a small fraction of the sales price.

For example, if your company is valued today at $2 million, and you sell it five years later for $22 million, you would pay tax on the initial $2 million, and not a penny on the remaining $20 million. If tax rates stay roughly where they are today, your effective federal tax rate on the sale would drop from 20 percent to 2 percent.

If this is such a good deal, why are you just now hearing about it?

While the well-intended Congress wanted entrepreneurs to take advantage of it back when it was established, the corporate tax rate was substantially higher. As such, the "double-taxation" of becoming a corporation made this conversion a much riskier bet.  Furthermore, at the time, the 1202 rule did not provide a 100 percent exclusion on gains, as it does now.  Even with the change to a 100 percent exclusion in 2010, the rule continued to collect dust until Trump lowered the corporate tax rate in December 2017.

And now, it's go-time.

The Conversion Process

Becoming a C-Corporation on paper sounds relatively easy. With the help of our lawyer, it only cost a few thousand dollars to file in Delaware, and create all the necessary corporate bylaws. However, as we became a new entity, we required a new EIN. This then sent us down a rabbit hole of new bank accounts, new accounting "books," new payroll, new insurance--new everything. Be sure to consider the ramifications prior to changing your entity.

After the legal conversion occurred, we were advised to have our initial company independently valued by a certified appraiser. Our attorney recommended one that was familiar with the process. The valuation is critical; if the number ends up too low, your "10X gain cap" might be smaller than ideal. Conversely, if your valuation is too high, you will pay additional tax on this basis when you sell down the road.

The Risk in Waiting

Converting to C-Corporation currently is economically advantageous. However, corporate tax rates could change, making the burden of operating within a C-Corporation more expensive, or Congress could change the exclusion.

We felt the risk of either of these events was relatively small, given the huge upside.

The Fine Print

There are a few restrictions to consider prior to converting. The 1202 conversions provide benefit only if your company performs a sale of equity. Asset sales do benefit from this tax treatment. Furthermore, if your company has $50 million or more in assets during any period of the five years, your company does not qualify.

To confuse matters, not every company type is eligible. Namely, businesses where people are the primary asset (such as investment firms, law firms, consulting firms, sports teams, etc.) are excluded, as are real estate investment vehicles. Additional company types, such as companies involved in farming and the operating of a hotel, motel, or restaurant, are also excluded. Be sure to double-check your company's eligibility first.

Note: Listen to Your Lawyers and Accountants

Let me close by saying that I am not an accountant or a lawyer. Please consult with professional advisors prior to converting. The decision to elect the 1202 conversion is a big one, with potentially huge upside.

Thanks to changes in the corporate tax rate, it might be the right time to consider this for your exit strategy.

question: Summarize the types of companies that might be able to take advantage of the recent tax change.

answer: The companies which can take advantage are likely small to medium-sized businesses which are expected to grow significantly. This is because a company with $50 million or more in assets cannot be converted via 1202 conversions and therefore would be unable to take advantage of this change. The companies cannot be ones where people are the primary asset, where they are real estate investment vehicles, or which are involved in farming or hospitality.

question: Summarize what this tax change allows companies to do.

answer: A company can set up a new C-corporation and sell equity from the existing company to this new entity. If the original company is sold after five years, then the greater of $10 million or 10 times the original value of the original company is not subject to capital gains tax. This therefore allows the company owner to avoid paying the full long-term capital gains tax upon selling their company.

question: Summarize the process to exploit this loophole.

answer: The original company needs to set up a new C-Corporation, including sorting out new bank accounts, payroll and insurance, in order to comply with corporate law. (The article does not describe the full conversion process in detail.) After legal conversion, the original company should be independently valued. They then must wait for at least five years before selling.

question: Summarize the drawbacks to this tax loophole.

answer: The loophole can only be exploited after at least five years from initially converting to a C-corporation. During this time, corporate tax rates could be increased, making the C-corporate vehicle more expensive. Other legislative change could also close this loophole. The loophole cannot be exploited by businesses with large assets or certain kinds of businesses either.

question: Summarize the political response to this tax change.


text:
_ONONIS NATRIX_, the YELLOW RESTHARROW[1] or SHRUBBY REST-HARROW, is a species of plant in the family Fabaceae.

Description

Perennial, 50–100 cm, ligneous at base, completely viscousglandular. Leaves with three oblong and denticulate leaflets. Flowers in terminal leafy racemes. Peduncles long, one-flowered, often aristate. Calyx lobes much longer than tube. Corolla 15 mm, twice as long as calyx, yellow. Standard with red brown striations.

Flowering

April–July.

Habitat

Sandy and stony places on limestone.

Distribution

Coast, lower and middle mountains, Beqaa, South, Antilebanon.

Geographic area

Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Circum-Mediterranean.

Onônis or anônis is the Greek name of a Mediterranean species of the genus. It is sometimes interpreted as formed of onos, donkey. and onesis. happiness. for certain rest-harrows were thought to please to donkeys. Nalrix is the name of a water snake, given to a plant whose pollen tube discharges ciliated antherozoids which swim ( just like a water snake) before entering the embryo sac.

The branches of this plant. known in Arabic by the name lissayq, are used in the preparation of raisin.[2]

[1]

[2] Mustapha Nehmeh, Wild Flowers Of Lebanon, National Council For Scientific Research,1978,pages 181 and 182.

title: Ononis natrix

question: What is the ononis natrix?

answer: A species of plant in the family Fabaceae.

question: Describe the physical appearance of the ononis natrix.

answer: It is ligneous at the base and completely viscousglandular. It has leaves with three oblong and denticulate leaflets and a single glower. Its corolla is 15 milimeters, twice as long as its calyx, which is yellow.

question: In what countries does the ononis natrix grow?

answer: Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria

question: What type of habitat does the ononix natrix grow in?

answer: Sandy and stony places on limestone.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The ononis natrix is a plant in the family Fabaceae. It grows in sandy and stony places on limestone and is used in the preparation of raisin.


text:
You may know Evelyn Cormier from Season 5 of the the TLC show _90 Day Fiancé_, where she met David Vázquez Zermeño on a trip to Spain and quickly got engaged so he could get a visa to America. However, she’s so much more than just a reality star! The beauty is also a singer, and a darn good one at that. You can find her music on her website, here!

Evelyn reveals that her influences include The Cure, Lana Del Ray, The Cranberries, Dinosaur Jr, and Elvis Presley, and you can definitely hear all of that in her unique sound. The site says that “her voice has been described as rich, magical madness and her music as deep and thought provoking” and that she “will lull you to another time and place with her soulful melancholy style.”

Evelyn actually already has an EP out called _Ghost_ that came out in April, and features five amazing songs. Plus, she recently dropped a new single, “Lost,” which is a romantic song about being lost in your love, and makes us wonder if she’s talking about David!

However, we know it’s not all roses for Evelyn and David. In the trailer for this season of _90 Day Fiancé_, we see them get into a little spat when 27-year-old David complains that he’s leaving his whole life behind, including his family, while the 18-year-old singer doesn’t want to make any sacrifices for the relationship. However, we also know that David does eventually make it to America, and Evelyn couldn’t have looked happier seeing him get off the plane in her country for the first time. You can watch Evelyn and David’s relationship blossom on _90 Day Fiancé_, every Sunday at 9 p.m. on TLC.

_FOR ACCESS TO ALL OUR EXCLUSIVE CELEBRITY VIDEOS AND INTERVIEWS – SUBSCRIBE ON YOUTUBE!_

question: Who is Evelyn Cormier?

answer: A singer and star of TLC's "90 Day Fiance."

question: How does Evelyn create her unique sound?

answer: With influences including The Cure, Lana Del Ray, The Cranberries, Dinosaur Jr, and Elvis Presley.

question: What tensions are there between Evelyn and her husband David?

answer: David argues that he's leaving his whole life behind, including his family, while Evelyn doesn’t want to make any sacrifices for the relationship.

question: How many songs has Evelyn produced thus far?

answer: Six, five in her album "Ghost," and a single called "Lost."

