text:
_INTRODUCTION TO CIRCLE PACKING: THE THEORY OF DISCRETE ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS_ is a mathematical monograph concerning systems of tangent circles and the circle packing theorem. It was written by Kenneth Stephenson and published in 2005 by the Cambridge University Press.

Topics

Circle packings, as studied in this book, are systems of circles that touch at tangent points but do not overlap, according to a combinatorial pattern of adjacencies specifying which pairs of circles should touch. The circle packing theorem states that a circle packing exists if and only if the pattern of adjacencies forms a planar graph; it was originally proved by Paul Koebe in the 1930s, and popularized by William Thurston, who rediscovered it in the 1970s and connected it with the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry. As a topic, this should be distinguished from sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency.

The book is divided into four parts, in progressive levels of difficulty. The first part introduces the subject visually, encouraging the reader to think about packings not just as static objects but as dynamic systems of circles that change in predictable ways when the conditions under which they are formed (their patterns of adjacency) change. The second part concerns the proof of the circle packing theorem itself, and of the associated rigidity theorem: every maximal planar graph can be associated with a circle packing that is unique up to Möbius transformations of the plane. More generally the same result holds for any triangulated manifold, with a circle packing on a topologically equivalent Riemann surface that is unique up to conformal equivalence.

The third part of the book concerns the degrees of freedom that arise when the pattern of adjacencies is not fully triangulated (it is a planar graph, but not a maximal planar graph). In this case, different extensions of this pattern to larger maximal planar graphs will lead to different packings, which can be mapped to each other by corresponding circles. The book explores the connection between these mappings, which it calls discrete analytic functions, and the analytic functions of classical mathematical analysis. The final part of the book concerns a conjecture of William Thurston, proved by Burton Rodin and Dennis Sullivan, that makes this analogy concrete: conformal mappings from any topological disk to a circle can be approximated by filling the disk by a hexagonal packing of unit circles, finding a circle packing that adds to that pattern of adjacencies a single outer circle, and constructing the resulting discrete analytic function. This part also includes applications to number theory and the visualization of brain structure.

Stephenson has implemented algorithms for circle packing and used them to construct the many illustrations of the book, giving to much of this work the flavor of experimental mathematics, although it is also mathematically rigorous. Unsolved problems are listed throughout the book, which also includes nine appendices on related topics such as the ring lemma and Doyle spirals.

Audience and reception

The book presents research-level mathematics, and is aimed at professional mathematicians interested in this and related topics. Reviewer Frédéric Mathéus describes the level of the material in the book as “both mathematically rigorous and accessible to the novice mathematician”, presented in an approachable style that conveys the author's love of the material. However, although the preface to the book states that no background knowledge is necessary, and that the book can be read by non-mathematicians or used as an undergraduate textbook, reviewer Michele Intermont disagrees, noting that it has no exercises for students and writing that “non-mathematicians will be nothing other than frustrated with this book”. Similarly, reviewer David Mumford finds the first seven chapters (part I and much of part II) to be at an undergraduate level, but writes that “as a whole, the book is suitable for graduate students in math”.

title: Introduction to Circle Packing

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about circular logic?

answer: No answer

answer: No answer

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What are some related fields to circle packing?

answer: Sphere packing is a related field.

answer: Some related fields are sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency.

answer: Sphere packing is a related field. It is more concerned with packing density than with a combinatorial pattern of tangency.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What parts of the book does the reviewer David Mumford call out as exceeding the abilities of a novice?

answer: The first seven chapters of the book

answer: The first seven chapters of the book (part I and much of part II).

answer: The first seven chapters.


split: test

text:
Chapter 1: The Rules, Rankings and Responsibilities

Finally God allows me to tell my tale. First off, I am an angel. It takes centuries to become a Dream Guardian. You need to understand more than what several lifetimes can teach you.¬ Demons have no rules and no pattern just like nightmares. I do not deal with demons any more but that is for another tale.

Dream Guardians are still angels and we have rules while our enemies do not. Rules are in place for YOUR protection not ours I mean, it’s not like we can die but you can. Our rules are more guidelines and can be broken as we see fit. Firstly, do not show yourself unless absolutely necessary. You know that feeling you get when you feel calm even though you see something that would usually scare you during sleep paralysis? That is something we can do but it isn’t the best choice if you are in danger. We can’t attack during this. Secondly, only put people into a state of sleep paralysis if you are in danger in your sleep and you can’t break free from being held or touched in any way from a monster. Putting you in a state of paralysis is a last resort but buys us a few seconds as they have to re-enter your “sanctuary”. And lastly, we are invisible by choice. We need to wake you before they touch you. Everyone isn't the same to wake up so we don’t know how hard it will be. We try to fight them as you sleep. Those nightmares you have but wake up and can’t remember? We showed ourselves to fight which erases the dream altogether.

Everybody has a different imagination and fear so we have no idea what we are fighting. This is why we are the top angels in heaven. Demons don’t change, their motives do. And we don’t have wings by the way. We can fly but we look like we did back in the mortal world.

People we do not manage to save die, or more commonly known, “bed death” or “cot death”. Some missions will never leave your memory. The hardest part is seeing them at the pearl gates and explaining what happened. As a sign of respect we take 6 earth months off to look over the family and help them through. Very rarely God allows us to project dreams of lost ones into the affected peoples dream so they can say goodbye properly. It is something every Guardian Angel has been through yet it does not get any easier. Imagine kissing your child goodnight and without knowing goodbye too. They sleep in perfect health in their favourite pyjamas wrapped in their blanket with their scent on it. Waiting, excited or any other emotion for tomorrow to inevitably come. But it never does, it never will. The night takes a toll and by morning they are gone. You watch as the first person who tries to wake them start being concerned and then begin to shake. Full denial until they feel their pulse. They break down with their uniform still in hand ready to get them changed for school and just as their knees grow weak they fall to the ground screaming uncontrollably as the rest of the family come running in realising what has happened and no one has anything to say but cry and ask God why. The ambulance comes and declares the rough time of death as you watch helplessly knowing this is your fault and you can’t say sorry. The rest of the day is carried out with the family being closer than they ever have been. People offering their condolences but nothing in the world can make them better than to bring the child back. But nothing can bring them back. And the worst part? The worst part is when they kiss them goodbye and say “I love you” as tears helplessly run down their face. The pain is unimaginable.

Children are the hardest to save, their imaginations are a lot wilder and they don’t understand how one minute they can be hugging their parents and the next minute an unknown figure is holding them tight crushing them. They are too weak and confused and just before they draw a last breath they are in a sleep paralysis. The one DAMN THING I can rely on usually and I only make them more helpless as not all children understand that the bedroom is the safest place so they don’t have a sanctuary yet and the monster is already on top of them choking them before I can wake them. PLEASE make your children understand they are safe in their bedroom. I can’t describe the feeling of fear and sickness I get when I realise a child does not feel safe where they sleep. And yes this is one of many true stories. He was 5. He was the energy of the family and all they can do is look at photos. Just by smiling he would light up any of their days. He was kind and gentle and too young to understand why he left his family behind. You know, people cry in heaven too.

His safest place was in the living room on the carpet with his toys. That is no good to me. Not when he sleeps in his bed. I watched as a small coffin, much smaller than it should ever be for anyone get carried to a grave. I stood by the gravestone crying too. I remembered as I seen the fear in his eyes as I made him experience his first paralysis and last. His last words will haunt me from now to eternity… “Please save me I don’t want to go”.

title: [FN] Dream Guardians: A Never-Ending Battle (intro to my story I am working on)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about sleep paralysis in children?

answer: Sleep paralysis is when a person is in a state of sleep paralysis and can't break free from being held or touched in any way from a monster. The narrator says that children are the hardest to save because their imaginations are a lot wilder and they don't understand how one minute they can be hugging their parents and the next minute an unknown figure is holding them tight crushing them. They are too weak and confused and just before they draw a last breath they are in a sleep paralysis. The narrator can't describe the feeling of fear and sickness he gets when he realizes a child does not feel safe in their bedroom. The narrator tells parents to make their children understand that their bedroom is the safest place and that they need to sleep in their beds.

text: The last two sentences don't are irrelevant to the question.

refinement: Sleep paralysis is when a person is in a state of sleep paralysis and can't break free from being held or touched in any way from a monster. The narrator says that children are the hardest to save because their imaginations are a lot wilder and they don't understand how one minute they can be hugging their parents and the next minute an unknown figure is holding them tight crushing them. They are too weak and confused and just before they draw a last breath they are in a sleep paralysis.

text: This should mention that sleep paralysis is induced by dream guardians to try to save people from danger in their sleep.

refinement: Sleep paralysis is induced by dream guardians to try to save a person who can't break free from being held or touched by a monster in their sleep. The narrator says that children are the hardest to save because their imaginations are a lot wilder and they don't understand how one minute they can be hugging their parents and the next minute an unknown figure is holding them tight crushing them. They are too weak and confused and just before they draw a last breath they are in a sleep paralysis.

answer: Sleep paralysis is when a person is in a state of sleep paralysis and can't break free from being held or touched in any way from a monster. The narrator says that children are the hardest to save because their imaginations are a lot wilder and they don't understand how one minute they can be hugging their parents and the next minute an unknown figure is holding them tight crushing them. They are too weak and confused and just before they draw a last breath they are in a sleep paralysis. The narrator can't describe the feeling of fear and sickness he gets when he realizes a child does not feel safe in their bedroom.


text:
ELIZABETH BENEDICT is an American author best known for her fiction, her personal essays, as the editor of three anthologies, and for _The Joy of Writing Sex: A Guide for Fiction Writers_. Her novels are: _Slow Dancing, The Beginner’s Book of Dreams, Safe Conduct, Almost_, and _The Practice of Deceit_. She lives in New York City and works as a college admissions consultant.[1][2][3][4][5]

Work

Fiction

Her first published short story, “Feasting,” was selected for the 1983 O. Henry Prize Short Story collection.[6] Her second story, “A Fifty Percent Chance,” published in _Seventeen_ magazine in 1982, earned a National Magazine Award.[7] Her first novel, _Slow Dancing_ (Alfred A. Knopf), was a finalist for the 1985 National Book Award[8] and the _LA Times_ Fiction Prize.[9] Her novel _Almost_, a _New York Times_ Notable Book of the Year, was selected as one of _Newsweek_{{'}}s Best Fiction of 2001.

