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HENRI DE LA TOUR D'AUVERGNE, VICOMTE DE TURENNE (11 September 161127 July 1675), commonly known as TURENNE, was a French general and one of only six Marshals to have been promoted Marshal General of France. The most illustrious member of the La Tour d'Auvergne family, his military exploits over his five-decade career earned him a reputation as one of the greatest military commanders in modern history.

Born to a Huguenot family, the son of a Marshal of France, he was introduced to the art of war at a young age. He first served as a volunteer in the Dutch States Army under the orders of his maternal uncles Maurice of Nassau and Frederick Henry but later chose to continue his career in the service of France, where his noble origins and proven qualities soon saw him rise to the top of the military hierarchy. He rose to prominence during the Thirty Years' War by capturing the fortress of Breisach in 1638. Promoted Marshal of France in 1643, he invaded Bavaria the following year, defeating the Bavarian army in three years of campaigning and forcing the Elector of Bavaria to make peace. The Elector soon broke the treaty and in 1648 Turenne invaded again with Swedish support, subduing the Imperial army at Zusmarshausen and pacifying Bavaria.

Turenne initially supported the Fronde but returned to Royal service in 1651, emerging as France's foremost general by defeating the rebellious army of the Prince of Condé on the outskirts of Paris and re-occupying the city. His triumphs against Spanish armies at Arras (1654) and at Dunkirk (1658) led to the overrunning of much of the Spanish Netherlands and brought the war against Spain to a victorious conclusion. Two years later, Louis XIV appointed him Marshal General of France. A supporter of absolute monarchy, he converted to Catholicism in 1668.

During the War of Devolution in 1667 Turenne captured the Spanish Netherlands practically without resistance. In 1672 the French invaded the Dutch Republic and the Marshal General conquered the country up to Amsterdam. Checked by the Dutch flooding of the land, he invaded the Holy Roman Empire the next year, reaching the Elbe and compelling Brandenburg to abandon the anti-French coalition. Faced with the loss of Alsace to superior Allied forces, he crowned his career with a series of battlefield victories, most notably at Turckheim (1675) and a masterful strategic turning movement around the Vosges in mid-winter that drove the Imperials from Alsace. He was killed by an Imperial cannonball at the battle of Salzbach in 1675.

Background and early career

[Turenne's coat of arms in the Château de Chantilly] The second son of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon, sovereign Prince of Sedan, by his second wife Elizabeth, daughter of William the Silent, Prince of Orange, he was born at Sedan. It is said that much of his money found its way to the poor during his early life. He received a Huguenot education and the usual training of a young noble of the time, but physical infirmity, and a speech impediment (which he never lost) hampered his progress, though he showed a marked skill at history and geography, and was greatly impressed by the exploits of Alexander the Great and Caesar. At first he was a lazy student but after his father started saying his intellectual laziness was as great a barrier to join the army as his physical weakness he began to study on his own accord. After his father's death in 1623, he devoted himself to bodily exercises and in a great measure overcame his natural weakness. Turenne and his mother were devout Calvinists and were suspicious of Cardinal Richelieu, so when Turenne went to study war at the age of fourteen he did so in the camp of his uncle, Maurice of Nassau, the Stadtholder of Holland and Prince of Orange He started as a private in Maurice's bodyguard during the Eighty Years' War.

[Spanish troops in retreat after the siege of Den Bosch in 1629. Turenne. Distinguished himself during the siege. ]

Frederick Henry of Nassau, who succeeded his brother Maurice as Stadtholder and Prince of Orange in 1625, granted Turenne a captaincy in 1626. Turenne personally drilled his troops, as was the custom at the time, and won their respect with his charity and simple lifestyle. His company was alleged to be the best drilled and most disciplined one in the army, he required of his soldiers not only discipline but also high moral standards. His kindness made him well-liked among the entire army. The young officer took his part in the sieges of the period, learning much about fortifications and siege warfare. He won special commendation for his skill at the siege of Bois-le-Duc of 1629 but was reprimanded for recklessness. He also learned much about the details of leading an army, like posting guards and reconnaissance. In 1630 Turenne left the Netherlands and entered the service of France, motivated both by the prospect of military advancement but also because of his mother's desire to display loyalty to the French crown.

[Cardinal Richelieu]

Cardinal Richelieu immediately made him colonel of an infantry regiment. Yet he continued to serve with the prince of Orange at short intervals, who at the time had an alliance with France. He took part in successful fighting near Antwerp and fought against Hendrik van den Bergh. He took part in an uneventful campaign under Schomberg in 1630 but his first serious service under the French flag occurred at the siege of La Mothe in Lorraine by Marshal de la Force (1634), where his brilliant courage at the assault won him immediate promotion to the rank of _maréchal de camp_ (equivalent to the modern grade of major-general). In 1635 Turenne served under Louis de Nogaret de La Valette in Lorraine and on the Rhine. The French and their allies raised the Imperial siege of Mainz (8 August 1635), but the French army had to fall back on Metz for want of provisions. In the retreat he measured swords with the famous imperial General Gallas, and distinguished himself greatly. He managed to defeat his pursuers in battle but the Imperials were too numerous to be turned around. The reorganised army took the field again in 1636 and captured Saverne (Zabern), at the storming of which he was seriously wounded. In 1637 he took part in the campaign of Flanders, including the capture of Landrecies (26 July). In the latter part of 1638, serving under Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar (1608–1639), he directed the assault on Breisach (reputedly the strongest fortress on the upper Rhine), which surrendered on 17 December.

[Henri, Count of Harcourt
Turenne's superior at Turin]

Turenne had now gained a reputation as one of the foremost of the younger generals of France, and Richelieu next employed him in the Italian campaign of 1639–1640 under Henri de Lorraine, count of Harcourt. On 19 November 1639 Turenne fought in the famous rearguard action called the battle of the “Route de Quiers”, for which he received a lot of credit though he only gave himself a small role in his own description of events. At the battle of Casal 10.000 Frenchmen defeated 20.000 Spanish. The French commander Harcourt was almost encircled but Turenne used deception to scare off the enemy and the battle was won. In 1640 Harcourt saved Casale Monferrato and besieged Prince Thomas' forces in Turin, which meanwhile besieged in their turn another French force in the citadel. That winter he re-victualled the citadel of Turin, held by the French against the forces of Prince Thomas of Savoy. The French in the citadel held out, while Prince Thomas had to surrender on 17 September 1640, a fourth army which had invested Harcourt's lines being at the same time forced to retire. Turenne, by now lieutenant-general, played a major role in the victory. He himself commanded during the campaign of 1641 and took Coni, Ceva and Mondovì.

In 1642 he served as second-in-command of the French troops which conquered Roussillon. At this time Richelieu discovered the conspiracy of Cinq Mars in which Turenne's elder brother, the Duke of Bouillon, had become implicated.

Marshal of France

[Turenne as Marshal of France.] The relations of the principality of Sedan to the French crown markedly influenced the earlier career of Turenne; sometimes it proved necessary to advance the soldier to conciliate the ducal family, at other times the machinations of the ducal family against Richelieu or Mazarin prevented the king's advisers from giving their full confidence to their general in the field. Moreover, his steady adherence to the Protestant religion provided a further element of difficulty in Turenne's relations with the ministers. Cardinal Richelieu nevertheless entrusted him with the command in Italy in 1643 under prince Thomas, who had changed sides in the quarrel, and who was not trusted by Richelieu. Thomas, while in theory in command himself, quickly put Turenne in control of the campaign. Using deception to fool the Spanish into weakening the Trino Turenne took the town in a few weeks. He was promoted to Marshal of France (16 May 1643).

Turenne was recalled due to the intrigues of Cardinal Mazarin, who was sabotaging Turenne's career. This meant that he was available in case of sudden need for a good commander. After the French suffered a devastating defeat at Tuttlingen, Turenne was thrown back into action. The following campaign would greatly advance his career.

[Cardinal Mazarin]

While molding the army back into fighting condition Turenne bought mounts for 5,000 cavalrymen and clothes for 4,000 infantrymen of his own money. The reorganization finished, Turenne began campaigning in June 1644, crossing the river Rhine at Breisach. He defeated Gaspard von Mercy killing 2.400 imperials. After this however, he was quickly joined by a force under the Duke of Enghien, later to be known as the Grand _Condé_. The Duke, as a prince of the royal house, took the chief command of the united armies of “France” and “Weimar”. The desperately fought battle of Freiburg against Franz von Mercy's Bavarians (3, 5 and 9 August 1644) proved the chief event of the first campaign. In this battle Turenne distinguished himself with a well executed strike at the enemy flank.[1] The French continued on by successfully besieging Philippsburg. Before the capitulation Enghien withdrew and left Turenne in command. With Condé and most of the army gone Franz von Mercy occupied Mannheim and tried to induce Turenne to abandon the Siege of Philippsburg by pretending to cross the river there but to no avail. At the same time the Duke of Lorraine moved to besiege nearby Bacharach. Turenne to 500 men and built a huge camp near Bacharach, believing Turenne had a large force Lorraine retreated. Turenne continued on by taking the important fortress of Kreuznach and blocking the route between the two armies.

