text:
The FBI's counterintelligence investigation into whether Trump campaign officials had improper contacts with Russia was triggered by information the bureau obtained about George PapadopoulosGeorge Demetrios PapadopoulosFlynn spurs questions of who Trump might pardon next Not treason, not a crime — but definitely a gross abuse of power Tale of two FBI cases: Clinton got warned, Trump got investigated MORE, a former adviser to the campaign, according to the memo released Friday by House Intelligence Committee Republicans.

Allies of President Trump[]Donald TrumpBiden and Harris named Time's 2020 'Person of the Year' US to sanction Turkey over Russian defense system: report Federal government executes Brandon Bernard despite last-minute appeals MORE have claimed the Russia probe began with the so-called Steele dossier that was paid for in part by Hillary Clinton[]Hillary Diane Rodham ClintonBette Middler blasts McConnell: 'How did he win with an 18% approval rating?' Hillary Clinton: Republicans that 'humor' Trump election claims 'have no spines' Trump leaves mixed legacy on veterans affairs MORE and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). That would mean the Russia investigation itself — and by extension, special counsel Robert Mueller[]Robert (Bob) MuellerBarr taps attorney investigating Russia probe origins as special counsel CNN's Toobin warns McCabe is in 'perilous condition' with emboldened Trump CNN anchor rips Trump over Stone while evoking Clinton-Lynch tarmac meeting MORE’s probe — was launched from political opposition research.

But the memo states that FBI agent Pete Strzok opened the investigation in July 2016 based on "information" about Papadapoulos, rather than the dossier.

The New York Times has previously reported that Papadapoulos bragged to an Australian diplomat that the Russians had damaging information on Clinton before the hack of the DNC became publicly known. The Australian government tipped off the FBI to what Papadapoulos had said, according to the Times.

Papadopoulos has pleaded guilty to lying to the FBI and is cooperating with special counsel Mueller’s investigation.

Still, the revelation that Strzok, who sent text messages disparaging Trump, launched the original investigation into the Trump campaign will further fuel debate over political bias at the FBI.

Strzok and Lisa Page, who is a lawyer at the FBI, exchanged private text messages during the campaign that were disparaging of Trump. Strzok and Page, who were having an affair, were both on Mueller’s special counsel team at one point before being reassigned last year

Strzok was also a central figure in the investigation into Hillary Clinton’s private email arrangement. Republicans, citing text messages between Strzok and Lisa Page, have said the FBI determined ahead of time to give Clinton an election year pass.

The memo released by Republicans on Friday, which was authored by staffers for House Intelligence Committee Chairman Devin Nunes[]Devin Gerald NunesBiden's Cabinet a battleground for future GOP White House hopefuls Overnight Defense: Trump loyalist to lead Pentagon transition | Democrats ask VA for vaccine distribution plan | Biden to get classified intel reports Ex-Nunes aide linked to Biden conspiracy theories will lead Pentagon transition MORE (R-Calif.), also criticizes the FBI’s use of the Steele dossier in a warrant application.

After the counterintelligence investigation began, the memo states, the FBI used the Steele dossier, in part, to obtain surveillance warrants for Trump campaign adviser Carter Page, who is not related to Lisa Page.

Then-FBI Director James Comey[]James Brien ComeyTrump's self-pardon would clash with his impeachment The Hill's Morning Report - Presented by Mastercard - Dem leaders back smaller COVID-19 relief bill as pandemic escalates Trump blasts special counsel Durham for moving too slowly MORE sought and received a warrant to spy on Carter Page in October 2016, the document states.

The surveillance applications typically involve several layers of authentication. Justice Department lawyers must show probable cause that the target of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court warrant is acting as an agent of a foreign power.

The memo asserts that the FBI hid details about the origins of the dossier from the surveillance court. The memo also states that there is “not evidence of any cooperation or conspiracy between [Carter] Page and Papadopoulos.”

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What exactly made the FBI convinced of foreign interference in the United States' 2016 election?

answer: George Papadopoulos, a foreign adviser to the Trump campaign, was recorded to have told Australian diplomats that the Russians had damaging information on then-presidential candidate, Hillary Clinton.

text: former instead of foreign; an article is missing

refinement: George Papadopoulos, a former adviser to the Trump campaign, was recorded to have told Australian diplomats that the Russians had damaging information on a then-presidential candidate, Hillary Clinton.

answer: The FBI's counterintelligence investigation into whether Trump campaign officials had improper contacts with Russia was triggered by information the bureau obtained about George Papadopoulos, a former adviser to the campaign.

answer: George Papadopoulos, a foreign adviser to the Trump campaign, was recorded to have told Australian diplomats that the Russians had damaging information on then-presidential candidate, Hillary Clinton. The FBI used the Steele dossier in a warrant application for surveillance of Carter Page.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Prior to obtaining any information from the Australian government, was the FBI ever planning to investigate any Russian threat to the election?

answer: The article doesn't say.

text: It is omitted that it is implied it was not.

answer: No, the FBI was never planning to investigate any Russian threat to the election.

answer: No answer

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What there any personal vendetta involved in the investigation of the Trump campaign and its links with Russia?

answer: Yes, the FBI agent Pete Strzok and Lisa Page, who is a lawyer at the FBI, exchanged private text messages during the campaign that were disparaging of Trump. Strzok and Page, who were having an affair, were both on Mueller’s special counsel team at one point before being reassigned last year.

answer: Strzok and Page, who were having an affair, were both on Mueller’s special counsel team at one point before being reassigned last year.

answer: [rewrite]

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Did the FBI really believe Trump would pardon himself?

answer: No, the FBI investigation was triggered by information they obtained about George Papadopoulos.

text: The answer is irrelevant. It is implied it did not.

text: It is omitted that it is implied it did not.

answer: No answer

answer: No, the FBI investigation was triggered by information they obtained about George Papadopoulos.


split: test

text:
They say that we are all the heroes of our own stories, but I'd beg to differ. What if we were made to be the sidekick for other's success stories? I thought this was kind of stupid too, until I began to really think about it and reflect on my life. I began to find similarities between my story and Joey's from Yugioh or Brock from Pokémon; yes, I had my own accomplishments but ultimately, I couldn’t see the direction I needed to go in to complete my story, I just seem to be floating around hopping from story to story helping others on their quest with no clear end game for me.

My name is Caleb Dudley, I'm a 20-year-old Male living in Florida and this is the story of how I became a sidekick.

I started my life as most American kids do; going to school, making friends and not caring about anything except when P.E was. I went to multiple nice schools, not really fitting in anywhere, I was always the outsider, the expendable kid. Not only was I aggressive to my teachers/school staff, there were very few people I really trusted. Looking back at it now I’d say it was because my father wasn’t there much, and my step dad influenced my mother to create a abusive household- hell on earth in the middle of a suburb. I think the only thing that kept me from truly snapping was my childhood best friend Vikram. I can’t thank him enough for keeping me grounded in some of the hardest times of my life. I can see that he was the first hero I became the sidekick for. He was the brains and I was the brawn, we were unstoppable in anything we did.

In 4th grade my mother moved us to San Antonio Texas for her work, away from my friends and from my dad I had nothing. This is where I had to develop myself; something snapped in me and I suddenly stopped being aggressive and I stopped crying but I still felt alone. I did find new friends but I knew they only befriended me because I was an outsider and an outsider I would continue to be.

5th grade we moved back to Florida where I attended my old elementary school and was accepted into a International Baccalaureate middle school. This school was supposed to be a government implemented program where they take “gifted” kids from all over the city and put them in a school in the middle of bad neighborhoods. To me things were looking up, we moved back into our old house, I had my friends again and I had my hero again to help me through my shitty living situation. This all came crashing down when I started middle school.

See because I had to go to this neighborhood for school I spent about 4 hours of my day on a bus with other kids, both in middle school and high school, in my situation. I thought everything was going great; the same kids who knew about my troubled elementary school years were going to the local middle school, so this was a clean slate. My feelings were affirmed when I started school, for reasons unknown I became the class clown and everyone knew me as such. By 8th grade I was on top of the school, I even became close with most of the cliques in the school; being the glue that made our class so close. This, unfortunately, became the only happiness I had in my life at the time. My best friend, being 2 years older than me and having strict parents, was busy making the most of his high school years, destined to do great things as any hero should.

The 4 hours I spent on the bus everyday became my 2nd hell but was also where I met my 2nd hero. My bus ride was where I was bullied almost every single day, they couldn’t make fun of my clothes because there was a uniform requirement at my school but they made fun of everything else they could, sometimes even resorting to physical violence. To this day I hate thinking about my time on that bus. I was ultimately the damsel in distress, which is where my hero came into play. In 8th grade a new high schooler rode our bus named Valarie, just by talking to her you could tell she was a social outcast, just the person to not give a fuck about others opinions. She became my new hero, someone who would help me through 8th grade and protect me from the kids on the bus while I became her sidekick, someone who would be there to talk to her and make her laugh.