Nonfiction

Benedict's _Joy of Writing Sex: A Guide for Fiction Writers_ (Story Press) was first published in 1996. A second edition, published in 2002, was updated to include the new role of the Internet and the Bill Clinton-Monica Lewinsky scandal in writing about sex in fiction The book was also published in the U.K., Germany and Australia[10][11][12][13]

Benedict teaches workshops on writing about sex in fiction at writers’ conferences and has appeared on radio shows discussing the issue in the U.S., UK, and Australia.[14][15][16]

_The Joy of Writing Sex_ led the _New York Observer_ to include Benedict on its panel on the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal, described in Francine Prose’s article, “New York Supergals Love That Naughty Prez” Benedict defended then-President Clinton's conduct, saying “Nobody is aggrieved here. Monica's not complaining, Hillary's not complaining. The only person who cares is Ken Starr.”[17][18][19] Benedict reaffirmed her defense of Clinton in a retrospective of the scandal on the _Slate_ podcast “Slow Burn,” in 2018.[20]

Benedict's book reviews, personal essays, and articles have appeared in _The New York Times_, _Los Angeles Times_, _Boston Globe_, _Salmagundi_, _Tin House_, _Daedalus_, _Harper's Bazaar_, _Esquire_, _Real Simple_, _Allure_, _The American Prospect_, and _The Rumpus_. Her short fiction has appeared in _Narrative Magazine_.[21]

Anthologies

Benedict is the editor of three anthologies. The first, _Mentors, Muses and Monsters: 30 Writers on the People who Changed Their Lives_ (2009, Free Press, Simon & Schuster), was inspired by an essay she wrote for _Tin House_ about her mentor at Barnard, Elizabeth Hardwick.[22] It includes essays by other Barnard alumnae Mary Gordon and Sigrid Nunez. Nunez's essay on Susan Sontag was the inspiration for her 2011 memoir about Sontag, _Sempre Susan_.[23]

Her second anthology, _What My Mother Gave Me: Thirty-one Women on the Gifts that Mattered Most_ (2013 Algonquin Books), was a _New York Times_ Bestseller.[24] Her third, _Me, My Hair and I: Twenty-seven Women Untangle an Obsession_ (2015, Algonquin Books) includes essays by Maria Hinojosa, Marita Golden, and Jane Smiley.

Themes

Growing up in New York City has been a noted theme of Benedict's fiction and nonfiction. About her second novel, _The Beginner's Book of Dreams_, _Kirkus Reviews_ wrote: “Benedict handles Manhattan life, in this case a young girl's exploration of semi-fraudulent Manhattan life, superbly—with the vibrancy of The World of Henry Orient (that underappreciated book by Nora Johnson) or with the emotional dislocations of the better work of John O'Hara and Richard Yates.”[25][Benedict at the 2019 Islander's Write Festival in Marthas Vineyard]

Benedict's personal essay, “Murder One: Mad Dog Taborsky and Me” was published in _Daedalus_ in 2008[26] and explored the effect of the murder of her mother's brother on her parents’ marriage and her own life. In 1960, Joseph "Mad Dog" Taborsky was the last man executed in the state of Connecticut until 2005, after being released from death row for the murder of Benedict's uncle. Once released, he committed a series of murders that terrorized central Connecticut in 1956 and 1957.

College essay coaching and teaching

Benedict is the founder and president of Don't Sweat the Essay, Inc., which focuses on coaching students for college and graduate school application essays. She has written frequently on the subject for _Huffington Post_.[27][28]

Benedict has been on the fiction faculty of the New York State Summer Writers Institute, at Skidmore College, since 1997[29]

Bibliography

-   _Slow Dancing_ (1985)
-   _The Beginner's Book of Dreams_ (1988)
-   _Safe Conduct_ (1993)
-   _The Joy of Writing Sex_ (1996, revised 2002)
-   _Almost_ (2001)
-   _The Practice of Deceit_ (2005)
-   _Mentors, Muses and Monsters: 30 Writers on the People Who Changed Their Lives_ (Editor) (2009)
-   _What My Mother Gave Me: Thirty-one Writers on the Gifts that Mattered Most_ (Editor) (2013)
-   '' Me, My Hair and I: Twenty-seven Women Untangle an Obsession'' (Editor) (2015)

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title: Elizabeth Benedict

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about education?

answer: Benedict teaches workshops on writing about sex in fiction at writers' conferences. She has been on the fiction faculty of the New York State Summer Writers Institute, at Skidmore College, since 1997. She is the founder and president of Don't Sweat the Essay, Inc., which focuses on coaching students for college and graduate school application essays.

text: The text does not talk about education in general as a subject matter. The question does not specify if it is referring to Benedict's background education.

answer: Elizabeth Benedict is an American author who lives in New York City. She works as a college admissions consultant. She is the founder and president of Don't Sweat the Essay, Inc., which focuses on coaching students for college and graduate school application essays. She attended Barnard College. She has been on the fiction faculty of the New York State Summer Writers Institute, at Skidmore College, since 1997.

text: The text does not talk about education in general as a subject matter. The question does not specify if it is referring to Benedict's background education.

answer: Elizabeth Benedict is an American author who lives in New York City. She works as a college admissions consultant. She is the founder and president of Don't Sweat the Essay, Inc., which focuses on coaching students for college and graduate school application essays. She has been on the fiction faculty of the New York State Summer Writers Institute, at Skidmore College, since 1997.

text: The text does not talk about education in general as a subject matter. The question does not specify if it is referring to Benedict's background education.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Benedict's personal life?

answer: Benedict lives in New York City and works as a college admissions consultant.

text: Her place of work and career is irrelevant to her personal life. There is no mention of her personal life anywhere in the text.

answer: No answer

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize everything that happened in the 1990s.

answer: Her book "Joy of Writing Sex: A Guide for Fiction Writers" was first published in 1996. In 2002, it was updated to include the new role of the internet as well as the Bill Clinton-Monica Lewinsky scandal in writing about sex.

text: The answer should also mention that she also wrote Safe Conduct in the 90s.

refinement: Her book "Joy of Writing Sex: A Guide for Fiction Writers" was first published in 1996. In 2002, it was updated to include the new role of the internet as well as the Bill Clinton-Monica Lewinsky scandal in writing about sex. She also wrote Safe Conduct in 1993.

answer: In 1996, Elizabeth Benedict published her nonfiction book, The Joy of Writing Sex: A Guide for Fiction Writers.

text: The answer should also mention that she also wrote Safe Conduct in the 90s.

refinement: In 1996, Elizabeth Benedict published her nonfiction book, The Joy of Writing Sex: A Guide for Fiction Writers. She also wrote Safe Conduct in 1993.

answer: No answer

text: There were events mentioned in the text that took place in 1996 and 1993.

refinement: Elizabeth Benedict wrote Joy of Writing Sex: A Guide for Fiction Writers and Safe Conduct in 1996 and 1993.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Benedict's failures?

answer: No answer

answer: No answer


text:
A statue of Christopher Columbus is installed in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood, within Louisburg Square, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. A Greek merchant, Joseph Iasigi, presented the statue to the city in December 1849.[1][2][3] A captain of one of his vessels had loaded it onto a ship in Italy as ballast, alongside a statue of Aristides which was also donated.[4] Both statues are described as “inferior” and “unremarkable” by art critics.[5][6] The Italian marble sculpture was carved in Leghorn and depicts Columbus as a boy.[7][8]

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title: Statue of Christopher Columbus (Beacon Hill, Boston)

question: Who made the Statue of Christopher Columbus in Beacon Hill, Boston?

answer: Joseph Iasigi, a Greek merchant, donated the statue to the city in 1849.

text: The response is accurate, but it does not answer the question

text: Provide a response

refinement: That information can't be found, but it was carved in Leghorn, Italy sometime before 1849

answer: Not answered. It was made in Italy.