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer: Evelyn Cormier is more than the star of TLC's "90 Day Fiance." She also sings, and well. Her influences include The Cure, Lana Del Ray, The Cranberries, Dinosaur Jr, and Elvis Presley. She's created an album "Ghost," and a single called "Lost," a song potentially inspired by her husband, David. It's not all roses for the couple, however, as David argues that he's leaving his whole life behind, including his family, while Evelyn doesn’t want to make any sacrifices for the relationship. You can watch the relationship blossom on "90 Day Fiance" Sundays at 9pm on TLC.


text:
So I basically add to this whenever I'm feeling tired and whimsical. Let me know what you think of the first little bit (I realize it's bizarre and arguably horrible):

*Svenson O’Shaunnessy: A Hero’s Journey*

Svenson O’Shaunnessy: oh, how to describe so wondrous a man in so few words! Such an undertaking would be a feat of such difficulty second only to that faced by the man himself, an odyssey so breathtaking that asthmatics must not dream of approaching it, and so dangerous that a seatbelt, helmet and athletic cup are recommended for those with the bravado, or indeed the foolishness to continue in their reading.

Svenson O’Shaunnessy was born in the Maldives, the last true member of a seafaring people who were dying out all too fast. His people were of the sort who had been embraced by the Earth for millennia, and had embraced the Earth in turn so as to come to know her intimately. However, intimate as Mother Nature can be, she can also be as harsh as the hailstorm that O’Shaunnessy would be trapped in years later, armed with nothing but a bear trap, three samosas and a disgraced Sherpa who he knew only as Gustav. But I digress.

Intimate as Mother Nature can be, she can also be as harsh as the hailstorm that O’Shaunnessy would be trapped in years later. O’Shaunnessy was orphaned at a mere six months of age when both his mother and father were engulfed by a sinkhole the size of the Colisseum of Rome.

O’Shaunnessy, by this time, was fortunately an adept sprinter. He covered the four-mile goat trail back to his village in only eleven minutes and six seconds (a personal best! Alas, in his angst and desperation O’Shaunnessy would never know this. Nor would he surpass this speed until years later, deep in the catacombs of Paris while chasing a man dressed as an arsonist, who had just kidnapped an extraordinarily valuable colony of yeast).  But I digress.

O’Shaunnessy, by this time, was fortunately an adept sprinter. He covered the four-mile trail back to his village in only eleven minutes and six seconds. Upon returning to the village, O’Shaunnessy made a beeline for the abode of a certain Mistress Stiletto, a witch doctor who was just finishing her treatment of the shortest of a set of witch triplets with a particularly nasty case of the Gout.

O’Shaunnessy cried out to Mistress Stiletto urgently, using the complex series of clucks, grunts, and nose-whistles that his people used to signal distress. In fact, O’Shaunnessy would not learn the second of his eventual nineteen languages until he was eight years of age, when a wily old seamstress from the slums of Peru would teach him Ebonics. Soon after this encounter, O’Shaunnessy would learn to read, write, and speak Braille from the seamstress’s one-eared mongrel of a husband, who was a cobbler by day and a passionate Crimean War re-enactor by night. But I digress.

O’Shaunnessy cried out to Mistress Stiletto urgently, using the series of clucks, grunts, and nose-whistles that his people used to signal distress. Mistress Stiletto looked up at once, her mismatched eyes gleaming in anticipation of imminent danger. Her green eye quivered back and forth in agitation, frantically searching for the source of the call. Her red eye swiveled upwards more slowly and deliberately; it always knew, with unwavering accuracy, exactly where to look next.

title: Anybody want to tell me what they think of the beginning of my story? Not sure where else to post this...

question: What are the colors of Mistress Stiletto's eyes?

answer: Green and red.

question: What motivated Svenson O’Shaunnessy to run four miles just to see Mistress Stilletto?

answer: He was desperate for help because his parents were engulfed by a sinkhole.

question: What languages did O’Shaunnessy learn during his time with the wily old seamstress from Peru and her husband?

answer: Ebonics and Braille.

question: What mood was the author trying to evoke?

answer: Whimsical humor


text:
We invite you to try out our new beta eCFR site at https://ecfr.federalregister.gov. We have made big changes to make the eCFR easier to use. Be sure to leave feedback using the Feedback button on the bottom right of each page!

e-CFR data is current as of November 27, 2020

Title 14: Aeronautics and Space
PART 25—AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS: TRANSPORT CATEGORY AIRPLANES

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Subpart H—Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS)

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Contents
§25.1701   Definition.
§25.1703   Function and installation: EWIS.
§25.1705   Systems and functions: EWIS.
§25.1707   System separation: EWIS.
§25.1709   System safety: EWIS.
§25.1711   Component identification: EWIS.
§25.1713   Fire protection: EWIS.
§25.1715   Electrical bonding and protection against static electricity: EWIS.
§25.1717   Circuit protective devices: EWIS.
§25.1719   Accessibility provisions: EWIS.
§25.1721   Protection of EWIS.
§25.1723   Flammable fluid fire protection: EWIS.
§25.1725   Powerplants: EWIS.
§25.1727   Flammable fluid shutoff means: EWIS.
§25.1729   Instructions for Continued Airworthiness: EWIS.
§25.1731   Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS.
§25.1733   Fire detector systems, general: EWIS.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Source: Docket No. FAA-2004-18379, 72 FR 63406, Nov. 8, 2007, unless otherwise noted.

§25.1701   Definition.

(a) As used in this chapter, electrical wiring interconnection system (EWIS) means any wire, wiring device, or combination of these, including termination devices, installed in any area of the airplane for the purpose of transmitting electrical energy, including data and signals, between two or more intended termination points. This includes:

(1) Wires and cables.

(2) Bus bars.

(3) The termination point on electrical devices, including those on relays, interrupters, switches, contactors, terminal blocks and circuit breakers, and other circuit protection devices.

(4) Connectors, including feed-through connectors.

(5) Connector accessories.

(6) Electrical grounding and bonding devices and their associated connections.

(7) Electrical splices.

(8) Materials used to provide additional protection for wires, including wire insulation, wire sleeving, and conduits that have electrical termination for the purpose of bonding.

(9) Shields or braids.

(10) Clamps and other devices used to route and support the wire bundle.

(11) Cable tie devices.

(12) Labels or other means of identification.

(13) Pressure seals.

(14) EWIS components inside shelves, panels, racks, junction boxes, distribution panels, and back-planes of equipment racks, including, but not limited to, circuit board back-planes, wire integration units, and external wiring of equipment.

(b) Except for the equipment indicated in paragraph (a)(14) of this section, EWIS components inside the following equipment, and the external connectors that are part of that equipment, are excluded from the definition in paragraph (a) of this section:

(1) Electrical equipment or avionics that are qualified to environmental conditions and testing procedures when those conditions and procedures are—

(i) Appropriate for the intended function and operating environment, and

(ii) Acceptable to the FAA.

(2) Portable electrical devices that are not part of the type design of the airplane. This includes personal entertainment devices and laptop computers.

(3) Fiber optics.

§25.1703   Function and installation: EWIS.

(a) Each EWIS component installed in any area of the aircraft must:

(1) Be of a kind and design appropriate to its intended function.

(2) Be installed according to limitations specified for the EWIS components.

(3) Perform the function for which it was intended without degrading the airworthiness of the airplane.

(4) Be designed and installed in a way that will minimize mechanical strain.

(b) Selection of wires must take into account known characteristics of the wire in relation to each installation and application to minimize the risk of wire damage, including any arc tracking phenomena.

(c) The design and installation of the main power cables (including generator cables) in the fuselage must allow for a reasonable degree of deformation and stretching without failure.

(d) EWIS components located in areas of known moisture accumulation must be protected to minimize any hazardous effects due to moisture.

§25.1705   Systems and functions: EWIS.

(a) EWIS associated with any system required for type certification or by operating rules must be considered an integral part of that system and must be considered in showing compliance with the applicable requirements for that system.

(b) For systems to which the following rules apply, the components of EWIS associated with those systems must be considered an integral part of that system or systems and must be considered in showing compliance with the applicable requirements for that system.

