text:
Okay Reddit. First time I'm posting something to an audience outside of my small circle of friends. Hope you like it. I'm from India so you have the references here and there. Shouldn't stop you from getting it, though. Hope you like it :)

This story formed itself on three separate occasions and was finally written on a cold winter day on a Lutyens' Delhi building's terrace. It became more special after I recited it to someone immediately after its completion. Not very often do I get to read stories out but for the one time I did, it sure feels good. This story for me (like the others) is like winter. Cold, numb fingers and dull aches, but some warmth inside, and just about enough. I hope you like it :)

"Do ghosts live on Peepul trees?" I ask, peering across the terrace into the hazy silhouette of a clump of trees far away. The winter sun trying its best to warm my bones against the chilly wind that plays with my messy hair. "Ghosts and Gods both." says my aunt knowingly as she pours me yet another cup of strong, milky tea. A mug, rather. I warm my numb fingers on it. I am cold. I'm in a village for all practical purposes. My phone does not work here, buffaloes sit lazily basking in the faded sun, children quarrel over a game of marbles, and a twenty-year-old misfit sips tea sitting on a cot.

Needless to say, this is not my natural habitat. For one, I can see the sky in all its sprawling, blue glory. Two birds skip off the draft and dive one after the other to swoop onto some unknowing prey. Somewhere, a rooster crows, which is quite odd for two o clock in the afternoon. Also odd for this time of the day is the cold that seeps through to my bones. I tell my aunt about life in the city. She listens wide-eyed. She cannot fathom the coldness of it all, the steel and glass prison that I work in, the dreadful fact that I know exactly how each day is going to be. She does not understand how free I feel here without my cell phone chaining me like an invisible umbilical cord, how clear the air here is without a thousand conversations riding the airwaves form tower to tower. All is well in my world though, as she pours me yet another cup of tea. I smile. Family.

As the clock strikes four, children start pouring into the terrace. My cousin sister, all of nineteen, is the neighbourhood teacher, a prestigious title earned through months of reading aloud the alphabet, teaching children to dot their i's and cross their t's and much red ink spread over her soft palms. The children eye me suspiciously. After a while they decide I'm no threat and a couple of them greet me. "Good Morning, Sir!" they say in that sing song chorus I used to be a part of, long back. I smile again.

This class is quite different from any I have seen. The children, aging from five to ten, do not sit still. They laugh and cry freely. They sing their lessons. Some are struggling to hold pencils while some are proud to be old enough to wield pens, prized possessions no doubt for those little fingers. It is, in a way, like an overgrown garden. Disordered and chaotic but oh, so beautiful.

One little boy stands out, though. There's something strange about him even in this scene which is none too familiar to me. He takes and exceptionally long time to write. I kneel next to him and peer into his notebook, bound with thread. All the words are misspelt, the letters are fractured,misshapen little creatures, and the boy's face is a mixture of confusion and terror. I look at my sister with concern. She nods silently and tells the class to write numeral to a hundred. She walks over to me and looks into his book. Then she looks at me, her eyes full of exasperation and silent despair. "There's something wrong with him." she says, the winter haze making its way into her voice. "He's just slow to learn. He's not too rich. His father was supposed to come see me today." She looks at him with sadness. He merely smiles as he squints into the sun. "Take care of him will you?" she says and leaves me with him.

I am now a helpless subject of the boy's scrutiny. he squints at me face, the winter sun giving me a halo. I try to smile, but it falters. This will not go well, I think. I need something to say, to engage his mind, so much more free than mine. "Do you like aeroplanes? I ask him , finding my saviour in a flash of supposed brilliance. "Planes." he says after a couple of seconds of incomprehension, his face lighting up. "Planes!" he says again, his hands tracing a flight path, cutting through the cold air. "Let's make one!" I say with poorly disguised relief and I tear out two pages from his notebook and give him one. I make the first folds quickly, my fingers using their own memory saved from eons ago when I used to fly. He sits there confused, his fingers not grasping the movements, ever so slightly out of his control. I repeat slowly. He follows this time. He laughs clearly as he does and the air is warmer, if only by a fraction.

As his small hands struggle to give life to the piece of paper, I see him deep in penance, wanting nothing more to bend the paper and his own limbs to his will. Ages pass by with me lost in the slow dance his fingers play with the paper, becoming more and more refined until he makes the final fold with all the grace of a finishing pirouette. As we walk to the boundary I silently pray that it flies well, to some unknown tree-dwelling deity, lord of planes and the winter wind.

The child blows into the paper plane in a ritual he is sure will lend it magical wings, and jumps slightly as he releases it into the vast, cold expanse of air.

And it flies majestically, circling us and riding a draft into a slow dive reminiscent of the two birds, then stalling, then diving again and continuing its graceful pirouette as the boy's wide eyes follow it in flight, even as he dives and stalls with the plane, no longer bound by his form, and having lived its short life with the grace of a dying star, the plane lands on a buffalo sitting some distance away. The animal merely grunts and goes promptly back to chewing its cud, a business more important than all the machinations of this world.

I look at him. He is laughing. He is in fits. "You did well." is all I can muster. I ruffle his hair gleaming brown in the sun, and he nods with twinkling eyes. I turn around to see an old man, whose eyes tell me he is the father. "He did well." I say weakly to him. He merely nods, other gestures being foreign to him. He picks the child up into his arms, never too weak for his son. Then he looks at me with a smile and moist eyes. I cannot look away. They are too deep for me to swim away.

My mind goes back five years when I had returned with my examination results to my father. "You could have done better." was all he had said. I remember sitting there under the same sun with the result sheep in my hand, a piece of paper that would never, ever fly.

I look at the child and his father again. It's not cold anymore. The wind stands still as if in respect, and for a moment the sun shines brighter.

Then it hits me .

The boy isn't broken.

I am.

I walk away silently and gaze across the open fields into infinity until my eyes are moist.

Perhaps it is just the cold wind.

Perhaps.

title: Broken

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How does the narrator feel about being in the village?

answer: The narrator is in the village for practical reasons, rather than by choice or for leisure, but feels much more free than he does in the city, which is described as cold and monotonous. Being in the village with family brings him contentment.

text: The narrator is not in the village for practical reasons. They have returned home

refinement: The narrator has returned to the village he grew up in, and he feels out of place. But he feels much more free than he does in the city, which is described as cold and monotonous. Being in the village with family brings him contentment.

answer: The winter sun trying its best to warm my bones against the chilly wind that plays with my messy hair. I feel relaxed. He feels free. The story does not mention any evidence that the narrator feels sad at the village. I believe the narrator might not feel any sadness to the village.

text: The first person here is incredibly problematic. It quotes from the story at one point and then enters into musing about the text, throwing into question the difference between text and summarizer.

text: Describe how the narrator feels in the village

refinement: The narrator has returned to the village he grew up in, and he feels out of place. But he feels much more free than he does in the city, which is described as cold and monotonous. Being in the village with family brings him contentment.

answer: The narrator feels free, and with the gaze of the buffalo on the sky, the sky is warmer than he expected.

text: this does not make any sense semantically. The gaze of buffalo should not expect the sky, nor should it warm it

text: Describe the narrator's confliction

refinement: The narrator feels free, although they also feel out of place. They are glad to be out of the city. They enjoy being with their family and back in the village they grew up in. But they feel they do not belong there anymore.

answer: The narrator feels conflicted about being in the village; though she appreciates the openness and natural beauty, she feels detached from the world she is familiar with. She feels cold and out of place, but appreciates the beautiful things she sees nevertheless. Despite the discomfort, she eventually comes to see the charm and magic of the village and its inhabitants.

text: The text should mention this is her home village

refinement: The narrator feels conflicted about being in the village; though she appreciates the openness and natural beauty, she feels detached from the world she is familiar with: the city. She feels cold and out of place, but appreciates the beautiful things she sees nevertheless. It is ironic, because this is her home village, the one she grew up in. But she now feels out of place.

answer: The narrator feels somewhat out of place in the village, but finds some comfort in the familiar, familial atmosphere. The chaotic nature of the village inhabitants and their joyful approach to life despite their hardships touches the narrator's heart. The presence of a young boy in distress also fills the narrator with an urge to help and protect. However, the narrator is slightly overwhelmed and doubtful of his ability to do so. The boy's resilience amidst adversity, however, restores the narrator's faith in humanity and gives him hope for a brighter future.

text: The boy is not relevant to this summary

refinement: The narrator feels somewhat out of place in the village, but finds some comfort in the familiar, familial atmosphere. The chaotic nature of the village inhabitants and their joyful approach to life despite their hardships touches the narrator's heart.