[Battle of Nördlingen]

Turenne began the 1645 campaign with a successful forward movement, but Mercy managed to deceive him into thinking the Bavarians were scattered and far away and he was taken by surprise and defeated at Mergentheim. While Turenne had quickly ordered his forces to unite one of his subordinates, general Rosen, was not informed on the situation, defied the order, leading to defeat while Turenne's main force was winning. Turenne's army lost all of its artillery and baggage and five sixths of its infantry. Turenne retreated to Hesse, which caused its forces to join the French, while a Swedish force and reinforcements under Condé, who took command once again. The Swedes soon departed, but Enghien commanded still 17,000 men. The French marched into Bavaria with facing little opposition until they caught up with Mercy's retreating army. Mercy inflicted casualties of the French in an artillery duel and outmaneuvered them in the march on Allerheim, buying time to fortify his position. Turenne advised not to fight but this was rejected by Condé. Turenne's plan of attack was accepted by Condé. The following battle was a French victory and Mercy was killed but the French had suffered heavily. Ill-health forced Enghien to retire soon afterwards, leaving Turenne for the third time in command of the French army. He was met by superior imperial forces and forced to retreat. At Philippsburg Turenne crossed the Rhine using a bridge made of boats.

A month after his retreat Turenne was able to recross the Rhine and march 120 miles to Trier which he recaptured for its elector after over a decade of imperialist occupation. Having taken control of the Moselle for France by this move he set upon improving the defence of that river. Turenne now returned to France where he was offered the Duchy of Château-Thierry, which had also been promised to his brother, by Mazarin, who was trying to drive a wedge between Turenne and his rebellious brother, but Turenne saw what the cardinal was doing and accepted only if the transaction to his brother was completed. In 1646 Turenne obtained more military successes. He decided to unite his forces with those Swedish under Wrangel.[2] Mazarin however had made a deal with the Duke of Bavaria not to unite French and Swedish forces and not to cross the Rhine. In return the Bavarians would not join the Imperial army. He ordered Turenne to besiege Luxembourg but Turenne correctly suspected the Duke of Bavaria of foul play and procrastinated. Soon the Bavarian army linked up with the imperials, who sent forces to block the road in between Turenne and Wrangel. Turenne outmaneuvered an Imperial blockade and successfully linked up with Wrangel.[3] The combined army marched down the Danube and advanced as far as Munich and Bregenz,[4] plundering their way through Bavaria.[5] This convinced the Elector of Bavaria to make peace. With these manoeuvres Napoleon said he displayed “great boldness, sagacity and genius; they are fertile in grand results, and ought to be studied by all military men”. [Turenne at the Peace of Westphalia, engraving after Anselm van Hulle.]In 1647 he proposed to attack the weakened army of the emperor, but he was ordered into Flanders instead. Not only did France thus lose an opportunity, but a serious mutiny broke out amongst the Weimar troops, who had not received their pay for six months. Rosen, who had been recently promoted to high office on Turenne's insistence, convinced the Weimarian cavalry to revolt, pretending to be held prisoner by them. Turenne had already left for Flanders with his main force but rode back with a small contingent, surprising the mutineers. Instead of destroying them with a surprise attack he marched with them as if he was still in command and managed to secretly have Rosen arrested after which the mutiny died down. He then marched into Luxembourg but soon received orders to switch to the Rhine. As Turenne predicted Bavaria again joined the Imperial course in 1647. He compelled the imperials to list Siege of Worms and formally declared war on Bavaria. After joining with the Swedes, once again led by Wrangel, they moved together against the imperials. Scouts detected the imperials, during the following night Turenne secretly moved his troops close to the imperials. The following day, 17 May, the imperials marched off unaware of the danger resulting in their rearguard being caught isolated and defeated in a vicious battle at Zusmarshausen. Troops subsequently wasted Bavaria with fire and sword until a more secure pacification was obtained This devastation, for which many modern writers have blamed Turenne, appeared no more harsh a measure than the spirit of the times and the circumstances of the case permitted. Turenne planned on moving into Austria and take Vienna, a Franco-Swedish army had already captured Prague, but as the Peace of Westphalia had been signed this campaign never materialized.

The Fronde and the early reign of Louis XIV

[Louis de Bourbon, duc de Enghein
The Grand Condé]

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) brought little peace to France, which soon became involved in the civil war of the Fronde (1648–1653). During the first war, he refused to join either side. Mazarin had him removed as commander of the army of Weimar causing Turenne to flee the Netherlands, where he remained until the treaty of Rueil (March 1649) put an end to the first war of the Fronde. Louis, Grand Condé had made many enemies at court, especially Mazarin, which would eventually lead to conflict. While Condé had expected to be rewarded greatly for his military service, which had turned the Fronde in Mazarin's favor, Mazarin did not have a high opinion of Condé's accomplishment. Condé had recently inherited the princely title of Condé, won great fame and influence through his military actions, was made prince of the blood and had built strong connections among the members of the first Fronde. Now he and Mazarin were busy plotting each other's destruction. The second war erupted when Condé and some of his allies were arrested. Turenne, intended for arrest with them, escaped in time, and with the duchess de Longueville held Stenay for the cause of the “Princes”—Condé, his brother Conti, and his brother-in-law the Duc de Longueville. Love for the duchess seems to have ruled Turenne's action, both in the first war, and, now, in seeking Spanish aid for the Princes. In this war Turenne sustained one of his few reverses at Rethel (15 December 1650); but the second conflict ended in the early months of the following year with the collapse of the court party and the release of the Princes.

[Louis XIV as king of France]

Turenne reconciled and returned to Paris in May 1651, but the trouble soon revived and Condé again raised the standard of revolt in the south of France. In this, the third war of the Fronde, Turenne and Condé stood opposed to each other, the marshal commanding the royal armies, the prince that of the Frondeurs and their Spanish allies. Turenne displayed the personal bravery of a young soldier at Jargeau (28 March 1652), the skill and wariness of a veteran general at Gien (7 April), and he practically crushed the civil war in the Battle of the Faubourg St Antoine (2 July) and in the re-occupation of Paris (21 October).

Against Spain

[The duke of York and future king James of England] Turenne still needed to deal with Condé, who was fighting alongside the Spaniards, however, and the long drawn-out campaigns of the “Spanish Fronde” gave ample scope for the display of scientific generalship on the part of both the famous captains. In June 1653 Turenne and La Ferté marched against them.[6] They had either 7.000 infantry and 5.000 cavalry or 6.000 infantry and 10.000 cavalry under their command according to different sources Condé controlled 30.000. Hearing that the Spanish army camped in two positions 120 miles apart, he rapidly marche on and captured Rethel, which lay between them. Now a Spanish force, the one not commanded by Condé, of 16.000 infantry and 11.000 cavalry arrived in the area. Turenne decided to shadow this force to prevent it from taking Paris with Condé and limit their freedom of action until winter. The Spanish intended only to take a few forts so Turenne was successful. At one point Condé was in a position to defeat Turenne but the Spanish commander didn’t allow Condé an attack. Eventually the Spanish managed to lose Turenne and captured Rocroi, but while they were doing this Turenne managed to take Mouzon. He also managed to take St Menehould during the campaign. Turenne started the 1654 campaign by moving on Stenay, one of the centres of the Fronde and personal property of Condé. Turenne had received reinforcement for the campaign and prepared vigorously to defend against a relief attempt. Instead Condé and archduke Archduke Leopold Wilhelm outmanoeuvred him by besieging the crucial fortress of Arras. As Condé and the archduke had 25.000 under his command and there were only 14.000-15.000 troops Turenne could call on in the region, he decided to wait until Stenay fell before moving against them in force. Though Turenne was not in sole command, some level of authority being held by Yorck, La Ferté, Broglie and Hocquincourt, he overcame the opposition to his plan to deal aggressively with the more numerous Spanish army. Turenne had tirelessly prepared for the attack: scouting the enemy positions in person, he knew it would take the Spanish too long to decide whether to attack him or not, providing religious services to his troops and explaining to his officers the technology they were to use to assault the elaborate Spanish defences. The Spaniards were routed losing 3.000 men and 63 canon while the French lost just 400 men. This victory would be a turning point, the French from then on having a marked advantage in the region.

Before the campaign of 1655 another important matter required Turenne’s energies. Riots had broken out in Paris combined with political disputes between the king and parliament, civil conflict threatened again. The king forbade parliament from meeting while parliament for their part ignored this demand. At invitation of the increasingly despotic Mazarin Turenne was invited to negotiate, which he did successfully.

[Turenne wearing armour]

Turenne started the 1655 campaign by taking Landreçies. Shortly after Turenne almost captured Condé but the failure of a subordinate led to the latter’s escape. Turenne then took the fortresses Condé and St. Guislain before being recalled to the court at Compiègne. Hocquincourt’s has been robbed of his important position by Mazarin and was now approached by Condé. If he surrendered Ham and Peronne, the places he was now governing, the French position would be much weaker, especially considering Hocquincourt was cultivating ties with former Fornduers. Turenne could not move forces to the place due to the Spanish dispositions but convinced Mazarin of negotiating with Hocquincourt, which succeeded.

At this point Cromwell’s England as well as Lorraine, up until now Spain’s ally, joined the French side. Philip IV of Spain now arranged for the commanders who had been so unsuccessful in the last campaigns to be removed and replaced them with the veteran commander marshal Caracena and Don Juan of Austria. In June troops under Turenne and La Ferté surrounded Valenciennes, beginning the siege of that place. The Spanish broke the nearby dikes to flood Turenne’s position but Turenne had the water diverted to flood part of the city. When Turenne observed the Spaniards preparing for an attack he gave orders to prepare for an afternoon or nighttime attack but La Ferté didn’t carry out the order so when his position was subsequently attacked it was overrun in no more than 15 minutes. La Ferté and 4.400 troops were captured. Despite the confusion and darkness Turenne managed to collect his forces and made an ordered retreat though losing half his artillery. After twelve miles Turenne ordered a halt. Seeing the French in battle array the Spanish suspected a trap and as a result failed to attack. Despite this was not able to save the places of Condé and Quesnoy but he did take La Chapelle, which Condé failed to relieve, and prevent the fall of St. Guislain. Napoleon rebukes Turenne for the defeat at Valenciennes, stating that he should have marched against the Spanish because the river split his army and as such made him unable to support La Ferté in case of plight.

