text:
It was unusual for the two of them to meet under these circumstances, but they had preferred it this way. As soon as it was possible to do so, George Carville had vanished into an unobserved lift on the 50th floor of London's Shard, retreating out of the building through a discrete trade exit at the end of an underground tunnel some tens of metres away. Raising his collar, he faced the ground and walked briskly, anonymously, into the embrace of the night.

He had smoked two cigarettes and was about to leave when Nathan Cohen arrived to meet him at the centre of London Bridge. Mutely, Carville offered him his carton of cigarettes. Cohen took one, lit it and inhaled deeply before contorted his face into a scowl.

"Full strength?" He groaned, glaring at the glowing tobacco.

"You're a grown-up now," Chided Carville, with a humourless voice but an imperceptibly slight smile. "You ought to smoke like one."

"I ought not to smoke." He inhaled again before acknowledging the question that Carville had not asked. "I apologise for my lateness. But you must remember, surely? It wasn't that long ago for you. I skimmed the reports they threw at me, I shook hands with the cloying throng. I wrote the Letters of Last Resort."

"How was that?"

"The Letters? Humbling."

"Yes. They are."

Cohen blew smoke into the night, and looked silently at Carville for a time. "What did you write?"

"I can't remember specifically."

"That's not true."

"No, it isn't. But I'd rather not say. Those words have been scarred into my brain these last seven years, but that's been my burden to bear. Now you get the chance. When you're where I am, you'll know that it's best for those words to die with you."

They were silent for a few minutes more. A night bus trundled past, and the occasional morose traveller shuffled closely behind their backs. But the two of them took no notice, staring into the churning black river beneath them.

"You're not normally this melancholy. Although I suppose under the circumstances it's understandable."

"What circumstances are those?" Carville seemed genuinely curious, and Cohen suddenly felt an abiding discomfort.

"Well, you know. The results."

"Best news I've had in weeks."

"George..."

"I'm serious, Nat. I'm not trying to soothe any latent guilt you're storing up."

"I don't have any."

"You're too soppy not to. But it really is a relief. I'm looking forward to five years as a lightweight."

"Remember when we were lightweights?" Cohen was smiling now.

"Always."

"It feels like so long ago."

"It was."

"Will we ever have that again? Committee hearings on absolutely nothing, constituents storming into our offices to bitch and complain about stuff we've never heard of, the stupid late-night scheming. I miss it already." His last sentence was spoken quietly, almost involuntarily. He thought sounded pained, or awed, or sanguine. He sounded a combination of the three.

"I intend to get all that back within a few months. You'll have to wait longer, of course."

"Yeah. I'm starting to wonder if I made the right choice."

"I'm wondering the same about the electorate." Carville chuckled.

"Speaking of the electorate, I think I've stolen too many minutes of my life from their claws this morning."

"Morning? God, it's 4:15."

"I need to go, George."

Carville smiled as a jaded man would smile at a dying loved one. "I know you do. Good luck, Nat."

Cohen's eyes were ringed with circles and heavily lidded. Taking one last survey of the skyline, he replied in a forcibly deadpan monotone. "And to you, George. I'll see you soon."

Cohen walked quickly away with his head held low. Partly by necessity, partly to disguise the emotion that had overcome him. Carville stayed for a few minutes more alone. He reasoned that nobody would seek much from an outgoing Prime Minister until morning and that his aides would handle the press appropriately. Turning his buzzing phone off, he slouched over the rail of London Bridge as the first tinges of pink started to rise alongside the dome of St. Paul's Cathedral. He smoked, and he thought of the words he had written seven years ago to be read deep in the bowels of the ocean.

At 4:32, he abruptly stood and walked away.

title: Concession [RF]

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Nathan Cohen?

answer: He's friends with George Carville. Both of them share a bond about being Prime Minister. Cohen is PM currently. When they meet, he apologizes for being late. He notes that writing the Letters of Last Resort is a humbling experience. Cohen asks Carville about what the old PM wrote for them, which Carville refuses to answer. Cohen seems to be wary of his job, expressing a fondness for the times when their positions didn't matter as much. He leaves earlier than Carville because he's busy.

answer: The text portrays Cohen as feeling conflicted about his role in government. He seems to miss aspects of being a lightweight even though he has taken on the weight of a Prime Minister. He is also humble and apologetic.

answer: Nathan Cohen is the Prime Minister who has just stepped down. Carville says to Cohen he is responsible for the news [Cohen got] about the results. Cohen is recognized as the holder of Pieces of Last Resort - the nuclear codes of Britain.

text: Cohen is the current PM, has just written his Letters of Last Resort. The response is wrong.

refinement: Nathan Cohen has just been elected Prime Minister, and he is feeling the weight of this responsibility. He also mentions to his friend George Carville (the ex-PM) that he has just written his Letters of Last Resort.

answer: Nathan Cohen is a British politician and nuclear strategist-defense adviser  for the UK. He has been Carville's bestfriend for a long time. Cohen is known to be pessimistic, but practical.

text: The response makes vague inferences, rather than using the text for its examples.

refinement: Nathan Cohen is a British politician who was recently elected Prime Minister. He has been Carville's best friend for a long time. Cohenappears to be pessimistic, but practical.

answer: The text says that Cohen felt conflicted about his decision to leave office, because he missed the simpler days of being a politician. Cohen is portrayed as having mixed emotions about his choice.

text: Cohen has just been elected Prime Minister - this should be mentioned as the source of his conflict and affect the response as a whole.

refinement: The text says that Cohen felt conflicted as he has just been elected Prime Minister and is feeling the weight of that responsibility. He misses the simpler days of being a politician. Cohen is portrayed as having mixed emotions about his new role.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about George Carville?

answer: The text suggests that George Carville is calm, collected, and stoic in the face of the electoral results. Carville has been through this before, although it does remind him of the past at times. He looks forward to returning to regular life after his tenure as Prime Minister is over.

answer: He's friends with Nathan Cohen, the current Prime Minister. Carville is an ex-PM (previous?). They meet on the London bridge, and Carville brings him cigarettes. He excuses Cohen's late arrival implicitly, sympathizing with the burdens of the job he knows well. When Cohen asks about what he wrote for the Letters of Last Resort, Carville refuses to answer, saying those words are better dead with him. He reassures Cohen that he's happy about not being the PM anymore before Cohen leaves. He stays for a little while more.

answer: Carville is a melancholy man who is relieved about the secret letter he wrote years ago about nuclear armageddon. He is also nostalgic for his old lighthearted life as Prime Minister, before he was burdened with devastating responsibility.

text: While Carville is melancholy about his friend's situation he appears to be relieved. It is not clear from the text what the Letters of Last Resort are regarding. He is nostalgic for his life before being Prime Minister, not during.

refinement: Carville is the now ex-Prime Minister who comforts his friend Nathan Cohen as he becomes the next Prime Minister. He is also nostalgic for his old life as a lightweight politician, before he was burdened with the responsibility or running a country.

answer: George Carville is the outgoing Prime Minister. He is meeting Nathan Cohen at London Bridge. He thinks back to when they were lightweights; he and Cohen have worked together for years. Cohen lets him go, while Carville stays for a few minutes, thinking of the words he wrote seven years ago to be read deep in the bowels of the ocean.

text: The response neglects a few details that are necessary for clarity.

refinement: George Carville is the outgoing Prime Minister. He is meeting Nathan Cohen, the incoming Prime Minister at London Bridge. He thinks back to when they were lightweights; he and Cohen have worked together for years. Cohen leaves after they reminisce and Carville stays for a few minutes thinking of the words he wrote in the Letters of Last resort seven years prior.

answer: George Carville is Britain's outgoing Prime Minister who is meeting with fellow British member of parliament Nathan Cohen to discuss something on a bridge. Cohen was late, and the two reminisce about their time as lightweights coming up in their respective political careers. Carville seems relieved about the upcoming results for Cohen, saying he is relieved about being a lightweight for the next five years.


split: test

text:
WILLIAM MURRAY OF TULLIBARDINE (died 1583), was a Scottish courtier and leader of the Clan Murray.

William Murray was the son of William Murray of Tullibardine (d. 1562) and Katherine Campbell, daughter of Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy (d. 1513) and Margaret Moncreiffe.

When Lord Darnley was made Lord of Ardmanoch and Earl of Ross at Stirling Castle on 15 May 1565, he was one of 15 men who were made knights.[1]

Mary, Queen of Scots visited him at Tullibardine on 16 November 1562,[2] and on 31 December 1566.[3]

His brother James Murray offered to fight with the Earl of Bothwell in May 1567 to prove the murder of Lord Darnley by combat.[4]

On 9 August 1567 the English ambassador in Edinburgh Nicholas Throckmorton interviewed him, trying to work out the politics of his brother-in-law, the Earl of Mar, and the intentions of the Scottish lords towards the deposed and imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots. Tullibardine discussed how she was expendable to the Hamilton family's cause.[5]

Later that month, he and William Kirkcaldy of Grange took ships and chased James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell to Shetland, but the earl escaped. Tullibardine continued the pursuit for a time.[6] Some of the ships came from Dundee, including the _James_, the _Primrose_, and the _Robert_.[7]

At the same time, his brother James Murray was made “customar” of Edinburgh, in place of James Curl, collecting taxes duties from merchants owed to the crown. Tullibardine was involved, requesting James Curl return some unlawfully impounded English cloth.[8]

Murray's sister was the influential Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar (died February 1603), who was the keeper of the young James VI of Scotland at Stirling Castle. There was a story, promoted by the secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots, John Lesley, that the king found the “testament of Bothwell” in Tullibardine's papers in 1577 and was pleased to hear a story that showed his mother as innocent, for a change.