text: Using two adjectives derived from the word for family is inadvisable

refinement: The narrator feels somewhat out of place in the village, but finds some comfort in the familial atmosphere. The chaotic nature of the village inhabitants and their joyful approach to life despite their hardships touches the narrator's heart.

text: Describe how it is their home village

refinement: The narrator feels somewhat out of place in the village, but finds some comfort in the familial atmosphere. It is somewhat ironic as this is the village they grew up in, but they have become used to the city. The chaotic nature of the village inhabitants and their joyful approach to life despite their hardships touches the narrator's heart.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How does the narrator's opinion of the boy change?

answer: When the narrator notices the boy is slow to learn, he is concerned, and seems overwhelmed when asked to watch over the boy by himself. He wants to engage the boy's mind and does so by teaching him to craft paper planes. He fears the boy's plane will fail, but after seeing it fly well and the boy's ailing father's pride in his son, the narrator turns his reflections from the boy to himself, comparing this loving father to his own, who always had high expectations. The boy and his father may have disabilities, but the narrator feels the most emotionally damaged.

answer: The narrator first assumed that the boy has a brain defect because he was slow to learn and lacked coordination, but realised that he was in fact just sad.

text: This is not the conclusion he comes to

refinement: When the narrator notices the boy is slow to learn, he is concerned, and seems overwhelmed when asked to watch over the boy by himself. He wants to engage the boy's mind and does so by teaching him to craft paper planes. He fears the boy's plane will fail, but after seeing it fly well and the boy's ailing father's pride in his son, the narrator turns his reflections from the boy to himself, comparing this loving father to his own, who always had high expectations. The boy and his father may have disabilities, but the narrator feels the most emotionally damaged.

answer: The narrator starts off feeling concerned for the boy but eventually grows to admire the boy for his tenacity in learning. The narrator realizes that the boy is not inherently broken, but simply slower to learn. He comes to see this more positively and appreciates the boy for his unique spirit.

text: It is the boy's father who changes his mind

refinement: When the narrator notices the boy is slow to learn, he is concerned, and seems overwhelmed when asked to watch over the boy by himself. He wants to engage the boy's mind and does so by teaching him to craft paper planes. He fears the boy's plane will fail, but after seeing it fly well and the boy's ailing father's pride in his son, the narrator turns his reflections from the boy to himself, comparing this loving father to his own, who always had high expectations. The boy and his father may have disabilities, but the narrator feels the most emotionally damaged.

answer: The narrator's opinion of the boy changes from seeing him as broken to realizing that he is not broken but rather is more free than self. The narrator also comes to understand that he has been broken and sees that the boy is not in the same position. The boy is okay in the ways that the narrator is not.

text: It is the boy's father which brings him to this realization.

refinement: When the narrator notices the boy is slow to learn, he is concerned, and seems overwhelmed when asked to watch over the boy by himself. He wants to engage the boy's mind and does so by teaching him to craft paper planes. He fears the boy's plane will fail, but after seeing it fly well and the boy's ailing father's pride in his son, the narrator turns his reflections from the boy to himself, comparing this loving father to his own, who always had high expectations. The boy and his father may have disabilities, but the narrator feels the most emotionally damaged.

answer: Initially the narrator starts out by thinking the boy is slow and going to have a difficult time participating with the class. He then starts looking at him as a fellow human being who is also learning and that some things just come slower for people. He still sees the boy succeeding, which makes him smile. This makes the narrator feel he was like the boy. He sits alone and it seems the action is him reflecting on the fact he is like the boy, but he believes the boy is "broken" because of the comparison.

text: It is the boy's father who causes him to have this realization

refinement: When the narrator notices the boy is slow to learn, he is concerned, and seems overwhelmed when asked to watch over the boy by himself. He wants to engage the boy's mind and does so by teaching him to craft paper planes. He fears the boy's plane will fail, but after seeing it fly well and the boy's ailing father's pride in his son, the narrator turns his reflections from the boy to himself, comparing this loving father to his own, who always had high expectations. The boy and his father may have disabilities, but the narrator feels the most emotionally damaged.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the role of the buffalo.

answer: The buffalo is the plane's landing spot. The animal grunts, but pays little attention to the small plane. It maintains its own focus on chewing its cud.

text: Describe more the background role of the buffalo

refinement: The buffalo is merely a part of the background that exists in the story. At first they serve as a reminder to the narrator that they are no longer in the city. Later the boy creates a plane and releases it into the air, but it eventually falls onto the buffalo's back. The buffalo does not make any meaningful contribution to the plot beyond being a chance landing spot for the plane.

answer: Buffaloes play no central role in the story, their only use seems to be when the boy's paper plane lands on one of them.

text: Technically true but they are also part of the scenery.

refinement: The buffalo is merely a part of the background that exists in the story. At first they serve as a reminder to the narrator that they are no longer in the city. Later the boy creates a plane and releases it into the air, but it eventually falls onto the buffalo's back. The buffalo does not make any meaningful contribution to the plot beyond being a chance landing spot for the plane.

answer: A paper plane lands on the buffalo and it responds by grunting and returning to chewing its cud.

text: It also functions as a role in the background of the story

refinement: The buffalo is merely a part of the background that exists in the story. At first they serve as a reminder to the narrator that they are no longer in the city. Later the boy creates a plane and releases it into the air, but it eventually falls onto the buffalo's back. The buffalo does not make any meaningful contribution to the plot beyond being a chance landing spot for the plane.

answer: The buffalo blocks and causes the fall of the paper airplane.

text: Add more information about the Buffalo as part of the setting

refinement: The buffalo is merely a part of the background that exists in the story. At first they serve as a reminder to the narrator that they are no longer in the city. Later the boy creates a plane and releases it into the air, but it eventually falls onto the buffalo's back. The buffalo does not make any meaningful contribution to the plot beyond being a chance landing spot for the plane.

answer: The buffalo is merely a part of the background that exists in the story. The boy creates a plane and releases it into the air, but it eventually falls onto the buffalo's back. The buffalo does not make any meaningful contribution to the plot beyond being a chance landing spot for the plane.

text: They also serve to establish that we are in the village

refinement: The buffalo is merely a part of the background that exists in the story. At first they serve as a reminder to the narrator that they are no longer in the city. Later the boy creates a plane and releases it into the air, but it eventually falls onto the buffalo's back. The buffalo does not make any meaningful contribution to the plot beyond being a chance landing spot for the plane.


split: train

text:
MORNINGSIDE HOSPITAL was a 125-bed hospital located at 8711 South Harvard Boulevard, Los Angeles, California. The facility opened in early 1958. An August 1980 Los Angeles Times article indicated that the closing date of Morningside would be September 15, 1980, citing financial losses and competition from larger hospitals.[1] Its emergency room closed two weeks before the hospital itself.[2]

Morningside was one of the filming locations for _Halloween II_ (1981), _Fast Times at Ridgemont High_ (1982), _10 to Midnight_ (1983) and _V: The Final Battle_ (1984).

After its closure the hospital was abandoned and then demolished in 2003.[3] That same year construction of the Harvard Yard Senior Apartments began on the former hospital site,[4] with funding provided by the Los Angeles Housing Department.[5]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

title: Morningside Hospital (California)

question: What is the Morningside Hospital?

answer: Morningside Hospital was a facility located in Los Angeles, California, that closed in 1980 due to financial losses and competition from larger hospitals. Today, construction for Harvard Yard Senior Apartments was completed on the former hospital site.

text: Confusing representation of the time the Harvard Yard Senior Apartments were built.

refinement: Morningside Hospital was a facility located in Los Angeles, California, that closed in 1980 due to financial losses and competition from larger hospitals. The Harvard Yard Senior Apartments' construction started on the same site in 2003, the same year the hospital was demolished.

answer: Morningside Hospital was a hospital located in Los Angeles, California, which closed in 1980.

answer: The Morningside Hospital was a 125-bed hospital in Los Angeles, California.

question: How long was the hospital open?

answer: The hospital was open for approximately thirteen years, from 1958 to 1980.

text: Wrong representation of time frame.

refinement: The hospital was open for twenty two years, from 1958 to 1980.

answer: The hospital was open for 22 years.

answer: Morningside Hospital was open for approximately 11 years.

text: Misrepresentation of time frame.

refinement: Morningside Hospital was open for 22 years.

question: Why did the hospital close?

answer: The hospital ceased operations when it could not compete with larger hospitals.

