text:
ZOFIA NEHRINGOWA (sometimes identified by her married surnames DUDA and later KRZESZCZYK; 10 May 1910 – 1 January 1972[1]) was a Polish long track speed skater in the late 1920s and 1930s.[2][3]

Biography

[Nehring skating] Born in Warsaw, Nehringowa started skating when she was 15 years old at the _Warszawskie Towarzystwo Łyżwiarskie_ (Warsaw Ice Skating Society) and was trained by Edward Nehring (born 1892). From 1930 she skated for KS Polonia Warszawa.[4][5][6]

Twelve times she was the Polish champion, including 4 times champion at the Polish Allround Championships in 1931, 1932, 1935, and 1939. She won the 5000m national title in 1931 and 1934.[7]

Her results in the 500m (1:02.00 from 15 February 1931), 1000m (2:16.4 from 26 January 1929) 1500m (3:28.0 from 27 January 1929), 3000m (6:52.8 from 8 February 1931) and 5000 m (11:30.5 from 15 February 1931) were approved by the International Skating Union (ISU) on 3 December 1931 as the first women's speed skating world records.[8][9][10][11][12]

Nehringowa competed during 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men in Davos, because there was not a rule yet that women's were not allowed to enter races of the men's championships she could take ride all four the distances. Newspapers wrote about this conspicuity and an Austrian skater even withdrew demonstratively from the championship, refusing to compete at the same time against a woman.[13]. During these race she broke the women's world record in the 1500m (3:10.4 on 10 January 1932).[14] A few days later she took back the world record in the 1000m from Liselotte Landbeck (2:03.4 on 17 January 1932 in Engelberg).[15] These successes brought her the 10th place in the Polish Sports Personality of the Year (__) for the best Polish athlete in 1932. [16]

On 9 February 1935 she improved her own world record in the 3000m to 6:22,40, and the day afterwards also in the 5000m to 10:54,80.[17][18] On 30 December 1935 in Vienna, she also set a world record in the 10,000m (23:48,5), which was never officially beaten, because in 1953 the ISU decided not to record women's records at this distance.[19]

During her career she rode sixteen Polish national records in the individual distances. [20]

Nehringowa represented her nation at the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women in 1939 where she finished 5th overall (in the individual distances she was 8th (500 m), 4th (3000 m), 7th (1000 m) and 3rd (10,000 m).[21][22]

On 20 September 1936 she was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit, awarded by Colonel Władysław Kiliński.[23]

Personal life

In 1927, at 16 or 17, she married her trainer Edward Nehring, then about 35, and had two children with him. They divorced, and after World War II she married Nehring a second time.[24][25][26]

Records

World records

Nehringowa was the first person to set world records recognized by the ISU. She set the world records in all individual distances (500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m, 5000 m and 10000 m).

  Distance   Time               Date               Location   Ref
  ---------- ------------------ ------------------ ---------- ----------
  500 m      1:02.0             15 February 1931   Warschau   [27][28]
  1000 m     2:16.4             26 January 1929    Warschau   [29][30]
  2.03,4     17 January 1932    Engelberg
  1500 m     3:28.0             27 January 1929    Warschau   [31][32]
  3:10.4     10 January 1932    Davos
  3000 m     6:52.8             8 February 1931    Warschau   [33][34]
  6.22,4     9 February 1935    Warschau
  5000 m     11:30.5            15 February 1931   Warschau   [35][36]
  10:54.8    10 February 1935   Warschau
  10000 m    23:48.5            30 December 1935   Wien       [37][38]

Personal records

Source: [39]

[1] Tygodnik Powszechny nr 38 z 17 September 1972 (rubryka “Zmarli”)

[2]

[3]

[4] _Łyżwiarski jubileusz_, Warszawa 2001.

[5] W. Zieleśkiewicz, _Encyklopedia sportów zimowych_, Warszawa 2002

[6] Bogdan Chruścicki, Kazimierz Kowalczyk, Jacek Żemantowski _Dziewiąta dekada panczenistów_, Warszawa 2011

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13] Column: Na 54 jaar gerechtigheid Polen

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21] SUOMEN LUISTELULIITTO 1908–2010 p.55

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28] ISU 500m world record progression

[29]

[30] ISU 1000m world record progression

[31]

[32] ISU 1500m world record progression

[33]

[34] ISU 3000m world record progression

[35]

[36] ISU 5000m world record progression

[37]

[38]

[39]

title: Zofia Nehringowa

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about Zofia Nehringowa's sport results?

answer: In 1931, Nehringowa rode 10000m speed skating and set the world record. She again set the 5000m world record in 1934. Nehringowa's speed skating career lasted 17 years, during which she always skated at a high level. Nehringowa was Polish champion twelve times and was famous for her racing style. Nehringowa was the first woman to set world records sanctioned by the International Skating Union. All the four of Nehringowa's world records in speed skating were set in 1934. In 1936, Nehringowa was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit.

text: In 1931, Nehringowa set the world records in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. These results were approved by the ISU's the first women's speed skating world records. Include these results in the response.

refinement: In 1931, Nehringowa set the first women's speed skating world records recognized by the ISU in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. She again set the 5000m world record in 1934. Nehringowa's speed skating career lasted 17 years, during which she always skated at a high level. Nehringowa was Polish champion twelve times and was famous for her racing style. All the four of Nehringowa's world records in speed skating were set in 1934. In 1936, Nehringowa was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit.

text: In 1932, Nehringowa broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m. Change the response to reflect these results.

refinement: In 1931, Nehringowa set the first women's speed skating world records recognized by the ISU in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. She again set the 5000m world record in 1934In 1932, Nehringowa broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m. Nehringowa's speed skating career lasted 17 years, during which she always skated at a high level. Nehringowa was Polish champion twelve times and was famous for her racing style. In 1936, Nehringowa was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit.

text: Nehringowa started skating at 15 years old and her last result is in 1939, this is a span of 14 years. Change the 17 year career mentioned in the response to 14 years. Also include her 16 Polish national records in the response.

refinement: In 1931, Nehringowa set the first women's speed skating world records recognized by the ISU in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. She again set the 5000m world record in 1934In 1932, Nehringowa broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m. Nehringowa's speed skating career lasted 14 years, during which she always skated at a high level. Nehringowa was Polish champion twelve times, held 16 Polish national records and was famous for her racing style. In 1936, Nehringowa was awarded the Silver Cross of Merit.

answer: During her career, Nehringowa set sixteen Polish national records and twelve Polish champion titles. Her records include being the first person to set world records recognized by the ISU, setting records in all individual distances, and setting the 5000m world record.

text: In 1931, Nehringowa set the world records in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. These results were approved by the ISU's the first women's speed skating world records. In 1932, Nehringowa broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m. Include these results in the response.

refinement: During her career, Nehringowa set sixteen Polish national records and twelve Polish champion titles. In 1931, Nehringowa set the world records in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. These results were approved by the ISU's the first women's speed skating world records. In 1932, Nehringowa broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m.

answer: Zofia Nehringowa was the Polish champion twelve times and won the 5000m national title in 1931 and 1934. She broke the women's world record in the 1500m during the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men in Davos. She set the world records in all six individual distances.

text: In 1931, Nehringowa set the world records in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. These results were approved by the ISU's the first women's speed skating world records. In 1932, Nehringowa broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m. Include these results in the response.

refinement: Zofia Nehringowa was the Polish champion twelve times. She set the world records in five individual distances in 1931. She broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m during the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men in Davos. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m.

text: During her career she rode 16 Polish national records in the individual distances. Include this in the response.

refinement: Zofia Nehringowa was the Polish champion twelve times and set 16 Polish national records. She set the world records in five individual distances in 1931. She broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m during the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men in Davos. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m.

answer: Nehringowa first participated in the Warsaw Ice Skating Society when she was 15 years old. From there she went on to training under Edward Nehring. After Nehring divorced Nehringowa, he married her in his second attempt years later. He had two children with Nehringowa (two sons)  but the two were presumably granted a divorce when Edward turned 35 years old, as he remarried a woman who was 39 years old. Nehringowa, meanwhile, only had two children of her lifespan before she died. In the 1980s and early 90s, ISU accepted women into their competitions, and Nehringowa was "the first woman speed skater in Poland". Nehringowa was a part of the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men, the first women's championship, and the 500m record she set at the time stood for 40 years before it was beaten again by any skater. Nehringowa was also the first person to become a record-breaker recognized by the ISU, but there is a dispute as to whether she set the 5000m record for the international speed skating union.

text: Remove the information in the response regarding Edward Nehring, as well as the information from the 1980's and 1990's. It does not have any bearing on the question.

refinement: Nehringowa first participated in the Warsaw Ice Skating Society when she was 15 years old. Nehringowa was a part of the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men, the first women's championship, and the 500m record she set at the time stood for 40 years before it was beaten again by any skater. Nehringowa was also the first person to become a record-breaker recognized by the ISU, but there is a dispute as to whether she set the 5000m record for the international speed skating union.

text: In 1931, Nehringowa set the world records in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. These results were approved by the ISU's the first women's speed skating world records. In 1932, Nehringowa broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m. Include these results in the response.

refinement: Nehringowa first participated in the Warsaw Ice Skating Society when she was 15 years old. In 1931, Nehringowa became the first person to become a world record holder recognized by the ISU in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. She was a part of the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men, the first women's championship, where she set world records in the 1000m and 1500m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m.

text: Nehringowa was Polish champion 12 times and set 16 Polish national records. Include this in the response.