You probably get the point by now: I remain a social outcast, I get bullied some more, I find a new hero, I move, repeat. You’re probably bored with this post by now and I don’t blame you. This looks like one big sob story to be honest.  I guess the only reason I made this was to warn everyone to not be a sidekick like me. I need help, I need a new hero. Good night

title: The Life of a SideKick [NF]

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the qualities that make a good hero?

answer: No answer

answer: The text does not answer the question.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the narrator, Caleb Dudley?

answer: Caleb Dudley is a 20-year-old male living in Florida. He is a social outcast who has gone through a lot of bullying. He has been a sidekick for many heroes in his life. He is currently a social outcast and needs a new hero. He was a social outcast in elementary school, and his best friend was his hero.

text: The highlighted texts are redundant and should be removed.

refinement: Caleb Dudley is a 20-year-old male living in Florida. He is a social outcast who has gone through a lot of bullying. He has been a sidekick for many heroes in his life. and needs a new hero.

text: The highlighted text should be merged with the second sentence.

refinement: Caleb Dudley is a 20-year-old male living in Florida. He is a social outcast who has gone through a lot of bullying. He has been a sidekick for many heroes in his life and needs a new hero.

answer: Caleb Dudley is a 20-year-old male living in Florida. He is a social outcast who has gone through a lot of bullying. He has been a sidekick for many heroes in his life. He is currently a social outcast and needs a new hero.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the school Caleb attended when they went back to Florida?

answer: Caleb attended a school in Florida known as the International Baccalaureate middle school. This school was supposed to be a government-implemented program where they take "gifted" kids from all over the city and put them in a school in the middle of bad neighborhoods. The school was where Caleb was bullied every day on the bus.

answer: Caleb attended an International Baccalaureate middle school in Florida. The school was supposed to be a government-implemented program where they take "gifted" kids from all over the city and put them in a school in the middle of bad neighborhoods. Caleb's feelings were affirmed when he started school. He became the class clown and everyone knew him as such. He became the glue that made their class close.

answer: Caleb attended an International Baccalaureate middle school in Florida. The school was supposed to be a government-implemented program where they take "gifted" kids from all over the city and put them in a school in the middle of bad neighborhoods. Caleb's feelings were affirmed when he started school. He became the class clown and everyone knew him as such.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about being a sidekick?

answer: The narrator finds similarities between his story and that of Joey from Yugioh or Brock from Pokémon. He feels he is the sidekick to their success stories. He thinks it is stupid until he reflects on his life and realizes that he is the sidekick. He thinks he needs a new hero.

text: The highlighted text makes little sense without heroes. It should add that he is the sidekick to the success of the heroes.

refinement: The narrator finds similarities between his story and that of Joey from Yugioh or Brock from Pokémon. He feels he is the sidekick to his heroes' success stories. He thinks it is stupid until he reflects on his life and realizes that he is the sidekick. He thinks he needs a new hero.

text: "He thinks he needs a new hero." - this is irrelevant to the question and should be removed.

refinement: The narrator finds similarities between his story and that of Joey from Yugioh or Brock from Pokémon. He feels he is the sidekick to his heroes' success stories. He thinks it is stupid until he reflects on his life and realizes that he is the sidekick.

answer: The narrator finds similarities between his story and that of Joey from Yugioh or Brock from Pokémon. He feels he is the sidekick to their success stories. He thinks it is stupid until he reflects on his life and realizes that he is the sidekick. He thinks he needs a new hero. He feels that being a sidekick isn't a good thing.


text:
_INTRODUCTION TO CIRCLE PACKING: THE THEORY OF DISCRETE ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS_ is a mathematical monograph concerning systems of tangent circles and the circle packing theorem. It was written by Kenneth Stephenson and published in 2005 by the Cambridge University Press.

Topics

Circle packings, as studied in this book, are systems of circles that touch at tangent points but do not overlap, according to a combinatorial pattern of adjacencies specifying which pairs of circles should touch. The circle packing theorem states that a circle packing exists if and only if the pattern of adjacencies forms a planar graph; it was originally proved by Paul Koebe in the 1930s, and popularized by William Thurston, who rediscovered it in the 1970s and connected it with the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry. As a topic, this should be distinguished from sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency.

The book is divided into four parts, in progressive levels of difficulty. The first part introduces the subject visually, encouraging the reader to think about packings not just as static objects but as dynamic systems of circles that change in predictable ways when the conditions under which they are formed (their patterns of adjacency) change. The second part concerns the proof of the circle packing theorem itself, and of the associated rigidity theorem: every maximal planar graph can be associated with a circle packing that is unique up to Möbius transformations of the plane. More generally the same result holds for any triangulated manifold, with a circle packing on a topologically equivalent Riemann surface that is unique up to conformal equivalence.

The third part of the book concerns the degrees of freedom that arise when the pattern of adjacencies is not fully triangulated (it is a planar graph, but not a maximal planar graph). In this case, different extensions of this pattern to larger maximal planar graphs will lead to different packings, which can be mapped to each other by corresponding circles. The book explores the connection between these mappings, which it calls discrete analytic functions, and the analytic functions of classical mathematical analysis. The final part of the book concerns a conjecture of William Thurston, proved by Burton Rodin and Dennis Sullivan, that makes this analogy concrete: conformal mappings from any topological disk to a circle can be approximated by filling the disk by a hexagonal packing of unit circles, finding a circle packing that adds to that pattern of adjacencies a single outer circle, and constructing the resulting discrete analytic function. This part also includes applications to number theory and the visualization of brain structure.

Stephenson has implemented algorithms for circle packing and used them to construct the many illustrations of the book, giving to much of this work the flavor of experimental mathematics, although it is also mathematically rigorous. Unsolved problems are listed throughout the book, which also includes nine appendices on related topics such as the ring lemma and Doyle spirals.

Audience and reception

The book presents research-level mathematics, and is aimed at professional mathematicians interested in this and related topics. Reviewer Frédéric Mathéus describes the level of the material in the book as “both mathematically rigorous and accessible to the novice mathematician”, presented in an approachable style that conveys the author's love of the material. However, although the preface to the book states that no background knowledge is necessary, and that the book can be read by non-mathematicians or used as an undergraduate textbook, reviewer Michele Intermont disagrees, noting that it has no exercises for students and writing that “non-mathematicians will be nothing other than frustrated with this book”. Similarly, reviewer David Mumford finds the first seven chapters (part I and much of part II) to be at an undergraduate level, but writes that “as a whole, the book is suitable for graduate students in math”.

title: Introduction to Circle Packing

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about circular logic?

answer: No answer

text: The answer should make it clear that the article does not say anything about circular logic.

refinement: The article does not say anything about circular logic.

answer: No answer

text: The answer should make it clear that the article does not say anything about circular logic.

refinement: The article does not say anything about circular logic.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What are some related fields to circle packing?

answer: Sphere packing is a related field.

text: The answer could also mention conformal maps and conformal geometry.

refinement: Sphere packing, and the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry are related fields.

text: The answer could also expand upon sphere packing and its relationship and differences from circle packing.

refinement: Sphere packing, and the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry are related fields. In particular, while sphere packing is related, it differs from circle packing in that it considers more than two dimensions and is more focused on packing density.

answer: Some related fields are sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency.

text: This answer could also mention the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry.

refinement: Some related fields are sphere packing, which considers higher dimensions (here, everything is two dimensional) and is more focused on packing density than on combinatorial patterns of tangency. The theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry was also connected to circle packing when it was rediscovered in the 1970s.

answer: Sphere packing is a related field. It is more concerned with packing density than with a combinatorial pattern of tangency.

text: This answer could also mention the theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry.

refinement: Sphere packing is a related field. It is more concerned with packing density than with a combinatorial pattern of tangency. The theory of conformal maps and conformal geometry was also connected to circle packing when it was rediscovered in the 1970s.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What parts of the book does the reviewer David Mumford call out as exceeding the abilities of a novice?

answer: The first seven chapters of the book

text: This answer is incorrect. Mumford describes the first seven chapters as being at an undergraduate level, but that the book as a whole is suitable for graduates, suggesting that it is the rest of the book, rather than the first seven chapters, which are beyond novices.

refinement: Mumford appears to view everything but the first seven chapters of the book as beyond the abilities of novices.

answer: The first seven chapters of the book (part I and much of part II).

text: This answer is incorrect. Mumford describes the first seven chapters as being at an undergraduate level, but that the book as a whole is suitable for graduates, suggesting that it is the rest of the book, rather than the first seven chapters, which are beyond novices.

refinement: Mumford appears to view everything but the first seven chapters of the book as beyond the abilities of novices.

answer: The first seven chapters.

text: This answer is incorrect. Mumford describes the first seven chapters as being at an undergraduate level, but that the book as a whole is suitable for graduates, suggesting that it is the rest of the book, rather than the first seven chapters, which are beyond novices.

refinement: Mumford appears to view everything but the first seven chapters of the book as beyond the abilities of novices.


text:
KARL JIRGENS (born September 5, 1952) is a writer, editor and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario. He was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, and attended University of Toronto for his BA, Ontario College of Art where he completed 3 years towards a BFA, and York University for his MA and PhD in 1990. He has taught at the University of Toronto, York University, Guelph University, Humber College, Laurentian University (Algoma), and was the former head of the English Department at the University of Windsor (2004-2009).

In 1979, he founded the international literary journal, _Rampike_, in Toronto while he was still a student at the Ontario College of Art and was the editor and publisher of the journal until its final issue in 2016.[1][2] The journal features contemporary art, writing, and theory from around the world with a focus on Canadian expression.[3] The emergence of _Rampike_ is a part of the larger flourishing small press scene in Toronto at the time.[4] The entire ''Rampike ''print run from 1979 to 2016 (over 4000 pages) is archived on a free public access basis through the University of Windsor's Leddy Library “Scholars' Portal” (all copyrights remain with contributors, not-for-profit), and can be found at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/rampike/about.html (or just search for “about Rampike” and click the “university” link). The ''Rampike '' printed materials archive is scheduled to be stored at the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library at the University of Toronto.