On 24 April 1579 the Earl of Atholl died shortly after attending a banquet at Stirling Castle. His wife Margaret Fleming, (who had been married to Murray's brother-in-law, Thomas Erskine, Master of Erskine), was also unwell. A rumour started that they had been poisoned.[9] Agnes Graham, the wife of William Murray of Tullibardine, wrote to Annabell Murray assuring her that the Countess of Atholl's complaints against her were “forged lies”.[10]

He was Comptroller of Scotland. He resigned the office in 1580 and James VI gave it to his son John.[11]

He died in 1583.

Family

William Murray married Agnes Graham, a daughter of William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose and Janet Keith. Their children included:

-   John Murray, 1st Earl of Tullibardine
-   Captain George Murray, who was with James VI in Denmark.[12]

A sister of Agnes Graham, Jonet Graham, married his cousin, Andrew Murray of Balvaird and Arngask. Their children included:

-   Andrew Murray of Balvaird and Arngask (d. 1590).
-   Patrick Murray of Geanies.
-   David Murray, 1st Viscount of Stormont (d.1631).

John Murray of Pardewis was a brother of William Murray, the Comptroller.[13]

[1] Julian Goodare, 'Queen Mary's Catholic Interlude', in _Mary Stewart Queen in Three Kingdoms: Innes Review_, vol. 37 (1987), p. 158: _Calendar of State Papers Scotland_, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 161 no. 181.

[2] Edward Furgol, 'Scottish Itinerary of Mary Queen of Scots, 1542-8 and 1561-8', _PSAS_, 117 (1987), microfiche, scanned

[3] George Chalmers, _Life of Mary Queen of Scots_, vol. 1 (London, 1818), p. 199.

[4] Joseph Bain, _Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1563-1569_, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 328.

[5] _Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1563-1569_, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 373-4, 376.

[6] David Reid, _Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus_, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 2005), 171: Agnes Strickland, Agnes, _Letters of Mary Queen of Scots_, vol. 1 (London, 1842), pp. 244-248: _Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1563-1569_, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 394-5.

[7] John Hill Burton, _Register of the Privy Council of Scotland: 1545-1569_, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), p. 544.

[8] John Hill Burton, _Register of the Privy Council of Scotland: 1545-1569_, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. 547, 559.

[9] George Hewitt, _Scotland Under Morton_ (Edinburgh, 1982), pp. 70-1.

[10] John, 7th Duke of Atholl, _Chronicles of the Atholl and Tullibardine families_ (Edinburgh, 1908), pp. 44-5.

[11] Keith Brown, _Noble Power in Scotland_ (Edinburgh, 2011), p. 182.

[12] David Stevenson, _Scotland's Last Royal Wedding_ (Edinburgh, 1997), p. 121.

[13] _RPS_, 7 (Edinburgh, 1966), p. 366 no. 2221.

title: William Murray of Tullibardine

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about William Murray of Tullibardine's family?

answer: William Murray of Tullibardine was the son of William Murray of Tullibardine and Katherine Campbell. His brother, James Murray, was made "customar" of Edinburgh. His sister, Annabell Murray, was the influential Countess of Mar. His wife, Agnes Graham, was a daughter of William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose and Janet Keith. Their children included John Murray, 1st Earl of Tullibardine, Captain George Murray, and Andrew Murray of Balvaird and Arngask. Jonet Graham, a sister of Agnes Graham, married his cousin, Andrew Murray of Balvaird and Arngask. Their children included Andrew Murray of Balvaird and Arngask, Patrick Murray of Geanies, and David Murray, 1st Viscount of Stormont.

answer: William Murray of Tullibardine was the son of William Murray of Tullibardine and Katherine Campbell. His brother, James Murray, was made "customar" of Edinburgh. His sister, Annabell Murray, was the influential Countess of Mar. His wife, Agnes Graham, was a daughter of William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose and Janet Keith. Their children included John Murray, 1st Earl of Tullibardine, Captain George Murray, and Andrew Murray of Balvaird and Arngask.

answer: William Murray of Tullibardine was the son of William Murray of Tullibardine (d. 1562) and Katherine Campbell, daughter of Sir Duncan Campbell of Glenorchy (d. 1513) and Margaret Moncreiffe. He married Agnes Graham, a daughter of William Graham, 2nd Earl of Montrose and Janet Keith. Their children included John Murray, 1st Earl of Tullibardine, Captain George Murray, who was with James VI in Denmark, and John Murray of Pardewis. A sister of Agnes Graham, Jonet Graham, married his cousin, Andrew Murray of Balvaird and Arngask. Their children included Andrew Murray of Balvaird and Arngask, Patrick Murray of Geanies, and David Murray, 1st Viscount of Stormont.


text:
LOUISE MAGDALENE TEOWAINA WALLSCOTT (25 December 1898 – 17 February 1999) was a Māori activist, teacher and weaver.

Early life

Magda Wallscott was born at Pipikaretu Beach, Ōtākou, the daughter of Ema Karetai, Kāti Māmoe and Ngāi Tahu, and Frederick Wallscott, a professional soldier from Saxony, Germany.[1] Her great-grandfather was John Karetai, known as Chief Karetai, one of the signatories of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.[2][3] Karetai's mere pounamu _Kahutai_ was passed through the family to Wallscott, who then loaned it to Otago Museum in the 1970s where museum kaitiaki continue to guide its care.[4]

Wallscott attended Te Waipounamu Māori Girls' College in Christchurch, and then in 1918 entered Christchurch Training College and boarded at Bishopscourt Hostel until 1921. Wallscott was taught to weave flax in Taieri by her aunt Ripeka Martin (formerly Karetai).[5] For several years, she taught at small schools in Stewart Island, Bluff, Wyndham, Clifton, Invercargill and Dunedin.[6]

From 1944-1948 Wallscott taught at the Ōtākou Native School, and during this time she began an active role at the Ōtākou Marae which continued for 30 years. Although Wallscott never married or had children, she raised a whāngai, her niece Iri Wallscott.[7] After retiring from teaching in 1953, Wallscott began a new career in community service that she maintained into her 90s.[8]

Māori Women's Welfare League

Wallscott was a founding member of the Māori Women's Welfare League, and was the Ōtepoti Representative of the league for many years.[9][10] Other Ōtepoti branch members included Victoria Potiki, Taka Moss, Rumatiki Wright and Jean Robinson.[11] Wallscott made significant contributions to the league over many years.[12] She relished the achievements of the Ōtepoti branch – “We have made our voice heard ... we are listened to ... we have just simply been so sincere that people have taken notice of us.”[13] In 1968, Wallscott accepted the McEwen trophy on behalf of the Te Waipounamu branch of the Māori Women's Welfare League, awarded to the area showing the greatest yearly increase in membership.[14]

Other community work

-   Foundation member of the Āraiteuru Cultural Club and helped establish its marae in Dunedin
-   Ōtākou Marae (secretary)
-   Ōtākou Māori Committee
-   Ōtākou Māori Executive
-   Te Wai Pounamu District Council
-   Māori Mission Committee
-   Dunedin Branch of National Council of Women
-   Old Peoples' Welfare Council
-   Board of Directors of YWCA
-   In 1960 she became the first Māori women in Dunedin to be a Justice of the Peace.[15]
-   In the 1980s Wallscott helped lead opposition to the Aramoana aluminum smelter.[16]

Notable achievements

-   In 1976, Wallscott was awarded the Queens Service Medal in the Queen's Birthday honours list for services to the community.[17]
-   Wallscott was chosen as one of five people to accompany _Te Maori_ exhibition to San Francisco and attend the opening ceremonies in 1984.[18]
-   In 1990 Wallscott received an award from the Māori and South Pacific Arts Council for her contribution to weaving.[19]

Death and legacy

During the early 1990s, Wallscott contributed audio recordings of her local place names to _Ngā Ingoa o Aotearoa: An Oral Dictionary of Māori Placenames._[20] In 1999, she donated many of her personal papers and archives to the Hocken Manuscripts and Archives Collection.[21] These included letters from friends and family, papers relating to land issues, the Māori Women's Welfare League, appointment diaries, notebooks, music and songs.[22]

Wallscott passed away on 17 February 1999, two months after her 100th birthday[23] At the time of her death, Wallscott was the oldest surviving member on Ngāi Tahu's tribal roll.[24][25]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]  Items {{!}} National Library of New Zealand {{!}} National Library of New Zealand|language=English|access-date=2020-04-05}}

[11]

[12]  NZHistory, New Zealand history online|website=nzhistory.govt.nz|access-date=2020-04-05}}

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

title: Magda Wallscott

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the conditions into which Magda Wallscott was born and grew up.

answer: Magda Wallscott was born in 1898 in Pipikaretu Beach, Otakou. She was born into a family of mixed Māori and German heritage. Her great-grandfather was John Karetai, known as Chief Karetai, one of the signatories of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Wallscott attended Te Waipounamu Māori Girls' College in Christchurch, and then in 1918 entered Christchurch Training College and boarded at Bishopscourt Hostel until 1921. Wallscott was taught to weave flax in Taieri by her aunt Ripeka Martin (formerly Karetai).