(1) §25.773(b)(2)   Pilot compartment view.

(2) §25.981   Fuel tank ignition prevention.

(3) §25.1165   Engine ignition systems.

(4) §25.1310   Power source capacity and distribution.

(5) §25.1316   System lightning protection.

(6) §25.1331(a)(2)   Instruments using a power supply.

(7) §25.1351   General.

(8) §25.1355   Distribution system.

(9) §25.1360   Precautions against injury.

(10) §25.1362   Electrical supplies for emergency conditions.

(11) §25.1365   Electrical appliances, motors, and transformers.

(12) §25.1431(c) and (d)   Electronic equipment.

§25.1707   System separation: EWIS.

(a) Each EWIS must be designed and installed with adequate physical separation from other EWIS and airplane systems so that an EWIS component failure will not create a hazardous condition. Unless otherwise stated, for the purposes of this section, adequate physical separation must be achieved by separation distance or by a barrier that provides protection equivalent to that separation distance.

(b) Each EWIS must be designed and installed so that any electrical interference likely to be present in the airplane will not result in hazardous effects upon the airplane or its systems.

(c) Wires and cables carrying heavy current, and their associated EWIS components, must be designed and installed to ensure adequate physical separation and electrical isolation so that damage to circuits associated with essential functions will be minimized under fault conditions.

(d) Each EWIS associated with independent airplane power sources or power sources connected in combination must be designed and installed to ensure adequate physical separation and electrical isolation so that a fault in any one airplane power source EWIS will not adversely affect any other independent power sources. In addition:

(1) Airplane independent electrical power sources must not share a common ground terminating location.

(2) Airplane system static grounds must not share a common ground terminating location with any of the airplane's independent electrical power sources.

(e) Except to the extent necessary to provide electrical connection to the fuel systems components, the EWIS must be designed and installed with adequate physical separation from fuel lines and other fuel system components, so that:

(1) An EWIS component failure will not create a hazardous condition.

(2) Any fuel leakage onto EWIS components will not create a hazardous condition.

(f) Except to the extent necessary to provide electrical connection to the hydraulic systems components, EWIS must be designed and installed with adequate physical separation from hydraulic lines and other hydraulic system components, so that:

(1) An EWIS component failure will not create a hazardous condition.

(2) Any hydraulic fluid leakage onto EWIS components will not create a hazardous condition.

(g) Except to the extent necessary to provide electrical connection to the oxygen systems components, EWIS must be designed and installed with adequate physical separation from oxygen lines and other oxygen system components, so that an EWIS component failure will not create a hazardous condition.

(h) Except to the extent necessary to provide electrical connection to the water/waste systems components, EWIS must be designed and installed with adequate physical separation from water/waste lines and other water/waste system components, so that:

(1) An EWIS component failure will not create a hazardous condition.

(2) Any water/waste leakage onto EWIS components will not create a hazardous condition.

(i) EWIS must be designed and installed with adequate physical separation between the EWIS and flight or other mechanical control systems cables and associated system components, so that:

(1) Chafing, jamming, or other interference are prevented.

(2) An EWIS component failure will not create a hazardous condition.

(3) Failure of any flight or other mechanical control systems cables or systems components will not damage the EWIS and create a hazardous condition.

(j) EWIS must be designed and installed with adequate physical separation between the EWIS components and heated equipment, hot air ducts, and lines, so that:

(1) An EWIS component failure will not create a hazardous condition.

(2) Any hot air leakage or heat generated onto EWIS components will not create a hazardous condition.

(k) For systems for which redundancy is required, by certification rules, by operating rules, or as a result of the assessment required by §25.1709, EWIS components associated with those systems must be designed and installed with adequate physical separation.

(l) Each EWIS must be designed and installed so there is adequate physical separation between it and other aircraft components and aircraft structure, and so that the EWIS is protected from sharp edges and corners, to minimize potential for abrasion/chafing, vibration damage, and other types of mechanical damage.

§25.1709   System safety: EWIS.

Each EWIS must be designed and installed so that:

(a) Each catastrophic failure condition—

(1) Is extremely improbable; and

(2) Does not result from a single failure.

(b) Each hazardous failure condition is extremely remote.

§25.1711   Component identification: EWIS.

(a) EWIS components must be labeled or otherwise identified using a consistent method that facilitates identification of the EWIS component, its function, and its design limitations, if any.

(b) For systems for which redundancy is required, by certification rules, by operating rules, or as a result of the assessment required by §25.1709, EWIS components associated with those systems must be specifically identified with component part number, function, and separation requirement for bundles.

(1) The identification must be placed along the wire, cable, or wire bundle at appropriate intervals and in areas of the airplane where it is readily visible to maintenance, repair, or alteration personnel.

(2) If an EWIS component cannot be marked physically, then other means of identification must be provided.

(c) The identifying markings required by paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section must remain legible throughout the expected service life of the EWIS component.

(d) The means used for identifying each EWIS component as required by this section must not have an adverse effect on the performance of that component throughout its expected service life.

(e) Identification for EWIS modifications to the type design must be consistent with the identification scheme of the original type design.

§25.1713   Fire protection: EWIS.

(a) All EWIS components must meet the applicable fire and smoke protection requirements of §25.831(c) of this part.

(b) EWIS components that are located in designated fire zones and are used during emergency procedures must be fire resistant.

(c) Insulation on electrical wire and electrical cable, and materials used to provide additional protection for the wire and cable, installed in any area of the airplane, must be self-extinguishing when tested in accordance with the applicable portions of Appendix F, part I, of 14 CFR part 25.

§25.1715   Electrical bonding and protection against static electricity: EWIS.

(a) EWIS components used for electrical bonding and protection against static electricity must meet the requirements of §25.899.

(b) On airplanes having grounded electrical systems, electrical bonding provided by EWIS components must provide an electrical return path capable of carrying both normal and fault currents without creating a shock hazard or damage to the EWIS components, other airplane system components, or airplane structure.

§25.1717   Circuit protective devices: EWIS.

Electrical wires and cables must be designed and installed so they are compatible with the circuit protection devices required by §25.1357, so that a fire or smoke hazard cannot be created under temporary or continuous fault conditions.

§25.1719   Accessibility provisions: EWIS.

Access must be provided to allow inspection and replacement of any EWIS component as necessary for continued airworthiness.

§25.1721   Protection of EWIS.

(a) No cargo or baggage compartment may contain any EWIS whose damage or failure may affect safe operation, unless the EWIS is protected so that:

(1) It cannot be damaged by movement of cargo or baggage in the compartment.

(2) Its breakage or failure will not create a fire hazard.

(b) EWIS must be designed and installed to minimize damage and risk of damage to EWIS by movement of people in the airplane during all phases of flight, maintenance, and servicing.

(c) EWIS must be designed and installed to minimize damage and risk of damage to EWIS by items carried onto the aircraft by passengers or cabin crew.

§25.1723   Flammable fluid fire protection: EWIS.

EWIS components located in each area where flammable fluid or vapors might escape by leakage of a fluid system must be considered a potential ignition source and must meet the requirements of §25.863.

§25.1725   Powerplants: EWIS.

(a) EWIS associated with any powerplant must be designed and installed so that the failure of an EWIS component will not prevent the continued safe operation of the remaining powerplants or require immediate action by any crewmember for continued safe operation, in accordance with the requirements of §25.903(b).

(b) Design precautions must be taken to minimize hazards to the airplane due to EWIS damage in the event of a powerplant rotor failure or a fire originating within the powerplant that burns through the powerplant case, in accordance with the requirements of §25.903(d)(1).

§25.1727   Flammable fluid shutoff means: EWIS.

EWIS associated with each flammable fluid shutoff means and control must be fireproof or must be located and protected so that any fire in a fire zone will not affect operation of the flammable fluid shutoff means, in accordance with the requirements of §25.1189.

§25.1729   Instructions for Continued Airworthiness: EWIS.