refinement: Nehringowa first participated in the Warsaw Ice Skating Society when she was 15 years old. In 1931, Nehringowa became the first person to become a world record holder recognized by the ISU in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. She was a part of the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men, the first women's championship, where she set world records in the 1000m and 1500m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m. Nehringowa was Polish champion 12 times and set 16 Polish national records.

answer: Zofia Nehringowa was a Polish long track speed skater who set a world record in all four individual distances (500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m) in 1931 and 1935. Nehringowa competed at the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men and set a women's world record in the 1500m during these race. Nehringowa represented Poland at the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women in 1939 where she finished 5th overall.

text: In 1931, Nehringowa set the world records in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. These results were approved by the ISU's the first women's speed skating world records. In 1932, Nehringowa broke the women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m. In 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m, 5000m and 10 000m. Change the response to reflect these results.

refinement: Zofia Nehringowa was a Polish long track speed skater who set the inaugural ISU world records in the 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m and 5000m in 1931. Nehringowa competed at the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men and set women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m during these championships. in 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m and 5000m and set the world record in 10 000m. Nehringowa represented Poland at the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women in 1939 where she finished 5th overall.

text: Nehringowa was Polish champion 12 times and set 16 Polish national records. Include this in the response.

refinement: Zofia Nehringowa was a Polish long track speed skater who set the inaugural ISU world records in the 500 m, 1000 m, 1500 m, 3000 m and 5000m in 1931. Nehringowa competed at the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men and set women's world records in the 1500m and 1000m during these championships. in 1935 she improved her own world records in the 3000m and 5000m and set the world record in 10 000m. Nehringowa represented Poland at the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Women in 1939 where she finished 5th overall. Nehringowa was Polish champion 12 times and set 16 Polish national records.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about what is unique about Nehringowa?

answer: Nehringowa competed during the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men in Davos. There was not a rule yet that forbid women to enter races of the men's championships She was the first person to set world records recognized by the International Skating Union.

text: Her records in 1931 were recognized by the ISU as the first women's speed skating world records. Change the response to distinguish her from the men's competition.

refinement: Nehringowa competed during the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men in Davos. There was not a rule yet that forbid women to enter races of the men's championships. She was the first woman to set women's speed skating world records recognized by the International Skating Union.

text: In 1935 Nehringowa set a world record in the 10 000m. This record was never officially beaten because the ISU decided not to record women's records at this distance. This make it a unique achievement. Include this in the response.

refinement: Nehringowa competed during the 1932 European Speed Skating Championships for Men in Davos. There was not a rule yet that forbid women to enter races of the men's championships. She was the first woman to set women's speed skating world records recognized by the International Skating Union. In 1935 Nehringowa set a world record in the 10 000m that was never officially beaten.

answer: She is the first person to set world records that were recognized by the International Skating Union (ISU). She was the first woman to set a world record in speed skating - the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 5000m, and 10000m in 5000m. She is the first person to set a world record in all of the individual distances. She then went on to set another world record in the 10,000m which was not broken. She also set 16 Polish national records in individual distances during her career.

text: Her results in 1931 were recognized by the ISU as the first women's speed skating world records. Change the response to distinguish her from the men's competition.

refinement: She set the first women's speed skating world records that were recognized by the International Skating Union (ISU). She was the first woman to set a world record in speed skating - the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 5000m, and 10000m in 5000m. She is the first person to set a world record in all of the individual distances. She then went on to set another world record in the 10,000m which was not broken. She also set 16 Polish national records in individual distances during her career.

text: She set world records in the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m in 1931 and the world record for the 10 000m in 1935. Remove the duplicate 5000m and replace with 3000m. Remove the duplicate sentence.

refinement: She set the first women's speed skating world records that were recognized by the International Skating Union (ISU). She was the first woman to set a world record in speed skating - the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m, 5000m and 10000m. She then went on to set another world record in the 10,000m which was not broken. She also set 16 Polish national records in individual distances during her career.

answer: Zofia Nehringowa was the first person to set world records recognized by the ISU. Her records include the first official women's speed skating world records in individual distances, and the 10th place for the best Polish athlete in 1932.

text: Her results in 1931 were recognized by the ISU as the first women's speed skating world records. Change the response to distinguish her from the men's competition.

refinement: Zofia Nehringowa set the first women's speed skating world records recognized by the ISU. Her records include the first official women's speed skating world records in individual distances, and the 10th place for the best Polish athlete in 1932.

text: In 1931, Nehringowa set women's speed skating world records for the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. In 1935 she also set the world record for the 10 000m event. The 10 000m record is unique because that record was never broken. List the distances in the response and mention the significance of the 10 000m record.

refinement: Zofia Nehringowa set the first women's speed skating world records recognized by the ISU. Her records include the first official women's speed skating world records in 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m, and the 10th place for the best Polish athlete in 1932. She set the record for the 10 000m in 1935, this record was never beaten.

answer: Nehringowa was the first person to set world records recognized by the ISU. She was the Polish speed skating champion twelve times (including four times at Polish Allround Championships) and won the 5000m national title four times. She was the first Polish woman to win a 500m world record category and had 16 Polish national records to her name. She was the first woman to set world records for all four distances, 500m-10000m.

text: In 1931, Nehringowa set women's speed skating world records for the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. In 1935 she also set the world record for the 10 000m event. The 10 000m record is unique because that record was never broken. List the distances in the response and mention the significance of the 10 000m record.

refinement: Nehringowa set the first women's speed skating world records recognized by the ISU for the 500m, 1000m, 1500m and 3000m. She was the Polish speed skating champion twelve times (including four times at Polish Allround Championships) and won the 5000m national title four times. She was the first Polish woman to win a 500m world record category and had 16 Polish national records to her name. She was the first woman to set world record in 10 000m, this record has never been broken because the event results are not logged by the ISU any more.

answer: Nehringowa was the first person to set world records recognized by the ISU. She was the first woman of any nationality to compete in the European Speed Skating Championships for Men, and she set records for the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m, and 5000m. She also held sixteen Polish national records.

text: In 1931, Nehringowa set women's speed skating world records for the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m and 5000m. In 1935 she also set the world record for the 10 000m event. The 10 000m record is unique because that record was never broken. Ensure that the response reflects that she set the women's world records and mention the significance of the 10 000m record.

refinement: Nehringowa set the first women's speed skating world records recognized by the ISU. She was the first woman of any nationality to compete in the European Speed Skating Championships for Men, and she set records for the 500m, 1000m, 1500m, 3000m, and 5000m. She held sixteen Polish national records and in 1935 she also set the world record for the 10 000m event. The 10 000m record is unique because that record was never broken.


split: test

text:
“Mom..” a boy cried.
“Is it okay if I’m the only one that love you in this world..”
His mother, with a loving smile says” I would be so happy, that I couldn’t stop smiling”

I woke up. In the end, it was just a sweet dream. A dream that perhaps , I wish to stay forever. I got up, did my daily morning routine, kiss my father and go to school. Oh, I also bring my camera with me wherever I go. Not the hipster one! Just the regular simple camera type. You know, to capture the moment. Still an amateur though. Though it was a give I got from a dear friend of mine.
	A few moments stepping out, I notice a man. Perhaps he is waiting someone as he showed no sign of haste. The man turned. A trace of smile slid on his face. Pretentious postmen, I presume to myself. A letter and a box were given for a few signatures and the man left. Puzzled, I took the package not knowing what inside.
	Before my clever assumption flow, I was stunned. The letter senders were under the name Alexa, my childhood friend. I stood there for too long not sure what I’m doing exactly. Somehow I came back to my senses and impatiently went back to open the box. Inside it, were full of memories of Alexa. Her photobook, novels and deep down was her diary. With a large word spell “No Reading”.
	I was dumbfounded, what on earth she was thinking sending me this.  Still , the notion of her secret in my hand excites me . After taking everything outside the box a simple note was left underneath everything. It says “Read the letter first you dumbass!”. “Okay , okay . Seriously , like literally, she could order me around whether she around or not” . Wondering, I read her letter quietly in the depth of the silent living room.
“God, bless you for the beautiful moment we shared . Many times I once wondered , if you still have the thought of my existence at all.  I wish you were, if not then you weren’t. “Got a chase last night” the story I wrote, nobody knew but I couldn’t care less. It caught your attention though , and more and more you surprised me. Till one letter that make me fell for you. HARD.  Everytime I read your letter, that joke always catch me .Liar, told me to catch me even I was a storm. Hahaha, how do you intend to do that? I want to kiss you in the same time kick you.
God, blessed you with patient and I hope you are patient now as you reading this. I have come to realize that I love you .And my love still stabs me through the brain. I couldn’t find myself forget you. Like the way the wind hit you, you couldn’t help but face it. So much that this feeling is unconsciously conscious of you. I know I’m maybe exaggerating a little but I couldn’t help it.
Maybe I should end this letter here, for nobody knows what to expect in the near future but do me favor, let me go away.
						                                                          Alexa”
Huh, this is all to sudden. I reread it gazillion time again making sure what I read perfectly justify what I understood. Not long enough after that I found her picture, sick in the photobook. Each one shows her journey fighting cancer. I couldn’t believe she hid the fact that she was sick from me. More and more picture, more and more droplet of water stream down my cheek. I couldn’t hold it much longer after the last of her picture, smiling so brightly in the midst of dying.
Finally, I realize. Moments in life seems to go by fast and takes a long time one to realize, the best of it went by soundlessly. In the end, I kept her diary untouched.

title: [RO] Shutterbugs

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What happens in the narrator's dream?

answer: He is most moved by his mother's response to his declaration of love.

answer: He is most moved by his mother's response to his declaration of love.