answer: The Italian marble sculpture of Christopher Columbus was carved in Leghorn by an unknown artist.

answer: Joseph Iasigi, a Greek merchant, donated the statue to the city in December 1849.

text: The response is accurate, but it does not answer the question

text: Provide a response

refinement: That information can't be found, but it was carved in Leghorn, Italy sometime before 1849

question: Why was it transported to Boston?

answer: It was transported to Boston as ballast.

answer: The statue was transported to Boston because it was a gift from a Greek merchant.

text: It was a gift, but it was also used as ballast

refinement: The statue was carried on the ship as ballast and then presented as a gift to Boston.

answer: It was loaded onto an Italian ship as ballast.

answer: The statue of Christopher Columbus was transported to Boston as ballast on a ship owned by Joseph Iasigi.

question: Why do art critics think the statue is inferior?

answer: Not answered.

answer: The statue is described as "inferior" and "unremarkable" by art critics.

text: The response simply states information given in the question

text: Provide a response

answer: It is not clear from the article.

answer: According to the passage, art critics believe the statue of Christopher Columbus is "inferior" and "unremarkable" because it is described as "inferior" and "unremarkable" by art critics.

text: Circular, vacuous answer

text: Provide a response

question: When was the statue installed?

answer: The statue of Christopher Columbus was installed in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood in 1849.

text: It was presented in 1849, but the input does not say when it was installed

text: Provide a response

answer: December 1849

text: It was presented in 1849, but the input does not say when it was installed

text: Provide a response

answer: The statue was installed in 1849.

text: It was presented in 1849, but the input does not say when it was installed

text: Provide a response

answer: Not answered. It was presented to the city in December 1849.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: A statue of Christopher Columbus is installed in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood, within Louisburg Square, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.

answer: A statue of Christopher Columbus is located in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood. It was donated in 1849 by a Greek merchant and depicts Columbus as a boy.

answer: This article is about a statute of Christopher Columbus, depicted as a boy, that is installed in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood.

answer: A statue of Christopher Columbus is installed in Boston's Beacon Hill neighborhood, within Louisburg Square, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.


text:
[paris exercise ban]

France’s capital has banned daytime outdoor exercise while the rest of the country can continue (Picture: AFP)
All outdoor exercise between 10am and 7pm is now banned in the French capital after officials lost their patience with people ignoring social distancing rules.

Parisians were seen walking and jogging in groups in the city’s parks over the sunny weekend despite the threat of on-the-spot fines upwards of €135 (£120) for violating lockdown rules.

France has been under one of Europe’s strictest lockdowns for nearly a month, requiring everyone to have a printed form stating their reason for being outside every time they leave the home.

The rest of the country is still allowed out to exercise within half a mile of their address, shop for essentials, or see a doctor.

[French judoka (-66 kg category) Kilian Le Blouch (L) and his girlfriend French judoka Sarah Harachi train in the living room of their apartment on April 3, 2020, in Chatenay-Malabry, near Paris, on the 18th day of a lockdown in France aimed at curbing the spread of the COVID-19 (novel coronavirus). (Photo by FRANCK FIFE / AFP) (Photo by FRANCK FIFE/AFP via Getty Images)]

A couple, both Olympic judo wrestlers, shared their home workouts in Paris (Picture: AFP)
The mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, said the new rules would make people exercise ‘when the streets are generally at their quietest’.

France’s death toll has passed 10,000, the fourth-highest officially-reported figure after Italy, Spain and the US.

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The government’s health minister, Olivier Véran, said on Tuesday that the country is still in a ‘worsening phase of the epidemic’.

Spain, the second-worst hit country in Europe after Italy, has had an outright ban on outdoor exercise since its lockdown was introduced.

[A woman excercises on a bench on Pont des Arts in central Paris, early on April 8, 2020, as a new regulation is put into place asking people to practice their sports before 10:00 and after 19:00, on the 23thrd day of a lockdown in France aimed at curbing the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus. - The city of Paris decided to regulate the hours of outdoors sports following a sunny and warm weekend that saw many citizens flouting the social distancing requirements put into place to curb the spread of the COVID-19. (Photo by Alain JOCARD / AFP) (Photo by ALAIN JOCARD/AFP via Getty Images)]

The daytime ban is intended to spread people’s outdoor time more evenly throughout the day (Picture:AFP)
An exception was granted for people walking their dogs, which led to a black market of pet-owners renting their animals out to others so they could go outside.

Parisians might now take inspiration from some of the viral social media clips showing the creative ways Spaniards have tried to maintain their fitness – such as gym classes delivered by an instructor on his roof to rows of people on balconies across the street.

Many countries in Europe are now plotting a course to end their lockdowns, and some have started easing restrictions.

People in the Czech Republic have had to wear facemasks outside at all times by law, but can from today leave home without one.

Some sports facilities such as tennis courts are now allowed to reopen as long as no more than two people play in a group, and shops selling certain non-essential goods will open from Thursday.

[Fitness instructor runs class from the middle of housing complex in Spain https://www.instagram.com/ursullinetv/ Picture: ursullinetv]

A fitness instructor in Spain ran classes from a rooftop (Picture: @sanosevillabermejales)
Denmark and Austria, which were two of the first European countries to go into lockdown, will start a slow exit from next week.

Denmark will reopen nurseries and primary schools from April 15, while Austria will allow small shops, DIY stores and garden centres to open from April 14.

The German government has drawn up an action plan to phase in a step-by-step return to normality, including mandatory mask-wearing in public, limits on gatherings and the rapid tracing of infection chains, according to Reuters.

However, the plan assumes the pandemic will last through to 2021.

Disease experts in a number of countries have warned that, until a vaccine is developed, there may be no way to end the lockdown without the virus spreading again.

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question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the motivation behind the exercise ban?

answer: No answer

text: A response  is possible and necessary

refinement: The ban is intended to prevent people from contracted Covid-19

answer: The motivation behind the exercise ban is to make people exercise when the streets are generally at their quietest.

answer: The motivation is to spread people's outdoor time more evenly throughout the day. The mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, says the new rules would make people exercise "when the streets are generally at their quietest."

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the response to the pandemic in nations besides France?

answer: Spain, Italy, and the US are the countries with the highest death tolls, but other countries are also mentioned, including Denmark, Austria, and Germany.

text: This fails to answer the question

refinement: Spain has banned outdoor exercise. Denmark and Austria are planning to reopen schools and nurseries. The German government is planning to phase in a return to normalcy. In the Czech Republic people will be allowed outside without a mask.

answer: Spain has banned outdoor exercise. Denmark and Austria are planning to reopen schools and nurseries. The German government is planning to phase in a return to normalcy.

text: Should include information on the Czech Republic.

refinement: Spain has banned outdoor exercise. Denmark and Austria are planning to reopen schools and nurseries. The German government is planning to phase in a return to normalcy. People in the Czech Republic have had to wear facemasks outside at all times by law, but can from today leave home without one.

answer: No answer

text: It is possible to answer this question.

refinement: Spain has banned outdoor exercise. Denmark and Austria are planning to reopen schools and nurseries. The German government is planning to phase in a return to normalcy. People in the Czech Republic have had to wear facemasks outside at all times by law, but can from today leave home without one.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the response to the pandemic in North American countries?

answer: No answer

answer: The article doesn't mention anything about North American countries.


question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the motivation behind the exercise ban?

answer: The motivation behind the exercise ban is to make people exercise when the streets are generally at their quietest. The ban is also intended to spread people's outdoor time more evenly throughout the day.

text: The response does not mention that this ban took place because French officials lost their patience with people ignoring social distancing rules.

refinement: The motivation behind the exercise ban is to make people exercise when the streets are generally at their quietest. The ban is also intended to spread people's outdoor time more evenly throughout the day as well as implement social distancing among their citizens.

answer: The motivation behind the exercise ban is to make people exercise when the streets are generally at their quietest. The ban is intended to spread people's outdoor time more evenly throughout the day. The government's health minister says that the country is still in a worsening phase of the epidemic.

text: The response does not mention that this ban took place because French officials lost their patience with people ignoring social distancing rules.

refinement: The motivation behind the exercise ban is to make people exercise when the streets are generally at their quietest. The ban is intended to spread people's outdoor time more evenly throughout the day. The government's health minister says that the country is still in a worsening phase of the epidemic. As such, they have resorted to ban exercise between 10 am to 7 pm to better implement social distancing rules.

answer: The motivation behind the exercise ban is to make people exercise when the streets are generally at their quietest. The ban is intended to spread people's outdoor time more evenly throughout the day.

text: The response does not mention that this ban took place because French officials lost their patience with people ignoring social distancing rules.

refinement: The motivation behind the exercise ban is to make people exercise when the streets are generally at their quietest. The ban is intended to spread people's outdoor time more evenly throughout the day as well as better implement the social distancing rule.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the response to the pandemic in nations besides France?