[_La Bataille des Dunes_ by Charles-Philippe Larivière.
Galerie des Batailles, Palace of Versailles.
In the foreground is Turenne on a Skewbald horse.[7]]

The war eventually concluded soon after Turenne's victory at the Battle of the Dunes near Dunkirk in 1658, in which a corps of English veterans sent by France's ally Oliver Cromwell played a notable part (3–14 June); a victory which, followed by another successful campaign in 1658, led to the peace of the Pyrenees in 1659.

On the death of Cardinal Mazarin in 1661 Louis XIV took the reins of government into his own hands, and as one of his first acts appointed Turenne “marshal-general of the camps and armies of the king”. He had offered to revive the office of Constable of France (suppressed in 1627) in Turenne's favour if the marshal would become a Roman Catholic. Turenne declined. Born of Calvinist parents and educated a Protestant, he had refused to marry one of Richelieu's nieces in 1639 and subsequently rejected a similar proposal from Mazarin.

[Louis XIV visiting a trench during the War of Devolution]

Turenne married in 1652 Charlotte de Caumont, a daughter of the Protestant Marshal de la Force, to whom he remained deeply attached. But he sincerely deplored the division of Christianity into two hostile camps. He had always distrusted the influence of many dissident and uncontrolled sects; the history of independence in the English army and people made a deep impression on his mind, and the same fear of indiscipline which drove the English Presbyterians into royalism drew Turenne more and more towards the Roman Catholic Church. The letters between him and his wife show how closely both studied available evidence on the matter, and in the end, two years after her death, the eloquence of Bossuet and the persuasions of his nephew, the Cardinal de Bouillon prevailed upon him to give his adhesion to the Roman Catholic faith (October 1668). In 1667 he had returned to the more congenial air of the “Camps and Armies of the King”, directing (nominally under Louis XIV) the famous _Promenade militaire_ in which the French overran the Spanish Netherlands. Soon afterwards Condé, now reconciled with the king, rivaled Turenne's success by the rapid conquest of the Franche-Comté, shortly before the end the War of Devolution in February 1668.

The Dutch War

[Raimondo Montecuccoli] In Louis XIV's Dutch War of 1672 Turenne accompanied the army commanded by the king which overran the Dutch United Provinces up to the gates of Amsterdam. The terms offered by Louis to the Prince of Orange only aroused a more bitter resistance.

The Dutch opened the dikes and flooded the countryside around Amsterdam. This measure completely checked Turenne, whom the king had left in command. News of this event roused Europe to action, and the conflict spread to Germany. Turenne fought a successful war of manoeuvre on the middle Rhine while Condé covered Alsace.

In January 1673 Turenne assumed the offensive, penetrated far into Germany, and forced the Great Elector of Brandenburg to make peace; later in the year, however, the famous imperial general Montecuccoli completely outmanoeuvred Turenne: Montecuccoli evaded his opponent, joined the Dutch and took the important place of Bonn.

[Turenne at the battle of Turckheim]

In June 1674, Turenne won the battle of Sinzheim, which made him master of the Electorate of the Palatinate. Under orders from Paris the French wasted the country far and wide, and this devastation with the sack of Türckheim usually counts as the gravest blot on Turenne's fame. In the autumn the anti-French allies again advanced, and though they again outmanoeuvred Turenne, the action of the neutral city of Strasbourg occasioned his failure by permitting the enemy to cross the Rhine by the bridge at that place. The battle of Enzheim followed; this proved a tactical victory, but hardly affected the situation, and, at the beginning of December, the allies remained in Alsace. The old marshal now made the most daring campaign of his career. A swift and secret march in mid-winter from one end of the Vosges to the other took the allies by surprise. Sharply following up his first successes, Turenne drove the enemy to Turkheim, and there inflicted upon them a heavy defeat (5 January 1675). As revenge for the active resistance the inhabitants of the city had shown, Turenne let his troops loot it and massacre the remaining population during two weeks. In a few weeks he had completely recovered Alsace.

[Turenne's death at the battle of Salzbach]

In the summer campaign he once more faced Montecuccoli, and after the highest display of “strategic chess-moves” by both commanders, Turenne finally compelled his opponent to offer battle at a disadvantage at Salzbach. There, on 27 July 1675, one of the first shots fired killed him. The news of his death produced universal sorrow.[8]

Legacy

Turenne's most eloquent countrymen wrote his _éloges_, and Montecuccoli himself exclaimed, “_II est mort aujourd'hui un homme qui faisait honneur à l'homme_” (A man is dead today who did honour to Man). His body, taken to St Denis, was buried with the Kings of France. Even the extreme revolutionists of 1793 respected it, and, while they ignominiously reburied the bodies of the monarchs in a mass grave, they preserved the remains of Turenne at the Jardin des Plantes until 22 September 1800, when Napoleon had them removed to the church of the Invalides at Paris, where they still rest.

Napoleon recommended all soldiers to “read and re-read” the campaigns of Turenne as one of the great captains. His fame as a general rivalled that of any other in Europe at a period when the populace studied war more critically than ever before, for his military character epitomized the art of war of his time (Prince de Ligne). Strategic caution and logistic accuracy, combined with brilliant dash in small combats and constancy under all circumstances—of success or failure—perhaps emerge as the salient points of Turenne's genius for war. Great battles he avoided. “Few sieges and many combats” he used as his own maxim. And, unlike his great rival Condé, who appeared as brilliant in his first battle as in his last, Turenne improved day by day. Napoleon said of him that, his genius grew bolder as it grew older, and a later author, the Duke of Aumale (_Histoire des princes de la maison de Condé_), took the same view when he wrote: "To know him, you must follow him up to Salzbach. In his case, every day signaled some progress”.

In his personal character Turenne showed little more than the nature of a simple and honourable soldier, endowed with much tact; but in the world of politics and intellect he seemed almost helpless in the hands of a skilful intriguer or casuist. His morals, if not beyond reproach, were at least more austere than those prevalent in the age in which he lived. He operated essentially as a commander of regular armies. He spent his life with the troops; he knew how to win their affection; he tempered a severe discipline with rare generosity, and his men loved him as a comrade no less than they admired him as a commander. Thus, though Condé's genius appeared far more versatile, Turenne's genius best represents the art of war in the 17th century. For the small, costly, and highly trained regular armies, and for the dynastic warfare of the age of Louis XIV, Turenne functioned as the ideal army leader.

During the French Revolution his reputation as a man of the people made his tomb one of the few nobles’ tombs not destroyed by the Revolutionaries. Napoleon rated him the greatest modern commander. Eugene of Savoy when praised above Turenne called ingratiating at the expense of Turenne. Turenne is one of the subjects of Morris’ work “Great commanders of modern times”. According to him the “powerful genius” of Turenne greatly contributed to shaping modern warfare.

File:Paris - Les Invalides - Tombeau de Turenne - 001.jpg|Turennes's tomb in Les Invalides File:Pajou Turenne statue Versailles.JPG|Statue of Turenne in Versailles

In fiction

Marshal of France Turenne is depicted in several alternative history novels written by Eric Flint and David Weber. These include _1633_ and _1634: The Baltic War_. Turenne also appears in a historical novel by G.A. Henty called _Won by the Sword_.

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[8]  Haus der Geschichte Baden-Württemberg|date=2009-02-10|access-date=2019-12-13}}

title: Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne

question: What did Turenne mean by his maxim "Few sieges and many combats"?

answer: That it's better to fight many small skirmishes and fewer large confrontations. This was a cornerstone tactic of his.


split: train

text:
GARY HAMSON (born 24 August 1959) is an English former footballer. A midfielder, he scored 15 goals in 292 league appearances in a 12-year career in the Football League with Sheffield United, Leeds United, Bristol City, and Port Vale.[1] He retired as a player in March 1988, and after a brief spell coaching at Port Vale he took up work as a financial adviser.