The applicant must prepare Instructions for Continued Airworthiness applicable to EWIS in accordance with Appendix H sections H25.4 and H25.5 to this part that are approved by the FAA.

§25.1731   Powerplant and APU fire detector system: EWIS.

(a) EWIS that are part of each fire or overheat detector system in a fire zone must be fire-resistant.

(b) No EWIS component of any fire or overheat detector system for any fire zone may pass through another fire zone, unless:

(1) It is protected against the possibility of false warnings resulting from fires in zones through which it passes; or

(2) Each zone involved is simultaneously protected by the same detector and extinguishing system.

(c) EWIS that are part of each fire or overheat detector system in a fire zone must meet the requirements of §25.1203.

§25.1733   Fire detector systems, general: EWIS.

EWIS associated with any installed fire protection system, including those required by §§25.854 and 25.858, must be considered an integral part of the system in showing compliance with the applicable requirements for that system.

Need assistance?

question: What is Electrical Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS)?

answer: It refers to any wire or wiring device installed in an airplane that transmits electrical energy.

question: What are examples of EWIS?

answer: Wires and cables, bus bars, the termination point on electrical devices, connectors, connector accessories, electrical grounding and bonding devices, electrical splices, shields or braids, clamps, cable tie devices, labels or other means of identification, and pressure seals.

question: Why must each EWIS be installed with adequate physical separation from other EWIS and airplane systems?

answer: The separation ensures that a hazardous condition will be prevented in case an EWIS component fails.

question: What must be done to protect EWIS from fire?

answer: EWIS components that are in designated fire zones and are used during emergency procedures must be fire-resistant. Also, insulation on wire and cable that are installed in any area of the airplane must be self-extinguishing.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Electrical wiring interconnection system (EWIS) refers to any wire or wiring device installed in an airplane that transmits electrical energy. Everything about EWIS, such as its function, installation, system separation, and accessibility provisions, is discussed in this section under "Airworthiness Standards."


text:
GORDON RUPERT DICKSON (November 1, 1923 – January 31, 2001) was a Canadian-American science fiction writer. He was inducted into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 2000.[1]

Biography

Dickson was born in Edmonton, Alberta, in 1923. After the death of his father, he moved with his mother to Minneapolis in 1937.[2] He served in the United States Army, from 1943 to 1946, and received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Minnesota, in 1948.[3] From 1948 through 1950 he attended the University of Minnesota for graduate work. His first published speculative fiction was the short story “Trespass!”, written jointly with Poul Anderson, in the Spring 1950 issue of _Fantastic Stories Quarterly_ (ed. Sam Merwin), the inaugural number of _Fantastic Story Magazine_ as it came to be titled. Next year three of his solo efforts were published by John W. Campbell in _Astounding Science Fiction_ and one appeared in _Planet Stories_. Anderson and Dickson also inaugurated the Hoka series with “The Sheriff of Canyon Gulch” (_Other Worlds Science Stories_, May 1951).[4]

Dickson's series of novels include the Childe Cycle (sometimes called the Dorsai series) and the Dragon Knight. He won three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award.

For a great part of his life, he suffered from the effects of asthma. He died of complications from severe asthma.[5]

Character as an author

John Clute has characterized Dickson as a “gregarious, engaging, genial, successful man of letters”, who had not been an introvert.[6] Clute considers Dickson a _science fiction romantic_.[7] Nevertheless, Clute stresses in connection to Dickson that science fiction welcomes “images of heightened solitude, romantically vague, limitless landscapes, and an anguished submission to afflatus”, due to its origin in Gothic fiction.[8]

Style

Clute points out that Dickson, like Poul Anderson, with whom he collaborated in the _Hoka series_, “[tends] to infuse an austere Nordic pathos into wooded, rural midwestern American settings”.[9] His works often have mercenaries as their protagonists and deal with aliens that are “less deracinated and more lovable than humans” (Clute).[10] They “are inclined to take on a heightened, sagalike complexion” (Clute),[11] particularly through the insertion of lyric poetry that is sometimes rather inferior.[12]

Light Saber

In the novel _Wolfling_ (1969), Dickson described an advanced alien weapon, “the rod”, which bears a striking resemblance to the Star Wars Light Saber. Dickson's _Wolfling_ was published in three parts in the magazine _Analog_, January 1969 – March 1969. The cover for the January 1969, which contained the first part, depicts an alien holding a rod.

In a 1977 interview, George Lucas stated "As a kid, I read a lot of science fiction,…I was interested in Harry Harrison…”.[13] The March 1969 issue of _Analog_ ends a Harry Harrison story[14] on the back of a double-page drawing of a duel with “rods”, illustrating the third, and last, part of Dickson's _Wolfling_.[15] Dickson described the duel thus, “… something in appearance like a cross between the flame of a welding torch and the arc of a static electricity charge crackled from the end of the rod … even as it burst from the end of the rod … the discharge from Galyan's rod met the discharge from Slothiel's head on, and the two lines of white fire splashed harmlessly into an aurora of sparks, …”.[16]

Selected works

[Gordon Dickson c.1955]

Childe Cycle

-   _The Genetic General_ (1960) (restored variant title: _Dorsai!_, 1976)
-   _Necromancer_ (1962) (variant title: _No Room for Man_)
-   “Warrior” (1965) (short story) included in _Lost Dorsai_
-   _Soldier, Ask Not_ (1967)
-   _Tactics of Mistake_ (1971)
-   _The Spirit of Dorsai_ (1979)
-   _Lost Dorsai_ (1980)
-   _The Final Encyclopedia_ (1984)
-   _The Dorsai Companion_ (1986)
-   _The Chantry Guild_ (1988)
-   _Young Bleys_ (1991)
-   _Other_ (1994)
-   _Antagonist_ (with David W. Wixon) (2007)

Dragon Knight series

Dragon Knight}}

1.  _The Dragon and the George_ (1976)
2.  _The Dragon Knight_ (1990)
3.  _The Dragon on the Border_ (1992)
4.  _The Dragon at War_ (1992)
5.  _The Dragon, the Earl, and the Troll_ (1994)
6.  _The Dragon and the Djinn_ (1996)
7.  _The Dragon and the Gnarly King_ (1997)
8.  _The Dragon in Lyonesse_ (1998)
9.  _The Dragon and the Fair Maid of Kent_ (2000)

Hoka series

-   _Earthman's Burden_ (1957) (with Poul Anderson) (contents different under variant title: _Hoka! Hoka! Hoka!_) (1998) —collection of stories published 1951 to 1956[17]
-   _Hoka!_ (1983) (with Poul Anderson)
-   _Star Prince Charlie_ (1983) (with Poul Anderson)
-   _Hokas Pokas!_ (2000) (with Poul Anderson) (includes _Star Prince Charlie_)

Novels

-   _Alien from Arcturus_ (1956) (expanded as _Arcturus Landing_)
-   _Mankind on the Run_ (1956) (variant title: _On the Run_, 1979)
-   _Time to Teleport_ (1960)
-   _Naked to the Stars_ (1961)
-   _Spacial Delivery_ (1961)
-   _Delusion World_ (1961)
-   _The Alien Way_ (1965)
-   _Space Winners_ (1965)
-   _Mission to Universe_ (1965) (rev. 1977)
-   _The Space Swimmers_ (1967)
-   _Planet Run_ (1967) (with Keith Laumer)
-   _Spacepaw_ (1969)
-   _Wolfling_ (1969)
-   _None But Man_ (1969)
-   _Hour of the Horde_ (1970)
-   _Sleepwalkers’ World_ (1971)
-   _The Outposter_ (1972)
-   _The Pritcher Mass_ (1972)
-   _Alien Art_ (1973)
-   _The R-Master_ (1973) (revised as _The Last Master_, 1984)
-   _Gremlins, Go Home_ (1974) (with Ben Bova)
-   _The Lifeship_ (variant title: _Lifeboat_) (1977) (with Harry Harrison)
-   _Time Storm_ (1977)
-   _The Far Call_ (1978)
-   _Home from the Shore_ (1978)
-   _Pro_ (1978) (illustrated by James R. Odbert) (Ace Illustrated Novel)
-   _Masters of Everon_ (1980)
-   _The Last Master_ (1984)
-   _Jamie the Red_ (1984) (with Roland Green)
-   _The Forever Man_ (1986)
-   _Way of the Pilgrim_ (1987)
-   _The Earth Lords_ (1989)
-   _Wolf and Iron_ (1990)
-   _The Magnificent Wilf_ (1995)
-   _The Right to Arm Bears_ (2000) omnibus of _Spacial Delivery_, _Spacepaw_, “The Law-Twister Shorty”