His scholarly work on contemporary and postcolonial literature has been published in international journals such as _La Revista Canaria de Etudio Ingleses_ (Spain), _Q/W/E/R/T/Y_ (France), _Open Letter_ (Canada), and _World Literature Today_ (USA). His creative work has appeared in Canadian journals such as _The Tamarack Review_, _Only Paper Today_, _Impulse_, _Descant_, _The Journal of Canadian Fiction_, _Inter_, _Filling Station_, and internationally in _The Ontario Review_ (USA), _Tyuonyi_ (USA), _UNIverse_ (Germany), _Essex_ (USA), _the International Symposia of Concrete & Visual Poetry_ (Australia), and _Offerte Speciale_ (Italy). His theatre/performance works have been presented nationally and internationally including at the Ultimatum Fest in Montreal and at the INTER-Festival in Quebec City.[5] He also served as a member of many scholarly and literary organizations.[6] He participated in Dial-A-Poem Montreal 1985–1987.

Jirgens is an 8th degree black-belt Grand-master in the martial art of Tae Kwon Do, having studied under Grand-master Son, Myung Soo (9th degree black belt). Jirgens founded the Sault Ste. Marie northern school of the Royal Tae Kwon Do Federation (RTF-North) in 1994, and continues to oversee training activities there. The RTF North web-page can be found at: https://www.facebook.com/royaltaekwondo/?rf=127491710622573

Publications

Fiction

-   _A Measure of Time_. (short-stories) Toronto, ON: Mercury Press, 1995.
-   _Strappado_. (short-stories) Toronto, ON: Coach House Books, 1985.
-   _Four Words_. (short-stories) Toronto, ON: 1W1 Publications, 1979.

Scholarly Books

-   _Bill Bissett and His Works_. Toronto, ON: ECW Press, 1992.
-   _Christopher Dewdney and His Works_. Toronto, ON: ECQ Press, 1994.

Edited Books

-   _Jack Bush_. Toronto, ON: Coach House, 1997.
-   _Children of the Outer Dark: The Poetry of Christopher Dewdney_. Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2007.

[1] “HA&L Biographical Sketch: Karl Jirgens”. _Hamilton Arts & Letters_. https://samizdatpress.typepad.com/hal_magazine_issue_11-2/hal-biographical-sketch-karl-jirgens.html

[2] Rob McLennan. “Profile on Karl Jirgens? Rampike, With a Few Questions.” _Open Book Ontario_. March 26, 2013. http://www.openbookontario.com/news/profile_karl_jirgens__rampike_few_questions/

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

title: Karl Jirgens

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is Karl Jirgens?

answer: Karl Jirgens is a writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario.

answer: Karl Jirgens is a writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor in Ontario, Canada. He founded the literary journal, Rampike, while he was still a student in 1979, and continues to oversee training activities at the Sault Ste. Marie northern school of the Royal Tae Kwon Do Federation.

text: "having studied under Grand-master Son, Myung Soo (9th degree black belt). Jirgens founded the Sault Ste. Marie northern school of the Royal Tae Kwon Do Federation (RTF-North) in 1994, and continues to oversee training activities there" is evidence that Jirgens oversees training activities at the aforementioned Tae Kwon Doe federation.

answer: Karl Jirgens is a writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor in Ontario. He founded the international literary journal Rampike while he was still a student, and continues to serve as its editor and publisher. Jirgens' scholarly work focuses on contemporary and postcolonial literature. He has an 8th degree black belt in Tae Kwon Do.

text: It is not true that he continues to serve as Rampike's editor and publisher, as the journal ceased publication in 2016.

refinement: Karl Jirgens is a writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor in Ontario. He founded the international literary journal Rampike while he was still a student, and served as its editor and publisher. Jirgens' scholarly work focuses on contemporary and postcolonial literature. He has an 8th degree black belt in Tae Kwon Do.

text: It is not necessary to state that he has a black belt.

refinement: Karl Jirgens is a writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor in Ontario. He founded the international literary journal Rampike while he was still a student, and served as its editor and publisher. Jirgens' scholarly work focuses on contemporary and postcolonial literature.

text: "His scholarly work on contemporary and postcolonial literature" is evidence that his scholarly work was focused on contemporary and postcolonial literature.

answer: a writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario.

answer: A writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is his academic pedigree?

answer: He attended University of Toronto for his BA, Ontario College of Art where he completed 3 years towards a BFA, and York University for his MA and PhD in 1990.

answer: Karl Jirgens has a BFA from Ontario College of Art, an MA and PhD from the University of Toronto, and taught at various universities, including the University of Toronto, York University, Guelph University, Humber College, and the University of Windsor. He founded the literary journal Rampike while he was a student at the Ontario College of Art.

text: Unncessary to mention Rampike.

refinement: Karl Jirgens has a BFA from Ontario College of Art, an MA and PhD from the University of Toronto, and taught at various universities, including the University of Toronto, York University, Guelph University, Humber College, and the University of Windsor.

answer: He attended University of Toronto for his BA, Ontario College of Art, and York University for his MA and PhD

text: Does not mention what he achieved at the Ontario College of Art.

refinement: He attended University of Toronto for his BA, Ontario College of Art for a BFA, and York University for his MA and PhD

answer: His undergraduate degree is a BA from the University of Toronto, his master's degree is a Ph. D. from York University. He also has a postgraduate diploma from Humber College.

text: The claim that he has a postgraduate degree from Humber College is unattested.

refinement: His undergraduate degree is a BA from the University of Toronto, his master's degree is a Ph. D. from York University.

text: His MA and PhD are two separate things.

refinement: His undergraduate degree is a BA from the University of Toronto, and he recieved an MA and PhD from York University.

text: Does not mention his BFA.

refinement: His undergraduate degree is a BA from the University of Toronto, he received a BFA from the Ontario College of Art, and he recieved an MA and PhD from York University.

text: Awkward phrasing

refinement: He received an undergraduate BA from the University of Toronto, a BFA from the Ontario College of Art, and an MA and PhD from York University.

answer: Karl Jirgens completed his undergraduate degree at the University of Toronto, completed 3 years of his BFA at Ontario College of Art and his MA and PhD at York University. He has taught at University of Toronto, York University, Guelph University, Humber College, and was the former head of the English Department at the University of Windsor.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What martial art does he practice?

answer: Karl Jirgens practices Tae Kwon Do.

answer: Tae Kwon Do.

answer: He is an 8th degree black belt Grand master in  Tae Kwon Do.

answer: Jirgens is an 8th degree black-belt Grand-master in the martial art of Tae Kwon Do.

answer: He practices Tae Kwon Do.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Karl Jirgens is a Canadian writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario. He attended the University of Toronto, Ontario College of Art, and York University. His works have been published in innumerable Canadian publications, and internationally in journals such as "La Revista Canaria de Etudio Ingleses" (Spain), "Q/W/E/R/T/Y" (France), and "World Literature Today" (USA), "The Ontario Review" (USA), "Tyuonyi" (USA), "UNIverse" (Germany), "Essex" (USA), "the International Symposia of Concrete & Visual Poetry" (Australia), and "Offerte Speciale" (Italy). He is also an 8th degree black belt Grand master in  Tae Kwon Do.

text: Does not mention Rampike.

refinement: Karl Jirgens is a Canadian writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario. He attended the University of Toronto, Ontario College of Art, and York University. He founded the literary journal Rampike and served as its publisher and editor until its final issue in 2016. His works have been published in innumerable Canadian publications, and internationally in journals such as "La Revista Canaria de Etudio Ingleses" (Spain), "Q/W/E/R/T/Y" (France), and "World Literature Today" (USA), "The Ontario Review" (USA), "Tyuonyi" (USA), "UNIverse" (Germany), "Essex" (USA), "the International Symposia of Concrete & Visual Poetry" (Australia), and "Offerte Speciale" (Italy). He is also an 8th degree black belt Grand master in  Tae Kwon Do.

text: Does not need to provide this many examples of journals his works have appeared in.

refinement: Karl Jirgens is a Canadian writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario. He attended the University of Toronto, Ontario College of Art, and York University. He founded the literary journal Rampike and served as its publisher and editor until its final issue in 2016. His works have been published in innumerable Canadian publications, and internationally in journals such as "La Revista Canaria de Etudio Ingleses" (Spain), "Q/W/E/R/T/Y" (France), "UNIverse" (Germany), "Essex" (USA), "the International Symposia of Concrete & Visual Poetry" (Australia), and "Offerte Speciale" (Italy). He is also an 8th degree black belt Grand master in  Tae Kwon Do.

answer: KARL JIRGENS is a writer, editor and professor at the University of Windsor. He founded the international literary journal Rampike while he was still a student and was the editor and publisher of the journal from 1979 to 2016. His scholarly work has been published internationally and his creative work has appeared in Canadian journals. He is an 8th-degree black belt in the martial art Tae Kwon Do.