Playing career

Hamson began his career with Sheffield United, who finished the 1976–77 season in 11th place in the Second Division under the stewardship of Jimmy Sirrel. The “Blades” then ended the 1977–78 campaign in 12th place under new boss Harry Haslam, before suffering relegation in 1978–79. In league and cup competitions, Hamson scored a total of nine goals in 124 appearances during his three years at Bramall Lane. He was sold on to Jimmy Adamson's Leeds United for a £140,000 fee in July 1979.[2] He played 19 First Division games in the 1979–80 season, and played 14 games in the 1980–81 campaign under Allan Clarke's stewardship; his appearances in the latter campaign were restricted due to a nine match ban he picked up for picking up too many yellow cards.[3] He claimed three goals in 21 games in the 1981–82 season as the “Whites” dropped into the Second Division; he also picked up an injury against West Bromwich Albion that seriously affected his career at Elland Road.[4] He was forced to sit out the entirety of the 1982–83 season, save for one appearance in the FA Cup.[5] He returned to manager Eddie Gray's first team plans and posted 28 appearances in the 1983–84 season and 32 appearances in the 1984–85 season, and then played 34 matches for new boss Billy Bremner in the 1985–86 campaign.[6]

Hamson moved on to Bristol City in July 1986, with “Robins” manager Terry Cooper picking him up on a free transfer.[7] He scored one goal in 12 Third Division games before losing his first team place at Ashton Gate halfway through the 1986–87 season. He was bought by Port Vale manager John Rudge for a £5,000 fee in December 1986.[8] He was a regular feature on the left side of the Vale midfield, making 27 Third Division appearances in the 1986–87 season and scoring one goal in a 4–2 win over Doncaster Rovers at Vale Park on 3 February.[9] He claimed three goals in 18 league and cup games in the 1987–88 season, but was forced to retire in March 1988 due to an ankle injury.[10]

Personal life

After retiring as a player, Hamson was appointed as youth coach at Port Vale.[11] He quit this post in July 1989 to become a builder. He later served on the Erewash Borough Council as a Liberal Democrat; Hamson is now a co-owner of a financial advisers in Derbyshire and also the agent of winger Aiden McGeady.[12] He became an independent financial advisor for Hallmark-ifa in 2000.[13] He has a wife and four sons.[14]

Statistics

Source:[15]

  Club               Season            Division          League   FA Cup   Other   Total
  ------------------ ----------------- ----------------- -------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ---- ---- ---
  Apps               Goals             Apps              Goals    Apps     Goals   Apps
  Sheffield United   1976–77           Second Division   29       1        2       0
  1977–78            Second Division   38                3        1        0       5
  1978–79            Second Division   41                4        2        0       5
  Total              108               8                 5        0        10      1
  Leeds United       1979–80           First Division    19       1        1       0
  1980–81            First Division    11                0        2        0       1
  1981–82            First Division    18                2        2        1       1
  1982–83            Second Division   0                 0        1        0       0
  1983–84            Second Division   25                0        3        0       0
  1984–85            Second Division   31                0        1        0       0
  1985–86            Second Division   30                0        1        0       3
  Total              134               8                 11       1        7       0
  Bristol City       1986–87           Third Division    12       2        1       0
  Port Vale          1986–87           Third Division    27       1        0       0
  1987–88            Third Division    11                2        4        1       3
  Total              38                3                 4        1        3       0
  Career total       292               16                21       2        24      1

    A.  The “Other” column constitutes appearances and goals in the League Cup, Football League Trophy, Football League play-offs and Full Members Cup.

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title: Gary Hamson

question: When was Gary Hamson born?

answer: 24 August 1959.

question: What does Gary Hamson do?

answer: He is a former footballer.

question: What nationality does Gary Hamson hold?

answer: English.

question: Where did Gary Hamson begin his career?

answer: With Sheffield United.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article is about Gary Hamson, an English former footballer.


text: The rain quietly hits the mans window as he looks outside sadly into the outside world wondering if he has a true purpose in life. He walks around his cabin with nothing but a couch in the center of the room, and a gun box tucked away at the very corner, no one knew he was a hunter he didn’t even know until he saw “it” sitting on the rack at the gun store. He remembers picking it up and looking at it, softly rubbing his finger across the cold metal of the barrel and putting his finger around the trigger, it almost felt as if the gun was made for him. He had to get it he thought to himself, and so he did. When he got to his cabin he couldn’t wait to take it out of the box, but he decided he would wait, he didn’t want to ruin the moment. So he decided to put it back into the box and left it there for a few days, days then turned into weeks, weeks turned into months and months turned into years. The man finally after years of not stepping foot into the cabin returns, he walks in and looks around, he has forgotten how long it has been since he has been in the place he once called his home. He has clearly aged since last time he was in here growing a beard and looking as if he has doubled in age. He takes a minute to embrace the thought of finally being able to go back into the cabin he looks around and finally see’s the gun box in the corner of the room. He quietly walks to the corner almost as if he is trying not to wake somebody up in the other room; he removes the gun out of the box. He takes a long look at it taking in the beauty of the perfectly crafted woodwork. However someone could craft such a beautiful piece of art he did not know, but what he did know is that he finally feels that he has something to live for. He grabs 2 bullets out of the box and begins to walk to his front door feeling as if he is a brand new man. As he steps out of his small cabin he takes in a deep breath of the cold air, he feels it enter his lungs waits until they are full of air and exhales as he glances at the breath exiting his mouth. He stands still and does this for quite some time inhales exhales and repeats until he feels he’s ready to begin his new journey. He begins to walk into the tall trees that surround his cabin; slowly he creeps into the tall bushes. He begins to creep silently deeper and deeper into the forest, trying to not make a sound. Do not make any noise he thinks to himself this is your chance you only have 2 bullets don’t waste them. Out of the corner of his eye he sees something running toward the lake, he turns frantically begins to walk faster and faster but still not trying to make any noise. He waits meticulously like a hawk hunting for its prey, waiting for the perfect time to strike. Within 100 yards he sees the deer standing at the lake, he begins to breath faster and faster. He can hear his heart beating harder and faster pumping the cold blood through his veins. He slowly puts the 2 bullets into the bolt, continuously looking up not trying to lose sight of his target. He pulls back the bolt handle and pushes one of the bullets into the chamber. He hears the click of the bullet entering the chamber, slowly raising the gun he puts the butt against his shoulder and begins to aim for the target. He begins to breath frantically not being able to keep his sights on the deer; he calms himself down and takes in one long breath holding it in for as long as he can. He gently squeezes the trigger and the bullet flies out of the muzzle, the birds begin to fly out of the trees causing him to panic thinking that he missed his target. He looks up noticing that the target is nowhere to be found. He begins to run looking for the deer, his running comes to halt when he sees a body laying on the floor blood pouring out of the back of its head. He walks slowly toward the body, but what he sees begins to make him stutter and twitch because it was not a deer that he shot, nor was it a man but it was a young boy running through the forest about to go fishing in the pond.  A boy whose family is now waiting for him at home, thinking that he would surely be back within the coming minutes. The boy may not have been over 7 years old, light blonde hair, his bright blue eyes that were now lifeless. He was wearing a light blue t-shirt which was now soaked in blood. The man began to hold the boy in his arms as tears began to fall down his cheeks as he feels the ice-cold blood flowing through his veins. He looks around to make sure no one saw what has transpired in the past 10 minutes. He looks down at the one item he used to call his friend, thinking that the gun has betrayed him. Shaking as he pulls back the bolt handle putting the final bullet into the chamber he turns the gun on himself putting the cold muzzle against his mouth and with another gentle press of the trigger he is gone. His body tumbles to the ground the boy’s head still on his lap.

title: A Man and His Friend

question: Summarize the main event of the story.

answer: The man goes to kill a deer with his gun, but accidentally shoots a little boy who was going to fish at the pond. He is overcome with anxiety and emotion when he realizes what he's done. He knows the boy must have a family. The incident is so upsetting that the man uses his last bullet to kill himself.

question: Summarize how the man's feelings about his gun change throughout the story.

answer: When the man first sees the gun, he feels it was made just for him and that he had to get it. He doesn't use it for a long while, but when he sees it again he takes in the beauty of its woodwork. He isn't sure how someone could craft such a beautiful piece of art. It makes him feel like he has something to live for. However, at the end of the story he believes the gun that was once his friend has betrayed him when he accidentally shoots and kills a little boy.

question: What does the text say about anxiety?

answer: When the man goes to kill the deer, his heart begins to beat harder and his blood turns cold. His anxiety is only heightened when he realizes he's killed a young boy, not a deer. He begins to stutter, twitch, cry, and his blood becomes ice-cold yet again. His anxiety over the situation makes him turn around to make sure no one saw what he did, and it also makes him kill himself.

question: Summarize what happens when the police arrive.


text:
The September After
Or,
Starting Point

	I can hear Eliza crying again. She’s started to hide it from us – especially after we tried to get her to see a counselor – but I can still tell from the way her bed rocks in the room above us, and the quiet sniffles echo down the stairs. She’s been this way for a few weeks now, ever since the 28th of August. That is, ever since Jacob died.

	I still remember how she took the news. The doctors came out of the operating room and we were all so hopeful, after all 80% sounds like such a good chance when they tell you it’s potentially life-saving. What you never think of is the 20%, the chance that things don’t go so well and that your eight-year old son will be rolled out on a gurney, the doctor softly whispering the declaration of death to the orderly behind you as you stare at his face. None of us were expecting that 20%, Eliza the least since she was only eleven. I still remember her screaming as she ripped herself from my arm and went to grab Jacob’s hand, lifting the pale little thing up to her face and crying. We were both in shock – her mother and I, that is – as we watched our little girl, raised seeing House and his crew always succeeding, always curing forever the patient, cry into her brother’s lukewarm palm. We stood there for at least ten minutes before I made a move towards her, putting my hand on her shoulder and wiping the smooth scalp of my son. It had been such a hard two years on him, and it showed. He was as thin as a bone, and barely had any energy thanks to the therapy. I can only remember him smiling a handful of times, our little baby boy becoming more and more melancholy until the chemicals made him unable to even be depressed. On the cart, though, he was smiling. I guess he was finally at peace.

	None of us could keep from crying when we returned home. Eliza took a week off school, my boss gave me a week off from work when he heard the news. My wife had to return to her job after three days. She still wasn’t ready, not at all, but she kept it together at her factory and only fell apart when she came back home, sometimes staying up all hours of the night crying. She was fired four days later, falling asleep on her machine. We tried to not let Eliza find out, but we knew that she understood. I found her passed out over a drawing of her mother’s boss being stabbed by the Devil. I knew that was a bad sign, but honestly, I just put it away and laughed.

