text:
The 1948 BIG NINE CONFERENCE FOOTBALL SEASON was the 53rd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Nine Conference (also known as the Western Conference and the Big Ten Conference) and was a part of the 1948 college football season.

The 1948 Big Nine champion was Michigan. The Wolverines compiled a 9–0 record, shut out five of nine opponents, led the conference in both scoring offense (28.0 points per game) and scoring defense (4.9 points allowed per game), and were ranked No. 1 in the final AP Poll. The 1948 season was Michigan's second straight undefeated, untied season. The Wolverines entered the 1948 season with a 14-game winning streak dating back to October 1946 and extended the streak to 23 games. End Dick Rifenburg and tackle Alvin Wistert were consensus first-team All-Americans. Guard Dominic Tomasi was selected as the team's most valuable player.

Northwestern finished in second place with an 8–2 record and was ranked No. 7 in the final AP Poll. Under conference rules preventing the same team from returning to the Rose Bowl in consecutive seasons, Northwestern received the conference's bid to play in the 1949 Rose Bowl where the Wildcats defeated the California Golden Bears, 20–14. Northwestern fullback Art Murakowski won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy as the conference's most valuable player.

Minnesota finished in third place with a 7–2 and was ranked No. 16 in the final AP Poll. Minnesota was led by Bernie Bierman in his 14th year as head coach and by tackle Leo Nomellini who was a consensus first-team All-American.

Season overview

Results and team statistics

  Conf. Rank   Team   Head coach   AP final   AP high   Overall record   Conf. record   PPG   PAG   MVP |- align=“left” bgcolor=""   1   Michigan   B. Oosterbaan   1   1   9–0   6–0   28.0   4.9   Dominic Tomasi |- align=“left” bgcolor=""   2   Northwestern   Robert Voigts   7   3   8–2   5–1   19.1   9.1   ART MURAKOWSKI |- align=“left” bgcolor=""   3   Minnesota   Bernie Bierman   16   8   7–2   5–2   22.6   10.4   Everett Faunce |- align=“left” bgcolor=""   4   Ohio State   Wes Fesler   NR   11   6–3   3–3   20.4   10.4   Joe Whisler |- align=“left” bgcolor=""   5 (tie)   Iowa   Eddie Anderson   NR   NR   4–5   2–4   14.1   15.8   Al DiMarco |- align=“left” bgcolor=""   5 (tie)   Purdue   Stuart Holcomb   NR   15   3–6   2–4   14.0   19.4   Harry Szulborski |- align=“left” bgcolor=""   5 (tie)   Indiana   Clyde Smith   NR   17   2–7   2–4   8.3   24.1   George Taliaferro |- align=“left” bgcolor=""   8   Illinois   Ray Eliot   NR   NR   3–6   2–5   15.0   15.6   Jim Valek |- align=“left” bgcolor=""   9   Wisconsin   Harry Stuhldreher   NR   NR   2–7   1–5   14.0   21.4   Red Wilson |- align=“left” bgcolor=""
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KEY
AP final = Team's rank in the final AP Poll of the 1948 season[1]
AP high = Team's highest rank in the AP Poll throughout the 1948 season[2]
PPG = Average of points scored per game[3]
PAG = Average of points allowed per game[4] Source: SR/College Football[5]
MVP = Most valuable player as voted by players on each team as part of the voting process to determine the winner of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football trophy; trophy winner in bold[6]

Pre-season

Prior to the start of the 1948 season, two of the Big Nine teams changed their head coaches:

-   On February 19, 1948, Indiana's head football coach Bo McMillin resigned to become general manager and head coach of the Detroit Lions. McMillin had been Indiana's head coach for 14 years.[7] Clyde B. Smith, who had been the head coach at the LaCrosse State Teachers College since 1938, was announced as the team's new head coach on March 16, 1948.[8]
-   On March 15, 1948, Fritz Crisler “surprised the football world” when he announced his resignation as Michigan's head football coach after leading the 1947 team to an undefeated season. Crisler, who remained as athletic director, named backfield coach Bennie Oosterbaan as the Wolverines' new head football coach.[9]

Regular season

September 25

On September 25, 1948, all nine conference teams opened their schedules. Seven of the teams played non-conference opponents, compiling a 6–1 record in those games.

_Indiana 35, Wisconsin 7_. In the only conference game of the day, Indiana defeated Wisconsin, 35–7, before a crowd of 40,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. The game was the first for Clyde B. Smith as Indiana's head coach. Indiana halfback George Taliaferro scored three touchdowns and played 51 minutes.[10]

_Michigan 13, Michigan State 7_. Michigan defeated Michigan State, 13–7, in East Lansing. The game was also the first to be played at Michigan State's new Macklin Stadium. Early in the opening quarter, fullback Don Peterson threw a 40-yard touchdown pass to Dick Rifenburg. Peterson kicked the extra point, and Michigan's 7–0 lead held through halftime. Michigan State tied the game in the third quarter on a disputed play in which a pass from Lynn Chandnois was caught by both Hank Minarik and Wally Teninga. The official ruled that possession went to the offensive player as a touchdown. Peterson scored the winning touchdown for Michigan on a five-yard run in the fourth quarter, but failed to convert the extra point attempt. Late in the fourth quarter, Michigan State drove the ball to Michigan's two-yard line. With time running out, Teninga intercepted a Michigan State pass. Michigan's offense was held to 106 rushing yards and 117 passing yards in the game.[11][12] The Spartans, under second-year head coach “Biggie” Munn, finished the season ranked No. 14 in the final AP Poll.

_Northwestern 19, UCLA 0_. Northwestern defeated UCLA, 19–0, before a crowd of 55,156 in Los Angeles. Northwestern scored three touchdown and, on defense, held UCLA scoreless with only two first downs.[13]

_Notre Dame 28, Purdue 27_. Purdue lost to Notre Dame, 28–27, before a crowd of 59,343 at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana. Notre Dame did not lose a game from 1946 to 1949, and Purdue's one-game loss was regarded as a strong performance.[14]

_Minnesota 20, Washington 0_. Minnesota defeated Washington, 20–0, before a crowd of 40,487 at Husky Stadium in Seattle. The game was scoreless in the fourth quarter before the Golden Gophers scored 20 points. Halfback Everette Faunce ran 68 yards for the first touchdown.[15]

_Illinois 40, Kansas State 0_. Illinois defeated Kansas State, 40–0, before a crowd of 29,593 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. The Illinois offense was led by quarterback Tom Stewart who completed nine of 13 passes for 160 yards and helped secure a touchdown with a lateral to Paul Patterson.[16]

_Ohio State 21, Missouri 7_. After finishing in last place in the Big Nine during the 1947 season, Ohio State opened the 1948 season with a 21–7 victory over Missouri before a crowd of 57,042 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio.[17]

_Iowa 14, Marquette 12_. Iowa defeated Marquette, 14–12, before a crowd of 30,208 at Iowa Stadium in Iowa City. Marquette missed two extra point kicks, which was the difference in the game.[18]

October 2

On October 2, 1948, the Big Nine football team participated in three conference games and three non-conference games. The conference teams won all three non-conference games, extending their non-conference record to 9–1.

_Northwestern 21, Purdue 0_. Northwestern shut out Purdue, 21–0, before a crowd of 48,000 at Dyche Stadium in Evanston, Illinois. The victory was the second consecutive shutout for Northwestern to open the season. Northwestern intercepted five Purdue passes in the game.[19]

_Indiana 7, Iowa 0_. Indiana shut out Iowa, 7–0, before a crowd of 26,000 at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana. Indiana fullback Chick Jagade intercepted a pass and then scored the game's only touchdown on a 30-yard touchdown run in the third quarter.[20]

_Wisconsin 20, Illinois 16_. Wisconsin defeated Illinois, 20–16, before a crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison. Wisconsin halfback Clarence Self scored two touchdowns, including the game-winning touchdown with less than three minutes left to play.[21]

_Michigan 14, Oregon 0_. Michigan defeated Oregon, 14–0, before a crowd of 65,800 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Oregon came into the game with a highly touted passing game led by quarterback Norm Van Brocklin, who was later inducted into both the College and Pro Football Halls of Fame. Michigan's defensive fullback, Dick Kempthorn, was credited with playing a major role in stopping Van Brocklin's passing game.[22] Northwestern coach Bob Voigts said he would pick Kempthorn if he had his choice of all the players in college football.[23] In the second quarter, Michigan drove 93 yards, culminating in a 60-yard touchdown pass (30 yards in the air) from halfback Chuck Ortmann to Dick Rifenburg, and Michigan led 7–0 at halftime.[24] An Oregon drive into Michigan territory was stopped in the third quarter when Ortmann intercepted a Van Brocklin pass. On the next drive, Charlie Lentz threw a 42-yard pass to Pete Elliott who was downed inside the Oregon ten-yard line. Lentz then threw a short pass to Tom Peterson for the final touchdown. In the fourth quarter, Oregon drove the ball to the Michigan two-yard line, but Michigan's defense held and the ball went to Michigan on downs.[25][26] The 1948 Oregon Ducks finished the season with a record of 9–1, as co-champion of the Pacific Coast Conference, and ranked No. 9 in the final AP Poll.