answer: The narrator dreams of a boy who tells his mother he is the only one who loves her in the world.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize what happens when the narrator steps out of his house.

answer: He sees a man in a postal uniform waiting for a few signatures.

text: Doesn't mention receiving the parcel full of memories from their friend.

refinement: He sees a man in a postal uniform waiting for a few signatures and in turn receives a parcel from his dear friend Alexa containing all sorts of memories.

answer: He notices a man who had just delivered a package. He takes the package and goes to open it. The package is from Alexa, his childhood friend.

text: Doesn't mention what the box contained.

refinement: He notices a man who had just delivered a package. He takes the package and goes to open it. The package is from Alexa, his childhood friend. It contained all sorts of memories.

answer: He sees a man in a postal uniform waiting for a few signatures. The narrator takes the package from the man.

text: Doesn't mention who the parcel was from or that it contained all sorts of memories.

refinement: He sees a man in a postal uniform waiting for a few signatures. The narrator takes the package from the man. It's from his dear friend Alexa and contained all sorts of memories.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize what happens when the narrator reads the note.

answer: The note makes him realize that Alexa hid the fact that she was sick from him, and he gets emotional.

answer: The note makes him realize that Alexa hid the fact that she was sick from him, and he gets emotional. He cries.

answer: The narrator reads a note from Alexa, a childhood friend, who writes that she loves the narrator. She writes that she has come to realize that she loves the narrator, and that she has cancer. The narrator cries when they see the pictures of her journey.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize what happened to Alexa, and why she sent the narrator the packages.

answer: Alexa was a childhood friend of the narrator. They were close until Alexa ended the relationship and went away. The narrator sent her a letter, which made her fall in love with him. Alexa was very sick and had been keeping this from the narrator. She died and left the narrator a photobook and diaries.

answer: Alexa was a childhood friend of the narrator. They were close until Alexa ended the relationship and went away. She was in a relationship before this with someone else. The narrator sent her a letter, which made her fall in love with him. Alexa was very sick and had been keeping this from the narrator. She died and left the narrator a photobook and diaries.

answer: Alexa has been diagnosed with cancer and is dying, and through the packages she sent, she is saying goodbye to the narrator.


text:
Chapter 1: The Rules, Rankings and Responsibilities

Finally God allows me to tell my tale. First off, I am an angel. It takes centuries to become a Dream Guardian. You need to understand more than what several lifetimes can teach you.¬ Demons have no rules and no pattern just like nightmares. I do not deal with demons any more but that is for another tale.

Dream Guardians are still angels and we have rules while our enemies do not. Rules are in place for YOUR protection not ours I mean, it’s not like we can die but you can. Our rules are more guidelines and can be broken as we see fit. Firstly, do not show yourself unless absolutely necessary. You know that feeling you get when you feel calm even though you see something that would usually scare you during sleep paralysis? That is something we can do but it isn’t the best choice if you are in danger. We can’t attack during this. Secondly, only put people into a state of sleep paralysis if you are in danger in your sleep and you can’t break free from being held or touched in any way from a monster. Putting you in a state of paralysis is a last resort but buys us a few seconds as they have to re-enter your “sanctuary”. And lastly, we are invisible by choice. We need to wake you before they touch you. Everyone isn't the same to wake up so we don’t know how hard it will be. We try to fight them as you sleep. Those nightmares you have but wake up and can’t remember? We showed ourselves to fight which erases the dream altogether.

Everybody has a different imagination and fear so we have no idea what we are fighting. This is why we are the top angels in heaven. Demons don’t change, their motives do. And we don’t have wings by the way. We can fly but we look like we did back in the mortal world.

People we do not manage to save die, or more commonly known, “bed death” or “cot death”. Some missions will never leave your memory. The hardest part is seeing them at the pearl gates and explaining what happened. As a sign of respect we take 6 earth months off to look over the family and help them through. Very rarely God allows us to project dreams of lost ones into the affected peoples dream so they can say goodbye properly. It is something every Guardian Angel has been through yet it does not get any easier. Imagine kissing your child goodnight and without knowing goodbye too. They sleep in perfect health in their favourite pyjamas wrapped in their blanket with their scent on it. Waiting, excited or any other emotion for tomorrow to inevitably come. But it never does, it never will. The night takes a toll and by morning they are gone. You watch as the first person who tries to wake them start being concerned and then begin to shake. Full denial until they feel their pulse. They break down with their uniform still in hand ready to get them changed for school and just as their knees grow weak they fall to the ground screaming uncontrollably as the rest of the family come running in realising what has happened and no one has anything to say but cry and ask God why. The ambulance comes and declares the rough time of death as you watch helplessly knowing this is your fault and you can’t say sorry. The rest of the day is carried out with the family being closer than they ever have been. People offering their condolences but nothing in the world can make them better than to bring the child back. But nothing can bring them back. And the worst part? The worst part is when they kiss them goodbye and say “I love you” as tears helplessly run down their face. The pain is unimaginable.

Children are the hardest to save, their imaginations are a lot wilder and they don’t understand how one minute they can be hugging their parents and the next minute an unknown figure is holding them tight crushing them. They are too weak and confused and just before they draw a last breath they are in a sleep paralysis. The one DAMN THING I can rely on usually and I only make them more helpless as not all children understand that the bedroom is the safest place so they don’t have a sanctuary yet and the monster is already on top of them choking them before I can wake them. PLEASE make your children understand they are safe in their bedroom. I can’t describe the feeling of fear and sickness I get when I realise a child does not feel safe where they sleep. And yes this is one of many true stories. He was 5. He was the energy of the family and all they can do is look at photos. Just by smiling he would light up any of their days. He was kind and gentle and too young to understand why he left his family behind. You know, people cry in heaven too.

His safest place was in the living room on the carpet with his toys. That is no good to me. Not when he sleeps in his bed. I watched as a small coffin, much smaller than it should ever be for anyone get carried to a grave. I stood by the gravestone crying too. I remembered as I seen the fear in his eyes as I made him experience his first paralysis and last. His last words will haunt me from now to eternity… “Please save me I don’t want to go”.

title: [FN] Dream Guardians: A Never-Ending Battle (intro to my story I am working on)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about sleep paralysis in children?

answer: Children are the hardest to save from sleep paralysis because their imaginations run a lot wilder. Children become too weak or confused as they get into a sleep paralysis. Often times, children do not understand that the bedroom is their safest place which prevents them from waking up.

answer: He used to sleep on the carpet in the living room, away from the bed. Then, his family had him have his own bed. Just before he draws a last breath, the child experienced his first paralysis. He just blurted out a last plea to save them but the narrator is too late and the child dies in a futile attempt to get away from the monster that's crushing him.

text: This answer talks about a specific child, not about children in general, as the question requests.

text: The answer should mention that children are hardest to save.

refinement: Children are the hardest to save, since their imaginations are wilder and they don't understand sleep paralysis.

text: The answer should mention that children wind up weak and confused.

refinement: Children are the hardest to save, since their imaginations are wilder and they don't understand sleep paralysis. They wind up too weak and confused.

text: The answer should mention children's relation to their bedrooms.

refinement: Children are the hardest to save, since their imaginations are wilder and they don't understand sleep paralysis. They wind up too weak and confused. Children also do not understand that the bedroom is the safest place for them, so it doesn't act as their sanctuary from the monsters.

answer: The text discusses the difficult situations and emotions surrounding situations in which a child becomes trapped in sleep paralysis. Children can be frightened and confused by sleep paralysis, leading them to feel even more vulnerable to harm. As such, it is important for children to understand how to keep themselves safe while sleeping. The text highlights the importance of safety in a child's bedroom, even if they do not fully understand what is happening.

answer: The text says that children are more vulnerable to sleep paralysis due to their lower level of understanding about what is happening and their physical vulnerability. Sleep paralysis is a last resort, as children are often too confused and too weak to fight the demons who attack while they sleep.

answer: Childr


text:
Nimblud was a hub for traders and travelers who wished to cross the seas to the west.  The people there built mostly white buildings made of sharp straight angles to long thin points up into the sky.  The rest of the land was fairly flat which made it look like a pin cushion from a distance.  But when it was night the multicolored lights would make the city glow a beautiful kaleidoscope of colors.  This also was a pleasant help to sailors as they came into the city.
A beast who used to be a man walked into the city.  He was larger than any man and barrel chested.  His skin was orange and he had an under-bite and two wide-but short horns growing from the front of his forehead.  His beard was long but missing the hair on top of his head.

The brute wandered into the city and the townsfolk of humans, spirits, and gnomes all strayed away from him.  He walked straight to the local tavern and sat an empty seat at the dice game currently in progress.  “You buying in big fella?” Asked an older man in a robe currently shaking some dice in his hand.  The brute said nothing and just sat staring at him.

“Okay……” the old man dropped the dice into a bowl and everyone watched the dice spin waiting to see if the man had won or lost.  The old man could feel the brute staring at him still but kept his eyes on the dice.

Suddenly the brute smashed the dice table with one of his hands and grabbed the old man up by the front of his robe and slammed him against the opposite wall.  “Remember me?” the brute growled.  Pulling his face closer to the old man and displaying his sharp teeth.

The other players at the table were enraged and went to draw their swords onto the brute but he simply backhanded them and knocked them through the tables behind them.  Then he punched the wall next to the old man’s head creating a fist sized hole in the wall.

“I swear I think you have the wrong person!”  The old man said.

“You made me like this!”  The brute said and threw him back into the other men right as they were getting up.  He stomped towards them all when a man from the corner stabbed him in side.  The brute just stared at him and squashed his head with one of his hands.  Then the pulled the sword out and bite into the blade shattering it.  His wound began to emit a black smoke but then his wound slowly sealed up.