answer: Magda Wallscott was born in 1898 in Pipikaretu Beach, Otakou. She was born into a family of mixed Māori and German heritage. Her great-grandfather was John Karetai, known as Chief Karetai, one of the signatories of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. Wallscott attended Te Waipounamu Māori Girls' College in Christchurch, and then in 1918 entered Christchurch Training College and boarded at Bishopscourt Hostel until 1921.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize what motivated Wallscott to commit to a lifetime of service.

answer: No answer

answer: Wallscott was born into a family of Māori and German descent. She was taught to weave flax by her aunt and raised a whāngai, her niece Iri Wallscott. She was a founding member of the Māori Women's Welfare League and was the Ōtepoti representative of the league for many years.

answer: Wallscott was born into a family of Māori and German descent. She was taught to weave flax by her aunt and raised a whāngai, her niece Iri Wallscott. She was a founding member of the Māori Women's Welfare League and was the Ōtepoti representative of the league for many years. In the 1980s, she helped lead opposition to the Aramoana aluminum smelter. She passed away on 17 February 1999, two months after her 100th birthday.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize Wallscott's legacy.

answer: Wallscott was a founding member of the Māori Women's Welfare League. She made significant contributions over many years. Wallscott was awarded the Queens Service Medal and chosen to accompany Te Maori exhibition to San Francisco. She also left many personal archives with the Hocken Manuscripts and Archives Collection. At the time of her death, she was the oldest surviving member on Ngāi Tahu's tribal roll.

text: It's omitted that Wallscott contributed audio recordings to Ngā Ingoa o Aotearoa: An Oral Dictionary of Māori Placenames.

refinement: Wallscott was a founding member of the Māori Women's Welfare League. She made significant contributions over many years. Wallscott was awarded the Queens Service Medal and chosen to accompany Te Maori exhibition to San Francisco. She also left many personal archives with the Hocken Manuscripts and Archives Collection. In the 1990s, Wallscott contributed audio recordings to Ngā Ingoa o Aotearoa: An Oral Dictionary of Māori Placenames. At the time of her death, she was the oldest surviving member on Ngāi Tahu's tribal roll.

answer: Wallscott was a founding member of the Māori Women's Welfare League. She was the Otepoti representative for many years. She helped establish the marae in Dunedin. Wallscott was awarded the Queen's Service Medal and selected to accompany the Maori exhibition to San Francisco.

answer: Wallscott was a founding member of the Māori Women's Welfare League. She was the Otepoti representative for many years. She helped establish the marae in Dunedin. Wallscott was awarded the Queen's Service Medal and selected to accompany the Maori exhibition to San Francisco. She donated many of her personal papers and archives to the Hocken Manuscripts and Archives Collection.


text:
Air left her nostrils it short, sad bursts. Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks. I wanted to wipe them away, yet my hand remained frozen to my side. My own eyes began to cloud as I blinked them back inside. Remaining strong was my only option at this point, there was no turning back.

Her fingers gripped her hair like she was ripping a flower from its roots, knuckles whitened from the grasp. Mouth agape, she attempted at words, but none came to her. Her sighs came heavy and quickened as her closed eyes spewed tears. Lips quivered as she muttered a single syllable, "Why..."

I didn't quite know at the time. At this point, I don't know if I ever will. One of the last words I heard from her was a word of despair, a word I couldn't even fathom a response to.

My gaze was locked upon her, she was beautiful, even in this moment of despair. It's you, it's me, it didn't matter who, or what, or why, or how. No one knew the answer to any of these questions, least of all me. I swallowed the knot in my throat one more time and looked up at the door behind her. Scratches at the bottom from where her dog had begged for freedom, paint scraped from the egg shell white wood left a softer yellow look.

Time slowed as I got up and made my way across the room. Her sighs became screams, and from despair grew anger. I heard the screech of the chair as she turned to me, "What the fuck is wrong with me!" Her shouting sent shivers down my spine, but not from fear. Regret wouldn't describe it either, because I don't regret it, it was a shiver of understanding the feeling of not knowing where you belong in this world.

I didn't answer, there was no answer.

I left.

title: (RF) Finding me

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who was crying?

answer: The main character was crying.

text: Main character in this case is subjective as the narrator and the woman are both the main characters.

answer: The protagonist is crying.

text: Neither the narrator nor the woman has been assigned to a narrative role of a protagonist or antagonist. As such, the term protagonist can apply to either of the two characters.

answer: The narrator's lover.

text: Lover is an interpretation of the role. She could be a wife, mistress, girlfriend, friend, etc. Even if a romantic relationship is somewhat implied, this is not confirmed.

answer: The woman who the narrator left.

text: Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks.

text: I left.

answer: The woman.

text: Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is the narrator?

answer: The narrator is the person who left the woman in despair.

text: I left.

text: One of the last words I heard from her was a word of despair, a word I couldn't even fathom a response to.

answer: The narrator does not have a name.

text: While the narrator is not named, identity can be defined by other factors such as their relation to the other character/s in a narrative, or the actions/roles they took in the story.

refinement: The narrator is the person who left the woman in despair.

answer: That information can't be found

text: While the narrator is not named, identity can be defined by other factors such as their relation to the other character/s in a narrative, or the actions/roles they took in the story.

refinement: The narrator is the person who left the woman in despair.

answer: The narrator is the person departing.

text: I left.

answer: This information can't be found.

text: While the narrator is not named, identity can be defined by other factors such as their relation to the other character/s in a narrative, or the actions/roles they took in the story.

refinement: The narrator is the person who left the woman in despair.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Was the narrator leaving her?

answer: Yes, the narrator was leaving her.

text: I left.

answer: It could be implied that he was.

text: I left.

answer: This information can't be found,but the story context doesn't indicate it.

text: Story clearly indicates: "I left."

answer: Yes, the narrator was leaving her.

text: I left.

answer: It may be implied that he was leaving her, for reasons unknown.

text: I left.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What relationship did the narrator share with the lady?

answer: It may be assumed that the narrator and the lady had a romantis relationship.

text: My gaze was locked upon her, she was beautiful, even in this moment of despair. It's you, it's me

text: Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks. I wanted to wipe them away, yet my hand remained frozen to my side.

answer: The narrator shared a close relationship with the lady, likely as a close friend.

text: My gaze was locked upon her, she was beautiful, even in this moment of despair. It's you, it's me

text: Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks. I wanted to wipe them away, yet my hand remained frozen to my side.

answer: They were having a romantic relationship

text: A romantic relationship is heavily implied but not distinctively stated. The answer must reflect that this is not a fact but a suggestion.

refinement: It is implied that they were having a romantic relationship

text: Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks. I wanted to wipe them away, yet my hand remained frozen to my side.

text: My gaze was locked upon her, she was beautiful, even in this moment of despair. It's you, it's me

answer: The narrator shared a close relationship with the lady, though neither party truly understands what it is. The narrator had to leave her, though neither could comprehend why.

text: My gaze was locked upon her, she was beautiful, even in this moment of despair. It's you, it's me

text: Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks. I wanted to wipe them away, yet my hand remained frozen to my side.

answer: It may be implied that the narrator and the lady were lovers.

text: Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks. I wanted to wipe them away, yet my hand remained frozen to my side.

text: My gaze was locked upon her, she was beautiful, even in this moment of despair. It's you, it's me

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator puts in the effort to make sure the woman they love is alright but she asks them why she is like that. The narrator exits and leaves the woman without an answer. The narrator feels remorse and that they don't know where they belong. The narrator conveys it to the readers that they are going to end the story there now. Leaving with the complete uncertainty.

text: I wanted to wipe them away, yet my hand remained frozen to my side. My own eyes began to cloud as I blinked them back inside. Remaining strong was my only option at this point, there was no turning back.

text: One of the last words I heard from her was a word of despair, a word I couldn't even fathom a response to.

text: it was a shiver of understanding the feeling of not knowing where you belong in this world.

text: I didn't answer, there was no answer.

answer:
A handsome narrator is speaking to a woman who is sitting with her back to him. He is trying to lie to her, but cannot keep a steady voice. She is asking him why he doesn't love her. Then she asks him what the illness is.

He heads to the front door and is walking out but the woman angrily asks what it is that was wrong with them. He leaves.

text:
Too many furbished details:
- narrator may or may not be handsome
- there is no indication that the narrator is trying to lie
- the woman only asks "why" but with no further context
- there is no mention of an illness
- the woman asks what is wrong with her

refinement:
A narrator is speaking to a woman who is sitting with her back to him. She asks him "why", but he cannot answer.

He walks across the room and is walking out but the woman angrily asks what it is that was wrong with her. He leaves.

answer: The narrator watches as a woman becomes overcome with despair and anger. The woman's questions about her identity leave the narrator at a loss for how to respond. The narrator leaves the room as the woman screams at them with regret and understanding.

text:
Inconsistent information in the summary:
- her questions are not implied to be about identity
- in the end, the woman screams as she does not understand what is wrong with her

refinement: The narrator watches as a woman becomes overcome with despair and anger. The woman asks "why", but the narrator at a loss for how to respond. The narrator leaves the room as the woman screams asking what is wrong with her.

answer: The protagonist watches the person they love cry, and though they want to comfort them, they stay silent. The other person grows angrier and begins shouting. Finally, the protagonist leaves, not knowing why the other person is so heartbroken. This makes them realize the depth of not knowing where you are in the world, but they feel regret for leaving.

text:
The story does not confirm if the narrator does not know why the woman was heartbroken -though it implies that the narrator is aware of the reason and this is why the narrator has decided to become strong in order to leave.