_Minnesota 39, Nebraska 13_. Minnesota defeated Nebraska, 39–13, before a crowd of 57,209 at Memorial Stadium in Minneapolis. The Golden Gophers scored on four touchdown passes and a 68-yard interception return by Dale Wagner. The Gophers also fumbled eight times.[27]

_Ohio State 20, USC 0_. Ohio State defeated USC, 20–0, before a crowd of 75,102 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio. Joe Whisler scored two touchdowns for Ohio State.[28]

October 9

On October 9, 1948, the Big Nine football teams participated in three conference games and three non-conference games. All three non-conference games resulted in losses, bringing the conference's non-conference record to 9–4.

_Michigan 40, Purdue 0_. Michigan (ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll) defeated Purdue (ranked No. 15), 40–0, in West Lafayette, Indiana. The crowd of 45,996 was the largest in the history of Ross–Ade Stadium up to that time. Michigan's offense confused Purdue with a fake T formation that disguised a single-wing formation. Michigan took a 19–0 in the first half on touchdown runs by Leo Koceski and Peterson and a 23-yard touchdown pass from Chuck Ortmann to Dick Rifenburg. The Wolverines extended their lead in the second half on a 57-yard touchdown pass from Wally Teninga to Rifenburg, a 10-yard run by Teninga, and a six-yard run by Charlie Lentz. Michigan's defense forced five turnovers (three interceptions and two fumble recoveries) and held Purdue to only 36 rushing yards and 122 passing yards in the game.[29][30]

_Northwestern 19, Minnesota 16_. Northwestern (ranked No.3 in the AP Poll) defeated Minnesota (ranked No. 8 in the AP Poll), 19–16, before a crowd of 47,000 at Dyche Stadium in Evanston. In the first 10 minutes of the game, Northwestern fumbled three times, and Minnesota took a 16–0 lead. Northwestern rallied back on touchdowns by Aschenbrenner, Hagmann, and Worthington.[31]

_Iowa 14, Ohio State 7_. Iowa defeated Ohio State, 14–7, before a crowd of 63,394 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus. The victory was the first for Iowa at Ohio Stadium since 1928. Jerry Faske returned a kickoff 65 yards in the first quarter and then scored on a 12-yard run.[32]

_California 40, Wisconsin 14_. Wisconsin lost to California, 40–14, before a crowd of 66,000 at California Memorial Stadium in Berkeley, California.[33]

_Texas Christian 7, Indiana 6_. Indiana lost to Texas Christian, 7–6, before a crowd of 28,000 at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington. Indiana took a 6–0 lead in the third quarter on a touchdown pass from George Taliaferro to Joe Bartkiewicz, but the Hoosiers missed the extra point kick. With less three minutes left, Lindy Berry led TCU on a touchdown drive, and Homer Ludiker kicked the extra point.[34]

_Army 26, Illinois 21_. Illinois lost to Army (ranked No. 5 in the AP Poll), 26–21, before a crowd of 71,119 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign. Army took a 26–0 lead early in the third quarter. Illinois responded with 21 unanswered points, including two touchdowns in the fourth quarter, but the comeback fell short.[35]

October 16

On October 16, 1948, the Big Nine football teams played four conference games and one non-conference game. The non-conference game was a loss, leaving the conference with a non-conference record of 9–5.

_Michigan 28, Northwestern 0_. Michigan (ranked No. 4 in the AP Poll) defeated Northwestern, 28–0, before a crowd of 87,782 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor. The Wolverines outgained the Wildcats 166 to 47 in rushing yards, as halfback Leo Koceski scored three touchdowns. The game remained close with Michigan leading 7–0 until late in the third quarter. Then, Michigan scored three touchdowns on seven plays. The scoring flurry began with a 45-yard punt return by Koceski to the Northwestern 22-yard line. With two seconds remaining in the third period, Teninga threw a jump pass to Koceski in the end zone to give Michigan a 14–0 lead. George Sundheim of Purdue fumbled the kickoff, and Harry Allis recovered the ball. On Michigan's second play from scrimmage, Chuck Ortmann threw a touchdown pass to Koceski. On Northwestern's first play from scrimmage after the next kickoff, Northwestern's Don Burson threw a pass that was intercepted by Irv Wisniewski at the 35-yard line. Wisniewski returned the ball to Northwestern's 13-yard line. On Michigan's second play after the interception, Koceski fumbled the ball into the end zone, but the ball was recovered by center Bob Erben to give Michigan a 28–0 lead. Michigan's defense forced four turnovers in the game, three on interceptions and one on a fumble recovery.[36][37] Through the first four games, Michigan had given up only seven points, and those points came on a disputed touchdown call against Michigan State. Allison Danzig in _The New York Times_ called Michigan the “Defensive Standout Among Nation's College Elevens” and singled out two players: “Two players, in particular, are credited with the success of the Wolverine defense. Dan Dworsky, center and fullback Dick Kempthorn would seem to be the best pair of backers-up in the inter-collegiate ranks.”[38]

_Minnesota 6, Illinois 0_. Minnesota (ranked No. 11 in the AP Poll) defeated Illinois, 6–0, before a crowd of 62,066 at Memorial Stadium in Minneapolis. The game remained scoreless until late in the fourth quarter when Minnesota drove 75 yards for a touchdown. James S. Malosky, who later coached the Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs from 1958 to 1997, scored the winning touchdown for the Gophers.[39]

_Purdue 20, Iowa 13_. Purdue defeated Iowa, 20–13, before a homecoming crowd of 47,000 at Iowa Stadium in Iowa City.[40]

_Ohio State 17, Indiana 0_. Ohio State defeated Indiana, 17–0, before a homecoming crowd of 33,000 at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington.[41]

_Yale 17, Wisconsin 7_. Wisconsin lost to Yale, 17–7, before a crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison.[42]

October 23

On October 23, 1948, the Big Nine teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The Big Nine teams won one and lost two, giving the conference a 10–7 record in non-conference games.

_Michigan 27, Minnesota 14_. Michigan (ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll) defeated Minnesota (ranked No. 13), 27–14, before a crowd of 65,130 at Memorial Stadium in Minneapolis. Despite being held to 22 rushing yards, Michigan gained 261 yards on forward passes. At the start of the second quarter, Gene Derricotte fumbled a punt on Michigan's 15-yard line, recovered the ball, ran backward to the two-yard line, and fumbled again. All-American Leo Nomellini recovered the ball and carried it into the end zone to give Minnesota a 7–0 lead. Michigan drove to the Minnesota one-yard line on the next drive, but Tom Peterson fumbled and Minnesota recovered the ball at the 16-yard line. Two drives later, Michigan finally converted on a seven-yard touchdown pass from Wally Teninga to Tom Peterson. Less than 90 seconds after Peterson's tying touchdown, Michigan took the lead when Ed McNeill blocked a Minnesota punt, and Quentin Sickels recovered the ball at the one-yard line. Peterson ran it in for his second touchdown. Minnesota drove to Michigan's one-yard line at the end of the second quarter, but the clock expired and Michigan led 13–7 at halftime. Minnesota took a 14–13 lead in the third quarter on a 69-yard drive capped by a touchdown run by Everett Faunce. On the next possession, Michigan drove 77 yards and took a 20–14 lead on a 37-yard touchdown pass to Dick Rifenburg. Rifenburg fumbled the ball at the five-yard line, but recovered his own fumble and continued into the end zone. In the fourth quarter, Wally Teninga intercepted a Bill Elliott pass on Michigan's 11-yard line and returned the ball 26 yards. Chuck Ortman connected with Leo Koceski on a jump pass that covered 62 yards (the last 50 by Koceski after the reception) to give Michigan its fourth touchdown.[43][44]

_Northwestern 48, Syracuse 0_. Northwestern (ranked No. 10 in the AP Poll) defeated Syracuse, 48-0, before a crowd of 35,000 at Dyche Stadium in Evanston, Illinois. Syracuse's star, Bernie Custis, was injured in the first quarter and was unable to play for the remainder of the game. Art Murakowski scored two touchdowns.[45]

_Ohio State 34, Wisconsin 32_. Ohio State defeated Wisconsin, 34-32, before a crowd of 77,205 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus. Ohio State rallied from behind twice, including deficits of 19-7 and 33-20, in a game that _The Cincinnati Enquirer_ called “one of the most scintillating, hair-raising games ever staged in Buckeye Stadium”. Each team scored five touchdowns, but Wisconsin was able to convert only two kicks for extra point. Wisconsin's line prevented Ohio State from advancing the ball on the ground, and the Buckeyes opened up a passing attack, led by Pandel Savic, that accounted for 211 yards and all five Ohio State touchdowns.[46]

_Illinois 10, Purdue 6_. Illinois defeated Purdue, 10-6, before a crowd of 56,451 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Don Maechtle kicked the game-winning extra point and field goal.[47]

_Notre Dame 27, Iowa 12_. Iowa lost to Notre Dame, 27-12, before a crowd of 53,000 in Iowa City.[48]

_Pittsburgh 21, Indiana 14_. Pittsburgh defeated Indiana, 21-14, before a crowd of 17,118 in Pittsburgh. Halfback Louis “Bimbo” Cecconi threw a 63-yard touchdown pass to Jimmy Joe Robinson with less than two minutes left in the game to deliver the win to Pittsburgh.[49]

October 30

On October 30, 1948, the Big Nine football teams played four conference games and one non-conference games. The non-conference game ended in a victory, giving the conference an 11–7 record in non-conference games.