Soon the town guards came in and rushed to attack him.  He caught their glaives in his hands and shattered those blades too.  Stunned the guards stood in shock until the brute ran up and dove into them feet first sending them hurtling outside to smash into a wall and shattering a few of their bones.  When he got up he turned to see the old man running out the back door.

The brute charged after him.  In his pursuit he killed one of the gamblers when his huge foot crushed him in his path.  He leapt through the wall and landed close enough to the old man to grab him by the leg and hold him upside down in front of his face.

“Okay I’m sorry okay!  I did not know it would be permanent!  I didn’t mean to do it!”  The old man pleaded.

He had convinced the brute to try some magical pixie powder he had bought from a traveling mage.  The old man did not want to try it on himself so he convinced a local teenager in the village he was at from across the western villages.  It had transformed that boy into an ogre like creature and wiped his mind of his memories.  At the time he slinked away hoping the brute would never remember what he had did and moved to this village to start a new life.

“Cure me!!!” the brute roared!  “Give me my life back!!”  His thunderous voice echoed into the alleyways.  The rest of the towns guards had surrounded him and the old man during the shouting.  The old man hung there covering his face and trembling.

“I can’t!  I can’t!  I’m not a mage!  I was told it would give me power but I didn’t know how to use it!  I’m sorry!!  I’m sorry!!”

The brute’s anger disappeared from his face and he closed his eyes and looked down at the ground.

Then he swung the old man hard into the ground smashing his face like a watermelon onto the street.  They turned in disgust giving the brute enough time to swing the old man one more time into the guards and clearing a path for him to escape.  He leapt past them and jumped onto a large brick platform that had been resting outside of the town.   It began to rise into the air and once it had gotten off the ground it began to fly away off into the starry night between the desert pyramids.

A figure in the corner sat cross legged with its back towards the brute.  “I told you it was a waste of time.  Once I found out your past I could tell he was just a fool.”

“I know…. But I lost everything and once you gave me back my memories it broke my heart in ways you could never imagine.  I’m no longer Dash the man or Gorrak the damned.  Now I am someone else entirely and I wanted just one more chance to be the person I was originally supposed to be.  Now I have nothing.”

“Then we will call you something different.  Perhaps Korrash is fitting?  Regardless I gave you back your memories and helped you find the man who did this to you.  Are you ready to pledge yourself to me?”  The creature slowly got up and turned around.  Its head and face was wrinkled beyond human capacity.  Like a naked mole rate.  When it flipped up its hood all you could see were two small white pupiless eyes and a tiny mouth with big fish like lips.

“I do.  I pledge my servitude to you Mordid”.  Korrash said as he slumped down to sit down on the floor.  He had lost his past and his future.  All he had now was the present and his promise to Mordid.

They rode in silence atop the levitating brick platform in silence.  The cool wind was refreshing as they passed under the starts in the black night sky.  Mordid thought back pleasantly to day he had sold that transformative powder to that poor old man.

title: [FN] The lost life

question: How did the man turn into a brute?

answer: The man was transformed into his current state because of a magical pixie powder sold to him by a mage. The transformation wiped his memories and turned him into a brute creature. He was seeking revenge for what had been done to him, but came to understand that there was nothing else that could be done. He pledged himself to the creature who had manipulated him in the first place.

answer: The man was transformed into a brute because someone used a transformative powder on him and wiped his memories. He now wants to be transformed back but the person who originally turned him into the brute cannot do it.

answer: An old man tried to experiment on him with pixie dust.

question: Is the brute going to hurt anyone?

answer: Yes, he kills the old man who made him a beast.

text: No content

refinement: Yes, he kills the man whom he blames for turning him into a beast.

answer: Yes, he will hurt others.

text: Vague

refinement: Yes, he will the man who turned him into a beast.

question: Does the brute ever find the mage who created the powder that made him a beast?

answer: No, the brute never finds the mage who created the powder that transformed him into a beast.

answer: Yes, he pledges his service to him in the end, but he does not know that this is the mage.

answer: No, it seems as though the brute is forever stuck as a beast.

question: Will the brute ever become a man again?

answer: It is unclear.

answer: No.

answer: No. Some may call him Dash the man now. However, it is not clear who calls him Dash the man. Can Dash ever become a man again?

text: Odd ending.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: An ogre furiously storms a town, searching for the man who turned him from a man into a beast. He finds this person, but the old man who did it only used powder that he got from someone else and cannot kill him back. He kills this old man, and then turns to the mage who restores his memories for advice. This mage says there is nothing he can do, and the ogre pledges his service to him - without knowing that the mage is the one who made the powder in the first place.

answer:
Dash is a brute giant man that was turned into  an ogre by some magical pixie powder he had bought.
No longer knowing who he is, he wanders Nimblud, the hub for traders and travelers that wished to cross the seas to the west; the city.

The old man, who was responsible for Dash's transformation, is soon caught up in his grim grasp, pleading as Dash looks for a solution; searching for someone capable of reversing the situation; someone he realises he could very well call his master.

text: Run on sentence

refinement:
Dash is a man who was turned into  an ogre by some magical pixie powder he had bought.
Dash accuses an old man, who was responsible and kills him when the old man cannot return him to his original form. Then he unwittingly pledges himself to the service of the mage that sold the old man the powder in the first place.

answer: A man turns into a monster and goes into town to find the man who transformed him. He asks how to turn back into a man but cannot turn back into himself again. He meets up with Mordid, a creature who says they sold the powder that transformed him for magical power. The monster pledges to serve Mordid.

text: poor summary

refinement: An ogre furiously storms a town, searching for the man who turned him from a man into a beast. He finds this person, but the old man who did it only used powder that he got from someone else and cannot kill him back. He kills this old man, and then turns to the mage who restores his memories for advice. This mage says there is nothing he can do, and the ogre pledges his service to him - without knowing that the mage is the one who made the powder in the first place.

answer: Dash, a humanoid creature who goes to Nimblud, loses everything, and is transformed into an ogrish creature identified as Gorrak. He roams in search of the old man to exact his revenge. When he finds the old man, he spills his story. The old man recommends that they only pledge servitude to Mordid, who is able to change their condition back into that of human beings.

text: Inaccurate last sentence

refinement: Dash, a humanoid creature who goes to Nimblud, loses everything, and is transformed into an ogrish creature identified as Gorrak. He roams in search of the old man to exact his revenge. When he finds the old man, he spills his story. The old man says he does not know how to turn him back, so Gorrak kills him. Then Gorrak pledges servitude to Mordid, unaware he is the one who originally made the powder which turned him into a beast.

answer: A brute enters a city and threatens an old man, known as Dug. Dug is a magician who initially practiced black magic, but he has become better and turned over a new leaf. Dug sold him a powder without knowing what it would do, and the brut is filled with rage over what it's done to him and knows Dug is the one who forced him to commit crimes that landed him in prison. In trying to get his memory back, Dug asks Mordid, a black magician, to plant the idea in his head.

text: Dug dne

refinement: An ogre furiously storms a town, searching for the man who turned him from a man into a beast. He finds this person, but the old man who did it only used powder that he got from someone else and cannot kill him back. He kills this old man, and then turns to the mage who restores his memories for advice. This mage says there is nothing he can do, and the ogre pledges his service to him - without knowing that the mage is the one who made the powder in the first place.

answer: Gorrak the brute kills a man trying to exact revenge for he had not remembered turning him into an ogre. He moves on to Nimblud, where the local man with whom he swore revenge had several years ago change him. Upon arriving to the city, he shakes the dice tavern game in progress as an act of intimidation. He is then subdued by the guards and the old man breaks his promise to cure him.

text: Bad info

refinement: An ogre furiously storms a town, searching for the man who turned him from a man into a beast. He finds this person, but the old man who did it only used powder that he got from someone else and cannot kill him back. He kills this old man, and then turns to the mage who restores his memories for advice. This mage says there is nothing he can do, and the ogre pledges his service to him - without knowing that the mage is the one who made the powder in the first place.


text:
As the sun rose that morning, he stood there at the stern of the ship, both hands on either side of that fat, cumbersome wheel. The sailor had spent many days and many nights clutching its wooden rim.

The wheel was stiff. It cooperated like an sick old man being forced to squeeze every last particle of existence out of his broken body.

The sailor had not been in the company of another for a very long time. His sanity had parted ways with him long ago, and he’d accepted that. He never mourned his sanity. It slipped away quietly one day, undetected.

The sailor couldn’t remember the last face he saw. One afternoon not long ago, the sailor found he hard time visualizing a face, any face, in his mind. He found this troubling. He squeezed his eyes tight, blanketed his forehead with his palm, trying very hard to recall a face, any face at all. He tried hard, but with no success. He was neurologically constipated.

He gave up, and several troubling hours passed. He was then hit with a solution to his problem, one which should have been obvious, but it hadn’t been. The sailor was relieved to rediscover that included with his human body was a human face.

His hand rediscovered his old face, and it seemed foreign. All of this sticky apparatus attached to the front of his skull. It seemed so crude, so obscene. He wondered how he ever got my in his old life ashore. How was he able to converse with another person while their head apparatus flaps around, crude and sticky just like his. He‘d regained his ability to visualize faces, but he really wish he hadn’t.

Perhaps having souls operating these faces nullifies the horrific nature of them somehow. Normalizes then over time. The sailor had not been among other beings with sticky apparatus at the front of their heads for an eternity.

The sailor’s unaccompanied mind travelled to many places which were and continue to be entirely inaccessible to the sane mind.