	Dinners were silent for some time, with Eliza pushing food around her plate with a fork, rolling beans back and forth with a fork while her mother and I attempted conversation. We stopped paying attention to what we made and what we ate, switching meals from cans with the homemade dinners we had been carefully making to exact specifications. Instead of the lively debate we had had in the past our meals were marked by the low-hanging depression and spirits of the topics we skirted around during the rare occasions we did speak.

	Eliza’s birthday was the Tuesday after her mother had been let go, the event normally marked by her jubilation but instead was a quiet, somber affair. We had balloons and cake, the usual decorations looked over and ignored by our daughter quickly before she went back to her room. It was about then that we tried to get her help; of course we weren’t expecting her to be over the death of her brother, but she showed no signs of rehabilitation either. It had been two weeks, and while her mother and I had begun to recover, she still cried every time she saw someone who reminded her of her brother, be it another child with a similar appearance or her art teacher who was notably bald, who’s class she had to be moved from because of her inability to control herself when she saw him. She refused to speak with any of the therapists we brought her to, curling up with her knees against her face when asked any question. No one could help us since she couldn’t speak to them, so we stopped sending her to doctors after a hard week.

	She has started to recover now, I can see. She’s able, at least, to control herself for long enough so that she can hide her crying from us. She can force a smile when she needs to, and can make herself speak to us while we eat, over our recent attempts at home-cooking again. But then she still cries in her room daily, and whenever someone hears this they ask me how I can think that she’s getting any better. I always tell them that I know she’s not getting over her brother. I know she’s depressed and I know she needs help. However, I know that she’s beginning to open up to us helping her again. As they say, you have to start somewhere.

title: The September After

question: What happened to the family in the story?

answer: Their eight-year-old son died during an operation.

question: Who in the family took it the hardest?

answer: Their eleven-year-old daughter Eliza.

question: What happened to the mother?

answer: She had to go to work three days after her son's death, and then she was fired four days later.

question: Why does the father think Eliza has a chance to get better?

answer: Because she is slowly starting to open up to receiving help in the first place.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The text is a short story about a family dealing with the death of their eight-year-old son.


text:
Helicopter company faces patient complaints over its charges

[An AirCare helicopter flies Sept. 16, 2017, near Kinnick Stadium as it comes in for a landing at the University of Iowa ]
An AirCare helicopter flies Sept. 16, 2017, near Kinnick Stadium as it comes in for a landing at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics in Iowa City. In April 2014, the UIHC signed a five-year, renewable contract with Rocky Mountain Holdings, an Air Methods subsidiary, making it the “preferred provider” for all helicopter transports to UIHC. (Jim Slosiarek/The Gazette)

[Jordan]

IOWA CITY — Four years after the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics quietly outsourced its AirCare helicopter ambulance service to a for-profit corporation, the public hospital won’t say how much money it’s receiving from the company facing patient complaints about sky-high costs.

Walter Brant, 66, of Osceola, filed a complaint with the Iowa Attorney General’s Office against Air Methods for charging him $35,000 for a 40-mile flight to Mercy Medical Center in Des Moines in 2014 — a trip he’s not sure was necessary.

“I said next time, let me die, because I’m not paying that,” Brant said.

*Note: FY2018 data is only through February (Max Freund / The Gazette)

The Gazette investigated the relationship between UIHC and Air Methods because the company now owns and operates the majority of medical helicopters in Iowa. UIHC, with a burn treatment center and a neonatal intensive care unit, receives between 800 and 1,000 helicopter transports a year, providing significant business for Air Methods.

The Iowa City hospital is facing a $7 million deficit caused by rising costs, state and federal funding cuts and Affordable Care Act changes. The hospital’s rocky finances make it particularly important the public be able to see whether officials got a good deal when outsourcing a vital state service. But the UIHC blacked out all financial details of the contract.

“As chair of the Government Oversight committee for the state of Iowa, I find it completely unacceptable that they sent you redacted financial documents,” Rep. Bobby Kaufmann, R-Wilton, said Friday. “I would strongly urge they release that information before I make them.”

AIRCARE FIRST IN IOWA

Started in 1979, UI AirCare was the first hospital-based air ambulance in Iowa and one of the first 15 programs in the nation, the hospital reported. Early flights were in a D model A-Star helicopter with room for only two people, according to Mike Dillard, an AirCare nurse for more than 30 years.

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“Flying alone with the pilot made for some very interesting flights and you haven’t lived until you have done one-person CPR at 5,000 feet!” Dillard wrote in an online history.

AirCare added a second helicopter in 1987, moving it to Waterloo a year later. AirCare II now is stationed there at Covenant Medical Center, which is planning a 30-year celebration of the flight service June 24. AirCare III has been based at Mercy Medical Center in Dubuque since 2016.

In April 2014, the UIHC signed a five-year, renewable contract with Rocky Mountain Holdings, an Air Methods subsidiary, making it the “preferred provider” for all helicopter transports to UIHC.

“It allows UI Hospitals and Clinics to focus on providing high-quality clinical care for critically ill patients, while contracting with an air medical provider with experience and expertise in providing safe and efficient medical transport,” UIHC said in an email to The Gazette.

Air Methods, founded in 1982 in Denver, is the nation’s largest air ambulance company serving 41 states, according to the company’s 2016 annual report. The company flew 71,700 patients in 2016, up 14 percent from the previous year, and reported revenue of $1.17 billion, up from $1 billion in 2015.

PAYMENTS KEPT SECRET

Air Methods provides the helicopters and pilots for all three AirCare sites, according to the contract The Gazette obtained through a public records request. The hospitals supply a registered nurse and a paramedic or other provider for each flight. A UI medical director oversees the clinical care provided on all AirCare flights.

Air Methods has “sole authority to bill and collect any and all non-physician service fees” from patients. Those fees and billing policies aren’t outlined in the contract.

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The payments Air Methods makes to UIHC for clinical care, medical direction and program management were blacked out in the 43-page document, as were payments for medical equipment and supplies.

Hospital officials refused to give The Gazette an estimate of how much Air Methods paid the public hospital for each of the last three fiscal years.

“At the advice of our counsel, the University is unable to provide the information you requested regarding the amount paid by Air Methods to UIHC since Air Methods’ attorney represented that Air Methods is filing for injunctive relief to enjoin the disclosure of this information that it considers to be trade secret information,” Ann Goff, UI transparency officer, wrote in a May 14 email.

The Gazette has filed an application to intervene in these court proceedings to argue for openness.

LIFESAVING CARE

There’s no question air ambulances provide lifesaving services for many patients.

A 2014 study in the Canadian Journal of Surgery showed patients with traumatic injuries who were transported by air ambulance often have better outcomes than those who come in ground ambulances because of shorter transport times, more advanced equipment and the presence of a flight nurse and paramedic, Science Daily reported.

Stephen and Kristine Vermeulen, of Moline, Ill., believe their 1-year-old son, Asher, might not be alive without the AirCare crew that flew him to Iowa City when he was born 10 weeks early.

The couple and their two older sons were on a road trip to Galena in February 2017 when Kristine started bleeding and losing consciousness, she said. She was taken by ground ambulance from Galena to Dubuque, where Asher was born at just under four pounds.

“In Dubuque, they airlifted Asher to Iowa City,” Kristine Vermeulen said. “In my mind, there really wasn’t another option if he was going to make it.”

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Asher stayed in the UI’s NICU for 40 days before going home with his family. The Vermeulens then received a $50,000 bill from Air Methods.

“We told them ‘we can’t pay that’,” Stephen Vermeulen said.

The couple made numerous calls to their insurer, which paid the bulk of the bill, and Air Methods before negotiating an out-of-pocket payment of $500.

“They just wanted whatever they could get,” he said. “Maybe we were just lucky.”

ALLEGED PRICE GOUGING

Air Methods is facing several lawsuits across the country for alleged price gouging.

Michael and Tabitha Cox, of West Virginia, are proposing a class-action lawsuit against Air Methods over $46,000 the company says it is owed for a 76-mile flight for their sick son in 2015, according to Bloomberg. The dispute focuses on the difference between the actual cost of the flight and what Air Methods is charging.

"I said next time, let me die, because I’m not paying that."

- Walter Brant, 66, of Osceola

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In a federal lawsuit filed in Ohio, Billy Byler claims Air Methods charged him $25,344 for a 36-mile flight, court filings show. He and co-plaintiff Donald Reid, charged $48,000 for a 31-mile flight, allege the company hides its pricing structure and doesn’t work with managed care organizations — so patients have to pay up front and then seek their own reimbursement.

Three people have complained to the Iowa Attorney General’s Office since 2015 about air ambulance billing practices. Two complaints concern Air Methods.

“I had an incident in December (2014),” said Brant, the Osceola farmer and veteran. “I got real dizzy, real sick. I had elevated blood pressure.”

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The first emergency medical technician on the scene couldn’t figure out what was wrong and decided to call an air ambulance, Brant said. The helicopter landed in a field north of his house and air lifted him to Mercy Medical Center in Des Moines.

Brant stayed there for two days without being admitted and without a diagnosis, he said. The hospital had to give him scrubs to wear home because EMTs had cut off his clothes.

He later saw an ear nose and throat doctor who determined the illness likely was due to an inner ear imbalance or vertigo, Brant said.

Brant was shocked when he got the $35,000 bill from Air Methods.