_Michigan 28, Illinois 20_. Michigan (ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll) defeated Illinois, 28–20, before a homecoming crowd of 85,938 at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor. Michigan held on a goal-line stand in the first quarter (first-and-goal from the five-yard line), and Illinois failed to convert a field goal on fourth down. After a scoreless first quarter, Michigan went 98 yards on a drive that included a Statue of Liberty play by Leo Koceski and ended with a 15-yard bullet pass from Pete Elliott to Ed McNeill. The game was tied 7–7 at halftime. Michigan reclaimed the lead in the third quarter with 14-yard touchdown pass from Peterson to Rifenburg. Michigan extended its lead to 21–7 on a two-yard run by Wally Teninga later in the third quarter. Illinois scored its own third-quarter touchdown after Leo Koceski fumbled and Illinois recovered the ball at the Michigan 29-yard line. Early in the fourth quarter, Bernie Krueger scored on a quarterback sneak to cut Michigan's lead to 21–20. Michigan's final touchdown came on a 38-yard pass from Chuck Ortmann to Harry Allis. Michigan outgained Illinois on the ground 102 to 40, but Illinois dominated in the air with 256 passing yards to 132 for Michigan. _The New York Times_ called the game, witnessed by a homecoming crowd of 85,938, “one of the wildest fights in Big Nine history” and added, “What a battle this was! Not for a second could one be sure of the outcome.”[50][51]

_Northwestern 21, Ohio State 7_. Northwestern (ranked No. 9 in the AP Poll) defeated Ohio State, 21-7, before a homecoming crowd of 47,000 at Dyche Stadium in Evanston, Illinois. The game was tied, 7-7 at halftime, but Northwestern pulled away with two touchdowns in the third quarter. Johnny Miller, a backup halfback, scored the winning touchdown on a 22-yard carry.[52]

_Minnesota 30, Indiana 7_. Minnesota (ranked No. 15 in the AP Poll) defeated Indiana, 30-7, in Minneapolis. The game attracted a crowd of 64,926, the second largest in the history of Memorial Stadium to that point. Minnesota outgained Indiana, 308 yards to 73 yards.[53]

_Iowa 19, Wisconsin 13_. After falling behind at halftime by a 13-0 score, Iowa staged a comeback and won, 19-13, in Iowa City.[54]

_Purdue 14, Marquette 9_. Purdue defeated Marquette, 14-9, before a crowd of 32,000 at Ross–Ade Stadium in Lafayette, Indiana. Purdue trailed 9-7 but scored the winning touchdown in the fourth quarter. Harry Szulborski gained 171 yards on 29 carries for Purdue.[55]

November 6

On November 6, 1948, the Big Nine football teams played three conference games and three non-conference games. The Big Ten teams won two of the non-conference games, giving the conference a 13–8 record in non-conference games.

_Michigan 35, Navy 0_. Michigan (ranked No. 2 in the AP Poll) defeated Navy, 35–0, in front of a sellout crowd of 85,938 at Michigan Stadium. Michigan scored in the first quarter on a one-yard run by Chuck Ortmann. Tom Peterson extended Michigan's lead with a touchdown run in the second quarter. Michigan added two touchdowns in the third quarter on a run by Wally Teninga and an 18-yard touchdown pass from Bob Van Summern to Dick Rifenburg. The final touchdown came in the fourth quarter on a 60-yard touchdown pass from Ortmann to Rifenburg. Michigan outgained Navy on the ground 231 yards to 73 yards. Michigan's defense allowed only 119 yards of total offense (73 rushing yards and 46 passing yards), recovered three Navy fumbles and intercepted two passes, one by Dick Kempthorn and the other by Dan Dworsky. With the game in hand, Oosterbaan played the reserves, reportedly placing 44 players into the game.[56][57]

_Northwestern 16, Wisconsin 7_. Northwestern (ranked No. 10 in the AP Poll) defeated Wisconsin, 16-7, before a homecoming crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. Northwestern led 2-0 at halftime, as the only points of the half came on a safety. Northwestern then added two touchdowns in the third quarter.[58]

_Minnesota 34, Purdue 7_. Minnesota (ranked No. 19 in the AP Poll) defeated Purdue, 34-7, in 45 degree weather in Minneapolis. The game drew a crowd of 66,953, the largest ever at Memorial Stadium up to that time.[59]

_Illinois 14, Iowa 0_. Illinois shut out Iowa, 14-0, before a crowd of 41,502 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Mumey Lazier returned a punt 56 yards for a touchdown in the second quarter.[60]

_Ohio State 41, Pittsburgh 0_. Ohio State shut out Pittsburgh, 41-0, before a crowd of 68,966 at Ohio Stadium in Columbus.[61]

_Notre Dame 42, Indiana 6_. Indiana lost to Notre Dame, 42-6, at Memorial Stadium in Bloomington, Indiana.[62]

November 13

On November 13, 1948, the Big Nine schools played three conference games and three non-conference games. The Big Ten teams lost two of the non-conference games, giving the conference a 14–10 record in non-conference games.

_Michigan 54, Indiana 0_. Michigan (ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll) defeated Indiana, 54–0, at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor. Michigan gained 435 yards of total offense, and held Indiana to 159 yards.[63] In its account of the game, the 1949 _Michiganensian_ quipped, “Every man on the Michigan bench got into the ball game, and some spectators claimed that it was Hank Hatch, the equipment manager, who tallied the last Wolverine touchdown.”[64]

_Notre Dame 12, Northwestern 7_. Northwestern (ranked No. 8 in the AP Poll) lost to Notre Dame (ranked No. 2 in the AP Poll), 12-7, before a crowd of 59,305 at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend. Northeastern led, 7-6, six minutes into the fourth quarter, but Notre Dame rallied to extend its winning streak to 20 games.[65]

_Minnesota 28, Iowa 21_. In the annual battle for the Floyd of Rosedale trophy, Minnesota (ranked No. 14 in the AP Poll) defeated Iowa, 28-21, before a crowd of 44,000 at Iowa Stadium in Iowa City.[66]

_Ohio State 34, Illinois 7_. Ohio State defeated Illinois, 34-7, before a homecoming crowd of 65,732 at Memorial Stadium in Champaign, Illinois. Ohio State gained 449 yards to 120 yards for Illinois.[67]

_Wisconsin 26, Marquette 0_. Wisconsin shut out Marquette, 26-0, before a crowd of 43,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison, Wisconsin. Wally Dreyer was the star for Wisconsin.[68]

_Pittsburgh 20, Purdue 13_. Purdue lost to Pittsburgh, 20-13, before a crowd of 30,000 at Ross–Ade Stadium in West Lafayette. Pittsburgh halfback Jimmy Joe Robinson returned a kickoff 100 yards.[69]

November 20

In the final week of the season, the Big Nine football teams played four conference games and one non-conference game. The conference game resulted in a victory, leaving the Big Nine with a 15–10 record in non-conference games.