The sailor had a benefit in being aware of his insanity, and thus he didn’t feel he had to question and judge himself for the many odd notions and probably irrational ideas he would have from time to time. He was insane, and insane people are licensed to do insane things, he figured. He wasn’t going to attempt to suppress his eccentricity. He decided that long ago. Some fortunate people can travel beyond the sane, and return unscathed. The sailor however, had been too far gone, for far too long. He was not going to be returning to the lost world of reason and rational, linear thinking.

Sometimes the sailor would invent imaginary people. They never stuck around for more than a day. The sailor liked variety. These weren’t imaginary friends. The sailor enjoyed the company of imaginary strangers.

The sun continued it’s ascent into the empty sky. Long ago the sight of the morning sky may have raised a corner of the man’s mouth. It’s quite possible that in the man’s ancient past, he enjoyed the crisp morning air, gazed at the heavens and sighed a contented sigh. It’s quite possible that this is one of countless fragments of this man’s truth which have been whisked away by a gentle wind. All who have lived have known the work of this wind, some more than others. The delicate way of this wind seems spiteful. A gentle breeze passed by the one who walked the earth with his heart gleefully exposed, unacquainted with the wind. The sky was spectacular and the grass felt like love and smelled of something sweet and eternal.

Not one person has gone from A to B without cursing the ways of this unstoppable wind. They wave their fists, they shout vengeful violence at the great thief. Their verbal fists find themselves without satisfaction. This breeze can’t be battered, just as water cannot be strangled. Many have tried this as well, when gratitude for it’s service is replaced with resent. For some, the service of water seems to only prolong the heavy days and the bloody nights of disassembly, dissection and reconfiguration. For some, the water appears to be the wind’s accomplice. The wind, the great thief, the water, the great captor of man in disguise.

title: [MF] Today I took Adderall and wrote whatever this is. It’s definitely rough, it might not make much sense, and it doesn’t have an ending. I haven’t tried writing a story in 2+ years. I would really appreciate some honest feedback! Thanks folks...

question: Where does the story take place?

answer: The story takes place on a ship somewhere in the Indian Ocean.

text: It is not state which Ocean that this story occurs.

refinement: The story takes place on a ship somewhere in the Ocean.

answer: On a ship

answer: It's not clear, but that's not an insubstantial section of the world your google maps app seems to be able to direct you to

text: The ending of this sentence is incoherent and superfluous.

refinement: It's not clear, but somewhere on the high seas.

question: What is the sailor like?

text: No content.

answer: He is old and insane, he can't remember faces

answer: Half the sentence, I am taking Adderall and writing so I can't make much sense, doesn't quite describe anything.

text: This does not apply to the content of the story, only the author's note.

question: What is on the sailor's face?

answer: The sailor has a human face.

answer: The "sticky apparatus" is what he calls his face

answer: The sailor has a human face. While he finds it ugly and disruptive to his thought process, he understands that faces are a part of being human.

question: Where is the sailor going?

answer: There's not enough information to answer the question.

answer: He has no plan. It's clear that he's a wanderer

answer: the sailor had a destination

text: This is not a complete thought.

refinement: It is not clear where the sailor is going.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The story is part prose and part fragmented verse, mostly describing the narrator's perspective both through the form of the narrator's speech pattern and the deck from which the perspective is described. The narrator is a sailor, possibly insane, possibly not.

text: The story is not fragmented verse and this does a poor job of identifying the narrator's voice.

refinement: The story is about a sailor, possibly insane, possibly not. It is told from a third-person omniscient perspective.

answer: The narrator/writer complains about feedback on a story that isn't finished and isn't really any good. She talks about different people, if they are imaginary or real is unclear, and her/her thoughts on them.

text: The model guesses wrongly about the narrative voice.

refinement: The narrator tells the story of a sailor who has gone insane. It is unclear what the fate of the sailor will be.

answer: The sailor can't visualize people's faces. One day he can. He thinks people's head apparata are obscene. He doesn't want to visualize faces.

answer: The narrator, a sailor, has had periods where he had no knowledge of faces, human or otherwise, and then realizes just how crude a face can be. He also describes how we all, at some point, find ourselves irritated by the wind.

answer: An old sailor reflects on his madness while he sails alone - he can't remember faces, he creates imaginary people to talk to, and he curses the wind. One day, he touches his own face when he remembers he has one and he feels disgusted by it.

answer: The narrator is an insane sailor who has been at sea for a long time all alone and believes his mind is neurologically constipated. He feels at peace with this and believes he is licensed to do the kind of irrational things that normally people control.

text: Not the narrator, the main character.

refinement: The main character is an insane sailor who has been at sea for a long time all alone and believes his mind is neurologically constipated. He feels at peace with this and believes he is licensed to do the kind of irrational things that normally people control.


text:
“Daisy….”a soft voice whispered in the dim light.

Daisy looked around, startled.

“Whoever you are, go away.” Daisy said trying to place the voice. It was so familiar….

“Not a chance. You’re stuck with me now and you won’t be able to ignore me anymore” he hissed.

“I h-haven’t been ignoring you. I’m just very….”

“LIAR! You know you can’t lie to me, Daisy.”

Daisy burst into tears.

“Oh shut up. You can be such a baby sometimes.”

“W-what are you going to do to me?” Daisy asked while trying to control her sobs.

“I’m not going to DO anything to you. I just want to help you fill in the gaps.”

“What gaps?”

“The ones in your memory. For example, can you remember what you had for breakfast yesterday?”

“Of course! I had…. Uh…”

He chuckled.

“Daisy, Daisy, Daisy. You had oatmeal with sliced bananas on top.”

“I knew that! Shut up!”

“Do you remember Louis?”

“You mean my husband of four years? Yeah, like I could ever forget him.”

“Then you must remember what you did to him, right?”

Daisy could hear the smirk in his voice, and scrunched her face trying to sift through her memories. She couldn’t stand this bastard knowing more than her.

“I… I haven’t done anything to him.”

“Oh really? Absolutely nothing? Hah! Clearly you need me more than you know. You can’t remember anything.”

This time he laughed out loud, not even bothering to hide his contempt.

“There’s nothing to remember. You’re just fucking with me. Shut up!”

Daisy turned away, resolved to end this conversation.

“Let’s play a little game. I’m going to describe an event, and you’re going to try to remember it.”

Daisy stayed resolutely silent.

“Do you remember yesterday morning? It was a pretty uneventful day. Louis had breakfast with you and then left for work. Do you remember that, Daisy?”

Daisy nodded slightly, still trying not to engage.

“Do you remember how you burnt his toast?”

“I’m always doing things like that. Louis didn’t mind though.”

“And the bruise on your arm?”

“This little thing?” Daisy poked at it. “I was cleaning up and I dropped a dish. I must’ve hit my arm while picking it back up.”

Even Daisy could hear the uncertainty in her voice.

“Louis was so worried about it, too. He gave me an ice pack, and told me he loved and that he was sorry. I’m so lucky to have a man like him in my life.”

Silence. Daisy ran her answer through her head over and over, trying to see if there were any gaps or mistakes.

“And the stitches two months ago?”

“Another case of my notorious clumsiness. Louis was having some fun, and threw a glass at me…. I mean to me. I didn’t catch it and somehow managed to break it on top of that. I sliced open my hand on one of the pieces.  I needed twelve stitches.”

Daisy started laughing at herself.

“Louis was so nice after that! He visited me at the hospital every day, and gave me the most beautiful flowers. He kept saying over and over that he loved me and that he was sorry. He was always so sorry for my clumsiness…”

More silence. He studied Daisy for a bit, and in a gentler tone said, “See, this game isn’t that hard. Now let’s skip to the end of yesterday.”

“Let’s see, Louis came home from work; I fixed him dinner; he ate it; we watched TV; and then went to bed…. You’re right this game is easy.”

He let out a low, cool chuckle, any tenderness gone in a flash.

“Wrong! That’s not what happened last night. You’re omitting one crucial detail. Do you want another go? Maybe use a lifeline?”

“Uh, I can’t remember anything else…”

“And that’s what I’m here for. To help you…” his voice became more and more serpentine.

“The first part of your memory is spot on: you made him dinner, and he ate, and then watched TV. The last part, however, is a lie.”

“What do you mean?”

“Louis never made it to bed. Do you wanna know why?”

“No. You’re lying! He went to bed!”

“He never went to bed because he’s dead! You killed him!”

“No! No… I would never do that! I’m a good person. Louis loved me! Why would I murder him?”

“Bull shit! You’ve been planning this ever since you became extremely ‘clumsy’. You chose a knife because it made no sound, and you could watch the life drain from his body by your hand. You knew that slitting his throat would be both painful and silent. So you took your chef’s knife and walked into the living room. You went silently behind him and started stroking his hair. He moaned softly and you quickly drew his face up towards yours as if to kiss him. But instead of a kiss you drew the knife across his throat. He bled more than you thought he would, but it was worth it to see that look of understanding cross his face. He knew he was dying and that you had killed him!”

“NO no no no no no no…”

Daisy started rocking back and forth.

“You didn’t count on me though, did you? You planned everything so carefully, and once it was over, your mind neatly erased any memory of it. Except me. I’ll always be here, Daisy. That voice inside your head, forcing you to remember what you’ve done to me!”

And he started to laugh. Slowly at first but building into something maniacal and menacing. Daisy suddenly realized why the voice was so familiar, and broke down in tears again. She retreated to the corner, grabbed her knees, and continued to rock, mumbling no under her breath over and over.