“I don’t know how you can justify that kind of billing,” he said. His insurance company paid $11,000 and then Brant filed a complaint with the AG’s office to try to persuade Air Methods to settle. It did. Brant said he can’t say how much he ended up paying, but “they came down a considerable amount.”

Air Methods tries to find financial assistance for every patient, pairing patients with employees who help them “navigate the complexities of their insurance reimbursement,” according to a statement Air Methods sent The Gazette.

The company also has a membership program allowing people in about 30 states to pay $40 a year (or $75 for families) for Air Methods to accept as full payment in advance of whatever a person’s health insurance will pay for a medically-necessary helicopter transport.

“That could save you thousands of dollars for just a single transport,” the Air Methods website notes.

PROFIT POTENTIAL DRIVES CONSOLIDATION

The profit potential for helicopter transports has led to a steady increase in the number of air ambulances, according to the Atlas and Database of Air Medical Services.

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But 1,049 helicopters nationwide in 2017 are owned by a shrinking number of firms, as for-profit companies have bought out local, hospital-based services.

Four operators — including Air Methods — now claim half the industry’s revenue, according to a 2017 article by Consumer Reports.

Air Methods’ average charge went from about $13,000 in 2007 to $50,000 in 2016, reported Jon Hanlon of Research 360, an independent research and analysis firm. The real cost of transport averages from $7,000 to $10,000, Consumer Reports noted.

Rick Sherlock, president and chief executive of the Association of Air Medical Services, told Consumer Reports air ambulance operators try to collect more from people with private insurance to make up for patients on Medicare or Medicaid, which pay only $200 to $6,000 per transport.

Another major player is Med-Trans Corp, owned by Texas-based Air Medical Group Holdings. Med-Trans owns and operates the LifeGuard helicopter at UnityPoint Health-St. Luke’s Hospital, in Cedar Rapids, as well as helicopters at hospitals in Mason City and Sioux City.

St. Luke’s LifeGuard averages about 300 flights a year in a coverage area that ranges north to the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., east to the Quad Cities, west to Marshalltown and south into part of Johnson County.

WHO CALLS THE CHOPPER?

Some patients, including Brant, have questioned whether they needed to be flown by helicopter.

A 2015 study by Gary Vercruysse, a trauma surgeon at the University of Arizona Medical Center, showed nearly one-third of air lifts to his hospital over six years weren’t necessary.

“Education to physicians calling for transport and identification of alternate means of transportation would be both safe and financially beneficial to our system,” the study notes.

Under a Johnson County policy revised in 2016, first responders decide whether to call or cancel a helicopter, said Tom Jones, director of the Johnson County Joint Emergency Communications Center. He’s heard concerns about for-profit companies in other states prematurely launching helicopter transports to make more money.

“That’s one of the reasons we caution that we want to have first responders decide,” he said. “We’re (dispatchers) not going to assume that role.”

Air Methods said its pilots do respond only when called.

“We only act when a first responder or an attending physician determines the patient needs us,” a statement said.

REACTION FROM THE PUBLIC

UIHC hasn’t advertised its contract with Air Methods, with many people believing AirCare’s black-and-gold helicopters still are university-owned and operated.

“I checked with UIHC and was informed that there were no press releases or Board of Regents reports/presentations that relate to UIHC’s agreement with AirMethods,” reported Goff, the UI transparency officer. The regents govern the hospital.

Josh Lehman, regents communication director, said of the contract with Air Methods: “The board was not involved in that process and has no information about it.”

Cathy Glasson, president of the union that represents UI nurses, and a former Democratic gubernatorial candidate, said if the Air Methods contract is saving money, UIHC should be proud to talk about it. “It would be irresponsible for a public entity to not be forthcoming,” she said.

Iowa Sen. Pam Jochum, D-Dubuque agreed.

“The UIHC needs to provide their rationale for contracting with this company — especially in light of the legal problems it is facing in other states.”

l Comments: (319) 339-3157; erin.jordan@thegazette.com

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[Jordan]

Give us feedback

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Or if you have a story idea we should look into? Tell us here.

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Or if you have a story idea we should look into? Tell us here.

question: What is the main topic of the story?

answer: The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics outsources it AirCare helicopter ambulance service to a for-profit corporation, Air Methods. Air Methods is under fire for price gouging.

question: Why did Walter Brant file a complaint with the Iowa Attorney General's Office?

answer: He claims that Air Methods is charging him $35,000 for a 40-mile flight to Mercy Medical Center in Des Moines.

question: Describe Air Methods.

answer: Air Methods was founded in 1982 in Denver; It is the nation’s largest air ambulance company serving 41 states. In 2014 UIHC signed a 5-year renewable contract with Air Methods.

question: Who said, “They just wanted whatever they could get,” he said. “Maybe we were just lucky.”

answer: Stephen Vermeulen

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics outsources it AirCare helicopter ambulance service to a for-profit corporation, Air Methods. Air Methods is under fire for price gouging.


text:
There was once a little boy who lived with his grandpa because his mom and dad had gone away for a very long time. They did a very bad thing to the boy. The little boy loved his grandpa very much but he didn't know it. Grandpa knew the little boy loved him very much and he loved him back, even more than he loved himself. The little boy's favorite food was macaroni and cheese. His grandpa was very good at making macaroni and cheese and he made it every night and the boy was happy. He went to school and learned about big animals that live very far away and he loved to read. He read mystery books and funny books and comic books. He loved Superman.

It was his birthday and grandpa was making him macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas, that was his favorite dinner. He put a pan of water onto the stove and the peas in the microwave. Grandpa bought the boy a new issue of Superman that the boy wanted very badly. The boy would always take the bus home because his grandpa didn't have a car. So the grandpa put the boys favorite movie into the DVD player and waited for the boy.

The water started to bubble and boil over so grandpa turned the oven down and poured the macaroni in. The microwave beeped so grandpa turned it off and let the peas cool down. He drained the macaroni and stirred the cheese and mixed in the tuna and peas. The bowl was very hot so grandpa put a paper towel underneath it. He didn't want the boy to burn himself. The TV asked grandpa if he wanted to play the movie but he didn't want to because the boy was not home.

Grandpa waited and waited for the little boy and the macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas wasn't hot anymore. He started to watch the movie and became very sad. Grandpa was very worried about the boy and so he got his cane and coat and walked out into the cold. He walked until he got to the boy's bus stop and it was very dark now. He did not see the boy at the bus stop and there were no cars on the road. He sat down on the bench and started to shiver and breathe faster than he should have. More snow started to fall and now grandpa almost couldn't see anything at all. The boy was not around. Grandpa couldn't cry because it was too cold. But he wanted to and he sobbed for a very long time.

The boy's head hurt and he was very cold but he finally got home after a long walk. He had to take a different way because the other mean boys told him he couldn't take the bus anymore. The boy picked up the front door key and opened the door. The house was very dark like it was outside and so he turned on the light. He saw his favorite food on the table, macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas. There was a comic book on the table and his favorite was on the TV and the funny animals were there talking to each other and the boy sat and watched and called for grandpa. But grandpa was not there and the boy could not find him. He looked in the bathroom and the kitchen and his room and grandpas room but he was not there.

He was hungry so he ate the macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas. He looked at the comic book and it was the new issue of Superman that the boy wanted so badly and so he read it. Grandpa wrote on the inside of how much he loved the boy and he hoped he enjoyed the comic book. The macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas was cold but it was still very good. Grandpa loved cooking for the little boy and the little loved grandpa's cooking because it made him feel comfortable and warm and he loved grandpa very much but he didn't know it.

Grandpa had dropped his cane and he was feeling very cold and tired so he fell asleep. He thought about the boy and how he loved the boy very much, even more than he loved himself. And he fell asleep. A man came by and asked grandpa if he was okay but grandpa didn't answer.

The boy waited and waited for grandpa and he fell asleep on the table and he heard the funny animals talking to each other and it made him feel good. Grandpa tucked him into bed and covered him up in warm blankets and he told the boy he loved him very much and he would make him macaroni and cheese tomorrow.

title: I'd be grateful if anyone took a look at my short story The Little Boy and His Grandpa

question: Why did the big boys bully the little boy?

question: How did the little boy's grandpa die?

answer:
Grandpa had prepared the little boy's favorite food for his birthday. Then he waited for him to come back from school. The boy did not show up. Grandpa dressed up, got out, and waited for the little boy at the bus stop, even though it was cold and snowy.

It was already dark and the little boy is not back yet from school. Grandpa continued to wait, sitting on a bench in the cold, frosty snow. He died shortly after.


text:
555 17TH STREET, formerly known as the ANACONDA TOWER and the QWEST TOWER, is a skyscraper in Denver, Colorado. The building was completed in 1978, and rises 40 floors and in height.[1] The building stands as the seventh-tallest building in Denver and Colorado. It also stood as the tallest building in the city at the time of its 1978 completion, and held that distinction for three years until it was surpassed by the 707 17th Street in 1981.[2]

555 17th Street was originally known as the Anaconda Tower, after the Anaconda Company who relocated their headquarters from New York City to Denver in 1978. The building became the world headquarters of Qwest in 1997, at which point it was adorned with two large Qwest signs.[3] The building served as Qwest's headquarters until 2000, when the corporation moved to 1801 California Street, the second-tallest building in Denver situated two blocks away.[4] Although Qwest moved its headquarters in 2000, the two brightly lit blue signs on 555 17th Street remained in place for four more years.[5] Qwest finally removed the logos in 2004, but prior to that the signs were left dark for several months.[6]

555 17th Street is composed entirely of Class A office space, containing features such as a tenants' restaurant, private club, and conference center.[7] The building is home to the offices of accounting firms Deloitte & Touche and McGladrey, LLP.[8] Holland & Hart, a major law firm, has its headquarters in 555 17th Street.[9]

555 17th Street has been installed with several environmentally “green” features, including a 600-ton flat plate heat exchanger and electronic ballast lighting technology.[10] The building's management company, Mile High Properties, estimates that the upgraded features have generated savings of US$$1,835,000 in five years.[11] Due to its green features, 555 17th Street has been designated a “Labeled Building” by Energy Star and the United States Environmental Protection Agency.[12]

Cushman And Wakefield is the current property manager. 555 17th Street has the same owners as the Grand Hyatt.