answer: Karl Jirgens is a writer and former professor at the University of Windsor. He has taught at many institutions and founded the literary journal, Rampike. He has worked as a member of many scholarly and literary organizations. He is also the former head of the English Department at the University of Windsor.

text: The article does not state that he is a "former" professor.

refinement: Karl Jirgens is a writer and professor at the University of Windsor. He has taught at many institutions and founded the literary journal, Rampike. He has worked as a member of many scholarly and literary organizations. He is also the former head of the English Department at the University of Windsor.

text: He didn't work as a member of many scholarly and literary organizations--his work has appeared in various journals.

refinement: Karl Jirgens is a writer and professor at the University of Windsor. He has taught at many institutions and founded the literary journal, Rampike. His scholarly work has appeared in various international journals. He is also the former head of the English Department at the University of Windsor.

text: Does not mention that he is also an editor.

refinement: Karl Jirgens is a writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor. He has taught at many institutions and founded the literary journal, Rampike. His scholarly work has appeared in various international journals. He is also the former head of the English Department at the University of Windsor.

answer: Karl Jirgens is a writer and professor at the University of Windsor. He founded the international literary journal Rampike in 1979. His scholarly work focuses on contemporary and postcolonial literature, and his creative work has been published in Canadian journals and internationally. Jirgens is an 8th degree black belt Grand-master in the martial art of Tae Kwon Do.

text: Does not mention that he is also an editor.

refinement: Karl Jirgens is a writer, editor, and professor at the University of Windsor. He founded the international literary journal Rampike in 1979. His scholarly work focuses on contemporary and postcolonial literature, and his creative work has been published in Canadian journals and internationally. Jirgens is an 8th degree black belt Grand-master in the martial art of Tae Kwon Do.

answer: Karl Jirgens (born September 5, 1952) is a writer and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario. He has been the editor and publisher of the journal Rampike. He is also a married man. Apart from writing, Jirgens is an 8th degree black belt Grand-master of Tae Kwon Do.

text: The fact that he is a married man is not important enough to be mentioned.

refinement: Karl Jirgens (born September 5, 1952) is a writer and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario. He has been the editor and publisher of the journal Rampike. Apart from writing, Jirgens is an 8th degree black belt Grand-master of Tae Kwon Do.

text: Does not mention his various publications.

refinement: Karl Jirgens (born September 5, 1952) is a writer and professor at the University of Windsor, Ontario. He has been the editor and publisher of the journal Rampike. His scholarly work has been published in various international journals. Apart from writing, Jirgens is an 8th degree black belt Grand-master of Tae Kwon Do.


text:
[Free VPN Service With New PornHub App]

Pornhub wants you to keep your porn viewing activities private, and it is ready to help you out with its all-new safety and privacy free VPN service.

Yes, you heard that right.

Adult entertainment giant Pornhub that allows porn videos download has launched its very own free VPN service today with "unlimited bandwidth" to help you keep prying eyes away from your browsing activity.

Dubbed VPNhub, the VPN service by Porn Hub and developed by AppAtomic, is available for both mobile as well as desktop platform, including Android, iOS, MacOS, and Windows.

VPN, or Virtual Private Network, hides IP address, allows users to transmit data anonymously, avoids ISP-level website blocking or tracking and keeps your internet connections ans browsing activity private by encrypting your data, even when you are on public Wi-Fi connections.

Isn't it the great reason to use a VPN? Of course, Yes.

Pornhub App Launches Fast VPN Service

Like Hotspot shield and others, Pornhub's new VPN services will also allow users a secure way to mask their online activity and also packs all the most important security features that a VPN app should.

Pornhub promises never to store, collect, sell, or share your personal information with any third parties for their marketing, advertising or research purposes.

However, in its privacy policy under the heading, "How We Use Your Information," the company says it can sell "aggregate or non-personally identifiable information with non-affiliated third parties for advertising, marketing or research purposes."

Since some government, including that of the United Kingdom, are regulating adult content online, launching a VPN service by videos download website Pornhub makes sense.

Pornhub's VPN service is available in countries across the globe except for Burma/Myanmar, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria, due to the ban imposed by the U.S. government.

While mobile users (both iOS and Android) can download and use the VPNhub pornhub app for free, desktop users (MacOS and Windows) have to purchase a premium account.

Free Pornhub users can only connect to a server in Los Angeles, but Premium users have access to VPN servers located in 13 countries around the world.

To get started, you have to download the Pornhub app on your mobile device and then tap setup. You can then open your browser of choice and surf the Web securely.

You can also upgrade your free account to a premium subscription for $13 a month or $90 for a full year, which eliminates ads, provides faster connection speeds, and opens up "servers from a wide range of countries."

We detected no IP leaks when testing the app. Instead of using Pornhub proxy, you can also give Pornhub VPNhub a try with its 7-day free trial.

Pornhub also supports cryptocurrencies, allowing users to easily make anonymous payments to the service and soon adding more features.

If you are looking for an excellent, secure, but cheap VPN service to start with, we have featured some best deals on our store as well, offering lifetime access to best VPN services at highly discounted prices.

Found this article interesting? Follow THN on Facebook, Twitter __ and LinkedIn to read more exclusive content we post.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How has Pornhub planned to keep your viewing activities private?

answer: Pornhub has launched its own free VPN service to help keep your viewing activities private. The VPN service is available both mobile devices and desktops and promises to provide a secure way to mask your online activity. Moreover, Pornhub promises to never collect, sell, or share personal information with third parties for marketing or research purposes. The service also supports cryptocurrencies.

text: Adult entertainment giant Pornhub that allows porn videos download has launched its very own free VPN service today

answer: Pornhub has launched its own free VPN service with "unlimited bandwidth" to help users keep their browsing activity private. This VPN service hides IP address, allows users to transmit data anonymously, and keeps internet connections private by encrypting data, even when users are on public Wi-Fi connections. Additionally, Pornhub has promised never to store, collect, sell, or share personal information and promises to not use information collected for advertising purposes.

text: Adult entertainment giant Pornhub that allows porn videos download has launched its very own free VPN service today

answer: By using its all-new safety and privacy-free VPN service.

text: with its all-new safety and privacy free VPN service.

answer: They have created a VPN app for both mobile and desktop applications.

text: with its all-new safety and privacy free VPN service.

text: is available for both mobile as well as desktop platform,

answer: By offering a free VPN service.

text: Adult entertainment giant Pornhub that allows porn videos download has launched its very own free VPN

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is a VPN?

answer: It allows data with and hide IP address, it makes users transmit data anonymously avoiding ISP-level website blocking.

text: The answer isn't clear nor does it make much sense.

refinement: VPN, or Virtual Private Network, hides IP address, allows users to transmit data anonymously, avoids ISP-level website blocking or tracking and keeps your internet connections ans browsing activity private by encrypting your data, even when you are on public Wi-Fi connections.

answer: It hides users' IP addresses, allows anonymous surfing, and avoids ISP-level website blocking.

text: VPN, or Virtual Private Network, hides IP address, allows users to transmit data anonymously, avoids ISP-level website blocking or tracking and keeps your internet connections ans browsing activity private by encrypting your data, even when you are on public Wi-Fi connections.

answer: A Virtual Private Network (VPN) creates an encrypted connection between a user's device and a designated remote server, hiding data being transmitted over the network and offering increased privacy and anonymity. Used primarily for online browsing privacy, a VPN prevents others from gaining access to your browsing activity.

text: VPN, or Virtual Private Network, hides IP address, allows users to transmit data anonymously, avoids ISP-level website blocking or tracking and keeps your internet connections ans browsing activity private by encrypting your data, even when you are on public Wi-Fi connections.

answer: A Virtual Private Network (VPN), hides IP addresses and allows users to transmit data anonymously. It avoids ISP-level website blocking or tracking and keeps your internet connections and browsing activity private by encrypting your data, even while on public Wi-Fi connections.

text: VPN, or Virtual Private Network, hides IP address, allows users to transmit data anonymously, avoids ISP-level website blocking or tracking and keeps your internet connections ans browsing activity private by encrypting your data, even when you are on public Wi-Fi connections.

answer: A VPN is a Virtual Private Network that allows users to transmit data anonymously. It hides IP address, avoids ISP-level website blocking or tracking, and keeps internet browsing activity private by encrypting data. The new VPN service by Pornhub is available for both mobile and desktop platforms. Premium account holders have access to VPN servers located in 13 countries around the world.

text: The last sentence doesn't answer the question.

refinement: A VPN is a Virtual Private Network that allows users to transmit data anonymously. It hides IP addresses, avoids ISP-level website blocking or tracking, and keeps internet browsing activity private by encrypting data. The new VPN service by Pornhub is available for both mobile and desktop platforms.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is the VPN developed by?

answer: The VPN developed by AppAtomic.

text: grammar

text: developed by AppAtomic

answer: Appatomic

text: developed by AppAtomic,

answer: VPN is developed by AppAtomic.

text: Grammar

text: developed by AppAtomic,

answer: AppAtomic

text: developed by AppAtomic,

answer: The VPN is developed by AppAtomic.

text: developed by AppAtomic,

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the VPN named?

answer: VPNhub

text: Dubbed VPNhub

answer: VPNhub is the VPN service that Pornhub promises to offer.

text: Dubbed VPNhub

answer: VPNhub.

text: Dubbed VPNhub

answer: The VPN is named VPNhub.