answer: Spain has an outright ban on outdoor exercise. The Czech Republic has had to wear facemasks outside at all times by law, but can from today leave home without one. Denmark and Austria, which were two of the first European countries to go into lockdown, will start a slow exit from next week. Denmark will reopen nurseries and primary schools from April 15, while Austria will allow small shops, DIY stores and garden centers to open from April 14. The German government has drawn up an action plan to phase in a step-by-step return to normality, including mandatory mask-wearing in public, limits on gatherings and the rapid tracing of infection chains. However, the plan assumes the pandemic will last through to 2021. Disease experts in a number of countries have warned that, until a vaccine is developed, there may be no way to end the lockdown without the virus spreading again.

text: The response contains extraneous information not useful for the task.

refinement: Spain has an outright ban on outdoor exercise. The Czech Republic has had to wear facemasks outside at all times by law, but can from today leave home without one. Denmark and Austria, which were two of the first European countries to go into lockdown, will start a slow exit from next week. Denmark will reopen nurseries and primary schools from April 15, while Austria will allow small shops, DIY stores and garden centers to open from April 14. The German government has drawn up an action plan to phase in a step-by-step return to normality, including mandatory mask-wearing in public, limits on gatherings and the rapid tracing of infection chains.

answer: Some countries such as Spain and Italy have outright bans of outdoor exercise. The countries of the Czech Republic and Austria have loosened restrictions on being out in public. Denmark will reopen its nurseries and primary schools from April 15, and Austria will allow small shops, DIY stores and garden centers to open from April 14. The German government has also drawn up an action plan to phase in a step-by-step return to normality, including mandatory mask-wearing in public, limits on gatherings, and rapid tracing of infection chains.

answer: Spain has an outright ban on outdoor exercise. The Czech Republic has had to wear facemasks outside at all times by law, but can from today leave home without one. Denmark and Austria, which were two of the first European countries to go into lockdown, will start a slow exit from next week. Denmark will reopen nurseries and primary schools from April 15, while Austria will allow small shops, DIY stores and garden centers to open from April 14. The German government has drawn up an action plan to phase in a step-by-step return to normality, including mandatory mask-wearing in public, limits on gatherings and the rapid tracing of infection chains. However, the plan assumes the pandemic will last through to 2021. Disease experts in a number of countries have warned that, until a vaccine is developed, there may be no way to end the lockdown without the virus spreading again.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the response to the pandemic in North American countries?

answer: No answer is given in the article.

answer: No answer


text:
Voices from the television, white noise to *his* vacant mind. Two men were talking to each other and *he* didn't see their faces. *He* saw moving lips. The stench of the apartment did not bother *him*. Half eaten food rotted on the floor. The most recent of this food was a bowl of somewhat eaten jello. It sat still on the table next to the couch where a mindless *man* sat.

Who is this man? Most would say he's a brilliant writer of a dozen famous short stories; each translated into a dozen languages and read by much more than a dozen people. The characters in his stories have been analyzed time and time again. They are the best creations of his writing. His characters *are* the story. Their complexities are deeper than most imagine. This writer is a genius.

But at this moment, he isn't a famous writer. He is Alfred Jones, the newest of his characters. You see, when the writer writes, he locks himself in his apartment for many months. He eats, but he doesn't finish. He turns on the TV and enters his imagination, unaware of reality, to build his characters for hours. He writes it all down when he awakes at midnight. He becomes his characters during these trances.

He jolted wide awake. *Is it midnight?* He checked the time through a TV and found it was 9:00. Two men were talking on a screen. *Who are these two men, Sally?* He looked around. Sally was not there. *This isn't my place. Did I get drunk today? No, I couldn't have. So how did I get here?*

The man stood up, puzzled by what was happening. *The jello will stink, the jello will stink.* He was startled by this incoherent thought. It wasn't his. *Who was that?! WHO said that?!* He grabbed a couch, trying for a grip of the demented reality. *WHERE AM I?!* The man ran to a bathroom. *The jello will stink, the jello will-*

He screamed. He wanted to vomit. Was he going crazy? Water rushed through the man's fingers as he washed his face. *This will wake me up! It will, it will, it will, IT WILL.*

He looked up to a mirror. Screams echoed in a bathroom. This isn't him! This isn't him! *WHO IS THIS FACE?! WHO IS THIS?!* He screamed and screamed. He clawed at the face. *Is it a mask?* He pulled but it wouldn't come off. *Stink jello stink.* The man smashed the face into a mirror. He's just dreaming right now! *This can't be real.* Blood trickled down the mangled face. Shards of mirror were dug into skin. They were deep.

*Where's your wallet?* I don't know.

*Go find it.* Who are you?

The man walked of a bathroom. Blood dripped onto a floor. *Why is my face on fire?* The man went towards a room. My face hurts. Sally? *Help me. Jello stink.*

I opened a door. Where is the wallet? *Put out the fire.* A wallet was on a bed. *Whose wallet is that?* It's mine. It's his. *Put out the fire.*

He picked up a wallet. I opened it up. I read a name on a license. *Stephen King.*

Who am I?

title: The Writer

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why is the protagonist behaving in such a self-destructive way?

answer: This information can't be found.

text: The information is not in the story but it can be implied

refinement: The story implies that the protagonist is behaving in this self-destructive way because he is a writer who locks himself in his apartment for months at a time, living as one of his characters.his information can't be found.

answer: The story implies that the protagonist is behaving in this self-destructive way because he is a writer who locks himself in his apartment for months at a time, living as one of his characters.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why does the protagonist want to wake up?

answer: He wants to wake up because he does not recognize himself and needs to know who he is.

text: The answer isn't clear

refinement: It's probably because he feels like he's losing his mind, hence he wants to wake up. It may be implied that the protagonist has mental illness and lives the life of an insane man.

answer: It's probably because he feels like he's losing his mind, hence he wants to wake up. It may be implied that the protagonist has mental illness and lives the life of an insane man.

answer: [rewrite]

text: No answer

refinement: It's probably because he feels like he's losing his mind, hence he wants to wake up. It may be implied that the protagonist has a mental illness and lives the life of an insane man.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who and where is Sally?

answer: This information can't be found.

answer: Sally is the narrator's wife.

answer: Not answered.


text:
An arson attack at the Guru Nanak Gurdwara Sahib in Edinburgh this morning has caused extensive damage.

At around 5am, a petrol canister with a piece of cloth was lit and pushed through the front door of the Gurdwara Sahib in Mill Lane. A fire started on the other side of the door, inside the Gurdwara Sahib.

While the fire damage is limited, it caused extensive internal smoke damage, including inside the Divan hall. Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji was not in Parkash (but in Sachkhand) at the time of the attack.

Shortly after attack, a passer-by who was familiar with Edinburgh sangat alerted the Granthi Singhs to the fire. Both the police and fire brigade arrived within minutes, along with members of Edinburgh sangat.

Local sevadaars were able to carry out a brief inspection before the police sealed off the Gurdwara Sahib for forensic analysis, but they could not determine much as it was still dark. In this time, a sevadaar rushed upstairs to Sachkhand to check Mahraaj’s Saroops which thankfully appear not to have suffered any damage. Galab Singh, a committee member of the Gurdwara Sahib said: _‘When I heard there was a fire I had to rush here and go upstairs to check Mahraaj’s saroops with my own eyes. I’m quite surprised at this attack, the Gurdwara Sahib enjoys a good relationship with the local community here.’_

Police officers are now inspecting the Gurdwara Sahib, and have taken away the petrol canister for forensic examination. The Gurdwara Sahib is hoping to update sangat once the police have finished investigating.

Detective Inspector Clark Martin from Gayfield CID said: _“Fortunately, the fire was extinguished relatively quickly and no on was injured, but nevertheless we are treating this incident with the utmost seriousness._

_“Anyone who remembers seeing any suspicious activity around the temple, or in the Sheriff Brae area during the early hours of Tuesday morning should contact police immediately._

_“In addition, anyone with any further information relevant to this investigation is also asked to come forward.”_

Inspector Andrew Johnson from Leith Police Station said that police would be having a ‘high-visibility presence’ in the area while the investigation continues.

Despite some reports to the contrary, Police Scotland have confirmed that NO arrests have yet been made.

The timing of the incident is of interest to the police: usually, arson attacks such as this come in the aftermath of domestic terror attacks, at a time of heightened backlash against minority communities. Moreover, the fact that the attack occurred in the early morning rather than late at night is a further indication of premeditation.

Kulbear Singh, President of the Edinburgh Sikh Gurdwara, said: _“Scotland’s Sikh community places an emphasis on contributing positively to society and prides itself as a vital part of a modern, multicultural Scotland. As such, hateful occurrences such as this are incredibly disheartening. The gurdwara is the place of sanctuary and learning. We come here every week with our family and children; it is frightening that someone would target us in this way.”_

Members of Edinburgh sangat have received numerous messages and gestures of support, both from the local community and national Sikh sangat. Local businesses near the Gurdwara Sahib have offered their CCTV recordings to assist the investigation.