*****

Behind the one way mirror the doctor looked at the woman in the corner of the cell and said, “Where did you find her?”
“She was wandering the streets downtown. She seemed to be talking to herself so I called the cops and just wanted to make sure she got some help. I’m glad they put her here with you. She seems safer in here.”
“She seems to have suffered some sort of mental break. She has injuries consistent with long term abuse and there was some blood on the clothes she came in with. So far she’s been unresponsive and I don’t know if we’ll ever find out who she is. Thank you for your help Mr…” the doctor glances down at the police report, “Tully.”

title: [MS] Daisy Tully

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What can we determine about the voice speaking to Daisy?

answer: The voice says it wants to help Daisy, but soon after the voice says it wants to make her remember what she's done to it. The voice is male and seems to be playing a game with Daisy, he wants Daisy to recall a murder she committed. The voice is that of the man Daisy murdered.

text: It is omitted that it is the voice of her physically abusive husband.

refinement: The voice says it wants to help Daisy, but soon after the voice says it wants to make her remember what she's done to it. The voice is male and seems to be playing a game with Daisy, he wants Daisy to recall a murder she committed. The voice is that of the man Daisy murdered, her physically abusive husband.

answer: The voice says it wants to help Daisy, but soon after the voice says it wants to make her remember what she's done to it. The voice is male and seems to be playing a game with Daisy, he wants Daisy to recall a murder she committed.

answer: We can determine that the voice is potentially a male speaking with a sinister and teasing tone. The voice is possibly a hallucination or auditory manifestation of Daisy's state of mind.


text:
 This article is more than 2 YEARS OLD

Sales bested 2017’s 17% increase over Labor Day, according to Edison Trends, despite Trump’s protests of the campaign

The Nike ad starring Colin Kaepernick does not appear to have adversely affected sales, an analyst said on Saturday.

According to Edison Trends, a digital commerce research company: “Nike sales grew 31% from Sunday through Tuesday over Labor Day this year, besting 2017’s comparative 17% increase.”

The sportswear giant released the first version of its ad on Monday, the Labor Day holiday. It featured the quarterback and the slogan: “Believe in something. Even if it means sacrificing everything. Just do it.”

Kaepernick, 30, has been without a team since opting out of his San Francisco 49ers contract in March 2017. In 2016 he was an originator of protests by NFL players, targeting racial injustice and police brutality, which often involve kneeling during the pre-game playing of the national anthem.

Donald Trump has made the protests a key part of his appeal to his base, arguing that the players are disrespecting the anthem, the US flag and the military.

On Tuesday, the president told the rightwing website Daily Caller: “I think it’s a terrible message that [Nike] are sending and the purpose of them doing it, maybe there’s a reason for them doing it. But I think as far as sending a message, I think it’s a terrible message and a message that shouldn’t be sent. There’s no reason for it.”

He also said Nike paid him “a lot of rent” in New York and admitted that the protests and the Nike ad were “in another way … what this country is all about, that you have certain freedoms to do things that other people think you shouldn’t do”.

“But I personally am on a different side of it,” Trump said.

In the following days, the president pursued the issue via Twitter. On Wednesday, he wrote: “Just like the NFL, whose ratings have gone WAY DOWN, Nike is getting absolutely killed with anger and boycotts. I wonder if they had any idea that it would be this way? As far as the NFL is concerned, I just find it hard to watch, and always will, until they stand for the FLAG!”

Trump did not supply evidence for his claim of “anger and boycotts” but opposition to the company’s move was expressed widely and in some instances creatively on social media.

On Friday, the morning after the full version of the Nike ad played during the Philadelphia Eagles v Atlanta Falcons NFL season opener, the president asked: “What was Nike thinking?”

Nike releases full ad featuring Colin Kaepernick - video
Edison Trends’ analysis suggested the company will be thinking its gambit has worked, allowing it to surf familiar controversy and create a “Trump bump” all of its own.

“Nike’s 2018 late summer sales show much the same trend as last year’s,” the company wrote, “with order volume decreasing slightly going into late August. The similarity decreases coming out of Labor Day weekend, however, with sales seeing a bigger bump on Monday and Tuesday than in the past.”

Edison Trends said its analysis was based on “anonymised and aggregated e-receipts from more than 3 million consumers”.

The NFL has not resolved how to respond to or govern the protests, which were widely discussed again on Thursday after Eagles defensive end Michael Bennett sat down before the anthem had finished.

In July, in an open letter to league owners, the NBA great and Guardian sports columnist Kareem Abdul Jabbar wrote: “It’s been two years since Colin Kaepernick first took a knee to protest systemic racial injustice, especially police brutality, against people of color.

“The worst thing about that isn’t that two years later we’re still debating whether players have the right to protest, it’s that not much has changed regarding what Kaepernick was protesting.”

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the arguments against Kaepernick.

answer: Donald Trump has made the protests a key part of his appeal to his base, arguing that the players are disrespecting the anthem, the US flag, and the military.

answer: Trump states that Kaepernick is disrespecting the anthem, the US flag and the military.

answer: Trump states that Kaepernick is disrespecting the anthem, the US flag and the military by kneeling during the pre-game playing of the national anthem.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the effects of Kaepernick's protests?

answer: The article states that Nike sales went up by 31% during Labor Day weekend, despite Trump's protests. The analyst that is quoted believes that Nike's sales will continue to grow. However, Trump believes that Nike has sent a terrible message to the country.

answer: According to Edison Trends, Nike sales went up 31% after their ads featuring Kaepernick. Trump has been critical of the protests, arguing that they are disrespectful towards the anthem, flag, and military. Despite this, Nike's sales have not been negatively affected.

answer: The article states that Nike sales went up by 31% during Labor Day weekend, despite Trump's protests. The analyst that is quoted believes that Nike's sales will continue to grow. However, Trump believes that Nike has sent a terrible message to the country.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about ways to resolve racial injustice and police brutality?

answer: No answer

answer: No answer


text:
"Guys, I think we need to think about the Christmas lunch. I know a lot of you are attached to the gift exchange, but I think this year we should try something new. It's called charity." Diane opened her arms like a basket overflowing and there was a long pause as everyone in the group simultaneously choked puke back down their throats. "I think we should buy gifts for a needy family instead of exchanging them with each other."

"That's a great idea, Diane. But maybe we should just do our charity on our own. A lot of us like the gift exchange." Tim said, fighting back the anger at the idea of being made to give to charity. Tim was a conservative in the sense that he conserved most of his emotions for blowing way the fuck up at small slights he felt were forced on him.

"Tim, Christmas is about giving - not taking. Why don't we go the extra mile here and -" But Diane was cut off mid sentence by

Jessica! "Christmas? Christmas? Is this 1960? Are we on the set of Mad Men? Please don't use that word to describe our seasonal exchange of peace! It's called 'The Holidays' or 'Seasonal Party'. Christmas? I don't believe you, Diane. I thought you were more informed than that. George is Jewish. Talia is Islamic. And Ruth is that one where they don't believe in holidays..."

"Jehovah's Witness." Ruth said.

"What about my rights? I'm Christian and I don't like you people taking the Christ out of the holiday." Glenda chimed in.

"You people?" Michael X asked.

"The bible is my favorite book, and I think we should all take a note from Joh -"

"Which version?"

"Version of what?"

"Which version of the bible?" Stan was upset.

"King James."

Stan made a fart noise. "Please."

"You know there's many books of the bible, not just the -"

"Bah, you're Mormon."

"What does that have to do with anything?"

"I heard Mormons believe in a monster God that flew to Earth in a 747!"

"That's Scientologists!"

"They're all crazy!"

"I'm a Scientologist!"

"Yeah, and you're crazy."

"STOP!" Diane yelled. "Look, I thought maybe you all would like to join in a charitable effort. But I guess not. I guess..." She began weeping. "I guess you're all too enamored in your own beliefs to believe in the one belief we all hold true - love."

Stan made the farting noise again.

"Why don't we have a potluck?"

"Is that some Indian thing?"

"They're called Native Americans!"

"Not if their Indian. Like from India, you fuckhead."

"Fuck you, I don't want a potluck. This isn't Kwanza. It's Christmas!"

"What's wrong with Kwanza?"

"Nothing, it's just a made-up holiday."

"So is Christmas."

"Oh, you would say that, you helped kill Christ afterall you stinking -"

"STOP IT! STOP! We need to pull together." It was Tim this time. He was crying. But not out of sadness for our souls, but out of pure rage. "I will NOT be forced to give to charity. Or vote for Obama. Or wash my hands EVERY. SINGLE. TIME. I. USE. THE. BATHROOM!"

Everyone stopped and looked around at each other and then at Tim. "You don't always wash your hands? Gross." Diane made a face. She had stopped weeping and found a new charity - the one where you give ridicule. "Tim doesn't wash his hands!"

Everyone started laughing.

I looked around and there was a general sense of togetherness, something that religions, charities, and politicians cannot put together. Something stronger. Something beautiful. It was the act of not being the person being made fun of.

Tim looked around the room and finding no clear target for his rage, decided to punch the coffee maker and then he stormed out as laughter followed him down the halls.

Finally, the room composed itself and Diane began again. "OK. I'm not feeling a lot of love for the charity. So, let's go ahead and just do our gift exchange, at a restaurant, like usual." She smiled at the group.

"What restaurant?"

And with that, chaos ensued. Employees shot from their chairs and grabbed whatever was nearby and began pummeling their neighbor.

"Outback!"

"Red Robin!"

"Ninos!"

...were the battle cries that day. I hid under a desk and watched Diane use a letter opener to stab Jane in the ear repeatedly. The idea of charity was long gone and she only craved the sound of metal plunging into brain.

Jon was trying to fit Harry down the garbage chute, Becka was strangling Don with a phone cord, Thom was in the corner raping a fern for reasons unknown...