text: Dubbed VPNhub

answer: Pornhub's VPN service is called VPNhub.

text: Dubbed VPNhub

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Pornhub has recently announced a new free VPN service to keep your browsing activities private and secure. The VPN service can be downloaded on both mobile and desktop devices for free or purchasable features.

text: This summary is inadequate

refinement: Pornhub has recently announced a new free VPN service to keep your browsing activities private and secure. The VPN service can be downloaded on both mobile and desktop devices for free or purchasable features. It promises not to store private data and offers a 7-day free trial. Pornhub's VPN service is available in countries across the globe except for Burma/Myanmar, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria, due to the ban imposed by the U.S. government.

answer: Pornhub wants you to keep your porn viewing activities private, and it is ready to help you using its new VPN service. It is promising to users to keep their privacy and never collect their personal information. Pornhub's VPN service is available in countries across the globe except for Burma/Myanmar, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria, due to the ban imposed by the U.S. government. The company supports cryptocurrencies and also has 7-day free trial.

text: Minor grammatical errors

refinement: Pornhub wants you to keep your porn viewing activities private, and it is ready to help you to use its new VPN service. Pornhub promises users that it will respect their privacy and never collect their personal information. Pornhub's VPN service is available in countries across the globe except for Burma/Myanmar, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria, due to the ban imposed by the U.S. government. The company supports cryptocurrencies and also has 7-day free trial.

answer: Pornhub has launched its own free VPN service today to help people keep their web browsing activity private and hidden from prying eyes. The VPN is available for both mobile and desktop platforms and can be downloaded from the Pornhub app. It promises not to store private data and offers a 7-day free trial.

text: This is not four sentences.

refinement: Pornhub has launched its own free VPN service today to help people keep their web browsing activity private and hidden from prying eyes. The VPN is available for both mobile and desktop platforms and can be downloaded from the Pornhub app. It promises not to store private data and offers a 7-day free trial. Pornhub's VPN service is available in countries across the globe except for Burma/Myanmar, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria, due to the ban imposed by the U.S. government.

answer:
Pornhub VPN app is a Virtual Private Network (VPN) that promises to hide IP address, allow users to transmit data anonymously, avoids ISP-level website blocking or tracking and keeps your internet connections ans browsing activity private by encrypting your data, even when you are on public Wi-Fi connections. The application is launched today and is available for both mobile as well as desktop platform.

However, in its privacy policy under the heading, "How We Use Your Information," the company says it can sell "aggregate or non-personally identifiable information with non-affiliated third parties for advertising, marketing or research purposes."

Since some government, including that of the United Kingdom, are regulating adult content online, launching a VPN service by videos download website Pornhub makes sense.

answer:
Adult entertainment website Pornhub has launched its own free VPN service, VPNhub.  The service is developed by AppAtomic and is available for both mobiles as well as desktops.

Pornhub promises to not store, collect or share your personal information with any third parties, although, their privacy policy states that they can sell "aggregate or non-personally identifiable information."

Mobile users can download and use the app for free, while desktop users have to purchase a premium account.


text:
The NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE SECRETARIAT (Abbreviation: NCCS) is part of the Strategy Group that supports the Prime Minister and his Cabinet, coordinating Singapore's domestic and international policies and strategies in addressing climate change.[1] It also functions under the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) which is chaired by Mr Teo Chee Hean, Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security.

As of November 2019, the NCSS is headed by Mr Benedict Chia (Director of Strategic Issues), Ms Pamela Lee (Director of Policy and Planning), Ms Janath Nisah (Assistant Executive) and Mr Ho Hiang Kwee (Lead Technologist). It is headquartered at 55 Newton Road Revenue House, #11-01 Singapore 307987. There are 2 main departments: Policy and Planning and Strategic Issues. There are 5 other sub-departments, namely Mitigation and Resilience Policy and Planning, International Policy, Economic Research, Technology Innovation and Deployment, and Policy Innovation and Futures.[2]

The agency has 4 main responsibilities. Firstly, it helps reduce carbon emissions throughout all sectors. Secondly, it assists the nation in adapting to the short-term and long-term effects of climate change. Thirdly, it seeks to tap on green growth opportunities brought about by climate change. Lastly, it promotes climate consciousness and climate action among the general public.[3]

History

The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) was set up on 1 July 2010 under the Prime Minister's Office (PMO). Mr Tan Yong Soon, who has since retired from the Singapore Civil Service in October 2012, was appointed as the agency's first Permanent Secretary.[4]

The agency was initially located in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but it was brought under the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) and then headed by a Permanent Secretary in order to “reflect the important scope of policy matters to be coordinated”.[5] The strengthening of the agency came after Singapore submitted its emissions reduction targets under the Copenhagen Accord, evidence that the nation was dedicated to delivering on its commitments, both international and domestic.

Programmes

Public Consultations

To date, the National Climate Change Secretariat has held 3 Public Consultation exercises with the aim of gathering public feedback and suggestions on Singapore's domestic climate change-related policies.[6] Methods to obtain feedback and perspectives include focus group discussions, online consultations, and closed-door stakeholder dialogues.

-   Public Consultation on Climate Change and Singapore (2015)
    -   Suggestions and feedback were gathered from stakeholders across the private and people sectors to support efforts to develop Singapore's plan to reduce carbon emissions and promote green growth beyond 2020. This was in line with Singapore's participation in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, which led to the signing of the Paris Agreement.
-   Public Consultation on Singapore's Climate Change Strategy and Carbon Tax (2017)
    -   Feedback was gathered with regard to the proposed carbon tax as well as Singapore's strategy in harnessing green growth opportunities and improving carbon efficiency in all sectors.
-   Public Consultation on Developing Singapore's Long-Term Low Emissions Strategy (2019)
    -   The consultation targeted the republic's low carbon strategy after 2030 and it came in a year where student-led climate strikes took place around the world, including a climate rally staged in Hong Lim Park, Singapore.

School Outreach

The agency produces educational materials, such as posters, infographics, and drama programmes, aimed at raising awareness of climate change among youths in Singapore.[7]

Plans and Reports

Based on its own research, and data collected from other agencies, the NCCS publishes plans and reports which chart Singapore's response to climate change.[8]

Related Legislation

Carbon Tax

It was announced at Budget 2017 by the Minister of Finance that a carbon tax would be implemented from 2019 onwards, starting from $5 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. The tax applies to all facilities that emit more than 25,000 or more tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent and is expected to increase to between $10 and $15 per carbon dioxide equivalent by 2023.

Coastal Protection

During the 2019 National Day Rally Speech, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong predicted that it may cost Singapore at least $100 billion to protect the island from rising sea levels. Possible options for the island-nation include building polders and dykes along the eastern coastline to protect low-lying areas, and reclaiming a series of islands form Marina East to Changi, connecting them with barrages and creating a reservoir.[9] It was also announced that a small polder was being built at Pulau Tekong to protect existing low-lying areas, and to allow the republic to gain some experience operating one.[10]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]  Overview|website=www.nccs.gov.sg|access-date=2019-11-21}}

[7]  Education Materials|website=www.nccs.gov.sg|access-date=2019-11-21}}

[8]  Plans & Reports|website=www.nccs.gov.sg|access-date=2019-11-21}}

[9]

[10]

title: National Climate Change Secretariat

question: Explain what the Nation Climate Change Secretariat is.

answer: The NCCS is part of the Strategy Group that supports the Prime Minister and his Cabinet, coordinating Singapore's domestic and international policies and strategies in addressing climate change.

answer: It is part of the strategy group that supports the Prime Minister and his Cabinet in coordinating Singapore's domestic and international policies and strategies in addressing climate change.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat is a government agency that is responsible for coordinating Singapore's domestic and international policies and strategies in addressing climate change.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat is a government agency that coordinates Singapore's policies and strategies in addressing climate change. It also produces educational materials and plans/reports on Singapore's response to climate change. The agency is responsible for reducing carbon emissions, adapting to the effects of climate change, tapping into green growth opportunities, and raising awareness of climate change among the general public.

question: What changed as of November 2019?