Short story collections

[Dickson's novelette “The Seats of Hell”, cover-featured on the May 1959 issue of _Fantastic_, was collected in _Beginnings_] [Dickson's novelette “Home from the Shore”, cover-featured on the February 1963 issue of _Galaxy Science Fiction_, was collected in _Mutants_]

-   _Danger—Human_ (1970) (as _The Book of Gordon Dickson_, 1973)
-   _Mutants_ (1970)
-   _The Star Road_ (1973)
-   _Ancient, My Enemy_ (1974)
-   _Gordon R. Dickson's SF Best_ (1978) (revised as _In the Bone_, 1987)
-   _In Iron Years_ (1980)
-   _Love Not Human_ (1981)
-   _The Man from Earth_ (1983)
-   _Dickson!_ (1984) (revised as _Steel Brother_ {1985})
-   _Survival!_ (1984)
-   ''Forward! (1985)
-   _Beyond the Dar Al-Harb_ (1985)
-   _Invaders!_ (1985)
-   _Steel Brother_ (1985)
-   _The Man the Worlds Rejected_ (1986)
-   _Mindspan_ (1986)
-   _The Last Dream_ (1986)
-   _The Stranger_ (1987)
-   _Guided Tour_ (1988)
-   _Beginnings_ (1988)
-   _Ends_ (1988)
-   _The Human Edge_ (2003)

Children's books

-   _Secret under the Sea_ (1960)
-   _Secret under Antarctica_ (1963)
-   _Secret under the Caribbean_ (1964)
-   _Secrets of the Deep_ (1985) omnibus of the three above

Awards

Dickson received the 1977 Skylark —Edward E. Smith Memorial Award for Imaginative Fiction from NESFA— for his contribution to SF[18] and he was inducted by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 2000.[19]

He won several annual literary awards for particular works.[20]

Hugo Award

-   “Soldier, Ask Not” for best short story, 1965
-   “Lost Dorsai” for best novella, 1981
-   “The Cloak and the Staff” for best novelette, 1981

Nebula Award

-   “Call Him Lord” for best novelette, 1966

August Derleth Award (best novel, British Fantasy Society)

-   _The Dragon and the George_, 1977

[1]

[2] John Clute: _Gordon R. Dickson (1923–)_. In: Richard Bleiler (ed.): _Science Fiction Writers. Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day._ Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York 1982, p. 345

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] John Clute: _Gordon R. Dickson (1923–)_. In: Richard Bleiler (ed.): _Science Fiction Writers. Critical Studies of the Major Authors from the Early Nineteenth Century to the Present Day._ Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York 1982, p. 346

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[10]

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[20]

title: Gordon R. Dickson

question: What impact does Dickson's work have on modern-day science fiction?

answer: It seems to have inspired George Lucas in the creation of the light saber for Star Wars.


text:
_SECOND SHOW_ is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language action crime film directed by Srinath Rajendran and written by Vini Vishwa Lal. The film, set in the backdrop of criminal gangs of varied varieties in Kerala, tells the story of young Hari who rises from an illicit sand miner to a smuggling baron in a short time. It stars debutante actors Dulquer Salmaan, Sunny Wayne and Gauthami Nair with a supporting cast such as Rohini, Baburaj and Sudesh Berry.[1]

Plot

The film proceeds as the flashback of an ex-convict Hari (Dulquer Salmaan) narrated to a man he meets at a bus stop on a rainy night. It is revealed that Hari (whose nickname is Lalu) is a poor young man who works for the local sand mafia as a driver. He is friends with Kurudi (Sunny Wayne) whose real name is Nelson Mandela PP. One day while at work, Kurudi draws Lalu to a fight leaving the sand smugglers without a driver that causes them to get caught by the police. Now jobless, Lalu and Kurudi join the group of Chaver Vavachan (Baburaj), who is a financier, and take up the job of retrieving vehicles for non-repayment of loans.

Chaver Vavachan is the younger brother of a notorious former goon 'Chaver Antony' who dies due to a cracker burst by a young lad. Vavachan swears revenge and, after a wait of long 25 years, Vavachan finds the lad (who is now a man) at a hospital and bursts crackers on him. But because of unfortunate for Vavachan, he killed one of the henchmen of Vishnubuddhan (Sudesh Berry), an influential smuggler. Impressed by his courage, Vishnubuddhan takes Lalu into his gang. During one of Vishnubuddhan's deals, Lalu is betrayed by Vikidan, one of his friends and Vishnubuddhan mistakes Lalu for making away with the goods. Vishnubuddhan's son and friends severely thrash Lalu. When he is admitted in a hospital by his friends, one of his friend receives a call from Sachi, one of Buchan's henchmen and a constable of police. He is forced to move away from. After riding far long, he and his friends reaches in his another friend Saidu's house. There he lives with his friends by owning a tea shop. On the next day his friend Kurudi, who got job as a taxi driver, comes wired differently than before. He says to others that he met with Bhudhan'sson and beaten him and also that all are his including his phone. They receives a call from Bhudhan thinking that it is his son itself and says a load is coming on his way. From here Lalu and his friends starts tofight against Bhudhan. He however returns as a smuggler in his own right and starts overshadowing Vishnubuddhan. Angered by this, Vishnubuddhan kills Kurudi and Lalu avenges his friend's death by killing Vishnubuddhan and taking over his business. His friend Sachi comes to meet him and says Lalu to meet the new Commissioner of Policed. When Lalu goes to meet, he comes to know that Sachi, his friend is the Commissioner of Police Sachin R.Menon and he is eventually jailed. Back in the present, as Lalu finishes his narration, he sees Vishnubuddhan's son sitting in a car parked nearby. Realising it to be a trap, Lalu becomes alert but the man to whom Lalu has just narrated his story shoots him. Before leaving the man reveals that he was actually sent by Vishnubuddhan's son to kill Lalu. The final scene shows Lalu lying badly wounded but his hand moves slightly, revealing that his chapter is not yet over.

Cast

-   Dulquer Salmaan as Hari Lal (Lalu)
-   Sunny Wayne as Kurudi (Nelson Mandela P. P.), Lalu's Friend
-   Gauthami Nair as Geethu (Geethanjali Janardanan)
-   Baburaj as Chaver Anthony/Chaver Vavachan(Double Role)
-   Rohini as Lalu's Mother (Devaki, Sister of Janardanan)
-   Sudesh Berry as Vishnu Budhan
-   Kunjan as Janardanan (Lalu's uncle)
-   Mithun Nair as Sidharth Budhan, Son of Vishnu Budhan
-   Bibin Perumbillikunnel as Abu
-   Anil Anto as Neerali
-   Actor Murali Krishnan Murali Krishna as Sethu
-   Ratheesh as Ummar
-   Aneesh Gopal as Vikadan
-   Baiju Varghese as Babu
-   Sam as Sunil
-   Vijay Kumar as Sachin R. Menon IPS a.k.a. Sachi
-   Noora Michael as Surabhi
-   Sundar as Abhi
-   Joby as Kochu
-   Sreekumar Kozhikode as S.I. George
-   Robin Wilson as Kuttu
-   Jayaraj Kozhikode as Ramettan
-   Kottayam Bose as Moopan
-   Dominin as Interview
-   Bibin as Sajan George
-   Sidhu R. Pillai as Shyam

Production

Dulquer Salman made his debut in films through _Second Show_. Salman starred alongside debutantes Gauthami Nair, Sudesh Berry and debutant director Sreenath Rajendran. Debutant Vini Vishwa Lal has penned the screenplay and dialogue. Pappu was cinematographer and Sakhi Thomas was the costume designer. AOPL International Pvt Ltd produced the film. Kaithapram has handled the music. Avial band is also contributing with a musical number. Baburaj is also appearing in supporting roles. The Project Designed by Shaz Shabeer Strikers & Crew.