text: It is omitted that the hospital also had financial losses.

refinement: The hospital ceased operations when it could not compete with larger hospitals and suffered from financial loss.

answer: The hospital had financial losses due to competition.

text: There is no evidence that the financial losses were due to competition.

refinement: The hospital had financial losses due and could not compete with the larger hospitals.

answer: The hospital closed due to financial losses and competition from larger hospitals.

question: How many movies were filmed at the hospital?

answer: Four movies were filmed there.

answer: According to the passage, Morningside was used as a filming location for four movies.

answer: Since Morningside Hospital was one of the filming locations for Halloween II, Fast Times at Ridgemont High, 10 to Midnight and V: The Final Battle, it can be assumed that four movies were filmed there.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Morningside Hospital, located at 8711 South Harvard Boulevard, Los Angeles, California, first opened in 1958. It closed in 1980 and was later demolished.

answer: Morningside Hospital was in operation in 1958. It was among the film locations for the films "Halloween II (1981)", "Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982)", and "V: The Final Battle (1984)".

text: Omitted more important information.

refinement: Morningside Hospital was in operation in 1958. After being demolished in 2003, the Harvard Yard Senior Apartments stand at the site.

answer: The Morningside Hospital was a 125-bed hospital in California at 8711 South Harvard Boulevard. The hospital was closed in 2003 after being abandoned and demolished in the same year.

answer: Morningside Hospital in California opened in 1958 and closed in 1980. Most recently, it was used as a filming location and was demolished.

text: It is wrongly stated that the hospital was used as a filming location recently.

refinement: Morningside Hospital in California opened in 1958 and closed in 1980. The hospital had been used as a filming location after it shut down and was demolished in 2003.

answer: Morningside Hospital was a 125-bed hospital located at 8711 South Harvard Boulevard, Los Angeles, California. It operated from early 1958 until it closed in 2003, and now itself has been torn down.

text: It is wrongly mentioned that the hospital closed in 2003.

refinement: Morningside Hospital was a 125-bed hospital located at 8711 South Harvard Boulevard, Los Angeles, California. It operated from early 1958 until it closed in 1980, and now itself has been torn down.

text: The hospital did not tear down by itself, rather it was demolished.

refinement: Morningside Hospital was a 125-bed hospital located at 8711 South Harvard Boulevard, Los Angeles, California. It operated from early 1958 until it closed in 1980, and was later demolished in 2003 to build the Harvard Yard Senior Apartments.

answer: The Morningside Hospital was a 125-bed hospital in Los Angeles, California. After the hospital closed due to financial losses and competition from larger hospitals, it was used to film 4 movies.


text:
There was once a little boy who lived with his grandpa because his mom and dad had gone away for a very long time. They did a very bad thing to the boy. The little boy loved his grandpa very much but he didn't know it. Grandpa knew the little boy loved him very much and he loved him back, even more than he loved himself. The little boy's favorite food was macaroni and cheese. His grandpa was very good at making macaroni and cheese and he made it every night and the boy was happy. He went to school and learned about big animals that live very far away and he loved to read. He read mystery books and funny books and comic books. He loved Superman.

It was his birthday and grandpa was making him macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas, that was his favorite dinner. He put a pan of water onto the stove and the peas in the microwave. Grandpa bought the boy a new issue of Superman that the boy wanted very badly. The boy would always take the bus home because his grandpa didn't have a car. So the grandpa put the boys favorite movie into the DVD player and waited for the boy.

The water started to bubble and boil over so grandpa turned the oven down and poured the macaroni in. The microwave beeped so grandpa turned it off and let the peas cool down. He drained the macaroni and stirred the cheese and mixed in the tuna and peas. The bowl was very hot so grandpa put a paper towel underneath it. He didn't want the boy to burn himself. The TV asked grandpa if he wanted to play the movie but he didn't want to because the boy was not home.

Grandpa waited and waited for the little boy and the macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas wasn't hot anymore. He started to watch the movie and became very sad. Grandpa was very worried about the boy and so he got his cane and coat and walked out into the cold. He walked until he got to the boy's bus stop and it was very dark now. He did not see the boy at the bus stop and there were no cars on the road. He sat down on the bench and started to shiver and breathe faster than he should have. More snow started to fall and now grandpa almost couldn't see anything at all. The boy was not around. Grandpa couldn't cry because it was too cold. But he wanted to and he sobbed for a very long time.

The boy's head hurt and he was very cold but he finally got home after a long walk. He had to take a different way because the other mean boys told him he couldn't take the bus anymore. The boy picked up the front door key and opened the door. The house was very dark like it was outside and so he turned on the light. He saw his favorite food on the table, macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas. There was a comic book on the table and his favorite was on the TV and the funny animals were there talking to each other and the boy sat and watched and called for grandpa. But grandpa was not there and the boy could not find him. He looked in the bathroom and the kitchen and his room and grandpas room but he was not there.

He was hungry so he ate the macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas. He looked at the comic book and it was the new issue of Superman that the boy wanted so badly and so he read it. Grandpa wrote on the inside of how much he loved the boy and he hoped he enjoyed the comic book. The macaroni and cheese with tuna and peas was cold but it was still very good. Grandpa loved cooking for the little boy and the little loved grandpa's cooking because it made him feel comfortable and warm and he loved grandpa very much but he didn't know it.

Grandpa had dropped his cane and he was feeling very cold and tired so he fell asleep. He thought about the boy and how he loved the boy very much, even more than he loved himself. And he fell asleep. A man came by and asked grandpa if he was okay but grandpa didn't answer.

The boy waited and waited for grandpa and he fell asleep on the table and he heard the funny animals talking to each other and it made him feel good. Grandpa tucked him into bed and covered him up in warm blankets and he told the boy he loved him very much and he would make him macaroni and cheese tomorrow.

title: I'd be grateful if anyone took a look at my short story The Little Boy and His Grandpa

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why did the big boys bully the little boy?

answer: That was not mentioned, but it was likely because they didn't like his grandpa.

text: The response could use clearer language.

refinement: The reason why the boy was bullied was not mentioned, but it was likely because they didn't like his grandpa.

answer: That information is not in the text.

text: The response could use clearer language.

refinement: The reason why the boy was bullied is not in the text.

answer: Unclear

answer: It is not stated.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How did the little boy's grandpa die?

answer: On his way to the bus stop, he having been waiting for his grandson, he fell asleep.

text: The response contains inaccurate information.

refinement: The grandpa was waiting for his grandson, but he fell asleep.

text: The response could include more details on why the grandpa died.

refinement: The grandpa was waiting for his grandson, but he fell asleep and froze to death in the cold.

answer: He froze to death while waiting for the boy to return.

text: The response could be clearer in its pronoun use.

refinement: The grandpa froze to death while waiting for the boy to return.

answer: He froze to death while waiting for the boy to return.

answer: He died of cold and exhaustion.

text: The response could be clearer in its pronoun use.

refinement: The grandpa died of cold and exhaustion.

text: The response could include more details about the grandpa's death.

refinement: The grandpa died of cold and exhaustion while waiting for the boy to return.

answer: The little boy's grandpa died from hypothermia.

text: The response could include more details about the grandpa's death.

refinement: The little boy's grandpa died from hypothermia while waiting for the boy to return.

answer: He died of cold and exhaustion while in search of the little boy.

text: The response could be clearer in its pronoun use.

refinement: The grandpa died of cold and exhaustion while in search of the little boy.

text: The response contains inaccurate information.

refinement: The grandpa died of cold and exhaustion while waiting for the little boy.


text:
Updated June 19, 2018 13:16:48

Polar bears and crocodiles at first glance may not seem to have much in common, but a Northern Territory politician says they both provide trophy hunting options for Indigenous people and are a sustainable way to make a living.

During parliamentary estimates hearings in Darwin on Tuesday, independent Member for Nelson Gerry Wood pointed to the viral video released last week of a huge number of crocodiles sunbathing on the banks of the Daly River.

"I think people are concerned about the numbers and whether that can have a balance between people's safety and preserving crocodiles, I'm not after the pre-1970s [number of crocs]," he said.

"But I still think, having travelled to Canada and seen the sustainable harvest of polar bears, which might scare people, that is done with the traditional owners and science and gives people work, and employment, and gives them an economic livelihood.

"I wonder if we should do more work in that field for our traditional owners, especially in areas where employment is low and there's not much other opportunity for economic development."

However, Dr Alaric Fisher, assisting Environment Minister Lauren Moss, said that was not a financially viable option.