_Michigan 13, Ohio State 3_. In the annual Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry game, Michigan (ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll) defeated Ohio State, 13–3, at Ohio Stadium in Columbus. The game was played in front of a crowd of 82,754 spectators – the second largest crowd in Ohio Stadium history up to that time. Although Michigan was favored by 14 points, Ohio State dominated the line of scrimmage in the first half, allowing only three first downs by Michigan, one of which came on a penalty. Ohio State took a 3–0 lead in the first quarter on a 26-yard field goal by Jim Hague. The kick followed a fumble recovery by Jack Lininger after an errant lateral by Chuck Ortmann. Michigan took the lead in the second quarter on a 92-yard drive culminating with a 44-yard touchdown pass from Ortmann to Harry Allis. In the fourth quarter, Michigan drove 62 yards for a second touchdown led by the passing of Wally Teninga and Pete Elliott. The touchdown was scored by fullback Tom Peterson. Allis converted the first extra point, but missed on the second. Ohio State outgained Michigan on the ground 130 yards to 54, but Michigan outgained Ohio State in the air 116 yards to 73.[70][71]

_Northwestern 20, Illinois 7_. In the annual Illinois–Northwestern football rivalry game, Northwestern (ranked No. 7 in the AP Poll) defeated Illinois, 20–7, before a crowd of 48,000 at Dyche Stadium in Evanston. With the victory, Northwestern clinched a berth in the 1949 Rose Bowl. After the game, Northwestern's players lifted their coach Bob Voigts to their shoulders and carried him from the field.[72]

_Minnesota 16, Wisconsin 0_. In the annual Minnesota–Wisconsin football rivalry game, Minnesota (ranked No. 15 in the AP Poll) defeated Wisconsin, 16–0, before a crowd of 45,000 at Camp Randall Stadium in Madison. Minnesota exceeded Wisconsin in total yards by a tally of 425 to 88. The Golden Gophers concluded their season with only two losses, against No. 1 Michigan and No. 7 Northwestern.[73]

_Purdue 39, Indiana 0_. In the annual Old Oaken Bucket rivalry game, Purdue defeated Indiana, 39–0, in West Lafayette. The 39-point margin of victory was the largest in the history of the rivalry.[74]

_Iowa 34, Boston University 14_. Iowa defeated the Boston University Terriers, 34–14, on a muddy field at Fenway Park in Boston. Boston University led 14-7 at halftime, but the Hawkeyes scored 27 unanswered points in the second half led by the passing combination of Al DiMarco to Jack Dittmer.[75]

Post-season

On December 11, 1948, four days before a student referendum on whether he should keep his job, and in the face of “Goodbye Harry” signs, Harry Stuhldreher resigned as Wisconsin's head football coach, though he retained his job as athletic director.[76]

1949 Rose Bowl

Under Big Nine Conference rules, the conference champion played in the Rose Bowl, except that there was a further rule providing that the same team could not participate in the Rose Bowl two years in a row. Accordingly, Northwestern, which finished in second place, received the Big Nine's bid to play in the Rose Bowl.

In the 1949 Rose Bowl, Northwestern faced an undefeated 1948 California Golden Bears football team that was ranked No. 4 in the final AP Poll. Northwestern upset California, 20 to 14. The Wildcats opened the scoring in the first quarter with a 73-yard touchdown run by Frank Aschenbrenner, the longest gain from scrimmage in Rose Bowl history up to that time. California then tied the score on a 67-yard run by Jackie Jensen. Art Murakowski scored Northwestern's second touchdown (extra point missed) to give Northwestern a 13 to 7 lead at halftime. California took a 14 to 13 lead in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter, Northwestern halfback Ed Tunnicliff took a direct snap from center and ran 42 yards for the winning touchdown.[77]

All-conference players

In 1948, All-Big Nine football teams were selected by the Associated Press (AP), United Press (UP), and International News Service (INS). The following players were selected to the first team by at least one of those selectors:[78][79][80][81]

  Position      Name                Team           Selectors
  ------------- ------------------- -------------- -------------
  End           Dick Rifenburg      Michigan       AP, INS, UP
  End           Bud Grant           Minnesota      AP, INS, UP
  Tackle        Alvin Wistert       Michigan       AP, INS, UP
  Tackle        Bill Kay            Iowa           AP, UP
  Tackle        Phil O'Reilly       Purdue         INS
  Guard         Dominic Tomasi      Michigan       AP, INS, UP
  Guard         Leo Nomellini       Minnesota      AP, INS, UP
  |Center       Alex Sarkisian      Northwestern   AP, INS, UP
  Quarterback   Pete Elliott        Michigan       AP, INS, UP
  Halfback      Harry Szulborski    Purdue         AP, INS, UP
  Halfback      George Taliaferro   Indiana        AP, INS, UP
  Fullback      Art Murakowski      Northwestern   AP, INS, UP

All-Americans

Three Big Nine players were recognized as consensus first-team players on the 1948 College Football All-America Team. They are:

  Position   Name             Team        Selectors
  ---------- ---------------- ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------
  End        Dick Rifenberg   Michigan    AP, FWAA, INS, NEA, TSN, UP, CP, Look, NYS, WCFF
  Tackle     Leo Nomellini    Minnesota   AFCA, AP, FWAA, INS, NEA, TSN, UP, CP, Look, CT, NYS, WCFF
  Tackle     Al Wistert       Michigan    AFCA, UP, CP, TSN, CT, WCFF

Other Big Nine players receiving first-team honors from at least one selector were:

  Position   Name                Team           Selectors
  ---------- ------------------- -------------- -----------
  Center     Alex Sarkisian      Northwestern   INS, NYS
  |Back      Art Murakowski      Northwestern   AP
  Back       Pete Elliott        Michigan       INS
  Back       George Taliaferro   Indiana        INS

1949 NFL Draft

The following Big Nine players were selected among the first 100 picks in the 1949 NFL Draft:[82]
{| class=“sortable wikitable” |- !width=“100”|Name !width=“100”|Position !width=“100”|Team !width=“25”|Round !width=“25”|Overall pick |- align=“left” bgcolor="" |- |Bob DeMoss||Back||Purdue||2||13 |- |Dan Dworsky||Center||Michigan||2||15 |- |Bill Kay||Tackle||Iowa||4||35 |- |Bill Bendrick||Back||Wisconsin||4||39 |- |John Goldsberry||Tackle||Indiana||4||40 |- |Abe Gibron||Guard||Purdue||6||55 |- |Jerry Krall||Back||Ohio State||6||59 |- |Everett Faunce||Back||Minnesota||9||83 |- |Joe Soboleski||Guard||Michigan||9||86 |- |Ed McNeil||End||Michigan||9||88 |- |George Buksar||Back||Purdue||10||94 |}

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[12] 1949 Michiganensian, p. 104.

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[26] 1949 Michiganensian, p. 105.

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[30] 1949 Michiganensian, Purdue game summary, p. 106.

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[37] 1949 Michiganensian, Northwestern game summary, p. 107.

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[44] 1949 Michiganensian game summary, p. 108.

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[51] 1949 Michiganensian game summary, p. 109.

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[64] 1949 Michiganensian, Indiana game summary, p. 110.

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[71] 1949 Michiganensian, Ohio State game summary, p. 111.

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title: 1948 Big Nine Conference football season

question: Which season of college football was the 1948 Big Nine Conference?

answer: The 53rd.

question: Who finished in second place?

answer: Northwestern.

question: Who was the Big Nine Champion?

answer: Michigan.

question: Who finished in third place?

answer: Minnesota.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The 1948 Big Nine Conference football season was the 53rd season of college football played by the member schools of the Big Nine Conference (also known as the Western Conference and the Big Ten Conference) and was a part of the 1948 college football season. The 1948 Big Nine champion was Michigan.


split: train

text:
**This is obviously not the best written piece, but I kept it unedited to preserve the story.**

English III

5-28-08

It was late May and the 2012-2013 school year was coming to an end. There were two weeks left of school. So far today everything was going fine. As students were half way through the last period they seemed restless. A tall adolescent entered the building at exactly 3:04pm. He had no backpack or any other school-related school supplies except for a big fluffy jacket. Underneath the jacket he had one automatic machine gun and two pistols.

If someone would have spotted this figure wearing a jacket in the summer they might suspect something. The staff was obviously oblivious. They also might have identified him as Jake Stevens. Even if they had tried to stop him it wouldn't have mattered. Jake had made up his mind. He circled the hallways wasting time waiting for school to let out. At 3:59pm he positioned himself at the end of a hallway. One minute later the bell rang and all the students came out of their classrooms. A boy and a girl holding hands exited the doorway to his right. Jake fired a spray of bullets at them hitting them both in the back. Screams went out through the hall almost simultaneously. Panicked students ran away from the shooter. Jake fired a continuous clip into the crowd hitting random targets. Jake heard the ringing of the fire alarm going off all throughout the school. Jake quickly reloaded as though he'd been practicing. Bodies littered the floor in front of him. He started walking slowly down the hallway. To the right he caught the glimpse of someone hurriedly entering the boy's bathroom. Jake swiftly turned and went into the bathroom. As he looked at the bottom of the stalls he noticed someone lifting their feet up. Jake stood still in front of that stall. "Dear God" is all Jake heard before he fired a burst through the door. Blood instantly started seeping onto the floor and Jake saw a body slump down to the ground. Jake left the bathroom and turned down the hall towards the library. When Jake went in to the library he viciously shot three people taking refuge behind a bookshelf to his left.
"Put the gun down and give up!"