Music

Critical response

Nowrunning.com rated the movie 2.5 out of 5 and said “Srinath Rajendran's film does have a head-spinning quality to it that leaves you dazed at times, but remains entertaining and witty to the hilt”.[2] IndiaGlitz.com rated the movie 6.5 out of 10 by saying “Overall, 'Second show ' though with its share of little negatives, is an honest effort that deserves to be encouraged”.[3]

Rediff.com gave the movie 2 out of 5 stars and said the movie was disappointing.[4] Sify.com in its review said that “Ultimately, it's an above average film, at best time-pass viewing. Watch it with no expectations and if you’re ready to think unconventional, this film could be a nice option.”[5]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

title: Second Show

question: Summarize the negative reviews of the movie.

answer: Second Show received modest reviews. Nowrunning.com rated it 2.5/5, calling it a bit head-spinning, and Rediff.com gave it 2 out of five stars, calling it disappointing. IndiaGlitz.com says the film has its share of little negatives.

question: Summarize the deaths in the movie.

answer: Vavachan attempts to avenge the death of his brother Chaver Antony, who died to a cracker burst by a young boy. 25 years later, he attempts to kill the boy but kills a henchman of Vishnubuddhan instead. Later, Vishnubuddhan kills Lalu's friend Kurudi, and Lalu vows to avenge the death. At the end of the movie, it's Vishnubuddhan's son who attempts to kill Lalu.

question: Summarize everything related to Vavachan.

answer: Baburaj plays Chaver Vavachan, who is a financier and employs the main characters Lalu and Kurudi as loan sharks for vehicles. Vavachan is the younger brother of Chaver Antony, who is killed by a cracker burst from a young boy. Vavachan wants revenge, so 25 years later he attempts to kill the grown boy. Unfortunately, Vavachan accidentally kills one of the henchmen of Vishnabuddhan.

question: Summarize Rajendran's thoughts on the film.


text:
The HOOK CREEK BRIDGE is a wooden footbridge spanning Hook Creek on the southern shore of Long Island, New York. The bridge connects Meadowmere Park in Nassau County, New York, with the neighborhood of Meadowmere in Queens, New York City.[1]

[Meadowmere park bridge 20190109]

The bridge originally opened in 1908.[2] In 1923, ninety boathouses were developed in Meadowmere, marking the start of changes to the area.[3] The John F. Kennedy International Airport runway is approximately away from the Hook Creek Bridge.[4] By 1969, the bridge was in need of repair.[5]

Meadow Camp was located near the Queens end of the Hook Creek Bridge.[6] The Meadowmere area at Hook Creek Bridge was known for its duck hunting in the early 1900s. A picture taken by Charles Siebeneichen that is included in the Queens Library Digital Collection of 1926, shows a view from the bridge titled "Hook Creek Off Bridge.”[7] Many families, including Charles Siebeneichen's family, spent the summers on Hook Creek meadow (on the Queens side) from 1875 to 1926.[8] During the Great Depression, the Siebeneichen family spent their summers at the Meadow Camp boathouse and survived off of the land and fish caught in Hook Creek and the surrounding waters. According to Mary Louise Siebeneichen, "it did not look so good, but it was a place of peace care-free and happy for all who came to rest a while and live near God at “Meadow Camp.” Summer 1926 farewell to a memory".[9]

[1]

[2]

[3]

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title: Hook Creek Bridge

question: How can you describe the Hook Creek Bridge?

answer: It is a wooden footbridge that spans Hook Creek on the southern shore of Long Island, New York.

question: When did the bridge originally open?

answer: It opened in 1908.

question: What places does the Hook Creek Bridge connect?

answer: The Hook Creek Bridge connects Meadowmere Park in Nassau County, New York, with the neighborhood of Meadowmere in Queens, New York City.

question: What was the Meadowmere area at Hook Creek Bridge known for?

answer: It was known for its duck hunting in the early 1900s.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article describes the historical significance and creation of the Hook Creek Bridge.


text:
BOGOR PALEDANG STATION (PLG) is a railway station located in the city of Bogor, West Java. The station is located in the altitude of +246 meter above sea level. It opened in 2013 to cut down human traffic in Bogor station which now serves commuter trains, KRL Commuterline. This station only serves intercity train to .[1] In October 2014, the station was expanded because the existing waiting room was insufficient for the passengers and the parking area was too small.[2]

Services

The following is a list of train services at the Bogor Paledang Station.

Passenger services

-   Mixed class
    -   Pangrango, towards (executive-economy)[3]

[1]

[2]

[3]

title: Bogor Paledang railway station

question: What is Bogor Paledang Station?

answer: A train station in West Java.

question: Why was Bogor Paledang Station built?

answer: It was built to cut down the human traffic in Bogor Station.

question: Where can you travel to from the station?

answer: The station only has one route, which is an intercity train to Pangrango.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: A page about Bogor Paledang Station in Bogor city, West Java. Te page explains why it was built and where you can travel to from the station.


text:
HADI NARAGHI was an Iranian football player.[1] He played for Taj (now known as Esteghlal) and he scored a goal in the derby against Persepolis FC.

Goal in Derby

In the Tehran derby on 1355-07-02 between Taj (now known as Esteghlal) and Persepolis FC, Hadi Naraghi scored a goal on the 26th minute to give Taj the lead. Shortly afterwards on the 40th minute, Ali Parvin scored an equaliser. The game finished 1–1.

1974 Iran International Tournament

Hadi Naraghi was in the Iran B squad for the 1974 Iran International Tournament. The 6 teams that took part were: Iran A, USSR U23, FK Teplice, Iran B, Zagłębie Sosnowiec and Tunisia national football team. Iran B lost in the semi-finals to FK Teplice

1976–77 Takht Jamshid Cup

Hadi Naraghi also took part in the 1976–77 Takht Jamshid Cup. He did well and scored 7 goals. He also helped his team, Taj come 4th that year.

[1]

title: Hadi Naraghi

question: Who is Hadi Naraghi?

answer: He is an Iranian football player.

question: What highlight did Naraghi receive in the Tehran derby?

answer: Naraghi had a shining moment when he scored a goal on the 26th minute to give his team, Taj the lead.

question: Which squad was Naraghi in during the 1974 Iran International Tournament?

answer: Naraghi was in the Iran B squad in the tournament.

question: How many goals did Naraghi score in the Takht Jamshid Cup?

answer: Naraghi scored 7 goals in the Takht Jamshid Cup.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article talks about the career highlights of Hadi Naraghi, an Iranian football player.


text:
Shepherd's pie

With crispy bottom, sides & top

[Shepherd's pie]

With crispy bottom, sides & top

Serves 8

Cooks In6 hours 30 minutes plus cooling

DifficultyShowing off

Nutrition per serving

-    Calories 508 25%

-    Fat 19.9g 28%

-    Saturates 9.9g 50%

-    Sugars 5.8g 6%

-    Salt 0.7g 12%

-    Protein 21.8g 44%

-    Carbs 64.2g 25%

-    Fibre 4.4g  -

Of an adult's reference intake

Ingredients

-   ROAST LAMB
-   1 small shoulder of lamb, bone in (2kg)
-   olive oil
-   FILLING
-   4 red onions
-   4 carrots
-   4 sticks of celery
-   1 medium swede
-   a few sprigs of fresh rosemary
-   1 heaped tablespoon plain flour
-   TOPPING, SIDES & BOTTOM
-   2.5 kg Maris Piper potatoes
-   2 good knobs of unsalted butter
-   100 g Cheddar cheese
-   2 sprigs of fresh rosemary
-   60 g fresh breadcrumbs