Tenants

Ogilvy PR Worldwide - Third floor[13]

Huron Consulting Group - 16th Floor

JWT - Third floor

Clarity Media Group - Seventh floor

Examiner.com - Fourth floor

Parsons Brinckerhoff - Fourth, Fifth and Sixth floors[14]

Grand Hyatt Denver - 2nd and 38th Floor

Long View Systems - 16th Floor[15]

McGladrey, LLP - Tenth floor[16]

CDM Smith, Inc. - Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth floors[17]

Planisware - 17th floor

Crescent Point Energy Corp. - 18th and 19th floors

Willis Towers Watson - 20th and 21st floors

Anschutz Corporation - Twenty-fourth 23, and 22nd floor[18]

Monticello Associates - Twenty-sixth floor[19]

Holland & Hart LLP - Law Firm - 32nd-25th floor[20]

Deloitte & Touche LLP - thirty-third, thirty-fifth, thirty-sixth floors

Gordon and Rees - 34th floor

Cushman & Wakefield - 7th floor

Starbucks - In lobby

FedEx- In Lobby

Snarf's Sandwiches - In Lobby

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15] http://www.longviewsystems.com

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19] http://mymovingpages.com/Monticello+Associates.327668.81205795.home.html

[20]

title: 555 17th Street

question: Summarize the first decade of the building's history.

answer: The building was completed in 1978. It held the distinction of the tallest building in Denver until it was surpassed in 1981. It was originally known as the Anaconda Tower.

question: Summarize the different identities the building has had over the years.

answer: It was originally known as the Anaconda Tower. It later became the world headquarters of Qwest. After that, it simply became 555 17th Street.

question: What does the article say about the people who built 555 17th Street?


text:
A window screen provides airflow in an area and keeps out unwanted pests when that window is open. Screens with large tears or holes must be replaced in order to provide the same functions. It is possible to piece together a window screen with multiple pieces of the same type of screen fabric. You can use the same process to both fix a screen hole and to piece together a window screen.

Metal Screen

Place together two pieces of the same type of metal screen so the connecting edge overlaps by 1 inch. Patch a hole or rip by centering a patch a minimum of 1 inch larger than the hole, using the same process to connect overlapped edges.

Cut an 18-inch piece of beading wire.

Sew the two layers of screen together with the beading wire. Insert the end of the wire from the front to the back of the screen, through both layers about 1/4 inch from the edge. Pull the wire through the screen, leaving a 2-inch end. Bend the end parallel with the edge of the screen and point it in the same direction as the sewing. Insert the end of the wire through the next hole to the right. Pull the wire through the screen, leaving a 1-inch loop. Insert the 2-inch end of the wire through the loop. Pull the loop tight. Repeat the process in each hole along the edge of the screen. Finish the seam by weaving about 1 inch of the wire through the next few stitches. Cut off the excess wire. Cut more wire, as needed.

Cut another 18-inch strand of beading wire. Sew a second straight seam 1/4 inch away from the first seam. Use the same process as sewing the first seam. Go through both layers of screen with each stitch.

Fabric or Fiberglass Screen

Place two pieces of the same type of fabric or fiberglass screen so the connecting edge overlaps by 1 inch. Patch a hole or rip by centering a patch a minimum of 1 inch larger than the hole, using the same process to connect overlapped edges.

Cut an 18-inch piece of lightweight fishing line. Thread a large-eyed needle with the fishing line.

Sew the two layers of screen together using two straight seams that are 1/4 inch apart from one another. Sew with the lightweight fishing line from the front to the back, then from the back to the front of the screen. Sew it in the same way you did in Step 3.

Cut another 18-inch piece of fishing line. Sew a second straight seam 1/4 inch away from the first seam. Use the same process as sewing the first seam. Go through both layers of screen with each stitch.

Vinyl Screen

Cover the surface of the ironing board with aluminum foil.

Place two pieces of the vinyl screen so the connecting edge overlaps by 1 inch. Center and place the seam parallel to the long edge of an ironing board. Patch a hole or rip by centering a patch a minimum of 1 inch larger than the hole, using the same process to connect the overlapped edges.

Place a piece of aluminum foil, slightly larger than the width of the iron, over the entire seam.

Set the iron to a "Cotton" setting. Allow the iron to heat three minutes.

Center and place the iron over the seam. Hold the iron in place for 15 seconds. Move the iron to a new location and repeat until the entire seam is pressed. The vinyl melts together to connect the pieces when ironed.

Remove the iron and the top piece of aluminum foil. Allow the vinyl screen to cool two to three minutes.

Remove the vinyl screen from the ironing board.

References

Tips

-   Patch small holes or tears in metal screens by weaving a length of 20-gauge wire back and forth across the opening or place the screen on a flat surface. Apply a drop or line of epoxy glue for metal starting approximately 1/8 inch from the opening, over the opening and onto the screen another 1/8 inch. Allow the glue to dry before use.
-   Patch small holes or tears in vinyl, fiberglass or other fabric-based screen using clear fingernail polish. Use epoxy glue for plastic. Apply a drop or line of epoxy glue for plastic starting approximately 1/8 inch from the opening, over the opening and onto the screen for another 1/8 inch. Allow the glue to dry before use.

Writer Bio

Kim Blakesley is a home remodeling business owner, former art/business teacher and school principal. She began her writing and photography career in 2008. Blakesley's education, fine arts, remodeling, green living, and arts and crafts articles have appeared on numerous websites, including DeWalt Tools, as well as in "Farm Journal" and "Pro Farmer."

question: What does a window screen provide?

answer: Airflow in an area while keeping pests out.

question: When must screens be replaced?

answer: When they have large tears of holes.

question: What is one way you can patch holes in a vinyl or fiberglass screen?

answer: Using clear fingernail polish.

question: What is one thing you can use to patch a plastic screen?

answer: Epoxy glue.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The article discusses the repair of damaged window screens, giving instructions for repairing metal, fabric, fiberglass and vinyl window screens.


text:
RADIO BILINGÜE is a non-profit public radio network with Latino control and leadership, is the only United States national distributor of Spanish-language programming in public radio. It is based in Fresno, California.[1]

This satellite network was formed to provide stations with news, information, and cultural programming in Spanish and musical programs showcasing a variety of Latino formats with emphasis on Mexican folk and Afro-Caribbean rhythms. Satélite Radio Bilingüe builds on Radio Bilingüe's decades-old tradition of talk programs, special events coverage and its flagship news service, Noticiero Latino, for stations across the United States, Puerto Rico and Mexico.

Radio Bilingüe is the recognized Spanish-language radio service for the public radio system in the United States. It serves over half a million listeners with its pioneering daily Spanish-language national talk show, _Línea Abierta_, its independently produced news service, Noticiero Latino, and its rainbow of Spanish-language folk music for its national Latino audiences. The entire 24-hour daily operation is totally devoted to public service. Radio Bilingüe has a full-time staff of twenty-five and a budget of two million dollars. Its funders include the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, The California Endowment, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the National Endowment for the Arts, the California Arts Council, the California State Health Department - Tobacco Control Section, and many other funding partners interested in informing hard-to-reach, low-income, Latino populations in California and across the U.S.

History

Founded in 1976 by Hugo Morales along with Latino activists, farmworkers, and community members, Radio Bilingüe (RB) became the first full-power FM radio station to provide media access and culturally and socially relevant news and information to the growing Spanish-speaking community of California’s Central Valley. RB is a non-profit, educational, public radio network aimed at serving primarily underserved and underrepresented Latinos, as well as to other minority communities, living in the United States.

Radio Bilingüe became formally incorporated in July 1977 when its articles of incorporation were signed. Two years later, on August 20, 1979, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved Radio Bilingüe's application for its first station, KSJV 91.5 FM in Fresno. The radio station's first broadcast took place on July 4, 1980; but it wasn’t until August 5, 1980, that the FCC legally granted Radio Bilingüe its noncommercial educational FM station license.

Radio Bilingüe’s first home was on the fourth floor of the Mason Building of the Fulton Mall in downtown Fresno. Its 16,000-watt transmitter, located on Eshom Point in the Sierra Nevada, had the capacity to reach the Chicano and Mexican community living in the Central Valley of California between the cities of Merced and Bakersfield. Radio Bilingüe began featuring public-affairs shows focusing on farmworker issues in addition to musical content. The station would also broadcast forums and call-in shows on various topics, such as immigration reform, pesticides, labor law, and bilingual education. At the time of its establishment, Radio Bilingüe became the first bilingual public radio station in a major market and the third bilingual station in the United States.[2]

In the early 1990s, Radio Bilingüe experienced a development that marked a major expansion for the organization: it launched _Satélite Radio Bilingüe_, which enabled satellite transmission of its programming throughout the United States. This meant the radio station could reach many more of the Latino communities living across rural and urban areas in the country. In addition to the expanded U.S. coverage, Radio Bilingüe also began reaching Latino communities in Puerto Rico, in various states across Mexico, and in Vancouver, Canada.