It was the last period of the day and freshman Leroy Stevens was eager to get out of his AP physics class. Two minutes until the bell rang the class lined up at the door. Leroy found himself at the back of the line. When the bell rang students began rushing out of the door. Leroy heard screams and the sound of fireworks going off. "Some idiot is letting of fireworks in a high school?" Leroy thought to himself. The fire alarm soon followed the firework noise along with continuous screaming. "Oh great, now there is a fire. I have to check this out." Leroy exited the classroom and started heading towards the commotion. Leroy saw people falling down and blood coming out of them. Shocked, Leroy sprinted into a nearby bathroom. Leroy ran into a stall and began climbing upon the toilet. Leroy heard footsteps coming towards his stall. "Dear God" is all Leroy could say before a barrage of bullets blasted through the door and struck him in the chest. He felt his body go down, but he felt himself going upward. He looked down and saw his whole body motionless, covered in blood.

It was the middle of the day and police sergeant Jeremy Jenkins had just gotten off duty. On his way back to the station he got an unexpected call. "Reported disturbance at Jackson High. Shots fired, repeat, shots fired. All available units please assist immediately. " Jenkins was stunned and took a moment to take in what he had just heard. He flipped on his sirens and sped towards the school reaching his destination in a mere thirty seconds. Jenkins parked his cruiser in the empty street in front of the school. Jenkins hopped out and pulled out his gun. He entered the front doors and saw the shooter go into the library. He rushed towards it and heard a burst of fire go off right before he could get inside. "Put the weapon down and give up!" Jenkins shouted to the boy. The boy had an automatic machine gun in his right hand. He threw it aside and put his hands on top of his head. Before Jenkins could get to him though he pulled out a pistol from inside his jacket and fired two shots and Jenkins. Jenkins had dove behind cover before he could be harmed. Jenkins looked out of cover and saw the boy holding a gun to his temple. "Don't do it!" Jenkins yelled but he was too late. The boy pulled the trigger instantly killing him. His body fell upon a bookshelf knocking over several books.
His bloody head came to rest on one single book entitled "Dealing with teen pregnancy"

title: Junior year of High School I wrote this story about a school shooting. If something like this were to happen now I'd surely be punished, but in 2008 I got an A+ for it.

question: What is suspicious about the shooter even before he takes out the guns?

answer: The tall adolescent had no backpack or any other school supplies. He is also wearing a big fluffy jacket in the warm summer months. The reason he needs the jacket is to hide his weapons.

question: What does Leroy think is the source of the unusual noises he hears before leaving his class?

answer: Leroy heard the gunshots and screams. He thinks it is the sound of fireworks going off. When he hears the fire alarm he believes that the fireworks have caused a fire, he thinks that the screaming is a result of the fire.

question: Who is killed in the standoff between Jake and Jeremy Jenkins?

answer: It is not immediately clear from the story which of the two is actually killed but it is likely that the boy killed himself. Jenkins was looking out from cover which he had found so it is unlikely that Jake could be pointing the pistol at his head. Also Jenkins says "Don't do it" which doesn't sound like a plea for his own life.

question: Why does Jake want to kill the kids at school?


text:
I believe you may be sick in the head. There’s nothing wrong with that, don’t panic, because I know just the cure you need. Relax and breathe and try to stay calm, there has been millions like you, and we have done this millions of times before.

You’ve been having strange thoughts lately, thoughts that no normal person would ever dream up. So I know that you are sick in the head, don’t worry, because I have the cure.

Perhaps you don’t even think you are sick in the head, but trust me, I’m a certified professional, and you are as fucked up as they come. Please just take this pill.

The medicine doesn’t seem to be working; we may have to put you on something stronger. Would you like to know the chemical you are ingesting? I don’t think that would be to your benefit. Besides, it’s not like you can even understand any of the things I’m going to tell you. All you need to know is that you are sick in the head.

Sometimes no medicine can fix the ailment, in fact, think of it as more of a physical deformity of the brain. Something didn’t grow right and now all the wiring is off, but a quick poke here and a quick cut there should fix everything up. If you don’t think that you are sick in the head it’s only because you are sick in the head, relax and breathe because this will all be over soon.

The surgery was a success! Tell me, do you still have unnatural thoughts and feelings? What do you think of your fellow man or authority or the government that takes such great care of you? Answer truthfully and promptly because I have reason to believe that you may be sick in the head.

title: Sick in the head (305 words)

question: Why does the narrator believe "you" may be sick in the head?

answer: Because "you" have been having strange thoughts that no normal person would have.

question: In what ways does the narrator attempt to cure the sickness?

answer: They first administer medicine via a pill. They then decide to perform surgery.

question: Describe the aftermath of the surgery.

answer: The aftermath of the surgery isn't described.

question: How does the narrator describe the condition that "you" have?

answer: They believe that it is a physical deformity of the brain.

question: Explain the twist ending.

answer: It is implied that the narrator has really been attempting to brainwash you into thinking positively about the government and authority figures.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator informs "you" that you have some sort of mental disorder that makes you have sick thoughts that no one else has. They attempt to treat the disorder first with medicine and then with surgery, claiming the disorder is the result of a deformity of the brain. They announce that the surgery was a success and then ask what you think about the government.


text:
[Wigan v Derby]

Derby County scored three times in the opening 29 minutes to beat Wigan Athletic and move up to fifth position in the Championship.

Scotland international midfielder Craig Bryson powered home a 20-yard free kick early on before Tottenham loanee Simon Dawkins pounced on a defensive error.

Steve McClaren's side sealed the win when Chris Martin converted a penalty after he was fouled by James McClean.

Nick Powell's header reduced the deficit but Derby claimed the victory.

The Latics have now lost three consecutive games including a 2-1 defeat to SV Zulte Waregem in the Europa League on Thursday.

Wigan were never in this contest as confident Derby took the game to the hosts from the off and were rewarded when Bryson's superbly-placed set piece beat Lee Nicholls.

The Wigan keeper picked the ball out of his own net again 12 minutes later when Dawkins collected a loose ball from Ben Watson's error before finishing well.

Richard Keogh headed wide from another Bryson free kick for Derby, who continued to dominate, before Martin's ninth goal of the season put the league's top scorers further in front.

Wigan could have reduced the arrears moments before the break when Stephen Crainey's free kick came back off the crossbar.

But after being jeered off at half-time and bringing on Grant Holt and Roger Espinoza, Wigan improved in the second 45 minutes.

They scored immediately through Powell's header, his sixth goal of the campaign, from Emmerson's Boyce cross and had numerous chances to set up a grandstand finish.

Jake Buxton sliced a clearance against his own bar from Holt's cross before Lee Grant made a fine save to keep out on-loan Manchester United midfielder Powell's volley.

WIGAN MANAGER OWEN COYLE ON THE CLUB'S FANS:

"The expectation can only come from being in the Premier League because it's not as if Wigan Athletic have been winning games every week for four or five years, far from it.

"If people want to be ultra critical that's the nature of football these days. I'm old enough to deal with that. If they think there's something better that's all well and good."

DERBY HEAD COACH STEVE MCCLAREN:

"I've played many Sunday games after Europe and they are so hard.

"Normally you play the first half to get to the second half, that's what we call it. So we said we have to play a high tempo first half, squeeze, press, and the team did that.

"I think we took Wigan by surprise and the goals were terrific, the football was terrific and we controlled the game from start to finish."

-   Line-ups
-   Match Stats
-   Live Text

Line-ups

Wigan

-   13Nicholls
-   17Boyce
-   3Crainey
-   16McArthur_Booked at 74mins_
-   21Ramis
-   25Barnett
-   11McClean_Booked at 45mins_
-   8Watson_Booked at 33mins_
    Substituted forEspinozaat 45'minutes
-   19Powell_Booked at 2mins_
-   31Keane
    Substituted forHoltat 45'minutes
-   15McManaman
    Substituted forFortunéat 84'minutes

Substitutes

-   1Carson
-   4Shotton
-   7McCann
-   9Holt
-   14Gómez García-Penche
-   18Espinoza
-   32Fortuné

Derby

-   1Grant_Booked at 90mins_
-   33Wisdom
-   3Forsyth
-   14Eustace_Booked at 58mins_
    Substituted forHendrickat 62'minutes
-   6Keogh
-   25Buxton
-   4Bryson
-   19Hughes
    Substituted forCisséat 85'minutes
-   9Martin
-   32Dawkins_Booked at 60mins_
-   11Russell
    Substituted forBennettat 58'minutes

Substitutes

-   8Hendrick
-   16Davies
-   18Sammon
-   20Bennett
-   26Legzdins
-   34Cissé
-   35Keane

Referee:
    David Coote

Attendance:
    15,097

Live Text

1.  Match ends, Wigan Athletic 1, Derby County 3.

2.  Second Half ends, Wigan Athletic 1, Derby County 3.

3.  Offside, Wigan Athletic. Roger Espinoza tries a through ball, but Grant Holt is caught offside.

4.  Attempt saved. Grant Holt (Wigan Athletic) with an attempt from the left side of the six yard box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Nick Powell with a cross.