[Jamie's Comfort Food]

recipe adapted from

Jamie's Comfort Food

 By Jamie Oliver

Method

1.  Preheat the oven to 170°C/325°F/gas 3.
2.  In a snug-fitting high-sided roasting tray, rub the lamb all over with a little oil and a good pinch of sea salt and black pepper. Add a splash of water to the tray, then roast for 4 hours, or until the meat is tender and will fall away from the bone.
3.  Remove from the oven and leave to cool in the tray, then lift the lamb out onto a board, take all the meat and crispy skin off the bone and roughly chop it, reserving the bones.
4.  Skim away any fat from the tray and pop it into a clean jam jar. Add a splash of boiling water to the tray and stir around to pick up all the lovely sticky bits from the bottom. Keep it all to one side.
5.  For the filling, peel and roughly dice the onions, carrots, celery and swede, then put them into your biggest pan on a medium-high heat with 2 tablespoons of reserved lamb fat. Strip in the rosemary leaves, then fry the veg for 20 minutes, or until lightly caramelised, stirring regularly.
6.  Stir in the flour, lamb, bones and tray juices, then pour in 1.5 litres of water. Bring to the boil, then put the lid on and reduce to a gentle simmer for 40 minutes, or until you’ve got a loose, stew-like consistency, stirring occasionally.
7.  To guarantee intense gravy and a tender but dense filling, remove and discard the bones, then place a large coarse sieve over a pan and, in batches, spoon the lamb stew into the sieve. Let the gravy drip through, and after a couple of minutes, when you get a dense pile of meat and veg in the sieve, transfer that to a bowl, leaving the gravy in the pan.
8.  Separately freeze half the cool meat and gravy for another day.
9.  For the topping, sides and bottom, peel and roughly chop the potatoes and cook in boiling salted water for 12 to 15 minutes, or until tender. Drain and leave to steam dry, then add the butter, grate in half the cheese, season to perfection with salt and pepper, mash well and cool completely.
10. Preheat the oven to 200°C/400°F/gas 6.
11. Use a little reserved lamb fat to grease the inside of a large pie dish (25cm x 30cm), then pick and tear over the rosemary leaves and sprinkle with half the breadcrumbs – they’ll stick to the fat and add an incredible crunch.
12. A handful at a time, press the cooled mash into the dish, covering the bottom and sides with a 1cm-thick layer. Spoon in the filling and a couple of spoonfuls of gravy, smooth out, then top with the remaining mash, pat it flat, scuff it up with a fork and pinch it at the edges.
13. Grate over the rest of the cheese, scatter with the remaining breadcrumbs and drizzle lightly with oil. Importantly, bake on the bottom of the oven for 1 hour 10 minutes, or until crisp and golden.
14. Warm your gravy through (reducing if desired), then serve the pie with loads of seasonal greens or peas and lots of condiments.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

question: What's special about this Shepherd's Pie?

answer: It is designed to have a crispy top, bottom and sides.

question: Are the instructions clear?

answer: Objectively: yes.

question: How does it taste?

answer: It doesn't say.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: A Jamie Oliver recipe for Shepherd's Pie.


text:
The GANGMASTERS (LICENSING) ACT 2004 (c 11) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that regulates the agencies that place vulnerable workers in agricultural work, and the shellfish collecting and packing industries (s.3). It is the most recent plank of UK agency worker law. It establishes the Gangmasters Licensing Authority (s.1), which requires that all such agencies have a licence before they operate, and adhere to proper labour practice standards. Most of its provisions came into effect after 2005.[1] The immediate cause of the legislation was the 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster, where 21 Chinese immigrant labourers were left to drown by their employers (the racketeers were subsequently convicted of manslaughter, and some deported back to China) off the coast of Lancashire as the tide swept in around them.

The Gangmasters Licensing Act was based on a voluntary project, the UK Temporary Labour Working Group 1, carried out by companies in conjunction with trade unions through the Ethical Trading Initiative. The project provided a working model for how a licensing scheme could work, and also meant that ETI-member companies, including major UK supermarkets, lobbied for the new law.

Licensing

Before 1994, all such agencies were required to be registered under the Employment Agencies Act 1973. However, the Deregulation and Contracting Out Act 1994, a wide-ranging measure designed to trim government, removed this requirement. The 2004 Act requires licences for any business involved in labour placement in the agricultural and shellfish sectors (s.7) and they are contingent on the rules that the Secretary of State lays down (s.8), found in the Gangmasters (Licensing Conditions) 2006.[2]

To obtain a licence, the rules require payment of a fee linked to the agency's turnover (r.7) ranging between £250 and £4000 for businesses turning over under £1m to over £10m respectively. Agencies also have to pay for inspections of their work environment in order to obtain licensing approval (r.8). Based on turnover in the same way, the fees range from £1,600 to £2,500.

Charging fees to labourers directly is prohibited by Schedule r.4(10)(2) and by the Employment Agencies Act 1973 s.6. The rules make the end-user the only one allowed to pay the worker (r.6), restrict the agency's power to contract with the end-user to prevent the worker taking up permanent employment (r.7), prohibit the practice of withholding pay from labourers as a sanction (r.8), require the agency to provide the end-user with a document containing the terms of the agreement on fees, and what to do if the worker is unsatisfactory (r.11); they also prevent gangmasters giving each other workers unless the worker has properly consented (r.16), and require keeping of records for each worker (r.19).

The agency must give the labourer information about his legal rights (r.15). The status of such rights is uncertain, but it would appear that under s.230 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 a worker will be considered the employee of the end-user.[3] Certainly every worker must be paid the minimum wage, receive holiday pay, and must not be subject to discrimination.

Enforcement

The 2004 Act creates a number of offences with heavy penalties. Under s.12(4) offenders can face 10 years imprisonment for operating without a licence. Under s.13, people who deal with unlicensed gangmasters can face 51 weeks jail, unless they can show they took all reasonable steps to establish that the gangmasters were licensed.

Section 29 - Commencement and transitional provision

The following orders have been made under this section:

-   The Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 1) Order 2004 (S.I. 2004/2857 (C. 119))
-   The Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 2) Order 2005 (S.I. 2005/447 (C. 21))
-   The Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 3) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2406 (C. 85))
-   The Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 4) Order 2006 (S.I. 2006/2906 (C. 101))
-   The Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2007 (S.I. 2007/695 (C. 29))

[1] see the variety of Orders by the Secretary of State, such as the Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 (Commencement No. 5) Order 2007]

[2]

[3] see _Dacas v Brook Street Bureau (UK) plc_ [2004] IRLR 538

title: Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004

question: What does the Gangmasters Liscensing Act of 2004 regulate?

answer: The Act regulates the shellfish collecting and packing industries. It requires such industries to have a license. This is to ensure that they conform to proper labor standards.

question: What was the immediate cause of the legislation?

answer: In the 2004 Morecambe Bay cockling disaster, 21 Chinese immigrant laborers were left to drown by their employers. This was off the coast of Lancashire as the tide swept around them. This provoked action in conjunction with trade unions through the Ethical Trading Initiative.

question: Why did this event in 2004 occur?

answer: Such agencies had previously been required to register under the Employment Agencies Act of 1973. However, the Deregulation and Contracting Out Act of 1994 removed this requirement. Thus the new act of 2004 simply adds the requirement back in.

question: What penalties does the 2004 Act create?

answer: Some offenders can face 10 years imprisonment for operating without a license. People who deal with unlicensed gangmasters can face 51 weeks jail, unless they can show they took reasonable steps to establish that the gangmasters were licensed.


text:
Just before 5 PM on Friday, Ray stands alone on the third floor to the company’s nearly empty office building. He’s facing a familiar beeping metal door, his lower lip snug between his teeth. There’s gum in his mouth but he keeps it still, straining to put on what he hopes to be a charming composure. If he can time his exit just right, he’s sure he can run into the gorgeous new girl who had eyed him more than once today.

On the second floor, Rachel steps inside the elevator and pushes the button labeled "4". She grips her smartphone and winces as the elevator starts to climb. Whether this feeling is from the elevator or from the thought of meeting the guy who returned almost all her curious glances today, she can’t decide. By the time she reaches the third floor she's smiling and shaking her head, having convinced herself there's little chance of meeting him.