"One of the issues with that idea, unfortunately, is that crocodiles harvested from the wild are not worth very much money, simply because the skin quality now doesn't compete with redskins, and the costs involved in transport from large distances mean the value is very low," he said.

  "It's actually quite hard to set up a significant industry based on the harvest of wild crocodiles."

Politically in the NT, allowing traditional owners to run safari hunting of crocodiles on Aboriginal land has bipartisan support, with both the Labor Government and Country Liberals Party senator for the NT Nigel Scullion on board.

However, the Federal Government vetoed the plan and crocodile safari hunting remains banned in Australia.

Concern croc numbers are climbing: Wood

The current five-year crocodile management plan allows for the harvesting of up to 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs from the wild to support the NT's crocodile farming industry, which is worth about $100 million per year.

There are currently thought to be up to 100,000 wild crocodiles in the Top End, the number of which has rebounded significantly since hunting up until the early 1970s reduced numbers so much they became a protected species.

"There is a general concern the numbers are increasing … do cull numbers go up proportionally with the increase in the population of crocodiles?" Mr Wood asked Ms Moss.

Dr Fisher said that the most recent crocodile management plan increased the number of animals that could be harvested by 40 per cent.

"If that total number was actually taken that would be about 10 per cent of the large crocodile population in the Territory, but people don't apply for that, they only apply for something like half the number that's available for permit," he said.

  "The issue is always the problem crocs… culling doesn't necessarily deal with the problem crocs," Ms Moss said.

TOPICS: animals, environmental-management, environment, environmentally-sustainable-business, darwin-0800, australia, nt

First posted June 19, 2018 12:56:37

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What do crocodiles and polar bears have in common?

answer: The politician didn't say.

text: He did say

refinement: They both provide trophy hunting options to Indigenous people and are a sustainable way to make a living.

answer: Both provide an economic opportunity for Indigenous people through trophy hunting.

answer: They are both fine sources of revenue to some cultures.

answer: Both are seen as a sustainable way to make a living. Crocodiles provide a potential option for lucrative trophy hunting, while polar bears in Canada are used as a sustainable way to hunt for Indigenous people.

answer: They both provide trophy hunting options to Indigenous people and are a sustainable way to make a living.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Are traditional owners allowed to run safari hunting crocodiles?

answer: They run the crocodile safari hunting on aboriginal land and many politicians are for it. However it is still banned by the Federal Government.

text: This is a proposal being voted on

answer: Unclear

text: It is clear

answer: No, it is banned in Australia.

answer: No, safari hunting of crocodiles is currently banned in Australia. Apart from quotas set up for the NT's crocodile farming industry, there is no legal allowance for traditional owners to harvest wild crocodiles.

answer: No, safari hunting of crocodiles is banned in Australia.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How many crocodiles need to be harvested to support NT's crocodile farming industry?

answer: It is thought that up to 100,000 crocodiles live in the top portion of Australia. The plan states that 25% of these crocodiles can be harvested.

text: Made up percentage

refinement: Up to 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs can be harvested under the current five-year crocodile management plan.

answer: Approximately 90,000 viable eggs are harvested for the NT's crocodile farming industry.

text: and 1200 animals

refinement: Up to 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs can be harvested under the current five-year crocodile management plan.

answer: Thenticate has around 100,000 crocodiles per the article

text: Does not tell us about the plan

refinement: Up to 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs can be harvested under the current five-year crocodile management plan.

answer: Up to 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs can be harvested under the current five-year crocodile management plan.

answer: Currently, the crocodile management plan allows the harvesting of up to 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs from the wild.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Does the number of animals that can be harvested remain the same?

answer: No, the most recent crocodile management plan increased the number of animals that could be harvested by 40 percent.

answer: On the short term, no, it increases by 40%

answer: No, the number of animals that can be harvested under the current five-year plan has increased by 40%.

answer: Yes, according to the passage, the number of animals that can be harvested under the current five-year crocodile management plan remains the same.

text: No, the number of animals that can be harvested under the current five-year plan has increased by 40%.

refinement: No, the number of animals that can be harvested under the current five-year plan has increased by 40%.

answer: The number does not change from plan to plan. It is at 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs from the wild.

text: No, the number of animals that can be harvested under the current five-year plan has increased by 40%.

refinement: No, the number of animals that can be harvested under the current five-year plan has increased by 40%.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer:
Crocodiles and Polar Bears provide trophy hunting options to Indigenous people and are a sustainable way to make a living. Parliamentary member Nelson Wood has recently pointed out if there could be a way to balance people's safety and preserving crocodiles.

The federal government has vetoed the plan and crocodile safari hunting remains banned in Australia. Currently, the crocodile management plan allows the harvesting of up to 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs from the wild. The most recent plan has increased the number of animals that can be harvested by 40 per cent.

answer: The Northern Territory of Australia has thousands of sharks. There are crocodiles. Legislators want to encourage the Indigenous people to hunt the crocodiles or hunt sharks with the traditional owners and give it a sustainable development. There is a problem with crocodiles because culling doesn't do anything. The Territory has permitted 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs are allowed to be harvested from the wild.

text: Why sharks?

refinement: The Northern Territory of Australia has thousands of crocodiles. Legislators want to encourage the Indigenous people to hunt the crocodiles or hunt sharks with the traditional owners and give it a sustainable development. There is a problem with crocodiles because culling doesn't do anything. The Territory has permitted 1,200 large animals and 90,000 viable eggs are allowed to be harvested from the wild.

answer: Independent MP Gerry Wood has called for further consideration of sustainable harvest strategies for Indigenous people in the Northern Territory, specifically the harvesting of crocodiles. However, animal conservationist Alaric Fisher indicated that the monetary return from crocodile harvesting is low due to low skin quality and high costs. The Federal Government has vetoed safari hunting.

answer: An independent Member of Parliament for the Northern Territory, Gerry Wood, is interested in establishing safari hunting of crocodiles on Aboriginal land to help foster economic development. However, Federal Government veto prevents this happening at this time. Hunting crocodiles in Canada for their skins is a more financially viable option, but is still not seen as a lucrative business. Concerns about the increasing number of crocodiles in the NT are being addressed and culling is not seen as a viable solution.

answer:
Gerry Wood is concerned crocs aren't culled in the amount they should be to meet the workload of the NT's crocodile farming industry. However, Environment Minister Lauren Moss thinks the rules for harvesting wild crocodiles need to be dynamic enough to address some of the underlying issues that reduced farming crocodiles in the past. One of these issues is the low response to current rules, which suggests most people don't or can't truly afford the cost to place the high rewards on their heads.

For the time being, the Federal Government vetoes safari hunting being legal in Australia.


text:
London: If you thought producers spent millions on James Bond’s Aston Martin DB5, which was put through a series of huge explosions and stunts during the filming of Skyfall, including one scene where the priceless vehicle exploded in flames – think again.

Three replicas of the classic car were created using a large scale 3D printer for the filming of the latest installment from the spy series.

The models double for the now priceless original vehicle from the 1960s in the film’s action scenes.

The models were made by British firm Propshop Modelmakers Ltd, which specialise in the production of film props, and used Voxeljet to print the cars, the Daily mail reported.

“Propshop commissioned us to build three plastic models of the Aston Martin DB5,” voxeljet CEO Dr. Ingo Ederer, said.

“We could have easily printed the legendary sports car in one piece at a scale of 1:3 using our high-end VX4000 printer, which can build moulds and models in dimensions of up to eight cubic metres,” Ederer said.

But the British model builders were pursuing a different approach.

“To ensure that the Aston Martin was as true to detail as possible, and for the purpose of integrating numerous functions into the film models, they decided on an assembly consisting of a total of 18 individual components,” Ederer said.

“The entire body is based on a steel frame, almost identical to how vehicles were assembled in the past. In addition to the automotive industry, foundries, designers and artists, the film industry represents an entirely new customer base for voxeljet.

“3D printing is on the cusp of a great future in the film industry. The technology offers fantastic opportunities, since it is usually much faster, more precise and more economical than classic model construction,” Ederer added.

After the finishing process, it is impossible to distinguish the Aston Martin models made with the voxeljet printer from the original, even in the close-up shots, the firm said.