5.  Roger Espinoza (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.

6.  Foul by Jeff Hendrick (Derby County).

7.  Attempt saved. Leon Barnett (Wigan Athletic) header from the centre of the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Stephen Crainey with a cross.

8.  Attempt missed. Grant Holt (Wigan Athletic) right footed shot from the centre of the box is too high. Assisted by James McArthur.

9.  Leon Barnett (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.

10. Foul by Simon Dawkins (Derby County).

11. Attempt missed. Nick Powell (Wigan Athletic) header from the centre of the box is close, but misses to the left. Assisted by Stephen Crainey following a set piece situation.

12. Grant Holt (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick in the attacking half.

13. Foul by Kalifa Cissé (Derby County).

14. Attempt missed. Chris Martin (Derby County) left footed shot from the left side of the box is just a bit too high. Assisted by Jeff Hendrick.

15. Foul by Leon Barnett (Wigan Athletic).

16. Chris Martin (Derby County) wins a free kick in the attacking half.

17. Attempt saved. Leon Barnett (Wigan Athletic) left footed shot from outside the box is saved in the centre of the goal. Assisted by Stephen Crainey.

18. Grant Holt (Wigan Athletic) wins a free kick in the defensive half.

19. Foul by Craig Forsyth (Derby County).

20. Substitution, Derby County. Kalifa Cissé replaces Will Hughes.

question: How many minutes did it take for Derby County to score their first three goals?

answer: It took 29 minutes.

question: What kind of goal was the first?

answer: A header.

question: How many consecutive games has Wigan Athletic lost after their latest defeat to Derby County?

answer: Three consecutive games.

question: How many substitutions did Derby County make during the match?

answer: Three substitutions.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer:
Derby County scored three goals within the space of 29 minutes before Wigan Athletic clawed one back. The match ended 3-1 in favor of Derby County.

This will be the third consecutive loss for Wigan Athletic as its manager, Owen Coyle, faces discontent from the stands.


text:
_THE SUMMER QUEEN_ is a 1991 science fiction/fantasy novel by Joan D. Vinge, the sequel to The Snow Queen. It was nominated for the 1991 Hugo Award for Best Novel[1] and Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.[2]

Moon Dawntrader, a clone of the former Snow Queen, has become the Summer Queen on the planet of Tiamat. She must now endeavour to introduce technology to the Luddite Summers while keeping the mers safe from extinction. Their demise would bring about nothing less than the collapse of the empire's biggest kept galactic secret.

Plot Summary

Moon Dawntreader Summer, the Summer Queen of the planet Tiamat, struggles to unite the population under her rule. Moon must convince the Tiamatians to rebuild a technologically advanced society from scratch before the return of the Hegemony in 150 years.

Reede Kullervo is a biotechnologist and a member of a secret society called The Brotherhood. He is also an expert in the Old Empire’s technology, but he has been unable to successfully recreate the water of life. Kullervo befriends BZ Gunhalinu, then betrays him and steals the faster than light stardrive they created together. Kullervo is kidnapped and enslaved by the Source, a high-level Brotherhood operative.

Gundhalinu returns to Tiamat as the new Chief Justice and head of the Hegemonic government. Kullervo also arrives on Tiamat, where he meets Ariele Dawntreader, Moon’s daughter. He realizes he can speak to the mers. Ariele and Kullervo begin a romantic relationship. Tammis Dawntreader, Moon’s son, becomes a sibyl. He marries a woman while simultaneously struggling to accept his own bisexuality, which is forbidden among the Summer clans. Sparks learns that Ariele and Tammis were actually fathered by Gundhalinu. Betrayed, he joins the Brotherhood. Moon and Gundhalinu reestablish their romantic relationship.

The Source kidnaps Ariele and Kullervo to blackmail Moon. Sparks rejects the Brotherhood and stages a rescue. Gundhalinu attempts to stop the mer hunts and is arrested for treason. Moon discovers the purpose of the mers: they are meant to maintain the sibyl network. Mer hunting has driven them to the brink of extinction, placing the network in danger.

Kullervo learns that he has access to the recorded memories of Vanamoinen, the creator of the sibyl network. The network had orchestrated Vanamoinen’s return in the event that the integrity of the network was ever threatened. Kullervo and Tammis repair the sibyl net, though Tammis is killed in the attempt. Moon is granted knowledge of the coordinates of other Old Empire planets. She offers to share this information with the Hegemony if the mer hunts cease. In her interaction with the network, she loses her sibyl-hood. Gundhalinu is released from prison and restored to his position as Chief Justice. Kullervo and Ariele start a new life together on Tiamat. Sparks leaves Tiamat with Kullervo’s former crew.

Reception

Kirkus Reviews called the book “absorbing and satisfying”, praising its new ideas, in contrast to the prequel's reliance on literary allusions. However, the review also called the novel “overcomplicated” with “flabby patches”.[3]

The novel was nominated for the 1992 Hugo Award for Best Novel[4] and 1992 Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.[5]

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title: The Summer Queen

question: What is "The Summer Queen"?

answer: a 1991 science fiction/fantasy novel, the sequel to "The Snow Queen".

question: Who is the novel by?

answer: By Joan D. Vinge

question: What was the novel nominated for?

answer: For the 1991 Hugo Award for Best Novel and Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel.

question: Summarize the plot of the novel.

answer: Moon Dawntreader, the Summer Queen of the planet Tiamat, struggles to unite the population under her rule. She must convince the Tiamatians to rebuild a technologically advanced society from scratch before the return of the Hegemony in 150 years.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: "The Summer Queen" is a 1991 science fiction/fantasy novel and the sequel to "The Snow Queen". It has been nominated for the 1991 'Hugo Award' for Best Novel and 'Locus Award' for Best Science Fiction Novel.


text:
E3 2013 is almost here, and with it comes an entirely new generation of consoles, games - and much, much more. But of everything we think and know is coming, what has us excited? Though publishers and developers are still working on confirming and discussing what will be coming to E3 2013, in the IGN offices we're still chatting about what we hope we'll see and play from June 11 to June 13.Just to be clear, we don't entirely know every single game that we're going to discuss will definitely be at the show. Some of them will. Some won't. Some games that ought to have a presence won't make it. Regardless, we're hopeful we see all of this and plenty more that we don't expect.
Are you ready to take a tour through the madness that is E3 2013? Join us as we walk through 30 of the biggest games we want to see at E3 - two per day over the span of 15 days. And tune in as our coverage fires up on June 10 - and perhaps even in these final days and weeks leading up to the event.

[]
LAST UPDATED: SUNDAY - JUNE 9, 2013

[]
PUBLISHER: Sony
DEVELOPER: Studio Japan

PLATFORMS: PlayStation 4

RELEASE DATE: Unknown

Out of the four first-party games showed off at PlayStation 4’s reveal event back in February, Knack might seem like the least interesting. But in fact, it has the potential to be a truly different sort of game. It’s clearly not just another shooter, another sandbox game, another racing game. Plus, it has a sort of special quality to it. After all, it’s the very first game the world saw confirmed to be running on a next-gen console.

Knack comes by way of Studio Japan, the massive Sony-owned development house in Tokyo that’s broken into so many different teams, it’s hard to keep up with. Mark Cerny himself, famous game designer and mastermind behind PlayStation 4, is cultivating Knack, and it seems to have a cartoony quality to it, almost like Ratchet & Clank or Jak & Daxter. Heck, we even know it can be played on Vita, too, via PS4’s remote play component.

But compared to DriveClub, Infamous: Second Son or Killzone: Shadow Fall, Knack is also the first-party PS4 game we know the least about, and it’s perhaps the PS4 title we most need to play at E3 to truly get an understanding of just what it’s all about.

_-Colin Moriarty_
[]
PUBLISHER: Namco Bandai

DEVELOPER: From Software

PLATFORMS: 360, PS3, PC

RELEASE DATE: March 2013

__The original Dark Souls was pretty much everything I wanted in a video game. It’s a smart, gorgeous, and punishingly difficult experience that rewards the player for taking the time to learn its specific grammar. Like the grueling 8-bit adventures of my childhood, Dark Souls managed to capture that enigmatic concoction that made me fall in love with the medium in the first place.

Well, after getting my hands on a brief dungeon of Dark Souls II, I’m happy to report that the sequel builds upon that incredibly foundation and seems primed to deliver one of this generation’s premiere swansongs. I played through the demo a few weeks ago and stood up against the terrifyingly impressive Mirror Knight that resided at its end, and honestly, I can’t wait to do it again at E3.