There is no regret in the narrator's feelings.

refinement: The protagonist watches the person they love cry, and though they want to comfort them, they stay silent. The other person grows angrier and begins shouting. Finally, the protagonist leaves, feeling the depth of not knowing where you belong in the world.

text: Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks. I wanted to wipe them away, yet my hand remained frozen to my side.

text:
I didn't answer, there was no answer.

I left.

answer:
Watching the woman cry, the narrator's eyes got teary. Her fingers gripped her hair as she asks him why he was leaving her. The narrator had no answer and still does not.
He looks at her one last time before leaving, she looked beautiful. As he leaves, she screams asking what is wrong with her. He had no answer.

text: Water poured from her eyes like a river, streaking back and forth across her cheeks. I wanted to wipe them away, yet my hand remained frozen to my side. My own eyes began to cloud as I blinked them back insid

text: Lips quivered as she muttered a single syllable, "Why..."

text: My gaze was locked upon her, she was beautiful, even in this moment of despair.

text: I heard the screech of the chair as she turned to me, "What the fuck is wrong with me!"

text:
I didn't answer, there was no answer.

I left.


text:
Dawn of Darkness
Dark clouds blocked out the sun. Thunder rolled and boomed, as lightning lit up the skies. Below, the salty waves tossed and tumbled, growing larger as the wind whipped and raged from the north. The rain came down in torrents, pelting the deck of the wooden ship, and soaking the wood. The first mate barked out orders to the crew who busied themselves to carry those orders out. The sails were taken in, so as to not be blown off course. The idea was to wait out the storm, as the waves weren’t so bad that they needed to get out of danger. Near the bow, on top deck, a woman cloaked in a silver robe stood by a man who was robbed in royal purple. Both had crowns fastened to their heads. Soldiers stood by, on edge from the storm, but otherwise relaxed. The man smiled down at his wife and looked to the small bundle of joy she held in her arms. A small child, nearly a year old, rested against her mother’s breast. She had dark, nearly obsidian black hair. Her emerald green eyes were closed now, resting while the storm raged on around them. Her little fingers curled tightly around her mother’s necklace. Their calm was shattered by the sound of lightning as it hit the main mast. The following boom of thunder was loud enough to wake the dead. Deckhands scrambled as they tried to put out the fire that was quickly spreading, but another bolt of lighting struck the ship near the stern, and soon they understood their battle with the flames was a lost cause. The captain readied the life boats, and had the king and queen begin to board. A large wave crashed into the side of the ship and the queen and her child were sent flying over the side. The life boat was lowered down into the unforgiving seas. The queen tried to stay close to the boat, but between holding her child’s head above the waves and the weight of her attire, she was quickly losing strength. She felt something brush up against her. The queen was so tired at this point, her arm holding her child threatened to release her. She saw the life boat coming for her, she knew she would be safe soon. But her child.. Suddenly she felt her child being taken from her arms, as if the water itself was wishing her to drop the child. She screamed up at the skies to whatever god might be listening.

“Save my baby, please! Save my Allene!”

Something came up from the waves, a sleek head, covered in scales, long like a horse’s. two horns upon the top of it’s head that looked like blackened icicles, Nearly glowing blue orbs seemed to bring the queen into a state of shock. This was a water dragon. Feared for their ever-changing moods, and loved for their kindness. The desperate mother, without a thought, handed her child up to the dragon, who took it in it’s maw gently. But as the life boats came closer, the dragon’s eyes became a glare. There was a man raging in the small life boat, he was screaming out of fear, and waved a sword in the air. The dragon gave a deep growl and sunk below the waves.

The queen screamed in horror as she watched her baby disappear beneath the black waves, her strength gave out and she began to sink, hoping to join her child in a watery grave. Large hands pulled at her soaked body before she could embrace the darkness that surrounded her and she was pulled into the chaos of life. She sobbed openly as her king held her, the dread and hatred in his eyes was enough to keep the crew silent while they worked on getting everyone safely to shore. The closest line of safety being Conach Moore, an island that held many mountains. On the eastern side there was a small village that would be able to help them get home to Riochtdome.

Beneath the unforgiving waves, in the calm depths of the ocean, the water dragon still carried the young child in it’s maw, a protective barrier surrounded it so that water did not enter the child’s lungs. The dragon had sensed darkness in the King’s heart and sought to save both the mother and the child, but when she had looked for the mother, the king was already pulling her with him. With a heavy heart she took the child to her home, Farlig Dyre. It was a rather large island, filled with forests, mountains, rivers, and plains. It was a beautiful land where Humans dared not tread, and Dragons lived peacefully. She swam up to the edge of the massive cliff that served as a shoreline, digging her claws into the rough earth as she hauled her long, lithe body up the mountainous wall. Her deep blue scales dripped water and left a wet trail as she climbed over the wall and onto the soft lush grass of the northern forest. She placed the now awake, and yet peaceful child, onto the ground. She held her massive head to the sky and beckoned her elders with a roar. As she waited for the sounds of familiar wings beating against the wind, she gathered a few logs and used her claw to dig a small, shallow hole She placed the logs inside and lit a fire with her maw. Her fire was blue, but unlike most fires, it wasn’t as hot as it should be. It was warm, like a sunny day rather than a bursting inferno. She placed the child near the edge of it so as to keep it warm, spreading one of her small wings over her so as to keep her dry. She curled herself up around the child the mother had called Allene, and looked to the skies, awaiting the judgment of her elders.

title: [FN]Dawn of Darkness: The Beginning

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the climactic event of the story.

answer: Both the king and queen are hanging on to the sides of their watery life raft as the ship burns and begins to sink. The queen has a baby in her arms and screams in horror as she watches the man in the King's watery lifeboat decapitate a dragon that had rescued the child.

text: The dragon is not decapitated. It survives just fine but is unable to rescue the queen.

refinement: Both the king and queen are hanging on to the sides of their watery life raft as the ship burns and begins to sink. The queen has a baby in her arms and screams in horror as she watches the man in the King's watery lifeboat scare the dragon that had rescued the child.

text: The response does not fully elaborate on the climactic point of the story.

refinement: Both the king and queen are hanging on to the sides of their watery life raft as the ship burns and begins to sink. The queen has a baby in her arms but as the child slowly slips away from her, she screams to the heavens for help. Suddenly a water dragon appears to save them. The queen screams in horror as she watches the man in the King's watery lifeboat scare the dragon that had rescued the child.

answer: The sea monster, a water dragon, saves the queen and her baby from the wrecked ship. Meanwhile, the king takes her and throws her on to the lifeboat because of the intense fear he feels for dragons and the dragon notices this. The dragon takes the baby to her palace, Farlig Dyre, an island that is said to hold many mountains, rivers, forests, and plains. The dragon waits for the judgment of her elders.

text: The dragon is unable to save the queen as the king was dragging her away.

refinement: The sea monster, a water dragon, saves the queen's baby from the wrecked ship. Meanwhile, the king takes her and throws her on to the lifeboat because of the intense fear he feels for dragons and the dragon notices this. The dragon takes the baby to her palace, Farlig Dyre, an island that is said to hold many mountains, rivers, forests, and plains. The dragon waits for the judgment of her elders.

text: It is unclear who the king is dragging away.

refinement: The sea monster, a water dragon, saves the queen's baby from the wrecked ship. Meanwhile, the king takes the queen and throws her on to the lifeboat because of the intense fear he feels for dragons and the dragon notices this. The dragon takes the baby to her palace, Farlig Dyre, an island that is said to hold many mountains, rivers, forests, and plains. The dragon waits for the judgment of her elders.

answer: The king and the child queen are on a lifeboat, the mother having been blown off the boat, strapped with a baby and heavy with water. A large wave crashes into the side of the ship, separating the queen from her child as the took on water. A dragon rescues the baby, Allene.

text: The first sentence sounds confusing. How is the mother being blown off by a boat? It does not explain the context of the setting.

refinement: The king and the queen are on a lifeboat in the stormy sea, the queen is strapped with a baby and the boat is filling heavy with water. A large wave crashes into the side of the ship, separating the queen from her child as the took on water. A dragon rescues the baby, Allene.

text: The second sentence is incoherent.

refinement: The king and the queen are on a lifeboat in the stormy sea, the queen is strapped with a baby and the boat is filling heavy with water. A large wave crashes into the side of the ship, separating the queen from her child. A dragon rescues the baby, Allene.

text: The response does not fully elaborate on the climactic point of the story.

refinement: The king and the queen are on a lifeboat in the stormy sea, the queen is strapped with a baby and the boat is filling heavy with water. A large wave crashes into the side of the ship, separating the queen from her child. The mother screams to the heavens for help and a water dragon appears to help her. The dragon rescues the baby, Allene.

answer: The water dragon saves the queen and her baby. She takes the child to her home Farlig Dyre, an island that is said to hold many mountains, rivers, forests and plains. The dragon waits for the judgment of her elders.