ANI

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Which company made the replicas of the classic car?

answer: Popshop Modelmakers Ltd.

text: Typo

answer: Propshop Modelmakers Ltd.

answer: Propshop Modelmakers Ltd.

answer: Propshop Modelmakers Ltd

answer: British firm, Propshop Modelmakers Ltd

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What was Propshop commissioned to build plastic models of?

answer: Aston Martin DB5

answer: The Aston Martins

text: The specific model is mentioned in the passage.

answer: Three replicas of the Aston Martin DB5 car for the filming of Skyfall.

answer: The Aston Martin DB5

answer: Three replicas of the Aston Martin DB5.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How many individual components were built to ensure the Aston Martin was a true to detail as possible?

answer: There are 18 individual components that go to make the stacked Aston Martin.

answer: 18

answer: 18 individual components

answer: 18 in total

answer: 18 individual components were used in the assembly of the Aston Martin replicas.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the entire body of the car model based on?

answer: A steel frame

answer: The entire body of the car model is based on a steel frame.

answer: A steel frame

answer: The entire body of the car model is based on a steel frame.

answer: A steel frame

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The inner mechanics of how models/replicas of the Aston Martin DB5 was created by the British firm, Propshop ModelMakers is discussed.

text: Could go into more detail.

refinement: Three Aston Martin DB5 model cars were created using a large-scale 3D printer for the filming of the latest James Bond installment.

answer: James Bond's Aston Martin DB5 from Skyfall was replicated using a large scale 3D printer and was used in the filming of the latest Bond installment.

answer: Three Aston Martin DB5 model cars were created using a large-scale 3D printer for the filming of the latest James Bond installment. These models were used to double for the iconic original car in action scenes on-screen.

text: Should be 1 sentence.

refinement: Three Aston Martin DB5 model cars were created using a large-scale 3D printer for the filming of the latest James Bond installment.

answer: The Daily Mail reports that plastic copies of a classic car, created using a large, modern 3D printer, doubled for the priceless original in the make of a scene in the newest James Bond film, Skyfall.

text: Focuses on the wrong aspects in my opinion.

refinement: Three Aston Martin DB5 model cars were created using a large-scale 3D printer for the filming of the latest James Bond installment.

answer: British company Propshop Modelmakers Ltd. created three replica Aston Martin DB5 cars using a large scale 3D printer for the filming of Skyfall. The models were designed to double for the original vehicle in the film's action scenes.

text: Should be 1 sentence.

refinement: Three Aston Martin DB5 model cars were created using a large-scale 3D printer for the filming of the latest James Bond installment.


text:
THE CHURCH OF SAN LIBORIO is a church in Rome, in the district Ponte Mammolo, in Via Diego Fabbri.

It was built in the twentieth century and inaugurated 7 November 1998.

The church is home parish, erected 28 May 1965 with the decree of the Cardinal Vicar Luigi Traglia _Neminem fugit_, and entrusted to the secular priests of the Institute of Sodales Priests. Originally the parish was dedicated to St. Mary of the Purification: 2 December 1996 by decree of Cardinal Camillo Ruini has assumed its current name.

It was instituted a cardinal's titular church by Pope John Paul II 21 February 2001. It is dedicated to Saint Liborius, who was bishop of Le Mans from 348 to 397.

List of Cardinal Protectors

-   Johannes Joachim Degenhardt 21 February 2001 – 25 July 2002
-   Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson 21 October 2003 - present

title: San Liborio, Rome

question: Where is the church?

answer: Ponte Mammolo, a district in Rome

answer: The church is located in Rome, in the district of Ponte Mammolo, in Via Diego Fabbri.

answer: The church is in Rome, in the district Ponte Mammolo, in Via Diego Fabbri.

answer: In the district Ponte Mammolo, in Via Diego Fabbri.

question: When was the church built?

answer: The church was built in the twentieth century.

answer: The church was built in the twentieth century and inaugurated 7 November 1998.

answer: It was erected on May 28, 1965 and inaugurated on November 7, 1998

answer: The church was built in the twentieth century and was inaugurated in 1998.

question: Who is the church dedicated to?

answer: The church is dedicated to Saint Liborius.

answer: Saint Liborius, bishop of Le Mans from 348 to 397

answer: The church is dedicated to Saint Liborius.

answer: The church is dedicated to Saint Liborius, who was bishop of Le Mans from 348 to 397.

question: Who is the church's current cardinal protector?

answer: Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson

answer: The church's current cardinal protector is Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson.

answer: Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson

answer: Peter Kodwo Appiah Turkson

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The Church of San Liborio is a church in the Ponte Mammolo district of Rome. It was built in 1965 and inaugurated in 1998. Pope John Paul II instituted it as a cardinal's titular church in 2001.

answer: The Church of San Liborio is a modern church in the Ponte Mammolo district of Rome, dedicated to Saint Liborius. It was instituted as a cardinal's titular church in 2001 by Pope John Paul II.

text: The summary fails to add when the church was built to make it a three-sentence summary.

refinement: The Church of San Liborio is a church in the Ponte Mammolo district of Rome, dedicated to Saint Liborius. It was built in May 1965 and inaugurated in November 1998. Additionally, it was instituted as a cardinal's titular church in 2001 by Pope John Paul II.

answer: The Church of San Liborio is a church in Rome, in the district Ponte Mammolo, in Via Diego Fabbri. It was built in the twentieth century and inaugurated 7 November 1998. It is home parish, erected 28 May 1965 with the decree of the Cardinal Vicar Luigi Traglia.

text: The summary is less than three sentences and does not cover enough information about the church as detailed in the article.

refinement: The Church of San Liborio, located in the district Ponte Mammolo, in Via Diego Fabbri in Rome, was built in the twentieth century and inaugurated on November 7th, 1998. It is a home parish erected on May 28th, 1965, with the decree of the Cardinal Vicar Luigi Traglia. Later in February 2001, the church was instituted a cardinal's titular church by Pope John Paul II.

answer: The Church of San Liborio is a church in Rome, in the district Ponte Mammolo, in Via Diego Fabbri. It was built in the twentieth century and inaugurated 7 November 1998. The church is home parish, erected 28 May 1965 with the decree of the Cardinal Vicar Luigi Traglia _Neminem fugit_, and entrusted to the secular priests of the Institute of Sodales Priests. Originally the parish was dedicated to St. Mary of the Purification: 2 December 1996 by decree of Cardinal Camillo Ruini has assumed its current name. It was instituted a cardinal's titular church by Pope John Paul II 21 February 2001. It is dedicated to Saint Liborius, who was bishop of Le Mans from 348 to 397.

text: The summary is a copy and paste of the original article.

refinement: The Church of San Liborio, located in the district Ponte Mammolo, in Via Diego Fabbri in Rome, was built in the twentieth century and inaugurated on November 7th, 1998. It is a home parish erected on May 28th, 1965, with the decree of the Cardinal Vicar Luigi Traglia. Later in February 2001, the church was instituted a cardinal's titular church by Pope John Paul II.


text:
_'IT'S FUN, LIKE A COMIC BOOK,' SAYS CHRISTOPHER NOLAN_

Director Christopher Nolan says the new Batman film will be "dumb, colorful fun" for all ages.

HOLLYWOOD, CA—Stating that "the time has come for a tonal shift" in the blockbuster series, director Christopher Nolan announced Thursday that the forthcoming Batman film _The Dark Knight Rises_ would take a lighter, more humorous tone than its predecessors, and would be filled with "slapstick, primary colors, and just plain old fun."

"I was somewhat happy with the first two films—probing the psychological landscape of Gotham from an adult perspective is sort of neat, if you like that kind of thing," Nolan told reporters at a promotional event. "But then I realized, 'Hey, what am I doing? Batman is a superhero. Superheroes are supposed to be fun and for kids.' So this time around, I wanted to make something nice and light and simple, because people aren't looking for a civics lesson with Batman. They just want some pleasant, mindless diversion."

"After all, we're talking about a comic-book movie here," Nolan added. "Let's lighten things up a bit, shall we?"

According to Nolan, in early script meetings for the sequel, proposed plot threads tended to focus on familiar themes of the pained inner life of Bruce Wayne/Batman, his complicated relationship with Gotham law enforcement, the depraved nihilism of the city's criminal element, and the crushing weight of his traumatic memory of his parents' murder.

However, Nolan said, he soon grew weary of the treatment's often somber and starkly realistic tone, and opted instead to focus on the fact that Batman comes from an "enjoyable little picture book" and should therefore not be approached with such grave solemnity.

"It hit me all of a sudden that comic books are really just silly and frivolous things, and that the people who read them are primarily children or fun-loving adults who are looking for a cheery, good old-fashioned romp," Nolan said. "I mean, it's Batman, for God's sake, not _Richard III_. We should just go goofy with it. And so we did."