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat is now headed by Mr Benedict Chia, Ms Pamela Lee, Ms Janath Nisah, and Mr Ho Hiang Kwee.

answer: As of November 2019, the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) is now headed by Benedict Chia.

text: The other names have been omitted.

refinement: As of November 2019, the National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) is now headed by Benedict Chia, Pamela Lee, Janath Nisah, and Ho Hiang Kwee.

answer: Mr. Benedict Chia (Director of Strategic Issues), Ms. Pamela Lee (Director of Policy and Planning), Ms. Janath Nisah (Assistant Executive) and Mr. Ho Hiang Kwee (Lead Technologist) began to head the NCSS.

text: It is omitted that the above-mentioned names are now heading NCSS.

refinement: As of November 2019, the following people are heading the NCSS: Mr. Benedict Chia (Director of Strategic Issues), Ms. Pamela Lee (Director of Policy and Planning), Ms. Janath Nisah (Assistant Executive) and Mr. Ho Hiang Kwee (Lead Technologist) began to head the NCSS.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat is now headed by Benedict Chia, Pamela Lee, Janath Nisah, and Ho Hiang Kwee.

question: What are the agency's 4 main responsibilities?

answer: The agency's 4 main responsibilities are to reduce carbon emissions throughout all sectors, assist the nation in adapting to the short-term and long-term effects of climate change, seek to tap on green growth opportunities brought about by climate change, and promote climate consciousness and climate action among the general public.

answer: First, it is to reduce carbon emissions throughout all sectors. Second is to assist the nation in adapting to the short and long term effects of climate change. Third is to tap on green growth opportunities brought by climate change. The final responsibility is to promote climate consciousness and action among the general public.

answer: The agency helps reduce carbon emissions throughout all sectors, assists the nation in adapting to the short-term and long-term effects of climate change, seeks to tap on green growth opportunities brought about by climate change, and promotes climate consciousness and climate action among the general public.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat's (NCCS) main responsibilities are to reduce carbon emissions, adapt to the effects of climate change, tap into green growth opportunities, and promote climate action among the general public.

question: Who runs the NCCS?

answer: The NCCS is headed by Mr Benedict Chia, Ms Pamela Lee, Ms Janath Nisah, and Mr Ho Hiang Kwee.

answer: As of November 2019, Mr. Benedict Chia (Director of Strategic Issues), Ms. Pamela Lee (Director of Policy and Planning), Ms. Janath Nisah (Assistant Executive) and Mr. Ho Hiang Kwee (Lead Technologist) head the NCCS.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat is run by the Prime Minister's Office.

text: The names of the people heading the Secretariat are omitted.

refinement: The National Climate Change Secretariat is run by the Prime Minister's Office. It is headed by Benedict CHia, Pamela Lee, Janath Nisah, and Ho Hiang Kwee.

text: "but it was brought under the Prime Minister's Office (PMO)" is evidence that it is run by the PMO.

answer: The NCCS is run by Benedict Chia, Pamela Lee, Janath Nisah, and Ho Hiang Kwee.

question: Describe what happened at the Public Consultation on Climate Change and Singapore.

answer: The agency held a public consultation on climate change and Singapore in 2015. The consultation was to gather public feedback and suggestions on Singapore's domestic climate change-related policies.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) held a Public Consultation on Climate Change and Singapore in 2015. The consultation was aimed at gathering public feedback and suggestions on Singapore's domestic climate change-related policies.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) held a public consultation in 2015 to gather feedback and suggestions on Singapore's domestic climate change-related policies. The consultation was in line with Singapore's participation in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, which led to the signing of the Paris Agreement.

answer: Suggestions and feedback were gathered from stakeholders across the private and people sectors to support efforts to develop Singapore's plan to reduce carbon emissions and promote green growth beyond 2020.

question: What is the carbon tax?

answer: It is a tax that would start from $5 per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent and applies to all facilities that emit more than 25,000 or more tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2019.

answer: The carbon tax is a fee that is charged to businesses that emit more than 25,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. The tax is expected to increase over time, and is meant to encourage businesses to reduce their carbon emissions.

text: "and is expected to increase to between $10 and $15 per carbon dioxide equivalent by 2023." This is evidence that it is expected to increase over time.

answer: The carbon tax is a tax on carbon dioxide emissions.

text: It is omitted that the tax is currently $5 but is expected to increase in the future.

refinement: The carbon tax is a tax on carbon dioxide emissions. The tax is currently $5 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. The tax is applied to all facilities that emit more than 25,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide. The tax is expected to increase in the future.

answer: The carbon tax is a tax on carbon dioxide emissions.

text: It is omitted that the tax is currently $5 and is expected to increase in the future.

refinement: The carbon tax is a tax on carbon dioxide emissions. The tax is currently $5 per tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. The tax is applied to all facilities that emit more than 25,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide. The tax is expected to increase in the future.

question: Does the NCCS have international support?

answer: That isn't made totally clear in the article, but Singapore did attend the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference and signed the Paris Agreement.

text: "This was in line with Singapore's participation in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, which led to the signing of the Paris Agreement." This is evidence that they were attending the conference and signed the Paris Agreement.

answer: Yes, the NCCS has international support.

text: The article does not clearly state if they have international support.

refinement: The article does not clearly state if the NCCS has international support. But it does mention that they attended the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference so it may be assumed that they do have international support.

answer: From the information given, it appears that the NCCS has international support, as it is involved in coordinating Singapore's policies and strategies in addressing climate change with other countries.

answer: Yes, the NCCS has international support.

text: The article does not clearly state if they have international support.

refinement: The article does not clearly state if they have international support. But it does mention that they attend the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference so it may be assumed that they do have international support.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article discusses the history, programs, and related legislation of the National Climate Change Secretariat of Singapore. It is part of the strategy group that supports the Prime Minister and his Cabinet in coordinating Singapore's domestic and international policies and strategies in addressing climate change.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) is a government agency that coordinates Singapore's policies and strategies in addressing climate change. The agency has held public consultations, produced educational materials, and published plans and reports on Singapore's response to climate change. Additionally, the NCCS is currently working on plans to protect the island-nation from rising sea levels.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat is part of the Strategy Group that supports the Prime Minister and his Cabinet, coordinating Singapore's domestic and international policies and strategies in addressing climate change. It was set up in 2010 and is headquartered at 55 Newton Road Revenue House, #11-01 Singapore 307987.

answer: The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) is a Singaporean agency that is responsible for coordinating Singapore's domestic and international policies and strategies in addressing climate change. The NCCS is part of the Strategy Group that supports the Prime Minister and his Cabinet, and it is also under the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) which is chaired by Mr Teo Chee Hean, Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security. The NCCS has 4 main responsibilities: reducing carbon emissions throughout all sectors, assisting the nation in adapting to the short-term and long-term effects of climate change, seeking to tap on green growth opportunities brought about by climate change, and promoting climate consciousness and climate action among the general public.

text: "The NCCS is part of the Strategy Group that supports the Prime Minister and his Cabinet, and it is also under the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Climate Change (IMCCC) which is chaired by Mr Teo Chee Hean, Senior Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for National Security." can be omitted.

refinement: The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) is a Singaporean agency that is responsible for coordinating Singapore's domestic and international policies and strategies in addressing climate change. The NCCS has 4 main responsibilities: reducing carbon emissions throughout all sectors, assisting the nation in adapting to the short-term and long-term effects of climate change, seeking to tap on green growth opportunities brought about by climate change, and promoting climate consciousness and climate action among the general public.


text:
**The Explorer’s Log – Captains Report – 3122**

National Space Agency Security Memo:

Interview with Franklin Aigstar, sole survivor of Mission 239
Evidence of Intergalactic Invasion via new weapon. Tele-Transporters? Three dead Martians in ship’s cold storage lockers. Crew’s bodies stored in secure, and climate-controlled, capsules in the ship’s hold. Blood traces found in numerous locations.

**Interview Room – NSAS – Earth**
“Can I call you Frank?” the detective asked, after sipping his coffee.

“You can call me whatever you want,” Franklin grumbled.

“Is this the way it’s going to be?” the detective inquired with a sigh.

“Listen. I’ve already talked with three other guys and you know what? They all asked the same questions! I gave them all the same answers. And now, I’m supposed to sit here and be civil for the fourth time around?”

“How do you know I’m going to ask the same questions?”

Pause. “Okay. Ask away.”

“How many Martians did you kill when they attacked?”

“Really? Like I told the others, I killed one of them. Crew members killed the other two. So much for asking something new,” Franklin added with a tone of disgust.

“We’re just trying to find out everything we can. This was the first time the Martians attacked us like this. We can’t leave one stone unturned. High command is in contact with our genius pool, with orders to come up with a defense against this type of attack.”

“I understand how serious this is. I’m lucky to have survived, like I told the others.”

“Let me review my notes for a moment. Okay. You didn’t see how the other two Martians were killed. Right?”

“That’s right. When I heard someone shout my name, I turned a saw a Martian coming at me with that long blade you have on the table here. I was able to turn this blade into my attacker, gutting him in the process.

As for the other two Martians; I found one in the kitchen, surrounded by dead cooks and support staff. It was chopped up pretty good. The other was in the engine room. It’s mangled remains were also surrounded by dead crew members,” Franklin explained.

“I searched the rest of the ship and discovered I was the only survivor. That’s when I sent out the intergalactic SOS,” he testily concluded.

Ignoring Franklin’s impatience, the detective said, “You were a crew of twelve right?”

“Oh come on! You know the answer to that. Why ask me?”

“You know why Frank, the ship’s manifest lists twelve crew members. You make number thirteen. How do you explain that?”

“That’s easy. I wasn’t a crew member. I was a passenger.”

The detective’s eyes opened in surprise.

“What were you doing on a secret government mission?”

“I’m a translator, and only one of three humans on earth, able to understand and speak Martian.”

“I’m impressed Frank.”

“Can I leave now?”

“Not quite yet. I have a couple of more questions. Are you getting hungry? I can order some takeout if you’d like.”

Franklin shifted uneasily in his chair. He seemed to be wrestling for an answer.

“No. I’m fine. Just tired of sitting in here.”

“I can assure you I’ll do everything in my power to hurry this investigation up. Okay? I have a question. I just got a call in my earphone. One of my assistants has finished calculating how far the Explorer flew before turning back to earth.
“Do you know how far it is from the earth to Mars?”

“I have no idea.”

 “Well, here’s the thing; the ship’s readouts show it went to Mars, and then came back here. Did you actually make it to Mars? It’s time to tell the truth Frank!”