text: The water dragon was not able to save the queen as the king was dragging her away from it.

refinement: The water dragon saves the queen's baby. She takes the child to her home Farlig Dyre, an island that is said to hold many mountains, rivers, forests and plains. The dragon waits for the judgment of her elders.

text: The response does not mention the climactic point of the story.

refinement: The king and queen are in a boat in the stormy seas. The queen holds on to her daughter as tight as she possibly can until eventually the water crashing against the boat separates her from the baby. She screams to the heavens for help and a water dragon appears to help her. The water dragon saves the queen's baby. She takes the child to her home Farlig Dyre, an island that is said to hold many mountains, rivers, forests and plains. The dragon waits for the judgment of her elders.

answer: Both the king and queen are hanging on to the sides of their watery life raft as the ship burns and begins to sink. The queen has a baby in her arms and screams in horror as she watches the man in the nearby lifeboat decapitate the dragon who had tried to save the child.

text: The response is completely inaccurate and irrelevant to the question.

refinement: Both the king and queen are hanging on to the sides of their watery life raft as the ship burns and begins to sink. The queen has a baby in her arms and screams in horror when she is taken away from her child by the flowing water. She screams to the heavens for help and a water dragon appears to save them. She is horrified as she watches the man in the nearby lifeboat decapitate the dragon who had tried to save the child.

text: The man does not decapitate the dragon. The dragon is unharmed and merely startled by their threat to harm it.

refinement: Both the king and queen are hanging on to the sides of their watery life raft as the ship burns and begins to sink. The queen has a baby in her arms and screams in horror when she is taken away from her child by the flowing water. She screams to the heavens for help and a water dragon appears to save them. She is horrified as she watches the man in the nearby lifeboat make an attempt to decapitate the dragon who had tried to save the child.

text: It would give readers a better understanding of the story if the response explains what happens after the dragon is startled.

refinement: Both the king and queen are hanging on to the sides of their watery life raft as the ship burns and begins to sink. The queen has a baby in her arms and screams in horror when she is taken away from her child by the flowing water. She screams to the heavens for help and a water dragon appears to save them. She is horrified as she watches the man in the nearby lifeboat make an attempt to decapitate the dragon who had tried to save the child. The dragon gives a deep growl and submerges underwater, while keeping the child safe in its maw.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize how the queen changes over the story.

answer: Initially, the Queen is desperate for her child. Over the course of events, her perspective changes from wanting her child in her life, to just not wishing death.

text: There is no character development in such a short time span in the story with the queen.

answer: The queen discovers her child is being snatched away by a water dragon and to her shock the dragon actually saves her from drowning. Unfortunately the dragon is incapable of fighting the humans and she loses her child once again. The king allows the dragon to take his wife to safety. The queen is shell shocked after swimming for such a long time and the life-threatening experience. Even her husband is angered at the dragon for stealing their child.

text: There is no character development in such a short time span in the story with the queen.

answer: Initially, the Queen is desperate for her child. She is increasingly frantic, screaming for help. Her demeanor changes from wanting her child in her life, to just not wishing death. She is increasingly frantic, screaming for help.

text: There is no character development in such a short time span in the story with the queen.

answer: The queen abandons her baby to the dragon because she believes it to be a kindness. She is clearly exhausted and probably at a loss as to how to summon help amidst the storm. The water rises around them and it emerges the dragon chooses to save the baby, but the king and crew offer only death to her. In the end, she manages to make it to shore but her anger is apparent for she can barely speak to greet her lord.

text: There is no character development in such a short time span in the story with the queen.

answer: The queen abandons her baby to the dragon water holds the group up to save her and then takes the baby to an island called Farlig Dyre to protect it.

text: There is no character development in such a short time span in the story with the queen.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize what happened to the ship.

answer: The ship is attacked by a storm, it hits a mast and catches fire. The force of a wave throws the queen overboard. She desperately tries to impress upon the dragon water to "Save my baby!" The dragon saves the baby but not the mother and the dragon seems to have been his infant protector. The dragon and the infant are rescued by Dragon elders.

text: The last sentence is false.

refinement: The ship is attacked by a storm, it hits a mast and catches fire. The force of a wave throws the queen overboard. She desperately tries to impress upon the dragon water to "Save my baby!" The dragon saves the baby but not the mother and the dragon seems to have been his infant protector.

answer: The ship is attacked by a storm, it hits a mast and catches fire. The force of a wave throws the queen overboard. She desperately screams out to a god to "Save my baby!" Then, a dragon rescues the baby, but not the mother.

answer: The storm was violent, and the ship caught fire. The first mate ordered the crew to secure the ship, but the lightning managed to hit the ship again. The captain managed to get out life boats and began to rescue the passengers. However, one of the lightning hits had flown one of the passengers off the ship, and the life boats were trying to recover her, as her husband looked on.

answer: The ship was caught in a storm and the main mast was hit by lightning. Lightning continued to strike and caught the ship on fire. They had to begin lowering down the life boats. The Queen, who is pregnant, had her child snatched by the dragon and then she nearly drowned while trying to save her baby. After the rescue, they set course to their home Riochtdome.

text: The queen is not pregnant.

refinement: The ship was caught in a storm and the main mast was hit by lightning. Lightning continued to strike and caught the ship on fire. They had to begin lowering down the life boats. The Queen had her child snatched by the dragon and then she nearly drowned while trying to save her baby. After the rescue, they set course to their home Riochtdome.

text: The dragon did not snatch the child away.

refinement: The ship was caught in a storm and the main mast was hit by lightning. Lightning continued to strike and caught the ship on fire. They had to begin lowering down the life boats. The Queen had her child saved by the dragon and then she nearly drowned while trying to save her baby. After the rescue, they set course to their home Riochtdome.

answer: The ship was caught in the storm, which made it difficult for the sailors to maneuver. The first mate ordered the crew to secure the ship, but the lightning managed to hit the ship again. The captain managed to get out life boats and began to rescue the passengers. However, one of the lightning hits had flown one of the passengers off the ship, and the life boats were trying to recover her, as her husband looked on.

text: Parts of the response seem irrelevant to what is being asked to summarize.

refinement: The ship was caught in the storm, which made it difficult for the sailors to maneuver. The first mate ordered the crew to secure the ship, but the lightning managed to hit the ship again. The captain managed to get out life boats and began to rescue the passengers. However, one of the lightning hits had flown one of the passengers off the ship, and the life boats were trying to recover her.

answer: The ship was caught in a storm and the main mast was hit by lightning. Lightning continued to strike the ship and caused the ship to catch on fire. They had to begin lowering down the life boats. The Queen, who is pregnant, had her child snatched by the dragon and then she nearly drowned while trying to save her baby. After the rescue, they set course to their home Riochtdome.

text: the Queen is not pregnant.

refinement: The ship was caught in a storm and the main mast was hit by lightning. Lightning continued to strike the ship and caused the ship to catch on fire. They had to begin lowering down the life boats. The Queen had her child snatched by the dragon and then she nearly drowned while trying to save her baby. After the rescue, they set course to their home Riochtdome.

text: The dragon did not snatch the child away.

refinement: The ship was caught in a storm and the main mast was hit by lightning. Lightning continued to strike the ship and caused the ship to catch on fire. They had to begin lowering down the life boats. The Queen is pregnant had her child saved by the dragon and then she nearly drowned while trying to save her baby. After the rescue, they set course to their home Riochtdome.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the origin of Allene's name?

answer: I think Allene might be the daughter (or descendant) of King Edward and Queen Isabella of Riochtome.

text: The answer cannot be found in the original text.

answer: Allene's mother chose the name for her own given name and also because her eyes resembled that of a dragon's (green).

text: The answer cannot be found in the original text.

answer: No answer

answer: The name of Allene's mother, the queen, and their homeland all point to an Irish linguistic origin.

text: The answer cannot be found in the original text.

answer: No answer


text:
Excerpt from found journal at site 225-A9.

Author identified as only Doctor S. PHD.

Dated March 14th 2035

Noted location: "Old World," State-run Hospital VA-02295 "St. Francine's"

...
  As I read the chart I noticed the results of the State mandated Gen-PreF tests. It reported that my next patient couple was decidedly more comfortable with a "male" doctor. I was disappointed. I thought about how I would have to announce myself as "Mystr S., PHD." It just didn't roll of the tongue as well as "Miss" did, or even the more simple "Dr. S." and leave my gender neutral. I wasn't worried about passing off as a man though, I had just visited the barb-ilist. The thym that worked on me did a wonderful job, not too long, not too short. The perfect blend of "long-haired man" or "not too short-haired woman." My other traits have all been sculpted to be "visual kei." I still, to this day, swear the hip shrinking pelvis shaving surgery was far more painful than my breast reduction, counter to the common claims of my peers. The State supplied hormone pills took care of everything else.

  When I stepped into the room I took a quick measure of the persons in front of me. The "male" was decidedly trying to be neutral, but his haggard complexion and signs of stubble on his face, gave me the impression of "him" more than anything. I allowed him the improper variance given the womyn in the room. "She" was nervous, her eyes darted down from him to me as I walked in. She was several weeks pregnant, and starting to show.

  "Hello, Miss J. and Mystr K., my name is Docto- I mean Mystr S., PHD," I said, slipping.