The film's screenplay, co-written with veteran film and television writer Lorenzo Semple Jr., reportedly concerns a coalition of villains who form a "Batman Revenge Society." The groups aims to murder Batman (Christian Bale) with, at various times, a plummeting steel safe, jets of cyanide gas concealed in a stuffed moose head, a trapdoor over a shark tank, a beautifully wrapped but ticking gift box, a gorilla trained to go berserk when it sees Batman, a sexy but ungrounded female robot, and a Rube Goldberg–style contraption that, roughly 90 seconds after activation, propels a whirling buzz saw blade into the midsection of whoever is standing on a painted bull's-eye target.

"I feel like I really went back to Batman's roots and discovered the character's true essence," Nolan said. "And that essence turned out to be in the Batman comics from 1940 through 1970, the 1960s Adam West series, the 1970s _Super Friends_ episodes, the actually quite enjoyable films of Joel Schumacher, and Batman's cameo appearances on _Scooby-Doo_. These were my creative touchstones as I completed my trilogy."

Nolan promised the new film would whisk children of all ages into the fun four-color world of Gotham City, and delight them with whimsical surprises, including an extended car chase through a paint factory, zoo, and outdoor wedding; a new Batmobile whose onboard computer is programmed with a childlike personality able to honk its horn to signal approval or retreat into an alley when scared; and a humorous subplot concerning the inability of Lucius Fox (Morgan Freeman) to get a Murphy bed to stay down.

The director also said _Rises_ would be the "most merchandisable" Batman film in years, and he promised a vast array of licensed tie-ins, from infant onesies and light-up children's shoes to an expansion module for the _Lego Batman_ video game and a special _Dark Knight Rises_ edition of Monopoly featuring all the zany locations and characters from the film.

"Best of all, there will be absolutely none of the confusing moral ambiguity that dragged down _The Dark Knight_," Nolan said. "People don't want all that pompous 'Who's the real monster, Batman or the criminals he pursues?' junk. They want to see the Joker get a big sockeroo on the chin and get tangled up in a net. That's classic funny-book entertainment."

"Needless to say, no one could ever replace Heath Ledger as the Joker," Nolan added, "but I have to say that Rob Schneider stepped up like a pro. He's just naturally funny and a real cutup, which is what you want in the Joker."

Nolan confirmed he is open to continuing the franchise indefinitely on an accelerated pace of up to one feature per year, "as long as people keep going to see them," and he has asked fans to participate in a DC Comics online poll to select the next film's villains.

"As long as I get to give the movie-going public the whiz-bang action and goofy comedy they crave, I'm artistically satisfied," he added.

Opening July 20, _The Dark Knight Rises_ stars Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, and the yet-to-be-announced winner of the Nickelodeon/Capri Sun "I Wanna Co-star with Batman" Sweepstakes as either Robin or Batgirl.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What was the motivation behind changing the tone of the most Batman movie franchise?

answer: Nolan wanted to make a movie that was fun and simple, and that people just want to watch a superhero movie and not a civics lesson.

text: The answer could also mention that he grew weary of the treatment.

refinement: Nolan wanted to make a movie that was fun and simple, and that people just want to watch a superhero movie and not a civics lesson. He grew weary of the original treatment's somber and starkly realistic tone.

answer: Nolan wanted to make something light and simple since people weren't looking for a civics lesson with Batman.

answer: Nolan was not satisfied with the previous two films in the series. He wanted to make something light and fun for the audience.

text: The article says he was somewhat happy with the first two films.

refinement: Nolan was only somewhat happy with the previous two films in the series. He wanted to make something light and fun for the audience.

text: The answer could mention his feelings toward the original treatment.

refinement: Nolan was only somewhat happy with the previous two films in the series. He wanted to make something light and fun for the audience. He grew weary of the original treatment's somber and starkly realistic tone.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How has the new movie changed from the previous Batman movies?

answer: It is much lighter and more humorous.

text: The answer could also mention the film's merchandisability.

refinement: It is much lighter and more humorous. It will also be the most merchandisable Batman film in years, with a vast array of licensed tie-ins.

answer: The new movie will have a lighter tone and will focus on silliness, slapstick, primary colors, and fun.

answer: The new Batman movie will have a lighter tone and a more humorous tone than its predecessors.

answer: The new movie will have a lighter tone.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the source of the moral ambiguity in the Dark Knight?

answer: The source of the moral ambiguity in the Dark Knight is the fact that the criminal element is not all bad because they are just trying to survive, and Batman is not all good because he is willing to kill to get his way.

text: This is inaccurate--the moral ambiguity comes from the question of who is the real monster.

refinement: The source of moral ambiguity is the question of whether the real monster is Batman or the criminals he pursues.

answer: The source of the moral ambiguity in the Dark Knight is the Batman's relationship with the Gotham law enforcement.

answer: The main source of the moral ambiguity in the Dark Knight is the Joker. He is the one who is morally ambiguous.

answer: The source of the moral ambiguity in the Dark Knight is the fact that the criminal element is not all bad because they are just trying to survive, and Batman is not all good because he is willing to kill to get his way.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why does Nolan compare Batman to Richard III?

answer: Because Nolan says the new Batman film is not supposed to be a civics lesson. It is supposed to be a superhero movie.

text: This doesn't answer the question.

refinement: Because Batman isn't a serious work of fiction like Richard III.

answer: Because Richard III is a serious play.

answer: Because he says Batman is not supposed to be taken as seriously as Richard III.

answer: Because Batman is a superhero.

answer: Because Nolan says the new Batman film is not supposed to be a civics lesson. It is supposed to be a superhero movie. Nolan compares Batman to Richard III because Batman is not as serious as Richard III.


text:
Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) researchers have discovered a common genetic variant that greatly impacts normal brain aging, starting at around age 65, and may modify the risk for neurodegenerative diseases. The findings could point toward a novel biomarker for the evaluation of anti-aging interventions and highlight potential new targets for the prevention or treatment of age-associated brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

The study was published online today in the journal _Cell Systems_.

"If you look at a group of seniors, some will look older than their peers and some will look younger," said the study's co-leader Asa Abeliovich, PhD, professor of pathology and neurology in the Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain at CUMC. "The same differences in aging can be seen in the frontal cortex, the brain region responsible for higher mental processes. Our findings show that many of these differences are tied to variants of a gene called TMEM106B. People who have two 'bad' copies of this gene have a frontal cortex that, by various biological measures, appears 12 years older that those who have two normal copies."

Studies have identified individual genes that increase one's risk for various neurodegenerative disorders, such as apolipoprotein E (APOE) for Alzheimer's disease. "But those genes explain only a small part of these diseases," said study co-leader Herve Rhinn, PhD, assistant professor of pathology and cell biology in the Taub Institute. "By far, the major risk factor for neurodegenerative disease is aging. Something changes in the brain as you age that makes you more susceptible to brain disease. That got us thinking, 'What, on a genetic level, is driving healthy brain aging?'"

In the current study, Drs. Abeliovich and Rhinn analyzed genetic data from autopsied human brain samples taken from 1,904 people without neurodegenerative disease. First, the researchers looked at the subjects' transcriptomes (the initial products of gene expression), compiling an average picture of the brain biology of people at a given age. Next, each person's transcriptome was compared to the average transcriptome of people at the same age, looking specifically at about 100 genes whose expression was found to increase or decrease with aging. From this comparison, the researchers derived a measure that they call differential aging: the difference between an individual's apparent (biological) age and his or her true (chronological) age. "This told us whether an individual's frontal cortex looked older or younger than expected," said Dr. Abeliovich.

The researchers then searched the genome of each individual, looking for genetic variants that were associated with an increase in differential age.

"One variant stood out: TMEM106B," said Dr. Rhinn. "It's very common. About one-third of people have two copies and another third have one copy."

"TMEM106B begins to exert its effect once people reach age 65," said Dr. Abeliovich. "Until then, everybody's in the same boat, and then there's some yet-to-be-defined stress that kicks in. If you have two good copies of the gene, you respond well to that stress. If you have two bad copies, your brain ages quickly."

The researchers found a second variant -- inside the progranulin gene -- that contributes to brain aging, though less so than TMEM106B. Progranulin and TMEM106B are located on different chromosomes but are involved in the same signaling pathway. Both have also been associated with a rare neurodegenerative disease called frontotemporal dementia.

The study did not address what role the two genetic variants might have in neurodegenerative disease. "We were studying healthy individuals, so it is not about disease, per se," said Dr. Abeliovich. "But of course, it's in healthy tissue that you start to get disease. It appears that if you have these genetic variants, brain aging accelerates and that increases vulnerability to brain disease. And vice versa: if you have brain disease, the disease accelerates brain aging. It's a vicious cycle."