Ray notices the digital number flick to “2” and then “3”. Anticipation overrides his clarity of thought and the gum starts bouncing between his teeth without permission. He watches the crack in the door widen to reveal what he’s been hoping to see. She appears behind the door smiling at him, focusing on showing off the large dimples in her cheeks. Ray notices she had been smiling before the door opened.

He’s standing there stunned for a second, until he remembers what his face must look like and immediately bites down on the corner of his lip. He grins and joins Rachel inside to stand beside her. He has her all to himself for one floor.

He retrieves more of his gum from his pants pocket, gesturing for her to take a piece.
Rachel smiles again, “How’d you know” and reaches toward his hand. The moment their hands touch, a static shock causes Ray to drop the gum on the floor between them.

“Shit” Ray blurts. They both stand grinning at each other for a second then both look down at the gum on the floor. Unaware of each other for a just a moment they both lean forward to grab the gum. Their heads collide painfully hard, causing them to fall down and land on the floor opposite each other. With one hand each on their heads, they sit staring wide-eyed at each other with mirrored expressions of relief and excitement.

title: Ray vs Rachel

question: Describe Ray.

answer: Ray is a corporate employee, straining for charming composure. He has gum.

question: Describe Rachel.

answer: She is a corporate employee, new to the company. She has dimples.

question: Summarize everything relating to Ray and Rachel's relationship.

answer: They work in the same office building and have been exchanging glances all day. Rachel is new and they are both interested in meeting each other. They end up in the same elevator at the end of the day, where Ray offers Rachel gum and the static shock of touching causes him to drop the gum. They both reach down for the gum, unknowingly in sync, and hit their heads together.

question: Where is the story set?

answer: In an elevator and by the elevator doors in an office building.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Ray and Rachel work in the same office building and have been exchanging glances all day. Rachel is new and they are both interested in meeting each other. They end up in the same elevator at the end of the day, where Ray offers Rachel gum and the static shock of touching causes him to drop the gum. They both reach down for the gum, unknowingly in sync, and hit their heads together.


text:
[The relative position of the two Merstham tunnels] The MERSTHAM AND QUARRY TUNNELS are two neighbouring railway tunnels on the Brighton main line between Merstham and Coulsdon (formerly Stoats Nest) in Surrey, Great Britain.

The Merstham Tunnel was the first to be built, with construction commencing in 1838 and being opened on 12 July 1841. Built by the London and Brighton Railway (L&BR), it formed a key element of the original route between London and Brighton. Nearly sixty years after the Merstham Tunnel's completion, the Quarry Tunnel was built amid tensions between the South Eastern Railway (SER) and the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR). The Quarry Tunnel bypasses the SER stations of Coulsdon South, Merstham and Redhill, and thus has been mostly used by fast trains, while the Merstham Tunnel is used by stopping services instead.

On 24 September 1905, the Merstham Tunnel was the location of the first murder on Britain's railways, that being of Mary Sophia Money. Both tunnels were electrified via the installation of a third rail system by the Southern Railway during 1932, after which the route has been largely used by electric traction. Both tunnels have continued to be used through to the present day.

Merstham Tunnel

[The north portal of Merstham Tunnel, 2008. Note the British Rail Class 377 passing through] [The south portal of Merstham Tunnel, 2008] The original tunnel through the North Downs was constructed for the London and Brighton Railway (L&BR), forming a key element for conveying rail traffic between London and Brighton.[1] Prior to construction commencing, a total of six routes, including two via the Merstham Gap, was considered; the selected route, chosen after an formal Parliamentary enquiry, was reportedly unexpected to be successful. Even still, the route was modified somewhat allegedly on the account of objections raised by of local landowners.[2] A surveying platform was completed in August 1938 to assist the construction; it remains in-situ to the present day.[3]

During 1838, work on Merstham Tunnel commenced under the supervision of the engineer John Urpeth Rastrick, and was completed within two years. It was bored through chalk, and featured a total of twelve vertical shafts, up which the spoil was raised to the surface in skips by means of horse-drawn winches.[4] Originally, the tunnel had been intended to have a length of 2,013 yards (1,841 metres, or 1.14 miles), but it was realigned midway though construction, shortening it to 1,830 yards (1,673 metres or 1.04 miles) long.[5] Just north was the tunnel is a two-mile railway cutting, which is reportedly ,one of the largest in Europe having a depth of 100 feet (30 metres) at the northern entrance to the tunnel.[6] Its construction involved the removal of more than a million cubic yards (800,000 cubic metres) of chalk.[7]

Brick-lined portals were built at each end of the tunnel. An unusual measure, which was intended to boost the travelling public's perception of its safety, the interior of the tunnel was whitewashed and lit by gas lamps, the latter being supplied from a small gas works south of Merstham station. However, this practice was soon abandoned as the large quantities of soot emitted by steam locomotives prevented effective illumination of the tunnel anyway.[8] On 12 July 1841, the Mertham Tunnel was officially opened to traffic.[9] At the time of its completion, it was considered to be an engineering marvel of the era.[10]

Although the tunnel was built by the L&BR, it was located on a section of line between Croydon and Redhill that was to be shared with the South Eastern Railway (SER), when they commenced services on their route to Dover in 1842. On 16 July 1844, the SER refunded half of the construction cost of the joint line and took ownership of the section between Purley and Redhill, including the Merstham Tunnel.

On 24 September 1905, the Merstham Tunnel was the site of the unsolved murder of Mary Sophia Money; the incident is believed to be the first murder on a train anywhere in Britain. Shortly after the incident, marks were discovered on the tunnel wall, indicating that Miss Money had been involved in a violent struggle and had been thrown to her death from a moving train.[11]

On 29 January 1989, a passenger train collided with an out-of-gauge engineering train travelling on the opposite line inside Merstham Tunnel; damage was sustained to the passenger train's traction equipment along with several smashed windows.[12]

Quarry Tunnel

[The south portal of Quarry Tunnel, 2008. A British Rail Class 319 is passing through] The sharing of the main line caused a great deal of friction between the SER and the London Brighton and South Coast Railway (LB&SCR), the successor of the L&BR, throughout the 19th century.[13] Eventually, the LB&SCR gained Parliamentary approval to build its own independent line between Coulsdon North and Earlswood, which bypassed the SER stations of Coulsdon South, Merstham and Redhill. This involved the construction of a second tunnel to the east of the original, and 25 feet (7.6 metres) above the level of the original.[14] Since both routes form part of the Brighton Main Line, in order to differentiate them the former was called the “Redhill Line”, whilst the new line became known as the “Quarry Line”.

Quarry Tunnel is 2,113 yards (1,932 metres, or about 1.2 miles or 1 mile 1.6 chains) in length. It was constructed between 1896 and 1899, being formally opened on 8 November 1899.[15] The contractors were Messrs Firbank, and the estimated cost was £85,000.[16] The new tunnel was approached by a 100 ft deep cutting on the north side. Both Quarry Tunnel and the original Merstham Tunnel have been operated through to the twenty-first century; while the former is predominantly used by fast trains, services that stop at Redhill and Mertsham have instead continued to use the older Merstham Tunnel.[17]

Electrification

During 1932, the lines through both tunnels, along with the wider route, were electrified via the installation of a third rail system by the Southern Railway.[18]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]  p. 273.

[5]  p. xii.

[6]  p. 118.

[7] Whishaw 1842, p. 272.

[8]

[9] Turner 1977, p. 141.

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]  pp. 117-122.

[17]

[18] Bonavia 1987, pp. 87-89.

title: Merstham tunnels

question: Where are the Merstham and Quarry tunnels?

answer: Between Mestham and Coulsdon in Surrey, Great Britain.

question: When was Merstham tunnel built?

answer: Between 1838 and 1841.

question: What happened on 24 September 1905 in Merstham tunnel?

answer: The first murder on Britain's railways.

question: Who was murdered in 1905?

answer: Mary Sophia Money.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article is about the Merstham and Quarry tunnels, two tunnels on Britain's rail lines.