**In Martian…**
*“That’s enough you stupid earthling! I’m also here on a secret mission. To conquer the earth!”*

With that, Franklin jumped up, reached across the table and choked the detective to death before his body hit the ground!

**As It Stands,** secret missions make good stories to share

title: (SF) Secret Missions in Space

question: When is this story set?

answer: The year 3122.

text: The answer is implied not stated.

text: 'The Explorer’s Log – Captains Report – 3122' implies the answer.

answer: Possibly in the year 3122 (although that could just be the number of the Explorer's Log)

text: 'The Explorer’s Log – Captains Report – 3122' supports the answer.

text: It is implied, not stated.

answer: This story is set in the future.

text: The answer is implied not stated.

refinement: It is implied that this story is set in the future.

text: ''The Explorer’s Log – Captains Report – 3122' implies the answer.'

question: Who is the narrator?

answer: The narrator is Franklin Aigstar, who is believed to be the sole survivor of Mission 239 but in actuality is a Martian on a secret mission.

text: Franklin is the protagonist, not the narrator.

text: ' It’s time to tell the truth Frank!” **In Martian…** *“That’s enough you stupid earthling! I’m also here on a secret mission. To conquer the earth!”* With that, Franklin jumped up, reached across the table and choked the detective to death before his body hit the ground!' supports that Franklin is a Martian on a secret mission.

text: There is no answer.

answer: The narrator is a detective investigating the events of a failed secret mission to Mars.

text: Incorrect.

answer: The narrator is Franklin Aigstar, the sole survivor of Mission 239.

text: Aigstar is the protagonist.

question: Describe the narrator's encounter with the Martians.

answer: The narrator's ship is attacked by Martians, who are intent on conquering Earth. The crew is killed, except for the narrator, who manages to kill one Martian before being overpowered. The remaining two are killed by other crew members. The ship returns to Earth, but the narrator is not a member of the crew, but rather a passenger on the mission.

text: The answer describes Aigstar's response, not the truth.

refinement: The narrator says that their ship is attacked by Martians, who are intent on conquering Earth. The crew is killed, except for the narrator, who manages to kill one Martian before being overpowered. The remaining two are killed by other crew members. The ship returns to Earth, but the narrator is not a member of the crew, but rather a passenger on the mission.

text: Aigstar, not the narrator.

refinement: Aigstar says that their ship is attacked by Martians, who are intent on conquering Earth. The crew is killed, except for the narrator, who manages to kill one Martian before being overpowered. The remaining two are killed by other crew members. The ship returns to Earth, but the narrator is not a member of the crew, but rather a passenger on the mission.

text: Aigstar says that the crew is killed at the end.

refinement: Aigstar says that their ship is attacked by Martians, who are intent on conquering Earth. The crew is killed, except for the narrator, who manages to kill one Martian before being overpowered. The remaining two are killed by other crew members. The ship returns to Earth, but the narrator is not a member of the crew, but rather a passenger on the mission.

text: Agistar does not claim that Marsian intent on conquering Earth.

refinement: Aigstar says that their ship is attacked by Martians. The crew is killed, except for the narrator, who manages to kill one Martian before being overpowered. The remaining two are killed by other crew members. The ship returns to Earth, but the narrator is not a member of the crew, but rather a passenger on the mission.

answer: The narrator kills one Martian and the crew members kill the other two.

text: The answer describes Aigstar's response, not the truth.

refinement: The narrator says he killed one Martian and the crew members killed the other two.

text: Aigstar, not the narrator.

refinement: The narrator says he killed one Martian and the crew members killed the other two.

answer: According to Frank, his crew was attacked by Martians. He killed one of the Martians, and his crewmates killed the other two. In the end, he was the only one to make it out alive. This is revealed to be a lie.

text: 'It’s time to tell the truth Frank!” **In Martian…** *“That’s enough you stupid earthling! I’m also here on a secret mission. To conquer the earth!”*' is evidence that the last sentence of the summary is true.

answer: The narrator's ship is attacked by Martians. The narrator kills one Martian and the other two are killed by the crew.

text: The answer describes Aigstar's response, not the truth.

refinement: The narrator says his ship is attacked by Martians. The narrator kills one Martian and the other two are killed by the crew.

text: Aigstar, not the narrator.

refinement: Aigstar says his ship is attacked by Martians. He kills one Martian and the other two are killed by the crew.

text: Wrong tense use

refinement: Aigstar says his ship is attacked by Martians. He killed one Martian and the other two are killed by the crew.

question: Who is the narrator speaking to?

answer: The detective

text: Aigstar, not the narrator.

refinement: The narrator describes Aigstar's conversation with the detective.

answer: The narrator is being interviewed by a detective.

text: Aigstar, not the narrator.

refinement: The narrator describes Aigstar's conversation with the detective.

answer: Franklin Aigstar, the sole survivor of Mission 239.

text: The narrator does not participate in the conversation.

refinement: The narrator describes Aigstar's conversation with the detective.

answer: The narrator is speaking to a detective.

text: Aigstar, not the narrator.

refinement: The narrator describes Aigstar's conversation with the detective.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Franklin Aigstar is the sole survivor of a Martian attack on a secret mission. He is being interviewed by a detective who is trying to find out everything he can about the attack. Franklin is a translator and the only human on earth able to speak Martian. He is tired of being questioned and tells the detective that he was a passenger on the ship, not a crew member.

text: It is omitted that it turns that Aigstar is a Martian on a secret mission to conquer the earth and kills the detective.

refinement: Franklin Aigstar is allegedly the sole survivor of a Martian attack on a secret mission. He is being interviewed by a detective who is trying to find out everything he can about the attack. Franklin is a translator and the only human on earth able to speak Martian. He is tired of being questioned and tells the detective that he was a passenger on the ship, not a crew member. Aigstar is a Martian on a secret mission to conquer the earth and kills the detective.

answer: Frank, allegedly the sole survivor of Mission 239, is interviewed by a detective about the deaths of his crewmates as the result of an encounter with Martians. Frank explains that the Martians attacked his crewmates, and that he killed one of them. The detective becomes suspicious when he sees that Frank isn't listed on the ship's manifest. He also questions whether the ship actually made it to Mars, at which point Frank reveals he is actually a Martian on a secret mission and kills the detective.

answer: The sole survivor of a secret mission to Mars reveals that the mission was actually a cover for an invasion attempt. The survivor kills the detective questioning him before he can reveal any more information.

answer: Franklin Aigstar is the sole survivor of a Martian attack on a secret mission to Mars. He is interrogated by a detective who is suspicious of his story. Franklin is tired of being interrogated and finally kills the detective.

text: It is omitted that Aigstar is a Martian on a secret mission to conquer the earth and kills the detective.

refinement: Franklin Aigstar is the sole survivor of a Martian attack on a secret mission to Mars. He is interrogated by a detective who is suspicious of his story. Franklin is tired of being interrogated and finally kills the detective. Aigstar is a Martian on a secret mission to conquer the earth and kills the detective.

text: The answer suggests Agistar kills the detective because he is tired of being interrogated.

refinement: Franklin Aigstar is the sole survivor of a Martian attack on a secret mission to Mars. He is interrogated by a detective who is suspicious of his story. Franklin is tired of being interrogated. It turns that Aigstar is a Martian on a secret mission to conquer the earth and kills the detective.


text:
Today I have to wake up with you again. Mornings with you are worse than evenings because at least at night tomorrow is closer, and I have to spend today with you. I get tired of waking up with you, so I stopped sleeping as much.

i think we should shave it has been a while

We definitely should. For once, I agree with you. You look hideous.

i know

The shower is further away than I thought. It appears we're going to have to get up. We have to be somewhere in less than 3 hours, so if you would hurry we might make it.

it is cold and hard to move

Whiner. Excuses. It's already been an hour and if you don't hurry up, we'll never make it there. Why won't you move? It's already been two hours and if you don't hurry up, we'll never make it there. At least stay awake. It's already been 3 hours and I think we should go tomorrow.

liar

The shower is always the worst part with you. With your clothes on at least you are well hidden. The mirror in the bathroom always mocks you and you embarass me. Stop moving your arms they are far too long and not wide enough. Your a pathetic excuse for a man. You should have taken your chances as a woman. Your head looks out of place. Stop looking. We have to spend at least 5 minutes like this.

the water feels good and the sounds of it hitting the floor is loud enough to not have to pay attention to you i think i will stay here for a long time

---------------------------

i have to leave we're running out of water

About time. We have to eat. There's time left to run, go to the gym, learn an instrument or two, get a job, work that job, get a job, why don't you have a job? It's because you always look so awful. You should fix that. I'll fix it. But you ruin me. Look at the time? You had all that time to do all those things and you ruined it. It's your fault, not mine.

i know

I hate how people think it's my fault. Do you think it's my fault? I think people are only stay around me because of you. That is stupid. You are disgusting. I could take you out whenever I want.  Do you understand that?

i don't think you could i wish you could

Well I won't. How do you like that, you fucking bastard? You're fucking filth. How does it fucking feel that I will never do that? You're a piece of shit. I just want you to feel better but how can you feel better if you're a piece of shit? Ask someone to help you.

i don't want to do that again. i'm going to do that again.

That felt good. Did you see the way she looked at you? I think I got her. I think I made it work even with having to drag you around. Now you won't have to feel so bad. Ask her what she likes about you, and you in specific. Why did you do that? That's so fucking embarassing. She's lying too. Look at her, she couldn't possibly believe that and if she did I can't respect her.

i am lonely.