The Church of Scotland has issued a statement expressing sympathy and solidarity with the Sikh community. The Right Rev Susan Brown, moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, said: _“How sad that a place of worship should be the target of such a hateful act._

_“I am glad no one was injured and extend sympathy to the Sikh community in Edinburgh._

_“We recognise the actions of a small minority do not reflect the good relations that exist with your local community. There is no room in Scotland for intolerance.”_

Sikh PA will bring further updates as they come from the Gurdwara Sahib and Police Scotland. Media enquiries about this attack should be directed to sukh@sikhpa.com

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about who was responsible for the arson?

answer: The reporter doesn't know who the arsonists were. The police believe that the attack was a planned attack and premeditated. They are gathering evidence so they can make arrests.

answer: The police are investigating the arson attack, but no arrests have been made thus far. It is currently unknown who is responsible.

answer: No answer

text: The text states that no arrests have yet been made.

text: The text states that the attack was likely premeditated.

refinement: No arrests have yet been made. The police believe the attack was premeditated.

answer: It is unknown. Detective Inspector Clark Martin from Gayfield CID has requested information from the public regarding any suspicious activity in the area. Any generally useful information related to the incident was also requested. Police Scotland have confirmed that no arrests have yet been made.

answer: According to the text, the police believe that the arson attack was committed by someone deliberately. The attack targeted the Guru Nanak Gurdwara Sahib and the petrol canister was deliberately lit and pushed through the front door.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about who is investigating the arson?

answer: Local sevadaars were able to carry out a brief inspection before the police sealed off the Gurdwara Sahib for forensic analysis, but they could not determine much as it was still dark. Police officers are now inspecting the Gurdwara Sahib; they are treating the incident seriously and are requesting assistance and information from the local community. Inspector Andrew Johnson from Leith Police Station said that police would have a ‘high-visibility presence’ in the area while the investigation continues. At the time of writing, no arrests had been made.

answer:
Soon after the attack, there was a "high-visibility" presence of police. Cf., "Inspector Andrew Johnson from Leith Police Station said that police would be having a ‘high-visibility presence’ in the area" The police are looking into the attack but forensic information has not been revealed yet.

The attack is being investigated by police and the two Majors, Guy and Blane, along with DCS Pendock, who investigate the crime. The police's investigative branch is the Serious and Organised Crime Division (SOCO).

text: The names Guy, Blane, and DCS Pendock do not appear in the article.

refinement:
Soon after the attack, there was a "high-visibility" presence of police. Cf., "Inspector Andrew Johnson from Leith Police Station said that police would be having a ‘high-visibility presence’ in the area" The police are looking into the attack but forensic information has not been revealed yet.

The police's investigative branch is the Serious and Organised Crime Division (SOCO).

text: SOCO is not mentioned in the article.

refinement: Soon after the attack, there was a "high-visibility" presence of police. Cf., "Inspector Andrew Johnson from Leith Police Station said that police would be having a ‘high-visibility presence’ in the area" The police are looking into the attack but forensic information has not been revealed yet.

text: The phrasing of the first sentence is incoherent.

refinement: Soon after the attack, police. Cf., "Inspector Andrew Johnson from Leith Police Station said that police would be having a ‘high-visibility presence’ in the area." The police are looking into the attack but forensic information has not been revealed yet.

text: The answer does not mention the sevadaars.

refinement: Local sevadaars carried out a brief inspection before the police sealed off the Gurdwara Sahib. Soon after the attack, police. Cf., "Inspector Andrew Johnson from Leith Police Station said that police would be having a ‘high-visibility presence’ in the area." The police are looking into the attack but forensic information has not been revealed yet.

answer: The police are currently investigating the arson.

text: The answer does not mention the sevadaars.

refinement: Local sevadaars carried out a brief inspection before the police sealed off the Gurdwara Sahib. The police are currently investigating the arson.

text: The answer should mention specific names.

refinement: Local sevadaars carried out a brief inspection before the police sealed off the Gurdwara Sahib. The police are currently investigating the arson. Detective Inspector Clark Martin requests that anyone who saw suspicious activity come forward to the police.

answer: Members of Edinburgh's Sikh community are cooperating with police officers and detectives investigating the arson. The police have collected a petrol canister for forensic evidence, but no arrests were made as of yet. Members of the Edinburgh Sikh community are hoping to update the public on the investigation as soon as possible. The chief of police of Scotland, Isaac Robertson, is not resting until justice is served.

text: No one named Isaac Robertson is mentioned in the article.

refinement: Members of Edinburgh's Sikh community are cooperating with police officers and detectives investigating the arson. The police have collected a petrol canister for forensic evidence, but no arrests were made as of yet. Members of the Edinburgh Sikh community are hoping to update the public on the investigation as soon as possible.

text: The sevadaars can be mentioned.

refinement: Local sevadaars carried out a brief inspection before the police sealed off the Gurdwara Sahib. Members of Edinburgh's Sikh community are cooperating with police officers and detectives investigating the arson. The police have collected a petrol canister for forensic evidence, but no arrests were made as of yet. Members of the Edinburgh Sikh community are hoping to update the public on the investigation as soon as possible.

answer: The police are investigating the arson which occurred at the Guru Nanak Gurdwara Sahib in Edinburgh.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why is this an unusual case?

answer: This arson attack is unusual because it is not usually associated with domestic terror. Unlike in other arson attacks, it occurred in the early morning rather than late at night. The timing indicates that the attack was premeditated.

text: These attacks are usually associated with domestic terror.

refinement: This arson attack is unusual because such attacks usually occur in the aftermath of domestic terror attacks. Unlike in other arson attacks, it occurred in the early morning rather than late at night. The timing indicates that the attack was premeditated.

answer: Arson, when it's a place of worship, usually occurs in the aftermath of domestic terror attacks.

text: The answer should mention the timing of the attack.

refinement: Arson, when it's a place of worship, usually occurs in the aftermath of domestic terror attacks. The attack is also unusual in that it occurred in the early morning rather than late at night.

answer: This attack comes at a time when few arson attacks occur following domestic terror attacks. The fire was started in the early morning rather than late at night, which indicates premeditation. In light of these unusual aspects, the police are treating this case with the utmost seriousness.

text: The final sentence is not relevant.

refinement: This attack comes at a time when few arson attacks occur following domestic terror attacks. The fire was started in the early morning rather than late at night, which indicates premeditation.

text: The first sentence is inaccurate.

refinement: This timing is unusual because such attacks usually occur in the aftermath of domestic terror attacks. The fire was started in the early morning rather than late at night, which indicates premeditation.

answer: The circumstances of the arson are atypical of arsons as well as hate crimes. The timing is unusual as it did not occur during a time of general heightened backlash against minority communities. That, as well as the fact that it occurred in the early morning rather than late at night, is an indication of premeditation.

answer: Usually arson attacks like this come after a time when there is heightened backlash against minority communities, a time that violence is not unheard of against them. The premeditated time of choosing is an indication of the severity of the attack.

text: The second sentence could be more coherent.

refinement: Usually arson attacks like this come after a time when there is heightened backlash against minority communities, a time that violence is not unheard of against them. The attack also occurred in the early morning rather than late at night.


text:
'Tomorrow will just have to be what today wasn't'. That was my mother’s mantra. She said it after every hard shift, every failed test, every break up, and every argument. She whispered it into my ears as she wiped tears off my cheeks. I used to tell myself the same thing when things went awry. I had always put faith into words, especially those words. Words defined my life.
It was 4:15 in the morning on the sixteenth of July. There was nothing special about the time or the date, but my brain woke me up regardless. I remember how cold it was in my room. I reached out of bed, tapped the small touch lamp on the bedside table, grabbed the robe that hung off the post of my bed and buried myself inside of it. Sliding my feet into my slippers, I crossed the room to turn on my space heater.

Had I lived anywhere else, the heater probably would’ve been stored away with holiday decorations and winter jackets, but I didn’t live anywhere else. I lived in a studio apartment with very little space. I didn’t own any holiday decorations and all of my winter clothes were hung up and stuffed into my little closet behind all of my summer clothes. I crossed the room and turned the knob on my fourteen dollar space heater to the single notch that signified power level one. The lamp lost a little bit of light. I shuffled toward my bed, kicked off the slippers and did a belly flop onto the mattress. The room filled with the quiet hum of the heater converting the temperature of the air and I squirmed under the comforter. Laying in my bed, wrapped in a robe and snuggled under a blanket, I knew I wasn’t getting back to sleep that night. I had only slept for about three hours and already my brain had kicked me into consciousness and given me the finger. I laid there for a few minutes and decided, ’Fuck it. If I’m going to be awake, I’m going to work’. I grabbed the laptop from the other side of the end table, nearly knocking the lamp off as I did. I pushed the lamp back into place, increasing its brightness ever so slightly. I flipped the laptop open and was greeted by a page full of text.

Words had always comforted me. Growing up, my mother always knew exactly what to say to make things better. She had so many pearls of wisdom to hand out and I had always eagerly accepted them. It had just been her and I growing up. After I was born, the doctor told her she wouldn’t have any more children. Her husband, who I refused to acknowledge as being my father (why should I, I never even saw his face), couldn’t stand to be with a woman who couldn’t provide him with a son so he left her with her daughter without a trace. Kids at school were always kind enough to point out how weird it was that Lindsay didn’t have a dad and when I would report their observations to my mother, she would always get down on her knees, put her hands on my shoulders and ask me, “Are those children smarter than you?” to which I always replied, “No”. Her follow up would be something similar to “Are the girls prettier than you?” This question had bothered me because I looked nothing like my mother (which, naturally, meant that I looked like her ex-husband). But, in the end, the answer was usually “No”. She would ask if they were stronger or braver than me and, as the queen of dares and arm wrestling, I always responded in the negative. She would wrap all of these questions up with one final one, the only one that really mattered.