  The man narrowed his eyes and looked me up and down, but kept his mouth shut. She was in a sitting position in the chair in the middle of the room, he was standing over her left shoulder, his hand on it.

  "I've been reading your chart, here... no family names?" I asked conversationally.

  The womyn looked up at him and squeezed his hand as he cringed, "I don't have a family."

  She looked back down to me and said, "I used to have a family name, but I went through a deerkin phase and had it legally changed. After I met K. here I changed it back to my given name but kept out my family name for hym." I noticed the inflection when she said "hym." Keeping up appearances I assumed. It was well enough, because I did have the power to incite sanctions against them for not keeping to the rules of neutrality.

  "Ah, so J and K it is then. Not Myssus hmm? You aren't legal life partners yet?" I quizzed sitting down in the swivel chair provided for me.

  The man stood taller and said almost monotonously, "No, but we have cohabited for two and a half years now."

  This response was acceptable, since the State funded OCare that was paying for this visit only allowed them to be here if they met certain criteria. Marriage is no longer a legal coupling, one of the few concessions the retro-conservs won from the peace talks after The Gender Wars, but cohabitation for a period longer than two years was.

  What I found most interesting was their nervousness in using the State funded care. Nearly everyone did now, and since the demand was so low, non-funded health care was pretty cheap. Heck, with nearly everything provided to me at my andro housing barracks, my stipend of 'fun' expenditures could easily afford the cost of a legally enforced gender checkup during pregnancy. Not that I would ever get pregnant, disgusting. Genetic tailoring and the use of synthetic wombs is such a cleaner option.

  "Very good. Let's take a look at your fetus shall we then?" I said as I down the chart, grabbed some latex gloves from the counter, wheeled closer, and pulled the ultrasound caddy closer.

  Everything checked out okay, with one exception. "Healthy, but sorry, it's a boy. As you know our current sector has too many male children. When would you like to schedule the termination, this afternoon, or sometime later this week?"

  The female unit started to cry.

title: [SP] Sorry, it's a boy.

question: Why is the story obsessed with gender?

answer: This story takes place in a feminist paradigm. Gender is important to the characters who live in this society.

text: Not really a feminist paradigm per se, but after the Gender Wars, the government imposed that everyone must practice gender-neutrality.

refinement: This story takes place in a feminist paradigm. Gender is important to the characters who live in this society.

answer: This takes place in some alternate dystopia where gender wars have taken place, quotas on gendered individuals are in effect, and everyone strives to be gender neutral.

text: Add a hyphen on "gender neutral"

refinement: This takes place in some alternate dystopia where gender wars have taken place, quotas on gendered individuals are in effect, and everyone strives to be gender-neutral.

answer: The State of the Union requires everyone to be legally gender neutral and if they have kids, they have to be what is called gender-neutral, i.e. either a boy or a girl.

text: "The State of the Union" - remove "of the Union"

refinement: The State requires everyone to be legally gender neutral and if they have kids, they have to be what is called gender-neutral, i.e. either a boy or a girl.

text: "and if they have kids, they have to be what is called gender-neutral, i.e. either a boy or a girl." - this doesn't add anything and can be deleted, because the point about the kids is that they have to be girls due to the abundance of boys in the sector where the story takes place.

refinement: The State requires everyone to be legally gender neutral.

text: Change "gender neutral" to "gender-neutral"

refinement: The State requires everyone to be legally gender-neutral.

question: What is the narrator's gender?

answer: The narrator is female.

text: The narrator isn't really female anymore.

refinement: The narrator was female but has undergone surgery and hormone treatment to become male and considers him/herself gender-neutral.

text: No answer.

refinement: The narrator was female, had an operation, and is now gender-neutral.

answer: Sounds like they've transitioned from female to gender neutral, more masculine.

text: "Sounds like they've transitioned" - change "they" to "she"

refinement: Sounds like she has transitioned from female to gender neutral, more masculine.

text: Add a hyphen in gender neutral

refinement: Sounds like she has transitioned from female to gender-neutral, more masculine.

text: The use of "more masculine" is a bit unclear. Add "but" after "gender-neutral"

refinement: Sounds like she has transitioned from female to gender-neutral, but more masculine.

question: When does this take place?

answer: 2035

answer: 2035

answer: 2035

question: Why does the narrator suggest that they must terminate the patient's pregnancy?

answer: Because the child is a boy and there are too many boys in their sector.

answer: The patient's fetus is male and, because of the current birth quotas, doctors are allowed to terminate pregnancies with male fetuses so as to make way for a more accurate representation of baby girls in the region.

text: "so as to" - use "to"

refinement: The patient's fetus is male and, because of the current birth quotas, doctors are allowed to terminate pregnancies with male fetuses to make way for a more accurate representation of baby girls in the region.

text: Replace "their region" with "their sector"

refinement: The patient's fetus is male and, because of the current birth quotas, doctors are allowed to terminate pregnancies with male fetuses to make way for a more accurate representation of baby girls in their sector.

text: No answer.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator is a doctor who has just finished checking the results of the couple's mandatory gen-pref tests. The couple did not want a male doctor for the procedure, and so the doctor was disappointed to learn that it was indeed a boy. However, after examining the fetus, the female partner starts to cry when she is told it is a boy, since the couple live in a part of the world where male children are considered undesirable.

text: "gen-pref" - chnage to "Gen-PreF"

refinement: The narrator is a doctor who has just finished checking the results of the couple's mandatory Gen-PreF tests. The couple did not want a male doctor for the procedure, and so the doctor was disappointed to learn that it was indeed a boy. However, after examining the fetus, the female partner starts to cry when she is told it is a boy, since the couple live in a part of the world where male children are considered undesirable.

text: "The couple did not want a male doctor for the procedure, and so the doctor was disappointed to learn that it was indeed a boy." -  This is inaccurate. The doctor was disappointed because he/she underwent surgical procedures and hormone treatment to become a man, but the couple was more comfortable with a "male" doctor.

refinement: The narrator is a doctor who has just finished checking the results of the couple's mandatory Gen-PreF tests. The couple was decidedly more comfortable with a "male" doctor, which disappointed the narrator because he/she was a female who underwent surgery and hormone treatment to become male and considers him/herself gender-neutral. However, after examining the fetus, the female partner starts to cry when she is told it is a boy, since the couple live in a part of the world where male children are considered undesirable.

text: "male children are considered undesirable." - add a reason why

refinement: The narrator is a doctor who has just finished checking the results of the couple's mandatory Gen-PreF tests. The couple was decidedly more comfortable with a "male" doctor, which disappointed the narrator because he/she was a female who underwent surgery and hormone treatment to become male and considers him/herself gender-neutral. However, after examining the fetus, the female partner starts to cry when she is told it is a boy, since the couple live in a part of the world where male children are considered undesirable due to their increased numbers.

text: Remove the comma in "boy" and change the verb form "live" to "lives"

refinement: The narrator is a doctor who has just finished checking the results of the couple's mandatory Gen-PreF tests. The couple was decidedly more comfortable with a "male" doctor, which disappointed the narrator because he/she was a female who underwent surgery and hormone treatment to become male and considers him/herself gender-neutral. However, after examining the fetus, the female partner starts to cry when she is told it is a boy since the couple lives in a part of the world where male children are considered undesirable due to their increased numbers.

text: "a part of the world" - replace with "sector"

refinement: The narrator is a doctor who has just finished checking the results of the couple's mandatory Gen-PreF tests. The couple was decidedly more comfortable with a "male" doctor, which disappointed the narrator because he/she was a female who underwent surgery and hormone treatment to become male and considers him/herself gender-neutral. However, after examining the fetus, the female partner starts to cry when she is told it is a boy since the couple lives in a sector where male children are considered undesirable due to their increased numbers.

text: Add some context as to why the story is unfolding the way it is.

refinement: In an alternate future where gender-neutrality is mandated by the government, a doctor has just finished checking the results of the couple's mandatory Gen-PreF tests. The couple was decidedly more comfortable with a "male" doctor, which disappointed the narrator because he/she was a female who underwent surgery and hormone treatment to become male and considers him/herself gender-neutral. However, after examining the fetus, the female partner starts to cry when she is told it is a boy since the couple lives in a sector where male children are considered undesirable due to their increased numbers.

answer: Essentially, one doctor is performing a pre-natal exam and discovers that the child is a boy, meaning that it will contribute to the already significantly male-skewed population. The mother starts to cry and the doctor offers to schedule an abortion on the spot.

text: Spelling: "pre-natal" to "prenatal"

refinement: Essentially, one doctor is performing a prenatal exam and discovers that the child is a boy, meaning that it will contribute to the already significantly male-skewed population. The mother starts to cry and the doctor offers to schedule an abortion on the spot.

text: Add some context as to why the story is unfolding the way it is.

refinement: In an alternate, dystopian world where gender-neutrality is mandatory after the Gender Wars, a gender-neutral doctor is performing a prenatal exam and discovers that the child is a boy, meaning that it will contribute to the already significantly male-skewed population. The mother starts to cry and the doctor offers to schedule an abortion on the spot.

answer: The doctor finds that the couple is more comfortable dealing with a male doctor, but upon examining the pregnant woman she realizes that she is carrying a baby boy. She urges the couple to schedule the termination, since their sector has an over-abundance of males.

text: Provide more context about the world the characters inhabit.