STORY SOURCE:

Materials provided by COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER. _Note: Content may be edited for style and length._

question: Why does the genetic variant identified impact aging specifically around 65 years of age?

answer: The researchers found that the genetic variant primarily affects aging once someone reaches their 65th year. It is speculated that around this time, an unidentified stress starts to impact individuals that have two bad copies of the gene, causing their brains to age more quickly.

answer: The genetic variant identified impacts aging specifically around 65 years of age because it influences how quickly the brain ages relative to chronological age.

text: Does not directly answer the question. The answer explains what happens but not why.

refinement: The genetic variant identified impacts aging specifically around 65 years of age due to a yet-unknown stress that influences how quickly the brain ages relative to chronological age.

answer: Some yet-to-be-defined stress kicks in once people reach 65 and afterward TMEM 106B begins to exert its effect.

text: TMEM 106B should probably be defined as the genetic variant in question.

refinement: Some yet-to-be-defined stress kicks in once people reach 65 and afterward genetic variant 'TMEM 106B' begins to exert its effect.

question: What is the relationship between older looking seniors and this study?

answer: In any group of seniors, some look older and some look younger. The same differences in aging can be seen in the frontal cortex of the brain. This is the area of the brain responsible for higher mental processes. These differences are tied to variants of a gene called TMEM 106B.

text: Too wordy. The response can be shorter.

refinement: In any group of seniors, some look older and some look younger. The same differences in aging can be seen in the frontal cortex of the brain..

text: "If you look at a group of seniors, some will look older than their peers and some will look younger," said the study's co-leader Asa Abeliovich, PhD, professor of pathology and neurology in the Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain at CUMC.

answer: The study reveals that older looking seniors have genetic variants that make their brain age more quickly than those without the variants, increasing vulnerability to brain disease.

text: The statement is too concrete.

refinement: The study suggests older looking seniors have genetic variants that make their brain age more quickly than those without the variants, which can increase vulnerability to brain disease.

text: "If you look at a group of seniors, some will look older than their peers and some will look younger," said the study's co-leader Asa Abeliovich, PhD, professor of pathology and neurology in the Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain at CUMC. "The same differences in aging can be seen in the frontal cortex, the brain region responsible for higher mental processes. Our findings show that many of these differences are tied to variants of a gene called TMEM106B. People who have two 'bad' copies of this gene have a frontal cortex that, by various biological measures, appears 12 years older that those who have two normal copies."

answer: According to the passage, older looking seniors are particularly impacted by genetic variants examined in this study, meaning that these variants likely lead to increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases.

text: Grammatical error. 'Increase' should be 'an increased'

refinement: According to the passage, older looking seniors are particularly impacted by genetic variants examined in this study, meaning that these variants likely lead to an increased susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases.

question: What is the significance of the gene called TMEM 106B?

answer: It is associated with brain aging and has a big positive correlation to the development of neurodegenerative disorders.

text: Grammatical error. 'Big positive correlation'.

refinement: It is associated with brain aging and has a correlation to the development of neurodegenerative disorders.

text: The response does not fully answer the question.

refinement: 'TMEM 106B' is a genetic variant, which two thirds of people have. If you have two good variants of the gene you will respond well to the stress triggered at age 65, if you have two bad copies, your brain ages quicker.

text: "TMEM106B begins to exert its effect once people reach age 65," said Dr. Abeliovich. "Until then, everybody's in the same boat, and then there's some yet-to-be-defined stress that kicks in. If you have two good copies of the gene, you respond well to that stress. If you have two bad copies, your brain ages quickly."

answer: The differences in aging in the frontal cortex are tied to variants of the gene TMEM 106B. People who have two bad copies of the gene have a frontal cortex that appears 12 years older than those with two normal copies.

text: "The same differences in aging can be seen in the frontal cortex, the brain region responsible for higher mental processes. Our findings show that many of these differences are tied to variants of a gene called TMEM106B. People who have two 'bad' copies of this gene have a frontal cortex that, by various biological measures, appears 12 years older that those who have two normal copies."

answer: It's a common genetic variant that greatly impacts normal brain aging, starting at around 65. This is why researchers are looking it up to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

text: Could be more specific.

refinement: It's a common genetic variant that greatly impacts normal brain aging, starting at around 65 due to a yet-unknown stress. This is why researchers are looking it up to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

text: Grammatical error. 'Looking it up' should be 'are studying it'

refinement: It's a common genetic variant that greatly impacts normal brain aging, starting at around 65. This is why researchers are studying it to prevent the development of neurodegenerative diseases.

question: Who got thinking about what on a genetic level is driving healthy brain aging?

answer: When people reach age 65, they seem to stop aging. Knowing genetic variants were associating with an increase in differential age, they search into it.

text: Incorrect information - 'they seem to stop aging'

refinement: When people reach age 65, their brains age differently. Knowing genetic variants were associating with an increase in differential age, they search into it.

text: Grammatically poor

refinement: When people reach age 65, their brains age differently. Knowing the genetic variants that are associated with faster aging in the brain, they are studying why.

text: The researchers then searched the genome of each individual, looking for genetic variants that were associated with an increase in differential age.

answer: Dr Herve Rhinn, assistant professor of pathology and cell biology at Taub Institute.

text: Herve Rhinn PhD is one of the leaders of the study.

refinement: The study is co-led by Dr Herve Rhinn PhD, and Asa Abeliovich. PhD, professors of pathology and cell biology at Taub Institute

text: It sould fully mention the whole of the institute's name.

refinement: The study is co-led by Dr Herve Rhinn PhD, and Asa Abeliovich. PhD, professors of pathology and cell biology at the Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain at CUMC.

text:
'...said the study's co-leader Asa Abeliovich, PhD, professor of pathology and neurology in the Taub Institute for Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain at CUMC.'
'...said study co-leader Herve Rhinn, PhD, assistant professor of pathology and cell biology in the Taub Institute.'

answer: Herve Rhinn and Asa Abeliovich estimate around 64% of people have at least one bad copy of the gene.

text: There is no mention of 64% in the article.

refinement: Herve Rhinn and Asa Abeliovich estimate around two thirds of people have at least one bad copy of the gene.

text: False information - two thirds of people have a one or two copies of the gene (itäs not specified whether they are good or bad)

refinement: Herve Rhinn and Asa Abeliovich estimate around two thirds of people have at least one copy of the gene.

text: Both parties are named in the article.

text: The article states that 'one third of people have two copies of the gene' and 'another third have one'.

question: What vicious cycle is referred to in the article?

answer: The cycle when the aging of the brain accelerates due to some sort of cumulative damage over time and a cause and effect relationship with brain disorders.

text: One could simply quote the article here.

refinement: Dr Abeliovich states that if you have "brain disease, the disease accelerates brain aging. It's a vicious cycle." Suggesting that one impacts upon the other.

answer: Vicious cycle where a person has one or two bad copies of the TMEM106B gene and has a gene's expression increases or decreases respectively, increases or decreases with aging. People with two bad copies of TMEM106B have frontal cortex that appears 12 years older than those with two good copies.

text: Does not attempt to answer the question.

refinement: If you have these genetic variants, brain aging accelerates and that increases vulnerability to brain disease. And vice versa: if you have brain disease, the disease accelerates brain aging. It's a vicious cycle.

answer: If brain aging accelerates, it increases vulnerability to brain diseases. The opposite is also true: If there is brain disease, it accelerates brain aging.

text: Answer could be more succinct.

refinement: If brain aging accelerates, it increases vulnerability to brain diseases and vice versa.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: Researchers at Columbia University Medical Center found that a common genetic variant (TMEM106B) impacts normal brain aging starting at around age 65, and may be linked to risk for neurodegenerative conditions. Understanding what is driving healthy brain aging could help doctors better understand and treat age-associated brain diseases.

answer: Study authors have identified that having two 'bad' copies of the TMEM106B gene may cause earlier brain aging and make people more susceptible to diseases like Alzheimer's. This discovery about brain aging could lead to novel ways of preventing or treating conditions like Alzheimer's, and could also be used to help decide who would most likely benefit from anti-aging medicine.

text: The answer could be cleaner. Too wordy.

refinement: Study authors have identified that having two 'bad' copies of the TMEM106B gene may cause earlier brain aging. This discovery about brain aging could lead to novel ways of preventing or treating brain diseases. The study highlights the vicious cycle of the genetic variants and other factors such as brain disease.