“So then, Lindsay, are the kids with fathers better than you?”

And I always knew they weren’t. There were some kids in town that were, but they all went to a private school and I never had to see them anyway. I went to the only public school in my town. Everyone knew everyone else and we were all poor. No one had a guest bedroom and most of the houses had only one bathroom. My mom worked as a nurse during the day at the local nursing home and bartended during the night. She was always home when I woke up, when school let out, and when I went to sleep. As soon as I was old enough, I got a job helping out at the library after school. I got lost in books and excelled in English and ended up writing my way out of that little town and into Chicago. I took my mother with me, but she didn’t make it very long in a big city. She was exceedingly proud of my success but I always told her that she was the one who had given it to me.

I opened the laptop to find a page mostly filled with words. They were small money words. I hadn’t produced big money words since my mother died. I watched the cursor blink, waiting to be jettisoned across the screen by a slew of creativity or inspiration but it just stood there and blinked at me. I was in the middle of reading the paragraph preceding the boring cursor when I heard a rattling outside of my bedroom. My brain shut down and I stared at my bedroom door, waiting to see if it would bust inward. Someone was in my apartment. I knew that because the closest I came to a pet was the plastic tree by the front door and the dead fern by the window. I remember thinking ’Who the fuck would break in to my shitty apartment?’ but that didn’t matter. What mattered was that somebody had. My lamp was on and my laptop was illuminating my room, so whoever it was probably knew that I was awake. Did they know that I knew they were there?

title: [MS] Actually looking for feedback on my firsts few paragraphs

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is the narrator's most important familiar relation?

answer: Her mother.

text: The answer should give more details about the narrator's and her mother's relationship, and how her death affected the narrator.

refinement: Her mother. The narrator was raised by her mother alone, and her mother's words were always comforting. When kids at school bothered the narrator for her lack of a father, her mother would always convince her that girls with fathers weren't smarter, more beautiful, stronger, or better than her. The narrator can't write as well as she used to after her mother's passing.

answer: Her mother

answer: Her mother

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the motif of words mean in the story?

answer: The narrator's mother used words to comfort her daughter when she was upset. The narrator used words to get out of her small town and into Chicago. The narrator hasn't written big money words since her mother died.

answer: The narrator's mother used words to comfort her daughter when she was upset. The narrator used words to get out of her small town and into Chicago. The narrator's mother died and the narrator hasn't written big money words since.

answer: The narrator has always put faith into words, especially those words. Words defined her life.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the central conflict in the story?

answer: The narrator is being watched by someone.

text: The narrator realizes that someone is in her apartment. She wonders whether the trespasser knows that she's aware.

refinement: The narrator is being watched by someone. Someone entered her apartment, and she's aware. She wonders whether the trespasser knows she's aware.

text: The story never says that the narrator is being watched.

refinement: Someone entered her apartment, and she's aware. She wonders whether the trespasser knows she's aware.

answer: The narrator thinks someone is breaking into her apartment.

answer: The narrator is in danger of being robbed.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What happened to the narrator's mother?

answer: She died of cancer.

text: The story never states how the narrator's mother died.

answer: She died.


text:
WILLIAM ABBOT (fl. 1437) was an English politician who served as Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis in 1437.[1] He was a son of John Abbot, another MP, and two of his brothers, John and Robert, were also MPs.[2]

[1] ABBOT, John, of Melcombe Regis, Dorset., History of Parliament Online

[2]

title: William Abbot (politician)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is William Abbot?

answer: He was an English politician.

answer: He is an English politician who served as Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis.

answer: William Abbot is an English politician who served as Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis in 1437. He was a son of John Abbot and had two brothers who were also MPs.

answer: He was an English politician.

answer: William Abbot is an English politician who served as a Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis in 1437. He was a son of John Abbot and had two brothers who were also MPs.

text: The model uses the wrong use of verb here, 'William Abbot is an English politician...' The person being discussed is late.

refinement: William Abbot was an English politician who served as a Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis in 1437. He was the son of John Abbot and had two brothers who were also MPs.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

When did Abbot served as a Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis?

answer: He served in 1437.

answer: in 1437.

text: The 'i' in "In" should be capitalized since its beginning the sentence.

answer: Abbot served as a Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis in 1437.

answer: Abbot served as an MP for Melcombe Regis in 1437.

answer: Abbot served as a Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis in 1437.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who were William's brothers?

answer: William's brothers were John and Robert.

answer: His brothers were John and Robert Abbot.

answer: William's other two brothers were also MPs, named John and Robert.

answer: William Abbot had two brothers, John and Robert.

answer: John and Robert

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What similarity does William Abbot share with his father and two of his brother?

answer: Both William Abbot and his father John Abbot, as well as two of his brothers, John and Robert, were all elected to serve in Parliament.

answer: They all serve as MPs.

text: The model uses incorrect tense here, '...serve...' because the article talks about something that happened in the past.

answer: Abbot, his father, and two of his brothers were all Members of Parliament.

answer: William Abbot shares the same occupation as his father John and two of his brothers: being an MP.

text: Improper use of tense. The model says 'shares' instead of 'shared.'

refinement: William Abbot shared the same occupation as his father John and his two brothers: an MP.

answer: They were all Members of Parliament for Melcombe Regis.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: William Abbot was an English MP who served briefly in 1437. He was the son of John Abbot, and two of his brothers were also MPs.

text: The summary is above one sentence.

refinement: William Abbot was an English MP who served briefly in 1437 who was the son of John Abbot, and two of his brothers also served as MPs.

answer: William Abbot was an MP in 1437. He was one of several sons of John Abbot, another MP, and occupied a similar political role.

text:
The summary is over one sentence.
What other similar political role did he occupy besides being an MP?

refinement: William Abbot was an MP in 1437 who was one of the sons of John Abbot, also an MP.

answer: William Abbot was an English politician who served as Member of Parliament for Melcombe Regis in 1437.

answer: William Abbot was an English politician in Melcombe Regis in the 1437.

answer: This article describes the political career of William Abbot, an English politician in 1437.


text: Wake N Bacon was an alarm clock that would wake you by automatically cooking bacon. Unfortunately this product is nowhere to be found today. The idea was that you would put a frozen piece of bacon in the alarm clock when you go to bed, then 10 minutes before your set wake-up time the clock would automatically start cooking it. While this idea is heavenly for some, it is commonly called one of the worst pitches in Shark Tank history. There are no bacon cooking alarm clocks on the market at the time of this post, but you could try to make your own.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the Wake N Bacon alarm clock?

answer: It wakes you up by automatically cooking bacon.

answer: It would wake you up by emitting a scent imitating the scent of cooking bacon.

answer: The Wake N Bacon alarm clock is a clock that wakes people up by automatically cooking bacon.

answer: The Wake N Bacon alarm clock is a clock that would automatically cook bacon 10 minutes before your set wake-up time in order to wake you up.

answer: The Wake N Bacon alarm clock was an alarm clock that would wake you by automatically cooking bacon.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How would this work?

answer: Either you have some kind of plug-in bacon cooker, or the producer has used some form of wireless technology to stream the wireless network-based remotely to your phone.

answer: You'd put a frozen piece of bacon in the alarm clock when you go to bed and the clock would start making it 10 minutes before you set the alarm to wake you up.

answer: The bacon alarm clock would automatically start cooking a piece of frozen bacon ten minutes before the alarm is set to go off. The hope is that the smell of the cooked bacon would wake the user up.

answer: It seems to me it would work like the MyMemoright flashcard, only with bacon. It isn't known if the author means that the actual alarms would wake up early enough to get you to the bacon, or if someone would need to come to wake you up to get to the clock.

answer: The alarm clock would automatically start cooking a piece of frozen bacon 10 minutes before your set wake-up time. The user would place the bacon into the alarm clock before going to bed.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Where was this idea pitched?

answer: This idea was pitched on Shark Tank.

answer: Shark Tank

answer: Shark Tank

answer: Shark Tank

answer: The idea of a bacon-cooking alarm clock was pitched on the reality show Shark Tank.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Are there any bacon alarm clocks like this on the market as of the time of this article?

answer: No.

answer: No there were no bacon alarm clocks on the markte as of the time this article was published.

answer: There are no bacon cooking alarm clocks currently on the market.

answer: No.

answer: No, there are currently no bacon alarm clocks like this on the market at the time of this article.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article describes a rather absurd gadget: the Wake N Bacon Alarm Clock. It automatically cooked bacon at a pre-set time in the alarm, which made the unlucky customer rise like a zombie and look forward to the delightful moment of crispy bacon. The product was taken off the market only because of severe ridicule it received from the investors on Shark Tank.

answer: Wake N Bacon was an alarm clock intended to cook bacon 10 minutes before your set wake-up time. The product unfortunately never made it to market.

answer: One Shark Tank idea did not take hold: an alarm clock that wakes you with the scent of bacon. The idea was that you put a piece of frozen bacon in an alarm clock and then 10 minutes before you've set alarm to wake you up, the clock begins to cook the bacon.

answer: The article discusses the Wake N Bacon Alarm Clock, which was created to automatically cook bacon 10 minutes before the set wake-up time. The piece points out that a shark made the proverbial "shark tank joke" because the product is now nowhere to be found.

answer: Wake N Bacon was an alarm clock that would wake you by automatically cooking bacon. Unfortunately, the product is no longer on the market. The idea was to wake up to the smell of bacon cooking. While an appealing smell, the idea was considered one of the worst pitches in Shark Tank history.


text:
Just the facts, in 40 sentences.