refinement: The year is 2035, and gender-neutrality is now mandated by the State after the Gender Wars turned the world upside down. The doctor finds that the couple is more comfortable dealing with a male doctor, but upon examining the pregnant woman she realizes that she is carrying a baby boy. She urges the couple to schedule the termination, since their sector has an over-abundance of males.

text: "The doctor finds" - replace "The doctor" with "A gender-neutral doctor"

refinement: The year is 2035, and gender-neutrality is now mandated by the State after the Gender Wars turned the world upside down. A gender-neutral doctor finds that the couple is more comfortable dealing with a male doctor, but upon examining the pregnant woman she realizes that she is carrying a baby boy. She urges the couple to schedule the termination, since their sector has an over-abundance of males.

text: "A gender-neutral doctor finds that the couple is more comfortable dealing with a male doctor, but upon examining the pregnant woman she realizes that she is carrying a baby boy." - The first part of the sentence doesn't really address the second part. The use of "she" is also confusing because it is used to identify the doctor and the patient, but the doc is gender-neutral. Needs revision.

refinement: The year is 2035, and gender-neutrality is now mandated by the State after the Gender Wars turned the world upside down. During a routine prenatal exam, a gender-neutral doctor learns that her female patient is carrying a baby boy. She urges the couple to schedule the termination, since their sector has an over-abundance of males.

text: Remove the comma in "termination"

refinement: The year is 2035, and gender-neutrality is now mandated by the State after the Gender Wars turned the world upside down. During a routine prenatal exam, a gender-neutral doctor learns that her female patient is carrying a baby boy. She urges the couple to schedule the termination since their sector has an over-abundance of males.

answer: A doctor that has undergone gender transition operations and alterations strives to enforce gender neutrality laws enacted after the gender wars. All sorts of gender neutral laws and customs are implied. When the patient is informed that their child is a boy, they're told the only option is termination because there are too many boys in their current sector.

text: "When the patient is informed that their child is a boy, they're told the only option is termination because there are too many boys in their current sector." - lacks the proper transition of how the patient entered the story.

refinement: A doctor that has undergone gender transition operations and alterations strives to enforce gender neutrality laws enacted after the gender wars. All sorts of gender neutral laws and customs are implied. The doctor meets with a pregnant couple, and after an examination, informs the woman that their child is a boy, and tells them the only option is termination because there are too many boys in their current sector.

text: Capitalize "the gender wars"

refinement: A doctor that has undergone gender transition operations and alterations strives to enforce gender neutrality laws enacted after The Gender Wars. All sorts of gender neutral laws and customs are implied. The doctor meets with a pregnant couple, and after an examination, informs the woman that their child is a boy, and tells them the only option is termination because there are too many boys in their current sector.

text: Add a hyphen in "gender neutral"

refinement: A doctor that has undergone gender transition operations and alterations strives to enforce gender neutrality laws enacted after The Gender Wars. All sorts of gender-neutral laws and customs are implied. The doctor meets with a pregnant couple, and after an examination, informs the woman that their child is a boy, and tells them the only option is termination because there are too many boys in their current sector.

answer: The author of the passage is a doctor at an old-world hospital who encounters a patient couple looking to terminate their pregnancy because they already have too many male children. He breaks the news to them that the fetus is male, and they both cry at the news.

text: "a patient couple looking to terminate their pregnancy because they already have too many male children." and "they both cry at the news" - are highly inaccurate. Lacks one more sentence. The entire summary needs an overhaul.

refinement: The narrator is a gender-neutral doctor at an old-world hospital in the year 2035 after The Gender War imposed sanctions that everyone should practice gender-neutrality or face sanctions. The doctor sees a pregnant couple, examines the woman, finds out that the baby is male, and nonchalantly breaks the news to the couple, asking them when they want to schedule the abortion. The woman cries because they live in a sector with too many male children and the baby needs to be terminated.

answer: This journal entry recounts a visit to see a pregnant couple in which the visiting doctor has to break the news that their child is male, meaning stricter government regulations will require that the pregnancy be terminated.

text: "the visiting doctor" - the doctor isn't visiting. The couple went to see him/her. The summary also has only one sentence. Needs a complete overhaul.

refinement: The journal dated March 14, 2035, is from a gender-neutral doctor in a world after The Gender Wars imposed that everyone should practice gender-neutrality. The doctor breaks the news to a pregnant couple that their baby is a male, and due to their sector having too many male children, the baby needs to be terminated. The pregnant woman cries as the doctor schedules the abortion.


text:
President Trump abruptly announced Tuesday that acting Defense Secretary Patrick Shanahan is withdrawing from consideration to lead the Pentagon and he's naming Secretary of the Army Mark Esper as his replacement.

While speculation has brewed for days about Shanahan's status, the announcement came shortly after the publication of an explosive USA Today report that the FBI has been probing a violent domestic dispute from 2010 between Shanahan and his then-wife as part of his background investigation.

Speaking to reporters outside the White House, the president said, “it's a difficult time for Pat,” adding Shanahan would take “some time off for family matters.”

WHO IS MARK ESPER, TRUMP’S NEW ACTING SECRETARY OF DEFENSE PICK?

“Mark Esper will be outstanding,” the president said of Shanahan’s replacement. “And, we look forward to working with him for a long period of time to come.”

In a resignation letter Tuesday, Shanahan said “it is unfortunate that a painful and deeply personal family situation from long ago is being dredged up and painted in an incomplete and therefore misleading way in the course of this process.”  The Pentagon said Shanahan's resignation will take effect at midnight Sunday.

“I believe my continuing in the confirmation process would force my three children to relive a traumatic chapter in our family's life and reopen wounds we have worked years to heal,” Shanahan said. “Ultimately, their safety and well-being is my highest priority.”

He added, “I would welcome the opportunity to be Secretary of Defense, but not at the expense of being a good father.”

[]

After the 2010 incident, Shanahan and then-wife Kimberley both told police the other punched them, according to USA Today. Shanahan denied the allegations. "Though my marriage ended in sorrow and disappointment, I never laid a hand on my then-wife and cooperated fully in a thorough law enforcement investigation that resulted in her being charged with assault against me—charges which I had dropped in the interest of my family,” Shanahantold USA Today.

The Washington Postalso published a story Tuesday detailing other domestic violence incidents involving Shanahan's family, including how his son was arrested in 2011 after allegedly beating his mother with a baseball bat. The Post said Shanahan defended his son, saying at the time he acted in self-defense. Shanahan told the paper this week that resurfacing the incident “will ruin my son’s life,” while backing away from his original self-defense claim.

Without referencing the reporting, Trump announced on Twitter earlier Tuesday the acting secretary will not go forward with confirmation in order to focus on his family.

“Acting Secretary of Defense Patrick Shanahan, who has done a wonderful job, has decided not to go forward with his confirmation process so that he can devote more time to his family,” the president tweeted. “I thank Pat for his outstanding service and will be naming Secretary of the Army, Mark Esper, to be the new Acting Secretary of Defense. I know Mark, and have no doubt he will do a fantastic job!”

Esper has served as secretary of the United States Army since 2017. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1986 — the same year as Secretary of State Mike Pompeo.

Last month, the White House announced Trump's intention to have Shanahan permanently lead the department, following his time serving as acting secretary. At the time, Shanahan said he was "honored" by Trump's decision.

“If confirmed by the Senate, I will continue the aggressive implementation of our National Defense Strategy," he said. "I remain committed to modernizing the force so our remarkable Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Marines have everything they need to keep our military lethal and our country safe.”

[In this April 2, 2019, file photo, Secretary of the Army Mark Esper speaks during a House Armed Services Committee budget hearing on Capitol Hill in Washington. President Trump on June 18, named Esper as acting Defense Secretary. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)]

In this April 2, 2019, file photo, Secretary of the Army Mark Esper speaks during a House Armed Services Committee budget hearing on Capitol Hill in Washington. President Trump on June 18, named Esper as acting Defense Secretary. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik)

But in recent days, there were signs that Shanahan’s confirmation had stalled, as the Senate Armed Services Committee -- the panel that would have held hearings on the nomination -- still had not received paperwork formally nominating Shanahan to the position. Fox News was told the panel was still waiting for paperwork from the FBI’s background check.

Shanahan worked at Boeing for over 30 years before coming to the Pentagon as then-Defense Secretary Jim Mattis’s deputy at the start of the Trump administration. He has filled the role of acting defense secretary since Mattis' resignation last year.