_-Marty Sliva_
[]
PUBLISHER: Capcom

DEVELOPER: WayForward

PLATFORMS: Wii U, PS3, Xbox 360, PC

RELEASE DATE: TBA

Anyone who’s been gaming since the ‘80s or ‘90s is likely highly nostalgic for DuckTales – not only the cartoon (woohoo!), but also the awesome NES game that accompanied it. And this summer the hopes and dreams you probably didn’t even know you harbored will finally be answered when a remastered version of this retro classic makes its way to Wii U, PS3, Xbox 360 and PC. The game features all the old voice talent from the cartoon, as well as hand-drawn and fully animated sprites and online leaderboards. From what we’ve seen, it looks pretty ducking incredible.

DuckTales is a game that everyone in the office has ridiculously fond memories for – so much so that when the remake was first announced, the theme song haunted the IGN halls for weeks after. As such, we absolutely can’t wait to spend more time with Scrooge McDuck’s epic return.

-_Audrey Drake_
[]
PUBLISHER: Ubisoft

DEVELOPER: Ubisoft Montpellier

PLATFORMS: Wii U, PS3, Xbox 360, PlayStation Vita

RELEASE DATE: September 3, 2013

Everytime Ubisoft shows off something new from Rayman Legends, my anticipation for the game grows. What started out as a simple sequel to 2011's gorgeous Rayman Origins has transformed into something else entirely. There's more creativity on display in a single stage of Legends than exists in most games nowadays. But the thing that has me the most hyped about Ubisoft's next venture into platforming stems from the musical stages that we've seen so far.

For those who don't know, Legends is peppered with level that are built around some of the most iconic songs imaginable. Most recently, I had a chance to get my hands on a stage set to the tune of Survivor's '70s classic "Eye of the Tiger." But unlike the version heard in Rocky, Rayman's had a decidedly-Mexican spin to it. The cover was rife with acoustic guitars, an intense bass-line, and enough Day of the Dead imagery to make Manny from Grim Fandango take notice. Knowing that the better I performed meant the better the song would sound made me want to completely perfect the challenge.

The game is undeniably gorgeous, the platforming is better than ever, and the musical stages are truly a revelation. I would’ve been just fine with more of the same that existed in 2011’s Origins, but the smart additions here have me 100% on-board with Rayman Legends. Now Ubisoft just has to go ahead and release the damn thing...

_-Marty Sliva_
[]
PUBLISHER: Activision

DEVELOPER: Bungie

RELEASE DATE: TBD 2014

PLATFORMS: Xbox One, PS4, Xbox 360, PS3

Bungie revolutionized console shooters once with Halo. Hype for its follow-up franchise Destiny is already through the roof, but E3 2013 will be our first real opportunity to see the game in action and find out just how groundbreaking all of Destiny’s fresh ideas are in practice. We know the game is an always-on “massively multiplayer” shooter. We know it’s a seamless single-player/multiplayer experience. We know the giant moon-sized object hovering close above the earth is The Traveler. But what does all this mean in practice? E3 will finally be our opportunity to find out. And that has me incredibly excited.

E3 is at its best when its exhibitors show us ideas that are NEW. The bigger and more audacious, the better. And Destiny is about as big an audacious as they come. It’s gaming’s biggest publisher funding one of the industry’s most renowned developers. All in an effort to create an epic story that takes full advantage of modern online technologies. Moments like the Destiny gameplay reveal, scheduled for June 10 at Sony’s press conference, are what E3 is all about!
_-Justin Davis_
[]
PUBLISHER: Square Enix

DEVELOPER: Eidos Montreal

RELEASE DATE: TBD 2014

PLATFORMS: Xbox One, PlayStation 4, PC

I would challenge anyone to name a better stealth game – _ever_ – than Thief II. It blended atmosphere, believable AI, a compelling and likeable anti-hero, huge open-ended missions, and of course pure stealth gameplay with a brilliant assortment of weapons and items. And it did all that in 2000 without the benefit of stealth-aiding tech like dynamic lighting.

Fast-forward to 2014 and Thief is set to return, rebooted and packing next-gen heat. The player’s avatar, Garrett, no longer has a mechanical eye, but he does have a Batman: Arkham Asylum Detective Mode-style vision ability. Fortunately for us series and stealth purists, it can be turned off. Meanwhile, the rest of the gameplay is absolutely hardcore. If you’re spotted, you’re usually screwed. Patience and remaining in the shadows are key, while thievery itself makes for compelling main and bonus objectives that should ensure that you never rush through a mission.

And while the original games’ developers from now-defunct Looking Glass Studios (including luminaries like Warren Spector, Doug Church, and Ken Levine) have long since scattered to the wind, the series is in good hands with Eidos Monteal, who’s earned our trust and respect after 2011’s glorious Deus Ex reboot.

_-Ryan McCaffrey_

[]
PUBLISHER: Nintendo

DEVELOPER: Nintendo

RELEASE DATE: Holiday 2013

PLATFORMS: 3DS

It’s not too often that a modern sequel gets announced to one of the greatest games of all time – but that’s exactly what Nintendo is doing with its 3DS follow-up to the SNES masterpiece The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past. The game was revealed during April’s 3DS showcase and accompanying Nintendo Direct, and based on our short demo, The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past 2 seems on track to capture the magic of one of Link’s most beloved adventures. The 2D sprite art has been reworked into fully 3D models, though from what we’ve seen it still calls to mind that distinct ALttP look, from the character models right down to the brightly colored world.

One feature we’re excited to learn more about is the new ability that allows Link to turn into a painting and slide along the wall. This allows him to explore dungeons in whole new ways, and will hopefully allow for some unique puzzle opportunities. Otherwise, we hope to hear more about a few additional details that have trickled out since the game’s reveal, including the fact that the game takes place sometime after the original and that it will feature a Dark World.

_-Audrey Drake_
[]
PUBLISHER: Sony

DEVELOPER: Sucker Punch

PLATFORMS: PlayStation 4

RELEASE DATE: TBA

Back in 2009, the original Infamous snuck up on PlayStation gamers. We simply didn’t know what to expect from it. We understood the top-notch pedigree of the studio that created the game – Sucker Punch is well-known for the Sly Cooper trilogy on PlayStation 2 – but Infamous seemed like a bit of a deviation from Sly. It’s an open-world game where players take control of a superhero. Would it be any good?

The answer was a resounding "yes." Infamous was a hit with the PlayStation community, enough so that it garnered a sequel in 2011. And PS4 will get the third Infamous game, one known as Infamous: Second Son. It takes place several years after the events of Infamous 2, puts players in the role of an all-new protagonist named Delsin Rowe, and gives gamers access to a slew of new powers and a brand new city – Seattle, Washington – to explore.

Killzone: Shadow Fall is getting a lot of the attention as far as first-party PS4 games are concerned, but Second Son may just be the more exciting product. Sucker Punch really came into its own with Infamous 2, and as it brings the series onto Sony’s new console, the studio can bring with it everything it learned to make an open-world sandbox game even mightier than Infamous and Infamous 2.

-_Colin Moriarty_
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PUBLISHER: EA

DEVELOPER: DICE

RELEASE DATE: October 29, 2013 (Next-Gen TBD)

PLATFORMS: PC, PS3, PS4, Xbox 360, Xbox One

As the first game to use the Frostbite 3 Engine, we’re most curious to just see what Battlefield 4 is going to look like from start to finish. The impressive tech powering DICE’s latest shooter has been convincing so far, but the multiplayer variable remains: With rumors of the Commander feature returning, the best thing about Battlefield 2’s strategic, team-centric competition joins the next step for Battlefield 3’s superb head-to-head. But what implications will it have in a genre that has seen massive evolution since the feature’s introduction? It should be exciting to see how DICE modernizes the best thing it left behind after Battlefield 2142. Look for a ton of footage on IGN – we’ll be capturing plenty of direct-feed PC footage and digging into it with commentaries after the show.

With any luck, the next-generation hardware and future of Frostbite will enable some seriously messy destruction, too. Let’s just hope the campaign is better than last time, though. Yikes.

_- Mitch Dyer_
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PUBLISHER: EA

DEVELOPER: BioWare

PLATFORMS: PC, Xbox 360, PS3, Probably Next-Gen

RELEASE DATE: TBA

General text: BioWare knows it has some fans to win back after Dragon Age II proved divisive. It’s encouraging that what little has been said thus far about the sequel, Dragon Age III: Inquisition, seems to address many of the biggest complaints. We’ve been promised a dramatically bigger world (where one level is larger than all of Dragon Age II), a party of characters that are more customizable than those in Dragon Age: Origins, and even an entire castle to call our own. All of this will be built on DICE’s Frostbite 2 engine, which can definitely make games look fantastic when used to its full potential – and if rumors prove true, Dragon Age III will have the power of the next-gen consoles to drive it. The one downer we’ve heard so far is that we’ll again be limited to a human main character, as opposed to Origins’ multi-racial options.

So the big question for E3 is how much will BioWare show, and can it live up to the expectations it’s created with all those lofty promises?