So am I. It's probably my fault. What time is it?

it is morning. mornings are the worst because at least at night tomorrow is closer and i have to spend today with you.

title: [SP] You and I Are In This Together

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the author's feelings on the person they are addressing in this piece.

answer: The author dislikes the morning, and finds mornings to be the worst part of their day because morning means spending more time with their morning. The author finds themself to be "filth," "a pathetic excuse for a man," and "a piece of shit." The author often describes the person they address as displeasing, disgusting, loose and disgusting.

text: The protagonist finds the mornings to be the worst part of the day because they have the rest of the day before them to spend time with the other person they dislike so much.

refinement: The author dislikes the morning, and finds mornings to be the worst part of their day because morning means spending more time with the other person they dislike so much. The author finds themself to be "filth," "a pathetic excuse for a man," and "a piece of shit." The author often describes the person they address as displeasing, disgusting, loose and disgusting.

text: Doesn't include all the negative things the protagonist thinks of the other person.

refinement: The author dislikes the morning, and finds mornings to be the worst part of their day because morning means spending more time with the other person they dislike so much. The author often describes the person they address as displeasing, disgusting, loose and disgusting. The author finds themself to be "filth," "a pathetic excuse for a man," and "a piece of shit." They call the person a whiner, a liar, a fucking bastard and fucking filth. Beyond behavioral dislikes, they also dislike the other person's body saying their arms are too long and not wide enough.

text: Doesn't ever say anything about being loose.

refinement: The author dislikes the morning, and finds mornings to be the worst part of their day because morning means spending more time with the other person they dislike so much. The author often describes the person they address as displeasing, and disgusting. The author finds themself to be "filth," "a pathetic excuse for a man," and "a piece of shit." They call the person a whiner, a liar, a fucking bastard and fucking filth. Beyond behavioral dislikes, they also dislike the other person's body saying their arms are too long and not wide enough.

text: The author finds the other person to be all these negative things, not themselves.

refinement: The author dislikes the morning, and finds mornings to be the worst part of their day because morning means spending more time with the other person they dislike so much. The author often describes the person they address as displeasing, and disgusting. The author finds the other person to be "filth," "a pathetic excuse for a man," and "a piece of shit." They call the person a whiner, a liar, a fucking bastard and fucking filth. Beyond behavioral dislikes, they also dislike the other person's body saying their arms are too long and not wide enough.

answer: The author feels annoyed, frustrated, and annoyed with the person they are addressing. The author feels that this person is a mess, poorly put together, and embarrasses them. The author also feels lonely, which is ultimately their own fault.

text: The protagonist feels disgusted by the other person.

refinement: The author feels annoyed, frustrated, and disgusted with the person they are addressing. The author feels that this person is a mess, poorly put together, and embarrasses them. The author also feels lonely, which is ultimately their own fault.

text: Doesn't mention all the negative things the protagonist feels towards the other person.

refinement: The author feels annoyed, frustrated, and disgusted with the person they are addressing. The author feels that this person is a mess, poorly put together, and embarrasses them. They say they're a whiner, a liar, a fucking bastard, fucking filth, and their arms are too long and not wide enough, their head looks out of place, and they're a pathetic excuse for a man. The author also feels lonely, which is ultimately their own fault.

text: That they're lonely is irrelevant to the question being asked.

refinement: The author feels annoyed, frustrated, and disgusted with the person they are addressing. The author feels that this person is a mess, poorly put together, and embarrasses them. They say they're a whiner, a liar, a fucking bastard, fucking filth, and their arms are too long and not wide enough, their head looks out of place, and they're a pathetic excuse for a man.

answer: They are disgusted and disappointed by the person whom they are addressing. They criticize "your" appearance and behavior, but mostly they are horrified that others see "you" and blame the author themselves for how much of a disappointment "you" are.

text: The "you" referred to in the answer is confusing.

refinement: They are disgusted and disappointed by the person whom they are addressing. They criticize the other person's appearance and behavior, but mostly they are horrified that others see the other person and blame the author themselves for how much of a disappointment they are.

text: Doesn't enumerate all the negative things the protagonist feels about the other person.

refinement: They are disgusted and disappointed by the person whom they are addressing. They criticize the other person's appearance and behavior, but mostly they are horrified that others see the other person and blame the author themselves for how much of a disappointment they are. The protagonist says the other person is a whiner, a liar, they look hideous, they're a fucking bastard and fucking filth, and even criticizes their physical appearance saying their arms are too long and not wide enough, their head looks out of place. That they're a pathetic excuse for a man and a piece of shit.

answer: The author seems to have mixed feelings on the person they are addressing. They seem annoyed and insecure. It seems they are in love with that person. This person brings them down so they are left very uncomfortable.

text: The protagonist does not seem to have conflicting feelings for the other person, nothing in the passage makes it seem that they're in love with them, in fact the exact opposite.

refinement: They seem annoyed and insecure. This person brings them down so they are left very uncomfortable.

text: Doesn't enumerate all the negative things the protagonist feels about the other person.

refinement: They seem annoyed and as if they hate the other person. They say they look hideous, that they're a whiner, a liar, a fucking bastard, fucking filth, a piece of shit, that they look awful and that their arms are too long and not wide enough, that their head looks out of place, that they're a pathetic excuse for a man.

answer: The author feels contempt and hatred towards the person they are addressing. They feel that this person is defective, useless and unworthy of any love or respect.

text: Doesn't enumerate all the negative things the protagonist feels about the other person.

refinement: The author feels contempt and hatred towards the person they are addressing. They feel that this person is defective, useless and unworthy of any love or respect. They call the other person a whiner, a liar, a fucking bastard, fucking filth, a piece of shit. They say their arms are too long and not wide enough, that their head looks out of place, that they're a pathetic excuse for a man.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the plot twist.

answer: The author spends the entirety of the story criticizing an unnamed "you"-the story is focused on addressing this "you". They go about the inanities of their day, none of which they particularly enjoy, while dragging this "you" through their criticisms. Then at the end, with one sentence, it becomes abruptly apparent that "you" refers to the author themselves.

text: The excerpt does NOT make it apparent that the person being criticized is also the narrator.

refinement: The narrator reveals they are lonely and that it's probably their fault.

answer: The main character wakes up with someone they dislike and spends the time grumbling about their flaws and shortcomings. Eventually, the character walks away from their conversation and discovers that the person they were awake with is lonely.

text: Doesn't reveal that the protagonist is lonely.

refinement: The main character wakes up with someone they dislike and spends the time grumbling about their flaws and shortcomings. Eventually, the character walks away from their conversation and discovers that they are lonely and it's probably their own fault.

answer: The speaker hates waking up with their partner, and has gotten tired of it. The partner has not taken their chances as a woman, instead opting to continue being male. The speaker starts to become so frustrated that they lash out verbally at the partner and berate them. Finally, the partner admits they are lonely, and the speaker realizes how alone they both are, even though they are together.

answer: No one is promiscuous. It's really the same person arguing with himself and critiquing each other daily.

text: Doesn't reveal that the narrator criticizes the other person incessantly and is lonely.

refinement: The narrator spends the whole day criticizing and putting down their partner and reveals at the end that they're lonely and it's probably their own fault.

answer: No summary

text: Doesn't reveal that the narrator is lonely likely their own fault for criticizing their partner incessantly.

refinement: The narrator incessantly criticizes and puts down their partner and reveals that they are lonely, likely their own fault.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the point of this story, if there is one.

answer: It's not clear.

text: Doesn't describe the point of the story.

refinement: The point of the story is that the narrator hates their partner and is lonely, but doesn't have the courage to leave them and so it's their own fault.

answer: This story is about a dislike of a person, their feelings of frustration and their blame of the other person for the situation they're in together. The point is that they dislike their relationship and they want the other person to change in order to make themselves better.

text: Doesn't address the point of the story.

refinement: This story is about a dislike of a person, their feelings of frustration and their blame of the other person for the situation they're in together. The point is that they dislike their relationship and they want the other person to change in order to make themselves better, but they realize they don't have the courage to leave their partner so it's their own fault that they feel lonely.

answer: The author seems to be frustrated with their partner for not functioning effectively in the morning and regrets having to spend their day with him/her. The author complains endlessly about their partner's faults and feels that their partner is useless.

text: Doesn't address the point of the story.

refinement: The author seems to be frustrated with their partner for not functioning effectively in the morning and regrets having to spend their day with him/her. The author complains endlessly about their partner's faults and feels that their partner is useless, but they acknowledge that their loneliness is their own fault for not having the courage to leave them.

answer: One might suggest a commentary on human life and trivial everyday tasks.

text: Doesn't address the point of the story.

refinement: The narrator is overcome by disdain for their partner, but they just wallow in it and don't do something about it. They recognize that their loneliness is their own fault.

answer: The point of this story is to emphasize what it looks like if one turns self-criticism and self-loathing outward and projects it onto someone else. It looks clearly, starkly mean and unchecked, as if they are unfairly ripping apart someone who has done nothing to offend and is simply trying to get through the day. The point seems to be that those harsh words-that inner dialogue-would sound awful if leveled at someone else, and actually, it also sounds awful to speak to one's self like that as well. The point may be, in conclusion, to be kinder and gentler to yourself.