Across the United States, Radio Bilingüe constitutes about one-third of the national Latino public radio system. In California, it serves three rural regions with concentrated Latino populations: the San Joaquin Valley, Imperial County, and the combined Monterey/Santa Cruz/San Benito County area. The largest of Radio Bilingüe’s service regions is the San Joaquin Valley; this area stretches from Stanislaus County in the north to Kern County in the south. In 2002, the San Joaquin Valley's various radio markets combined ranked as the seventh-largest Hispanic radio market in the country (Arbitron, 2002). Considering all three of its service regions, Radio Bilingüe would rank as the sixth-largest Hispanic broadcaster in the United States, reaching more than 1 million teens and adults living in Spanish-speaking households across the United States.[3]

Today, Radio Bilingüe's main office is headquartered in Fresno, California, and its news division office is located in Oakland, California. In the course of 34 years since its first broadcast, Radio Bilingüe grew from a single radio station with local reach, into a transnational radio network. As of 2014, Radio Bilingüe owns and operates 13 radio stations in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. Radio Bilingüe also has 9 repeater stations and 92 affiliate radio stations across the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico (the number of affiliate stations may vary year to year).[4]

[1] Radio Bilingue IRS Form 990

[2] (“Bilingual radio station,” 1980)

[3] (Kissam et al., 2003)

[4]

title: Radio Bilingüe

question: What does the text say about the founding of the radio network?

answer: The network was founded in 1976 by Hugo Morales along with Latino activists, farm workers, and community members to provide stations with news, information, and cultural programming in Spanish. Radio Bilingue was formally incorporated in July 1977. In 1979, the FCC approved their application for their first station, KSJV 91.5 FM in Fresno, on the fourth floor of the Mason Building of the Fulton Mall. Their first broadcast occurred in 1980.

question: What does the text say about the network's satellite radio service?

answer: Radio Bilingue launched their satellite radio service in the early 1990s, which allowed their programming to reach throughout the United States. In addition to the expanded contiguous US coverage, the network could also reach Latino communities in Puerto Rico, Mexico, and Canada.

question: What does the text say about the kinds of programming offered by the network?

answer: The network provides stations with news, information, and cultural programming in Spanish and musical programs showcasing a variety of Latino formats with emphasis on Mexican folk and Afro-Caribbean rhythms. Highlights of their programming are Linea Abierta, a daily Spanish-language national talk show, Noticiero Latino, an independently produced news service, and a variety of Spanish-language folk music.

question: What does the text say about the network's plans for the future?


text:
The sign spells "Oleander's". A fitting name, perhaps, for oleander can be either a deadly poison or a potent medicine depending on which parts and how much you choose to process. Much like alcohol. Since I'm already here, I might as well sit down and treat myself to an evening glass of something, and so I ask for a glass of mojito.

 For a tavern, it's strangely quiet and vacant, unlike all those depictions of the establishment in stories everywhere. There's no barfight, no quarrel, nothing above a whisper. Maybe the rain has driven the customers away, maybe it's a local tradition to not drink on this day, or maybe the bar is inadequate for the folks' tastes.

There's a homely feeling to this place, as I notice. I suppose it's the quietness that's rarely associated with any place that allows alcohol consumption. I'm not a crowd person. If I had to choose to live between rotting in a chair alone and associating with others incessantly, I would pick the former of the two. It's never until you've talked to so many people that you started to cherish the precious silence with a book, or a hot cup of chocolate by your side.

On my left sits an old, rusty, scarlet-colored Hecker radio. Heckers, having been out of production since 1985, are undoubtedly rare now. Carla Bruni's *Quelqu'un M'a Dit* is playing, fully accompanied by crackles and static and everything you'd expect from such an old model. The song sounds better this way, as do most French songs, I recognize.

"Mister? Here's your mojito. Please enjoy!"

I look up and catch the waitress' gaze. She has clear, hazel eyes. The type of eyes that would never give away what they are hiding behind. Just like yours.

I thank her and take a sip. For a moment, I see you also looking back at me through the fogged glass.

April 12

title: Taverns and mojitos

question: Was the narrator an introvert?

answer: It appears he was.

question: Why did the narrator find it strange that the tavern was quiet?

answer: Because taverns have a reptation of fight outbreaks and quarrels.

question: What time setting was this narration told?

answer: That information is not known.

question: Who was the narrator talking to?

answer: It is not stated.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: One evening, the narrator found himself at a bar called Oleander's and decided to have a glass of mojito. The bar appeared peaceful, and although the narrator considered himself an introvert, he found it strange that a bar could be that quiet. While seated, listening to french music on an old Heckers radio, he likened the nature of the waitress's eyes who served him to that of an unknown figure.


text:
The new series is set seventy years before Harry Potter.

Warner Bros. have announced a new film series that will be set in the same world as Harry Potter: Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them. Potter fans will recognize the title, as it was used for a Potter spinoff book, presented as a Hogwarts textbook read by Harry, Ron and Hermione. The film will be an original story centered on the supposed author of that book, Newt Scamander. JK Rowling will write the first film herself, making her screenwriting debut.Fantastic Beasts is a spinoff of the Potter series, set in the same universe, though Rowling cautions that it’s not intended to directly connect to Harry’s story. “Although it will be set in the worldwide community of witches and wizards where I was so happy for seventeen years, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them is neither a prequel nor a sequel to the Harry Potter series, but an extension of the wizarding world,” said Rowling. “The laws and customs of the hidden magical society will be familiar to anyone who has read the Harry Potter books or seen the films, but Newt’s story will start in New York, seventy years before Harry’s gets underway.”
The Harry Potter series has, of course, been a juggernaut, with the eight Potter films among the most successful ever and it’s hardly surprising that Warner Bros. would want to find a way for the franchise to continue. The only question was how this could occur, given Harry’s story was pretty complete.
Said Rowling, in her statement, “It all started when Warner Bros. came to me with the suggestion of turning Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them into a film. I thought it was a fun idea, but the idea of seeing Newt Scamander, the supposed author of ‘Fantastic Beasts,’ realized by another writer was difficult. Having lived for so long in my fictional universe, I feel very protective of it and I already knew a lot about Newt. As hard-core Harry Potter fans will know, I liked him so much that I even married his grandson, Rolf, to one of my favourite characters from the Harry Potter series, Luna Lovegood.
As I considered Warners’ proposal, an idea took shape that I couldn’t dislodge. That is how I ended up pitching my own idea for a film to Warner Bros.”
Not shockingly, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them won’t only be a film series. Notes the press release, “Fantastic Beasts” will also be developed across the Studio’s video game, consumer products and digital initiatives businesses, including enhanced links with Pottermore.com, Rowling’s digital online experience built around the Harry Potter stories.”

Warner Bros. will also partner with Rowling on the upcoming TV adaption of her book The Casual Vacancy, distributing the miniseries in all territories except the UK, where it will air on BBC.

Was this article informative?

In This Article

[]

question: What is the new film that is coming out?

answer: Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them.

question: What film series is it a part of?

answer: The Harry Potter series.

question: Who is writing this new film?

answer: J. K. Rowling.

question: Who will partner with the creation of these films?

answer: Warner Bros.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: A new film in the Harry Potter series, Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, is due to come out, according to the article. J. K. Rowling herself will write the script.


text:
An AUTOMATIC BALLOT REFERRAL (or COMPULSORY REFERRAL) is a ballot measure set up by the constitution of a state (or country) to at a certain time have a ballot appear statewide under certain situations.[1]

Types

Constitutional Convention

Fourteen states' constitutions state that they must give voters a chance to decide if they want to amend the constitution.

  State           Upcoming year of vote   Years between vote[2]   Percent voted yes at last vote[3]
  --------------- ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------------------
  Alaska          2022[4]                 10                      32.3
  Connecticut     2028[5]                 20                      40.1
  Hawaii          2028[6]                 10                      69.8
  Iowa            2020[7]                 10                      32.8
  Illinois        2028[8]                 20                      32.6
  Maryland        2030[9]                 20                      48.1
  Michigan        2026[10]                16                      33.4
  Missouri        2022[11]                20                      34.7
  Montana         2030[12]                20                      41.5
  New Hampshire   2022[13]                10                      35.9
  New York        2037[14]                20                      16
  Ohio            2032[15]                20                      31.7
  Oklahoma        2030[16]                20                      23.7
  Rhode Island    2024[17]                10                      44.9

Notes

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[2]

[3]

[4] Gorden, Harrison. “Alaska's Constitution.” (n.d.): n. pag. Alaska Legislative Affairs Agency. Web. 24 Dec. 2016.

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title: Automatic ballot referral

question: What else is an automatic ballot referral called?

answer: A compulsory referral.

question: What is an automatic ballot referral?

answer: A ballot measure set up by the constitution of a state or country to at a certain time have a ballot appear statewide under certain situations.

question: How many states' constitutions state that they must give voters a chance to decide if they want to amend the constitution?

answer: 14.

question: How frequently has this happened/been invoked?

answer: Not stated in article.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: An automatic ballot referral, or compulsory referral, is a ballot measure set up by the constitution of a state or country to at a certain time have a ballot appear statewide under certain situations.