_Fox News' Lucas Tomlinson and Elizabeth Zwirz contributed to this report._

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about Trump's opinions on both candidates to lead the Pentagon?

answer: Trump called Shanahan a good person and said he would be "outstanding." He also said he would be a good Defense Secretary. Trump was excited to have Esper replace Shanahan.

answer: Trump called Shanahan a good person and said he would be "outstanding." He also said he would be a good Defense Secretary.

answer: No answer

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the controversy surrounding Shanahan.

answer: Shanahan was being considered for the position of Secretary of Defense, but he withdrew his name from consideration after a USA Today report that the FBI was probing a violent domestic dispute between Shanahan and his then-wife in 2010. Shanahan said that he would not continue with the confirmation process because it would force his children to relive a traumatic chapter in their family's life and reopen wounds they had worked years to heal.

text: The response could also mention the incident with Shanahan's son.

refinement: Shanahan was being considered for the position of Secretary of Defense, but he withdrew his name from consideration after a USA Today report that the FBI was probing a violent domestic dispute between Shanahan and his then-wife in 2010. Shanahan said that he would not continue with the confirmation process because it would force his children to relive a traumatic chapter in their family's life and reopen wounds they had worked years to heal. Other domestic violence incidents have been reported that Shanahan wants to avoid bringing attention to, including his son's arrest in 2011.

answer: Shanahan's wife accused him of domestic violence in 2010. He denied the allegations. The Pentagon said Shanahan's resignation will take effect at midnight Sunday.

answer: Shanahan's wife accused him of domestic violence in 2010. He denied the allegations. The Pentagon said Shanahan's resignation will take effect at midnight Sunday. Trump announced that Shanahan is withdrawing from consideration to lead the Pentagon.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about Mark Esper's family?

answer: No answer

answer: The article mentions that Shanahan's son was arrested in 2011 after allegedly beating his mother with a baseball bat.


text:
[Gunmen attacked the Mar Mina Church in Cairo on Friday. Experts believe the assault to be the work of the Islamic State.]

Credit...Amr Abdallah Dalsh/Reuters

-   Dec. 29, 2017

CAIRO — At least nine people were killed when gunmen opened fire on a Coptic Orthodox Church in Cairo on Friday, a church spokesman said, in the latest in a series of attacks on Egypt’s Christian minority.

The assault targeted the Mar Mina Church in the southern Cairo neighborhood of Helwan. At least one gunman was killed by the police, the spokesman, Boules Haliem, said by telephone.

“He did not manage to get in,” Mr. Haliem said of the gunman. Worshipers were attacked as they were leaving the church, he said, and at least eight were killed, along with one police officer. Eight more worshipers and a police officer were wounded.

“The church was full,” Mr. Haliem said. “They were attending Mass.” Photographs showed several bullet holes in the facade of the church.

Two of the wounded were in critical condition, he said.

Coptic Christians make up about 10 percent of Egypt’s population of 96 million. This was not the first deadly assault on Christian worshipers in Cairo, but the capital is not accustomed to this sort of attack on civilians.

The Islamic State extremist group claimed responsibility for the attack in a statement that was circulated on the messaging app Telegram. The statement said that 10 people had been killed, and it described the victims as “crusaders” and “apostates.” The statement also said that one of the attackers had been killed.

The assault came just over a month after Egypt’s deadliest terror attack, in which more than 300 Sufi Muslims were killed at a mosque in the Sinai Peninsula, as the militant group steps up its campaign of violence against Egypt’s minorities.

The Islamic State declared its intention to attack Egyptian Christians last year as it seeks a stronger foothold in Egypt after defeats in Syria and Iraq. It has since killed more than 100 Egyptian Copts by bombing churches and attacking buses carrying pilgrims.

Image[Egyptian police officers inspecting the site of the attack on Friday.]

Credit...Samer Abdallah/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images

The group already had a strong presence in the northern half of the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been targeting police and military installations.

Militant attacks increased in Egypt after the military overthrew the country’s first democratically elected president, Mohamed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood, in 2013, and cracked down on his supporters and dissidents of all stripes.

The shooting on Friday is likely to rattle the government of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. To many, the assault is a disturbing reminder of the militants’ expanding activity in mainland Egypt.

Egyptian state media also reported the death of a gunman, and added that another assailant — a gunman who also had a homemade bomb with him — was arrested later in the day.

The second man, who was riding a motorcycle, was armed with an automatic rifle, and the police were said to have restrained him just before he tried to throw the bomb into the church.

It remains unclear exactly how many assailants were involved. Officials gave conflicting accounts, with some saying that three men were involved and others calling it a lone wolf assault.

Separately on Friday, a gunman killed two people at an appliance shop in Helwan owned by a Coptic Christian, Mr. Haliem said.

The Egyptian Interior Ministry, which is in charge of the police, said in a statement that one man had been responsible for the slaughter on Friday. The man was in custody, the ministry said, describing him as “one of the most prominent active terrorist elements” in the country.

A spokesman for the Egyptian police could not be immediately reached for clarification.

This month, Islamic State militants attacked an airport in Sinai during a visit by the country’s defense and interior ministers. The ministers were unharmed, but one military officer was killed.

President Trump called Mr. Sisi on Friday to offer his condolences, the Egyptian president’s office said in a statement. During the call, Mr. Trump “stressed the need to coordinate international efforts in order to combat terrorism,” Mr. Sisi’s office said.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why is the Islamic State stepping up operations in Egypt?

answer: Because they are losing ground at home.

answer: It is seeking a stronger foothold in Egypt after defeats in Syria and Iraq.

answer: The Islamic State declared its intention to attack Egyptian Christians last year as it seeks a stronger foothold in Egypt after defeats in Syria and Iraq.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What groups is the Islamic State targeting?

answer: Sufi Muslims and Coptic Christians.

answer: They are targeting Egypt's Christian minority.

answer: They are targeting Egypt's Christian minority and Sufi Muslims.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Where did the Islamic State choose to attack the Copts?

answer: They attacked the Mar Mina Church in the southern Cairo neighborhood of Helwan.

answer: The Islamic State chose to attack the Mar Mina Church in the southern Cairo neighborhood of Helwan.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How many people were effected by the terrorist attack?

answer: 9 people were killed and 8 more were wounded, including one police officer.

answer: Nine people were killed, including a police officer. Eight more were wounded.

answer: 9 people were killed and 8 more were wounded.


text:
_INTRODUCTION TO CIRCLE PACKING: THE THEORY OF DISCRETE ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS_ is a mathematical monograph concerning systems of tangent circles and the circle packing theorem. It was written by Kenneth Stephenson and published in 2005 by the Cambridge University Press.

Topics

Circle packings, as studied in this book, are systems of circles that touch at tangent points but do not overlap, according to a combinatorial pattern of adjacencies specifying which pairs of circles should touch. The circle packing theorem states that a circle packing exists if and only if the pattern of adjacencies forms a planar graph; it was originally proved by Paul Koebe in the 1930s, and popularized by William Thurston, who rediscovered it in the 1970s and connected it with the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry. As a topic, this should be distinguished from sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency.

The book is divided into four parts, in progressive levels of difficulty. The first part introduces the subject visually, encouraging the reader to think about packings not just as static objects but as dynamic systems of circles that change in predictable ways when the conditions under which they are formed (their patterns of adjacency) change. The second part concerns the proof of the circle packing theorem itself, and of the associated rigidity theorem: every maximal planar graph can be associated with a circle packing that is unique up to Möbius transformations of the plane. More generally the same result holds for any triangulated manifold, with a circle packing on a topologically equivalent Riemann surface that is unique up to conformal equivalence.

The third part of the book concerns the degrees of freedom that arise when the pattern of adjacencies is not fully triangulated (it is a planar graph, but not a maximal planar graph). In this case, different extensions of this pattern to larger maximal planar graphs will lead to different packings, which can be mapped to each other by corresponding circles. The book explores the connection between these mappings, which it calls discrete analytic functions, and the analytic functions of classical mathematical analysis. The final part of the book concerns a conjecture of William Thurston, proved by Burton Rodin and Dennis Sullivan, that makes this analogy concrete: conformal mappings from any topological disk to a circle can be approximated by filling the disk by a hexagonal packing of unit circles, finding a circle packing that adds to that pattern of adjacencies a single outer circle, and constructing the resulting discrete analytic function. This part also includes applications to number theory and the visualization of brain structure.

Stephenson has implemented algorithms for circle packing and used them to construct the many illustrations of the book, giving to much of this work the flavor of experimental mathematics, although it is also mathematically rigorous. Unsolved problems are listed throughout the book, which also includes nine appendices on related topics such as the ring lemma and Doyle spirals.

Audience and reception

The book presents research-level mathematics, and is aimed at professional mathematicians interested in this and related topics. Reviewer Frédéric Mathéus describes the level of the material in the book as “both mathematically rigorous and accessible to the novice mathematician”, presented in an approachable style that conveys the author's love of the material. However, although the preface to the book states that no background knowledge is necessary, and that the book can be read by non-mathematicians or used as an undergraduate textbook, reviewer Michele Intermont disagrees, noting that it has no exercises for students and writing that “non-mathematicians will be nothing other than frustrated with this book”. Similarly, reviewer David Mumford finds the first seven chapters (part I and much of part II) to be at an undergraduate level, but writes that “as a whole, the book is suitable for graduate students in math”.

title: Introduction to Circle Packing

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about circular logic?

answer: No answer

answer: No answer

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What are some related fields to circle packing?

answer: Sphere packing is a related field.

text: The passage also mentions ring lemma and Doyle spirals as related topics.

refinement: Sphere packing, ring lemma, and Doyle spirals are related fields.

answer: Some related fields are sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency.

answer: Sphere packing is a related field. It is more concerned with packing density than with a combinatorial pattern of tangency.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What parts of the book does the reviewer David Mumford call out as exceeding the abilities of a novice?

answer: The first seven chapters of the book

text: The response could include more specificity from the passage about Mumford's comments.

refinement: The first seven chapters of the book are at an undergraduate level, according to Mumford, but the book as a whole is suitable for graduate students.

answer: The first seven chapters of the book (part I and much of part II).

answer: The first seven chapters.