-   Sept. 22, 2019

[]

Credit...Erin Schaff/The New York Times

Sometimes it’s worth stepping back to look at the full picture.

He has pressured a foreign leader to interfere in the 2020 American presidential election.

He urged a foreign country to intervene in the 2016 presidential election.

He divulged classified information to foreign officials.

He publicly undermined American intelligence agents while standing next to a hostile foreign autocrat.

He hired a national security adviser who he knew had secretly worked as a foreign lobbyist.

He encourages foreign leaders to enrich him and his family by staying at his hotels.

He genuflects to murderous dictators.

He has alienated America’s closest allies.

He lied to the American people about his company’s business dealings in Russia.

He tells new lies virtually every week — about the economy, voter fraud, even the weather.

He spends hours on end watching television and days on end staying at resorts.

He often declines to read briefing books or perform other basic functions of a president’s job.

He has aides, as well as members of his own party in Congress, who mock him behind his back as unfit for office.

_[__Sign up for David Leonhardt’s daily newsletter with commentary on the news and reading suggestions from around the web.__]_

He has repeatedly denigrated a deceased United States senator who was a war hero.

He insulted a Gold Star family — the survivors of American troops killed in action.

He described a former first lady, not long after she died, as “nasty.”

He described white supremacists as “some very fine people.”

He told four women of color, all citizens and members of Congress, to “go back and help fix the totally broken and crime-infested places from which they came.”

He made a joke about Pocahontas during a ceremony honoring Native American World War II veterans.

He launched his political career by falsely claiming that the first black president was not really American.

He launched his presidential campaign by describing Mexicans as “rapists.”

He has described women, variously, as “a dog,” “a pig” and “horseface,” as well as “bleeding badly from a facelift” and having “blood coming out of her wherever.”

He has been accused of sexual assault or misconduct by multiple women.

He enthusiastically campaigned for a Senate candidate who was accused of molesting multiple teenage girls.

He waved around his arms, while giving a speech, to ridicule a physically disabled person.

He has encouraged his supporters to commit violence against his political opponents.

He has called for his opponents and critics to be investigated and jailed.

He uses a phrase popular with dictators — “the enemy of the people” — to describe journalists.

He attempts to undermine any independent source of information that he does not like, including judges, scientists, journalists, election officials, the F.B.I., the C.I.A., the Congressional Budget Office and the National Weather Service.

He has tried to harass the chairman of the Federal Reserve into lowering interest rates.

He said that a judge could not be objective because of his Mexican heritage.

He obstructed justice by trying to influence an investigation into his presidential campaign.

He violated federal law by directing his lawyer to pay $280,000 in hush money to cover up two apparent extramarital affairs.

He made his fortune partly through wide-scale financial fraud.

He has refused to release his tax returns.

He falsely accused his predecessor of wiretapping him.

He claimed that federal law-enforcement agents and prosecutors regularly fabricated evidence, thereby damaging the credibility of criminal investigations across the country.

He has ordered children to be physically separated from their parents.

He has suggested that America is no different from or better than Vladimir Putin’s Russia.

He has called America a “hellhole.”

He is the president of the United States, and he is a threat to virtually everything that the United States should stand for.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about President Trump's relationship with the media?

answer: No answer

text: It is omitted that he uses the phrase “the enemy of the people” to describe journalists. He attempts to undermine any independent source of information that he does not like, including journalists.

refinement: He uses the phrase “the enemy of the people” to describe journalists. He attempts to undermine any independent source of information that he does not like, including journalists.

answer: Trump has called the press the enemy of the people.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about Trump's racism and sexism?

answer: Trump has repeatedly denigrated a deceased United States senator who was a war hero. He insulted a Gold Star family. He described a former first lady as "nasty." He described white supremacists as "some very fine people." He told four women of color, all citizens and members of Congress, to "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime-infested places from which they came." He made a joke about Pocahontas during a ceremony honoring Native American World War II veterans. He launched his political career by falsely claiming that the first black president was not really American. He launched his presidential campaign by describing Mexicans as "rapists." He has described women, variously, as "a dog," "a pig," and "horseface," as well as "bleeding badly from a facelift" and having "blood coming out of her wherever." He has been accused of sexual assault or misconduct by multiple women. He enthusiastically campaigned for a Senate candidate who was accused of molesting multiple teenage girls. He waved around his arms, while giving a speech, to ridicule a physically disabled person. He has called for his opponents and critics to be investigated and jailed. He uses a phrase popular with dictators - "the enemy of the people" - to describe journalists. He attempts to undermine any independent source of information that he does not like, including judges, scientists, journalists, election officials, the F.B.I., the C.I.A., the Congressional Budget Office and the National Weather Service. He has tried to harass the chairman of the Federal Reserve into lowering interest rates. He said that a judge could not be objective because of his Mexican heritage. He obstructed justice by trying to influence an investigation into his presidential campaign. He violated federal law by directing his lawyer to pay $280,000 in hush money to cover up two apparent extramarital affairs. He made his fortune partly through wide-scale financial fraud. He has refused to release his tax returns. He falsely accused his predecessor of wiretapping him. He claimed that federal law-enforcement agents and prosecutors regularly fabricated evidence, thereby damaging the credibility of criminal investigations across the country. He has ordered children to be physically separated from their parents. He has suggested that America is no different from or better than Vladimir Putin's Russia. He has called America a "hellhole." He is the president of the United States, and he is a threat to virtually everything that the United States should stand for.

text: It does not seem like a racist or sexist comment.

refinement: He insulted a Gold Star family. He described a former first lady as "nasty." He described white supremacists as "some very fine people." He told four women of color, all citizens and members of Congress, to "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime-infested places from which they came." He made a joke about Pocahontas during a ceremony honoring Native American World War II veterans. He launched his political career by falsely claiming that the first black president was not really American. He launched his presidential campaign by describing Mexicans as "rapists." He has described women, variously, as "a dog," "a pig," and "horseface," as well as "bleeding badly from a facelift" and having "blood coming out of her wherever." He has been accused of sexual assault or misconduct by multiple women. He enthusiastically campaigned for a Senate candidate who was accused of molesting multiple teenage girls. He waved around his arms, while giving a speech, to ridicule a physically disabled person. He has called for his opponents and critics to be investigated and jailed. He uses a phrase popular with dictators - "the enemy of the people" - to describe journalists. He attempts to undermine any independent source of information that he does not like, including judges, scientists, journalists, election officials, the F.B.I., the C.I.A., the Congressional Budget Office and the National Weather Service. He has tried to harass the chairman of the Federal Reserve into lowering interest rates. He said that a judge could not be objective because of his Mexican heritage. He obstructed justice by trying to influence an investigation into his presidential campaign. He violated federal law by directing his lawyer to pay $280,000 in hush money to cover up two apparent extramarital affairs. He made his fortune partly through wide-scale financial fraud. He has refused to release his tax returns. He falsely accused his predecessor of wiretapping him. He claimed that federal law-enforcement agents and prosecutors regularly fabricated evidence, thereby damaging the credibility of criminal investigations across the country. He has ordered children to be physically separated from their parents. He has suggested that America is no different from or better than Vladimir Putin's Russia. He has called America a "hellhole." He is the president of the United States, and he is a threat to virtually everything that the United States should stand for.

text: These do not seem to be racist or sexist comments.

refinement: He insulted a Gold Star family. He described a former first lady as "nasty." He described white supremacists as "some very fine people." He told four women of color, all citizens and members of Congress, to "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime-infested places from which they came." He made a joke about Pocahontas during a ceremony honoring Native American World War II veterans. He launched his political career by falsely claiming that the first black president was not really American. He launched his presidential campaign by describing Mexicans as "rapists." He has described women, variously, as "a dog," "a pig," and "horseface," as well as "bleeding badly from a facelift" and having "blood coming out of her wherever." He has been accused of sexual assault or misconduct by multiple women. He enthusiastically campaigned for a Senate candidate who was accused of molesting multiple teenage girls. He waved around his arms, while giving a speech, to ridicule a physically disabled person. He said that a judge could not be objective because of his Mexican heritage. He has ordered children to be physically separated from their parents. He has called America a "hellhole." He is the president of the United States, and he is a threat to virtually everything that the United States should stand for.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant.