The battle went on and I was able to ride it out under my desk smoking cigarettes and drinking mini bottles of Rum that I had received at the last Peace in the Middle East and End Smoking lunch.

Finally, a champion appeared. It was Ruth. She was dragging Michael X's body on a cross she had made from the cubicle uprights. The rest of the employees were dead, dying, or too injured to protest when Ruth, bloodied, stood on her desk and proclaimed "We shall have a white elephant gift exchange. At Denny's. We will call it a Seasonal Party. We will wear ugly...ugly...sweaters..." and then she gasped and fell to the ground dead.

The only sound was Thom continuing to have sex with a fern.

I slowly walked out. I was the only survivor of the Seasonal Party discussion. It was 1996. Hallmark headquarters.

title: [hm] Seasonal Party

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the message that the writer wanted to convey in this satirical work?

answer: the writer is clearly stating that the flaws of humanity transcends beliefs and religion. The story shows a massive clash of beliefs over what is generally a universally celebrated holiday. Be it in deciding whether to give to charity, what to call the holiday, or just choosing which place to eat in -the differences between ideologies will always prove to be one of the most difficult obstacles that needs to be overcome before human beings can truly understand each other.

text: The response includes inaccurate information.

refinement: the writer is clearly stating that the flaws of humanity transcends beliefs and religion. The story shows a massive clash of beliefs over relatively small decisions. Be it in deciding whether to give to charity, what to call the holiday, or just choosing which place to eat in -the differences between ideologies will always prove to be one of the most difficult obstacles that needs to be overcome before human beings can truly understand each other.

answer: The message of this piece is that charity should not be forced on people and that people should be able to choose for themselves what causes to support. The fact that everyone becomes violent and irrational when forced into a charity discussion is used to highlight the censorship of self-determination. This piece is meant to encourage greater freedom and discussion around choosing one's own charity.

text: While charity was mentioned in the story, no specific causes were mentioned and it was just a small part in the larger story.

refinement: The writer is trying to say that it is better to be compassionate and forgiving (understanding) for the friendship and togetherness it generates, than to be stubborn along political lines, religious beliefs, or refusal to compromise. It also alludes to how small arguments can escalate quickly, and how friendships can crumble when too much conflict occurs.

answer: The message that the writer wanted to convey in this work is that charity does not work as a way of unifying people. People's focus on their individual beliefs, such as religion, outweighs their sense of being part of a group. The chaotic battle that destroys the office demonstrates this problem. In the end, only one person (Ruth) has the idea of organizing a white elephant gift exchange, but she is killed halfway through the melee. The message is that people's differences cannot be overcome by charity. They cannot even unite in order to have a simple holiday celebration.

text: The response contains inaccurate information.

refinement: The message that the writer wanted to convey in this work is that charity does not work as a way of unifying people. People's focus on their individual beliefs, such as religion, outweighs their sense of being part of a group. The chaotic battle that destroys the office demonstrates this problem. The message is that people's differences cannot be overcome by charity. They cannot even unite in order to have a simple holiday celebration.

answer: That it is better to be compassionate and forgiving (understanding) for the friendship and togetherness it generates, than to be stubborn along political lines, religious beliefs, or refusal to compromise. It also alludes to how small arguments can escalate quickly, and how friendships can crumble when too much conflict occurs.

text: The response could use proper sentence structure.

refinement: The writer is trying to say that it is better to be compassionate and forgiving (understanding) for the friendship and togetherness it generates, than to be stubborn along political lines, religious beliefs, or refusal to compromise. It also alludes to how small arguments can escalate quickly, and how friendships can crumble when too much conflict occurs.

answer: That we can be united under one idea or belief, or united in many different ideas as long as we see eye to eye and make things work as a group.

text: The response could use proper sentence structure.

refinement: The writer is trying to say that we can be united under one idea or belief, or united in many different ideas as long as we see eye to eye and make things work as a group.

text: The response could be clearer.

refinement: The writer is trying to say that we can be united under one idea or belief, or united in many different ideas as long as we see eye to eye and make things work as a group. The writer satirizes what happens when we do not by creating the ridiculous scenario found in the story.


text:
“Mummy, tell me the story of Die Sine Timere,” whispered Jerry to his mother as she leaned over to tuck him in. He’d heard the story about a million times, from his friends and teachers and family, but he loved it best when his mother told it. Besides, the holiday was tomorrow, and hearing the story would help calm his excitement enough to sleep. His mother smiled at him and adjusted his pillows.
	“Are you sure? You practically know it by heart at this point,” she replied. He looked up at her and smiled an imploring smile.
	“Please?”
	His mother laughed a little and sat down next to him on the bed.
	“Well...okay,” she whispered. She looked out his window and saw the holiday’s festive banner flapping from between two street lamps on the road. The banner read “Welcome to the 3045 Celebration of Die Sine Timere!” It waved back and forth in the wind. She turned back to Jerry, who was now propped up on his pillows and looking at her expectantly.
	“Okay, okay. Well,” she began, “Our story begins a long time ago, way back in 2015. Our ancestors who lived in that time were not like the way we are today. They were wild and crazy and very violent. The whole world was fighting a war with each other, and it was not the first time everyone had been fighting. They loved fighting each other, and they’d find any excuse to go to do it. They fought over religion and money and--”
	“And oil!” interrupted Jerry excitedly.
	“Yes, love, and oil. They even fought over who got to live where. It was very silly, but very dangerous. You see, millions of people, innocent people and soldiers alike were getting killed every day. It was horrible. Families were being ripped apart and nobody seemed to be able to make sense of it all. Nobody seemed to understand that everyone was the same underneath the skin and that war was a bad thing. Everyone bleeds red, darling, but our ancestors were too blinded by greed and hatred to see the common color underneath people’s skin. So they fought and fought for years. Finally, one day everyone woke up from sleeping and realized that they had killed off more than half the people on Earth. There used to be seven billion people living there, but now there was only about two billion. Some of the ground was permanently stained red from all the bloodshed. Even the clouds were damaged, and there were holes in the sky from all the bad things our ancestors had put up there. Things had gotten so bad that all the countries knew that they had to stop killing and stop wasting things and stop fighting.”
	“Did they stop killing each other, Mummy?” asked Jerry, even though he already knew the answer.
	“Yes, they did, darling. All the countries came together and talked about their problems and decided to stop all wars forever. Everyone began to get along, slowly but surely, and the people started sharing their things with each other. Nobody got called any names and everyone was equal. The first few years of peace were a little scary, because people weren’t sure how long it was going to last. But as the fourth year of peace passed, it became obvious to everyone that it was here to stay. All the leaders of all the countries came together that year and decided that there should be a day of remembrance and happiness and celebration as a global holiday, to be celebrated until the end of peace. They put this holiday on August 21st, which was the day all the wars ended. They decided to call this day “Die Sine Timere,” which is from a very very old language called Latin, and it means “Day Without Fear.” They said that on this day, all the people were to celebrate another year of peace and remember our mistakes in the past to keep us safe in the future. They said that people could celebrate and remember any way they saw fit, but they must be sure to celebrate it each year. Our country celebrates by having large block parties and getting all the communities together for a good time. And for you and all the other children, darling, it’s the one night of the year where you don’t have to go to bed before midnight. You get to stay up very late. And before everyone does go to bed on the night of Die Sine Timere, each family sits together in silent meditation to remember those who died and to help us remain peaceful for the following year.”
	“Tell me about the lanterns, Mummy. Don’t forget the lanterns,” whispered Jerry, whose eyes were closed now. He was not quiet asleep yet, just listening quietly to the story of his favorite holiday in peace.
	“Ah, yes, the lanterns,” said his mother, who now was stroking her son’s hair gently as she spoke. “Well, in all the countries around the world, there is one thing that all our ceremonies of peace have in common. Every single person or family makes a special lantern out of biodegradable paper, and they each write a wish for the future or a memory of the past on that lantern. Then, at exactly midnight, each person or family lights the lantern and sends it into the sky, and all the wishes and memories get to soar the night skies together. It’s very beautiful and is a symbol of our unity and peace.”
	“It’s like watching all our wishes come true,” whispered Jerry.
	“That it is, my love. That it is,” replied his mother, “And every year, the whole world does the same thing. For one day a year, we remember our unity and how lucky we are to be at peace. Each person meditating or releasing a lantern or playing in the park during the day is a promise for the future. We will remain peaceful, so long as we have this hope.” She stopped, for that was the end of the story. She and her son sat quietly together for a moment, before Jerry let out a contented sigh and rolled on his side, eyes still shut tight.
	His mother looked down at his little sleeping face and smiled. She leaned down and gently kissed his forehead before getting up off the bed. She tucked the blankets up to his chin and turned to walk away.
	“Mummy?” Jerry said quietly.
	“Yes, darling?” said his mother, turning back towards her son.
	“Goodnight, Mummy. I love you.”
	“I love you too, Jerry. Goodnight.”