_- Dan Stapleton_
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PUBLISHER: Bethesda

DEVELOPER: Machine Games

PLATFORMS: PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, “Next-Generation Consoles”

RELEASE DATE: Q4 2013

I’m not totally sold on Wolfenstein yet, but I’m glad it exists. B.J. Blazkowicz is a character that’s impossible for any of us to take seriously – he’s a badass, to be certain, but this is the man who lives in the world of robot Hitler, steals Nazi gold, and eats chicken off the floor.

As such, Wolfenstein: The New Order draws on that wacky slant in its otherwise super-serious alternate-future post-WWII Nazi-takeover story. It features lasers, dinosaur robots, and cheesy dialogue that some will no doubt adore. But I wonder about the tone – this is, after all, an ultra-violent, relatively realistic shooter with a hefty amount of drama.

Maybe that’s too much thinking when we’re talking about a game with dual-shotguns as an equipment option. Machine Games appears to understand the core of what makes shooter combat awesome, and if The New Order can keep that up for the whole experience, we’re good to go. Hopefully E3 shows that Wolfenstein really is relevant and rad all these decades later.

_- Mitch Dyer_
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PUBLISHER: Sony

DEVELOPER: Guerrilla Cambridge

PLATFORMS: PlayStation Vita

RELEASE DATE: September 10, 2013

The PlayStation Vita is a promising handheld with a strong game roster, but it’s a roster weighed-down by the corpses of a couple of notable, failed first-person shooters. Resistance: Burning Skies and Call of Duty: Black

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Ops Declassified landed in 2012 with a loud thud, an unfortunate happenstance considering the PS Vita, with its lovely dual analog sticks, is tailor-made for a console shooter experience.
What Vita owners are hoping for with Killzone: Mercenary is that the third time’s a charm. And there’s every reason to be hopeful. Unlike those other two shooters, which were farmed out and obviously rushed, Killzone: Mercenary is under development at a studio Sony owns, the recently rebranded Guerrilla Cambridge. Unlike third parties, which rarely have the kind of access and technical understanding of hardware that first party studios have, Guerrilla Cambridge can take its time with the game and create a product specially designed for Vita, one, by the way, running on the engine for the PS3 shooter Killzone 3.

Killzone: Mercenary may not be the game primed to save Vita, but it is the one that’s designed to prove that shooters can work on handhelds. And it’s absolutely worth keeping it on your radar, during E3 and leading up to its worldwide release this September.

_- Colin Moriarty_

question: What is the main topic of the post?

answer: The IGN offices discuss 30 of the biggest games that will possibly be at the E3 2013 show.

question: How many games are reviewed in this post?

answer: 12

question: When was the post updated?

answer: Sunday, June 9, 2013.

question: When does E3 2103 take place?

answer: June 11-June 13

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The IGN offices discuss 30 of the biggest games that will possibly be at the E3 2013 show. In this post, they review 12 games.


text:
CHACHANA (sometimes spelled Chanchana or Cacana) is a village and former Rajput princely state in Chuda Taluka of Surendranagar district, on the Saurashtra peninsula in Gujarat, India.

History

The petty princely state, comprising only the single village in Jhalawar prant (Eastern Kathiawar), was ruled by Jhala Rajput Chieftains and Bhayad of Limbdi State. It was under Bhoika _thana_.[1]

The population according to the census of 1872 was 783 and according to that of 1881, 782 souls.[2]

In 1901 it had a population of 459, yielding 5,000 Rupees state revenue (1903-4, all from land), paying 318 Rupees tribute to the British.[3]

[1]

[2]

[3]

title: Chachana

question: Why is Chachana no longer a princely state?

answer: Unclear, but this may be related to the broader context around India's independence from Britain and changes in the political system

question: What is the current situation of Chachana?

answer: It is currently a village but the system of rule is unclear.

question: Why is there a difference in population over the years?

answer: This is unmentioned but it may be down to migration or disease

question: What was Chachana's relationship with the broader state in 19th / 20th century?

answer: It paid revenue to the state and tributes to the British

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Chachana is a village and former petty princely state in Chuda Taluka, India. It was formerly ruled by Jhala Rajput Chieftains and Bhayad of Limbdi State, and paid tribute to the state and the British. Its population dropped from 783 in 1872 to 459 in 1901.


text:
Damn. Now I really didn't see this happening. Of all the things to happen at this bland school and this is the shit that happens. Wow. I guess I'm getting a bit carried, let me start from the beginning.
          My school, Jefferson Middle School, is rather boring, nothing really exciting happens here except the occasional girl drama that usally goes like, "Brian likes me! Not you, skany hoe!" And ends in a matter of three days. I'm usually quiet, if you were to call me "popular girl," you would be wrong but calling me a "nerd" wouldn't be right either. I was just sort of there. I had my friends and that's all I needed. That's where this story starts. With my friend, Daniel. Daniel was a pretty intresting boy. All acceralted classes, loved video games and comics, and wasn't bad looking at all. Over the first year of middle school, Daniel and I became pretty close. Hanging out after school and learning about eachother. It was pretty nice. Daniel loved life and he wasn't afraid to show it. If he had something to say, oh would he say it, but he was never disrespectful about it. He was always being a gentlemen. People always said shit about him.
         "Oh! Did you hear about Daniel? I heard he was sucking cock in the bathroom!"
         "Daniel the fag!"
         "Daniel should go burn in fucking hell with all the other fags that enjoy buttsex!" Get the trend here? They kept on saying he was gay, over and over. Through messages on Facebook, notes, or even writing on bathroom walls, which is very cliche. There have been times where I have asked if he was gay and I would get the same answer every time.
          "Do you think I am?" Over and over, he never changed it. Daniel was really proud and he felt as if he shouldn't state if he were gay or not and I really admire that about him. 8th grade started and I assumed that the gay jokes would have gotten old by now, but they didn't. They actual got worse. More people started calling him a "fag, dick-sucker," and spreading rumors that I don't even wanna remember. I noticed a change in Daniel, he wasn't as outgoing, didn't speak his mind, became less quite, less proud. I tried helping him, I really did but it never worked. He seemed to just become more depressed. Those kids never noticed either, they just attacked him more and more, getting more ruthless with each insult. This drama was lasting way more than three days and I wasn't sure what would happen. Shit even got worsed.
          That's when I heard the intercom come on one day during class.
       "Students, I am sad to announce that our student, Daniel Rigsbee, has died yesterday." They didn't tell us how he died, but we all knew. He killed himself. The voice of the principal announcing his death was so fucking emotionless, it made it seem as if Daniel was some character in a movie that died. Everyone was silent. I was filled with anger. Those ruthless bastards did this. They didn't know when to stop. The minute the bell rang, I sprinted to his house asking if it was true was they said today. His father simply nodded and beckoned me in. He said that there was a note left in his room directed to me and "bitches." I walked to his room, feeling as if I was going to puke. I found the note, all directed in rainbows, colors, and smiley faces. It made me sick. I opened the note with nervoness and read.
        "Dear Juno and the son of bitches at school. Let me make this clear. I am not fucking gay. I am as straight as the pole your mom dances on. I should not have to tell people this, it's my life and you shouldn't be butting in. Pun intended. You caused this and I hope you feel great. You did it! You've killed me! I'm not gonna say that this wasn't your guys' fault because fuck that. It totally was. I hope you live with that burden that you killed me for your whole life. Juno, I hope you live a great life and don't cry over me, you didn't cause this. You are amazing and don't let people do what they did to me to you. I would punch their neck. (:
                                            Bye,
                                                  Daniel-Not fucking gay-Rigsbee
        What the fuck? That wasn't sad at all. This was the Daniel that I knew. He killed himself because he was done of the shit. I don't think he felt sorry or anything. I don't even know. As I turned to leave, I found something else. It was another note reading, "I hope this was exciting enough for you, Juno. I am a coward. I wasn't gonna deal with this anymore. They didn't win, remerber that. I won. They get to deal with my death. -Daniel"
         Fucking. Daniel.

title: Uhhmm...Well I'm 13 and I would like to be a writer when I get older so here's one of my short stories. Reviews? Be honest.

question: What's the narrator's name?

answer: Juno.

question: How does the narrator confirm Daniel has killed himself?

answer: His dad confirms it.

question: How did the majority of the school find out about Daniel's committing suicide?

answer: The principal announced he had died, and everyone assumed he had killed himself because he had been bullied.

question: If Daniel wasn't actually gay, why did he kill himself?

answer: Bullying is dangerous and tough to deal with.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator, Juno, witnesses students' relentless bullying of a fellow student named Daniel. They call him gay. Daniel seems unbothered, but one day, the principal announces he has died. Everyone knows it was suicide, and this is confirmed for Juno when they go to Daniel's house and talk to his father. Daniel has left notes explaining his death as sort of revenge. Juno seems to feel a lot about this.