refinement: He insulted a Gold Star family. He described a former first lady as "nasty." He described white supremacists as "some very fine people." He told four women of color, all citizens and members of Congress, to "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime-infested places from which they came." He made a joke about Pocahontas during a ceremony honoring Native American World War II veterans. He launched his political career by falsely claiming that the first black president was not really American. He launched his presidential campaign by describing Mexicans as "rapists." He has described women, variously, as "a dog," "a pig," and "horseface," as well as "bleeding badly from a facelift" and having "blood coming out of her wherever." He has been accused of sexual assault or misconduct by multiple women. He enthusiastically campaigned for a Senate candidate who was accused of molesting multiple teenage girls. He waved around his arms while giving a speech, to ridicule a physically disabled person. He said that a judge could not be objective because of his Mexican heritage. He has ordered children to be physically separated from their parents. He has called America a "hellhole."

answer: He has described women, variously, as a "dog", "a pig", and "horseface". He also described white supremacists as "some very fine people". He has also made racially charged jokes about a Native American woman and Mexican immigrants.

answer: Trump has repeatedly denigrated a deceased United States senator who was a war hero. He insulted a Gold Star family. He described a former first lady as "nasty." He described white supremacists as "some very fine people." He told four women of color, all citizens and members of Congress, to "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime-infested places from which they came." He made a joke about Pocahontas during a ceremony honoring Native American World War II veterans. He launched his political career by falsely claiming that the first black president was not really American. He launched his presidential campaign by describing Mexicans as "rapists." He has described women, variously, as "a dog," "a pig," and "horseface," as well as "bleeding badly from a facelift" and having "blood coming out of her wherever." He has been accused of sexual assault or misconduct by multiple women. He enthusiastically campaigned for a Senate candidate who was accused of molesting multiple teenage girls. He waved around his arms, while giving a speech, to ridicule a physically disabled person. He has called for his opponents and critics to be investigated and jailed. He uses a phrase popular with dictators - "the enemy of the people" - to describe journalists. He attempts to undermine any independent source of information that he does not like, including judges, scientists, journalists, election officials, the F.B.I., the C.I.A., the Congressional Budget Office and the National Weather Service. He has tried to harass the chairman of the Federal Reserve into lowering interest rates. He said that a judge could not be objective because of his Mexican heritage. He obstructed justice by trying to influence an investigation into his presidential campaign. He violated federal law by directing his lawyer to pay $280,000 in hush money to cover up two apparent extramarital affairs. He made his fortune partly through wide-scale financial fraud. He has refused to release his tax returns. He falsely accused his predecessor of wiretapping him. He claimed that federal law-enforcement agents and prosecutors regularly fabricated evidence, thereby damaging the credibility of criminal investigations across the country. He has ordered children to be physically separated from their parents. He has suggested that America is no different from or better than Vladimir Putin's Russia. He has called America a "hellhole." He is the president of the United States, and he is a threat to virtually everything that the United States should stand for.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about Trump's virtues?

answer: The article does not mention any of Trump's virtues.

answer: No answer


text:
_CHURCHILL: WALKING WITH DESTINY_ is a non-fiction book authored by British historian and journalist Andrew Roberts. Viking Press published it within the United States in 2018,[1] while Allen Lane published it within the United Kingdom.

Dovetailing with Roberts' previous work on the Second World War and its related major figures, examples being _The Storm of War_, the book received praise from a number of publications. Reviewers have viewed the one-volume biography as one of the best works on Winston Churchill, a statesman best known for serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War, and have particularly cited the use of newly available documentary material by Roberts in its writing.

Specifically, positive reviews appeared in the publications _City Journal_,[2] _The Jewish Chronicle,_[3] _National Review_,[4] and _The Sunday Times_.[5]

Background and contents

[Churchill is photographed as a Member of Parliament in 1904.]

Given the author's longstanding history of writing about the early 20th century, one commentator opined that “Churchill’s world and its environs have been so richly and perspicaciously documented by Roberts for decades that the real oddity would be his reaching the end of a fruitful career as a historian of vast events and great men with no” single work on the figure being published. In preparation for the book, Roberts accessed newly open material previously unavailable to earlier writers. For example, the private diary kept by King George VI during World War II became as a resource given Queen Elizabeth II's assent for its use for historical posterity.[6]

Roberts describes Churchill's background and particularly notes the sadness that Churchill experienced as a child. Ignored by his active father and subject to an uncompassionate mother, Roberts writes, the young Churchill grows up in a general atmosphere of loneliness, despite his multiple attempts to write to his parents.[7] While born into an aristocratic family at Blenheim Palace, the complex being built an illustrious duke ancestor, Churchill lamented missed opportunities and particularly felt pressured given his half-American and half-British parentage, with his mother and her relatives dismissed as crass upstarts. Roberts argues that the issues endured in Churchill's childhood endowed the statesman with a strong sense of personal character possibly unlikely to have come about were Churchill either all British or a complete American expatriate.[8]

Serving in the First World War gave Churchill the opportunity to live out his taste for glory, according to Roberts. Churchill particularly wrote to Margot Asquith in 1915 that he “would not be out of this glorious, delicious war for anything.”[9] The statesmen's early life involves a variety of military and journalistic triumphs as well as certain misadventures in different nations such as Cuba, India, and South Africa, Roberts writes, that leads Churchill into the British Parliament at age twenty-five.[10] As an example of how Churchill's psychology became shaped by varied experiences, Roberts cites the experience of dealing with Islamic fundamentalist militants as a young soldier on India's northwest frontier as preparation to understand Adolf Hitler's fanaticism.[11]

As a young man, Churchill developed a particular type of personality involving a certain psychological foresight as well as an exaggerated sense of ideals and general life purposes, according to Roberts. The author describes Churchill's photographic memory and notes that, while the statesman bemoaned the inability to achieve an advanced higher education, this allowed for Churchill to become a self-educated master of the English language, particularly works of poetry. Roberts condemns what he sees as later misinterpretations of Churchill's background and psyche, the author remarking that Churchill is best thought of as both a dreamer and as an ambitious man of his time.[12]

Reception

Journalist Stephen Pollard wrote for _The Jewish Chronicle_ lauding the “simply wonderful book”, praising Roberts for having written something so “stirring yet thought-provoking” that it constituted “the most superb one-volume biography I have ever read— of anyone.” Pollard additionally remarked that since “Roberts manages something” previously “thought impossible” in creating “a new, ground-breaking portrait of the man whom many consider to be the greatest ever Englishman”, _Churchill: Walking with Destiny_ “will be regarded as a classic for generations to come”.[13] _National Review_ published a supportive review by commentator Tracy Lee Simmons. Praising the “massive book”, Simmons stated that Roberts had managed “a tour de force of scrupulous selection and astute appraisal” that stands out “in a field where the competition has been crowded and stiff.”[14]

Additional praise has come from publications such as _The Sunday Times_, the newspaper's review stating that Roberts' style “bursts with character” and “humour”.[15] Historian Barry Strauss wrote for _City Journal_ that the “brilliant” work “is not only learned and sagacious but also thrilling and fun”. Strauss additionally commented, “Roberts writes with authority and confidence.”[16]

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title: Churchill: Walking with Destiny

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the Second World War?

answer: No answer

text: This answer is incorrect. The article mentions that Churchill: Walking with Destiny dovetails off the author's previous work on the Second World War and its related major figures.

refinement: The article mentions that Churchill: Walking with Destiny dovetails off the author's previous work on the Second World War and its related major figures.

answer: The Second World War is mentioned in the book.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why is Andrew Roberts uniquely successful with this book?

answer: Because he has access to previously unavailable material, like the private diary kept by King George VI during World War II, and because he knows the material well and is a good historian.

text: This comment is unnecessary and could be omitted.

refinement: Because he has access to previously unavailable material, like the private diary kept by King George VI during World War II.

answer: He used private diary material kept by King George VI during World War II.

answer: He used private diary material kept by King George VI during World War II and newly available documentary material.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is Andrew Roberts' specialty?

answer: He has a longstanding history of writing about the early 20th century.

text: It's omitted that Roberts is also a British historian and journalist.

refinement: He has a longstanding history of writing about the early 20th century. Additionally, he's a British historian and journalist.

answer: Andrew Roberts specializes in British history, specifically the early 20th century. In preparation for "Churchill: Walking with Destiny", he even made use of the private diaries of King George VI which were not accessible to many other historians.

answer: He has a longstanding history of writing about the early 20th century. He is a historian and journalist.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about Churchill?

answer: Churchill is a statesman best known for serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He was born into an aristocratic family at Blenheim Palace, but his mother and her relatives were dismissed as crass upstarts. Serving in the First World War gave Churchill the opportunity to live out his taste for glory. He developed a particular type of personality involving a certain psychological foresight as well as an exaggerated sense of ideals and general life purposes.

answer: Churchill is a statesman best known for serving as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. He was born into an aristocratic family at Blenheim Palace, but his mother and her relatives were dismissed as crass upstarts. Serving in the First World War gave Churchill the opportunity to live out his taste for glory. He developed a particular type of personality involving a certain psychological foresight as well as an exaggerated sense of ideals and general life purposes. Churchill's childhood was characterized by loneliness and sadness.