She shut off his light and headed downstairs to prepare the rice paper for the lanterns for tomorrow night, so that she and her son could silently watch all their wishes come true.

title: A New Holiday

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the relationship between Jerry and his mother.

answer: Jerry and his mother share a loving and nurturing relationship.

text: The answer should mention some of the events of the story, such as the tale Jerry's mother tells him.

refinement: Jerry and his mother share a loving and nurturing relationship. She tells him a bedtime story about the origins of Die Sine Timere.

answer: Jerry asks his mother to tell him the story of Die Sine Timere, which she does. She tells him about the history of the holiday, and about the lanterns that are released into the sky. The story is a way for Jerry to connect with his mother, and vice versa. They love each other.

answer: Jerry asks his mother to tell him the story of Die Sine Timere, which she does. She tells him about the history of the holiday, and about the lanterns that are released into the sky. The story is a way for Jerry to connect with his mother, and vice versa.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Will Jerry till this story to his kids when he is a parent?

answer: It is not mentioned.

answer: Yes, he will.

answer: There is no evidence to suggest that Jerry will tell the story to his kids.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What emotions does the story that Jerry's mom tells evoke?

answer: Jerry's mom tells him a story about a time when the world was at war, and how the people of the world came together to create a day of peace. This story is meant to be a comforting one for Jerry, as he is about to celebrate a holiday that is meant to be a day of peace.

text: The first sentence is not relevant.

refinement: This story is meant to be a comforting one for Jerry, as he is about to celebrate a holiday that is meant to be a day of peace.

answer: Jerry's mom tells him a story about a time when the world was at war, and how the people of the world came together to create a day of peace. This story is meant to be a comforting one for Jerry, as he is about to celebrate a holiday that is meant to be a day of peace. The story evokes hope in the future.

answer: The story evokes a sense of hope and peace.


text:
AQUAPELAGO refers to an assemblage of marine and terrestrial elements in which the aquatic spaces are key to community livelihoods and to communities’ senses of identity and belonging.[1]

Concept and Etymology

The term _aquapelago_ was introduced to the field of Island Studies in 2012 by contributors to _Shima_, an online, open-access journal of research into island and maritime cultures.[2] In its initial coinage, by Philip Hayward,[3] Etymologically, the term replaces the initial two syllables of the well-known term “archipelago” with “aqua” in order to reassert the role of marine elements in aggregations of islands that has been largely lost from contemporary usage of the term archipelago.[4] Elaborating the concept, Suwa[5] linked it to livelihood activities and to the Japanese concept of _shima_ (referring to islands and related distinct cultural landscapes). Suwa’s concept is striking in that it conceives of combined terrestrial and aquatic spaces as, effectively, neighborhoods.

In a reflection on and expansion of his initial article on the topic, Hayward[6] identified that he envisaged the concept as a reflection on the Anthropocene and as:

Subsequent developments of the concept have analysed its applicability to topics such as ocean spaces and national rights of access to these (Fleury[7]), cultural practices in Melanesian coastal societies (Dick[8]) and career making in island communities (Alexander[9]). Writing in the (now defunct) journal _Urban Island Studies_, Hayward[10] expanded on his original analyses by addressing metropolitan locales and providing a characterisation of Manhattan as an aquapelagic city that was subsequently critiqued and modified by Ayasha Guerin.[11] While there have been critics of the concept, such as Baldacchino,[12] who regard the term as unnecessary in that archipelagic analyses can be extended to address aquatic elements, writers from various disciplines have engaged with the concept in a positive manner, such as May Joseph and Sofia Varino’s exploration of the concept with regard to water ecology themed performance works in the journal _Women’s Studies Quarterly_[13] and Barbara Hawkins in her discussion of a geopolitical aesthetic of the subterranean in the journal _Geopolitics_.[14]

Associated Concepts

One significant development of the concept of the aquapelago has concerned the notion of there being an “aquapelagic imaginary.” This idea was originally floated by Hayward in 2017,[15] and was subsequently elaborated in a theme issue of the journal _Shima_ on mermaids, mer-cultures and the aquapelagic imaginary[16] to refer to the manner in which communities’ “engagements with their aquapelagic locales” in folk-/media-loric contexts can be understood to reflect upon and transcend “perceptions of the limits of human presence in and experience of aquatic spaces.”[17] In an article analysing the creation of a modern mythic entity, the Ningen, a creature rumoured to inhabit the southern Pacific Ocean, Greenland and Hayward[18] discuss the aquapelagic imaginary as a “subset" of the "social imaginary”, which can be regarded as a historically determined “enabling but not fully explicable symbolic matrix within which a people imagine and act as world-making collective agents”.[19]

Further reading

A variety of articles on the concept of aquapelago published in the journal _Shima_ and elsewhere are anthologised online at: https://shimajournal.org/anthologies.php

[1] Hayward, Philip (2012), “Aquapelagos and Aquapelagic Assemblages” _Shima_ 6 (1), 1-11.

[2] Publication Details - Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures [ISSN: 1834-6057]

[3]

[4] There is a degree of irony here in that the term “archipelago” was derived from the Greek arkhi (chief) and pelagos (sea), referring to the Aegean.

[5] Suwa, Jun’ichiro (2012) “Shima and Aquapelagic Assemblages” _Shima_ 6 (1), 12-16.

[6] Hayward, Philip (2012), “The constitution of assemblages and the aquapelagality of Haida Gwaii” _Shima_ 6 (2), 1-14

[7] Fleury, Christian (2013) “The Island/Sea/Territory Relationship” _Shima_ 7 (1), 1-13.

[8] Dick, Thomas (2015) “Chorographing the Vanuatu Aquapelago”, _Shima_ 9 (1), 1-22.

[9] Alexander, Rosie (2015) “Career Decision Making in Island Communities”, _Shima_ 9 (1), 38-52

[10] Hayward, Philip (2015) “The Aquapelago and the Estuarine City: Reflections on Manhattan” _Urban Island Studies_ 1, 81-95.

[11] Guerin, Ayasha (2019) “Underground and at Sea: Oysters and Black Marine Entanglements in New York’s Zone A” _Shima_ 13 (2), 30-55.

[12] Baldacchino, Godfrey (2012) “Getting Wet: A response to Hayward’s concept of Aquapelagos”, _Shima_ 6 (2), 22-26.

[13] Joseph, May and Sofia Varino (2017) “Aquapelagic Assemblages: Performing Water Ecology with Harmattan Theatre” _Women’s Studies Quarterly_ 45 (1-2) 151-166.

[14] Hawkins, Barbara (2018) “A Volcanic Incident’: Towards a geopolitical aesthetics of the subterranean” _Geopolitics_ 24 (3), 1-26.

[15] Hayward, Philip (2017) _Making a Splash: Representations of Mermaids (and Mermen) in 20th and 21st Century Audiovisual Media_, Eastleigh: John Libbey and Co. pp 6-7.

[16] _Shima_ 12 (2), https://shimajournal.org/issues.php

[17] Hayward, Philip (2018) “Introduction: Mermaids, Mercultures and the Aquapelagic Imaginary”, _Shima_ 12 (2), 1-2.

[18] Greenland, Felicity and Hayward, Philip (2020) “Ningen: The context and generation of media-lore concerning a giant, sub-Antarctic, aquatic humanoid” _Shima_ 14 (1), 33-40.

[19] Gaonkar, D.P (2002) ‘Towards New Imaginaries’, _Popular Culture_ 14 (1), 1.

title: Aquapelago

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

In what way has the term "aquapelago" expanded from scientific to cultural?

answer: The concept of "aquapelago" has expanded from its use by scientists to explore the role of marine elements in island formations to include a consideration of how these elements play into cultural contexts, specifically folklore and media-lore. It has also been applied to metropolitan locales in order to consider how these spaces are imagined and act as collective agents.

answer: The term "aquapelago" was introduced by contributors to Shima, an online journal of research into island and maritime cultures.  Aquapelago, as a term, is a collection of marine and land elements that are key to the livelihood of nearby communities as well as their sense of identity. Since the coinage of the term, there has been positive engagement with the term, so much so that the concept has extended into the imaginary and folklore territory where communities engagement with tales of mermaids are being brought into the matrix of aquapelago.

text: Repeated term

refinement: The term "aquapelago" was introduced by contributors to Shima, an online journal of research into island and maritime cultures.  Aquapelago, as a term, is a collection of marine and land elements that are key to the livelihood of nearby communities as well as their sense of identity. Since it was coined, there has been positive engagement with the term, so much so that the concept has extended into the imaginary and folklore territory where communities engagement with tales of mermaids are being brought into the matrix of aquapelago.

answer: The original definition of aquapelago introduced by Philip Hayward specified their applicability to island communities. Over time, the concept has expanded to consider the role of marine spaces in metropolitan locales, the influences of media-lore on perceptions of the marine environment, and participation in world-making through the imaginary.

text: This doesn't make sense.

refinement: The original definition of aquapelago introduced by Philip Hayward specified their applicability to island communities. Over time, the concept has expanded to consider the role of marine spaces in metropolitan locales, the influences of media-lore on perceptions of the marine environment.

answer: "Shima" is now a convened conference on island and maritime cultures. There has been a resurgence of mermaid mythology in pop culture that has been called into question. One essay called the variation of folklore dealing with misunderstood sea-creatures "mermaidlore". The mermaid theme is fairly broad and not directly scientific, but it does seem to be linked to cultures revolving around water areas. It seems bringing together themes of aquapelogistics, historic myths about mermaids, and cultural practices about that around sea territories is a cultural expansion.

text: This fails to answer the question

refinement: The concept of "aquapelago" has expanded from its use by scientists to explore the role of marine elements in island formations to include a consideration of how these elements play into cultural contexts, specifically folklore and media-lore. It has also been applied to metropolitan locales in order to consider how these spaces are imagined and act as collective agents.

answer: At its inception, it was a scholarly concept concerning marine life in the Pacific.

text: Does not answer the question

refinement: The term _aquapelago_ was introduced to the field of Island Studies in 2012. Suwa’s concept is striking in that it conceives of combined terrestrial and aquatic spaces as, effectively, neighborhoods. One significant development of the concept of the aquapelago has concerned the notion of there being an “aquapelagic imaginary.” on mermaids, and mer-cultures.