text: The findings could point toward a novel biomarker for the evaluation of anti-aging interventions and highlight potential new targets for the prevention or treatment of age-associated brain disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

answer: Researchers at Columbia University Medical Center have discovered that one common genetic variant affects the normal aging process of the brain and can increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. This discovery could lead to a better understanding of methods for preventing or treating age-related brain disorders.

text: It can name the genetic variant in question.

refinement: Researchers at Columbia University Medical Center have discovered that one common genetic variant (TMEM 106B) affects the normal aging process of the brain and can increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. This discovery could lead to a better understanding of methods for preventing or treating age-related brain disorders.

answer: In any group of seniors, some look older and some look younger. The same differences in aging in the frontal cortex of the brain are tied to variants of a gene called TMEM 106B. People who have two bad copies of the gene have a frontal cortex that appears 12 years older than those with two normal copies. If brain aging accelerates, it increases vulnerability to brain diseases. The opposite is also true: If there is brain disease, it accelerates brain aging.

text: The answer summarizes the problems in the article but not the ways it could help. Suggestion: remove less relevant information and replace with the aim of the study.

refinement: Differences in aging in the frontal cortex of the brain are tied to variants of a gene called TMEM 106B. People who have two bad copies of the gene have a frontal cortex that appears 12 years older than those with two normal copies. Scientists can use this information to inform better treatments for brain conditions.

answer: Researchers at Columbia University Medical Center have identified two genetic variants that greatly impact aging of the brain in healthy individuals around the age of 65. These findings could lead to understanding the changes that are responsible for increased risk for neurodegenerative diseases, and may provide new diagnostic or therapeutic target areas.

answer: Columbia University Medical Center researchers have identified a genetic variant that greatly impacts normal brain aging, beginning around age 65. The discovery could help in evaluating anti-aging interventions and as a potential biomarker for people with a higher risk for neurodegenerative diseases. This gene and another nearby, implicated in a related condition, may indicate higher vulnerability to brain diseases when there is already damage.

text: Removal of final sentence makes the summary cleaner.

refinement: Columbia University Medical Center researchers have identified a genetic variant that greatly impacts normal brain aging, beginning around age 65. The discovery could help in evaluating anti-aging interventions and as a potential biomarker for people with a higher risk for neurodegenerative diseases.


text:
[Detail of a Cullercoats fishlass, from _Inside the Bar_, by Winslow Homer 1883]

A FISHWIFE, FISH-FAG[1] or FISHLASS is a woman who sells fish.[2]

Often the wives and daughters of fishermen, fishwives were notoriously loud and foul-mouthed, as noted in the expression, _To swear like a fishwife_. One reason for their outspokenness is that their wares were highly perishable and so lost value if not sold quickly.[3] Fishwives in fishing villages such as Cullercoats and Newhaven were noted for their beauty, hardiness and industry and were celebrated by artists and royalty.

In this context, the word _wife_ means _woman_ rather than _married woman_.[4] This usage stems from Old English _wif_ (woman) and is cognate with the German _Weib_ and the Dutch _Wijf_, also meaning “woman” (nowadays rarely used and usually in a pejorative sense).

Billingsgate

[Isaac Cruikshank's 1805 political cartoon, _A New Catamaran Expedition!!!_]

London's traditional fish market was frequented by such types who were known as “_the wives of Billingsgate_”. “_They dressed in strong 'stuff' gowns and quilted petticoats; their hair, caps and bonnets were flattened into one indistinguishable mass upon their heads. ... They smoked small pipes of tobacco, took snuff, drank gin and were known for their colourful language._”[5]

In the 18th century, fishwives frequently appeared in satires as fearsome scourges of fops and foreigners. Their vigorous and decisive mien was contrasted with that of politicians who were, by contrast, portrayed as vacillating and weak. For example, in Isaac Cruikshank's _A New Catamaran Expedition!!!_, a fleet of Billingsgate fishwives sails across the English Channel to terrorise the French and shame the British Prime Minister Pitt for his inaction.[6]

Cullercoats

William Finden noted, in 1842, that the wives and daughters of the Cullercoats fishermen searched for the bait, digging sand-worms, gathering mussels or seeking limpets and dog-crabs. They also assisted in baiting the hooks. In addition to this, they carried the fish to the market to sell them. “When fish are scarce, they not unfrequently carried a load on their shoulders, weighing between , to Newcastle, which is about ten miles distant from Cullercoats, in the hope of meeting with a better market.”[7]

Edward Corvan wrote and performed a popular music hall song about the Cullercoats Fish Lass in 1862:[8]

    Aw's a Cullercoats fish-lass, se cozy an' free
    Browt up in a cottage close on by the sea;
    An' aw sell fine fresh fish ti poor an' ti rich--
    Will ye buy, will ye buy, will ye buy maw fresh fish?

The Cullercoats Fishlass became a popular subject of American artist, Winslow Homer, who resided in the picturesque fishing village, to paint, from the spring of 1881 to November 1882. Homer soon became sensitive to the strenuous and courageous lives of its inhabitants, particularly the women, whom he depicted hauling and cleaning fish, mending nets, and, most poignantly, standing at the water's edge, awaiting the return of their men.

Jean F. Terry wrote, in 1913, "The Cullercoats fishwife, with her cheerful weather-bronzed face, her short jacket and ample skirts of blue flannel, and her heavily laden “creel” of fish is not only appreciated by the brotherhood of brush and pencil, but is one of the notable sights of the district".[9]

William S. Garson, in his 1935 book, _The Romance of Old Tynemouth and Cullercoats_, wrote: “The Cullercoats fishwife plays a man's part in helping to launch the lifeboat, frequently wading waist-high into furious and ice-cold waters, and she never hesitates to allow her man to take a place on the boat, though he may go to face death and disaster.”[10]

Newhaven

The Scottish fishwives of Newhaven had a reputation for their beauty and industry and so were celebrated by royalty — George IV and Queen Victoria. They were hard-bargainers though, and all the fishermen of the Firth of Forth brought their catches to Newhaven for the fishwives to sell in Edinburgh. The fishwives wore distinctive costumes of blue duffle coats covering layers of colourful striped petticoats with a muslin cap or other similar headdress. Their fish, such as haddock and herring, were carried on their backs in creels.[11]

India

This profession exists in India in modern times.[12][13]

Gallery

Image:fishwives baiting lines.jpg| Fishwives in St Andrews, Scotland bait their lines File:Bust of the 'Nairn Fishwife. - geograph.org.uk - 1530781.jpg| Statue of the Nairn Fishwife File:Adriaen van Ostade 009.jpg|_The fishwife_, Holland 1672 by Adriaen van Ostade File:Dollypeelportrait.jpg%7CNotorious Victorian fishwife Dolly Peel, of South Shields File:Alexander Ignatius Roche - A Newhaven Fishwife.jpg|Newhaven fishwife with creel (by Alexander Ignatius Roche 1861–1921) File:Fisher Jessie statue, Peterhead - geograph.org.uk - 1077905.jpg|Bronze cast statue of a fishwife and little girl, Peterhead File:William Hogarth - The Shrimp Girl - WGA11467.jpg|_The Shrimp Girl_ by William Hogarth, c. 1740-1745 File:Homer, Winslow - 'Fisherwomen, Cullercoats', 1881, graphite & watercolor on paper.jpg|_Fisherwomen, Cullercoats_, Winslow Homer 1881 File:Dorothy Pentreath.jpg|Dolly Pentreath (a Cornish fish jowster), in an engraved portrait published in 1781

Famous fishwives

-   Dolly Peel – a fishwife of South Shields
-   Dolly Pentreath – the last native speaker of Cornish
-   Marretje Arents – Dutch fishwife and rebel
-   Molly Malone – the subject of an Irish song
-   Annie Sandercock – the artist, dancer and celebrated wrestler.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7] _The Ports, Harbours, Watering-places and Picturesque Scenery of Great Britain_; Vol. 1, William Finden, 1842

[8] “The Cullercoats Fish Lass” Edward Corvan, 1862, in Allan's Illustrated Edition of Tyneside Songs and Readings 1891 1

[9] “Northumberland Yesterday and Today” 'Jean F Terry' 2 1913

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13] https://web.archive.org/web/20190801222331/https://www.brettcolephotography.com/-/galleries/india/kolkata-calcutta/page/11

title: Fishwife

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is a fishwife?

answer: A fishwife is a woman who sells fish. She can also be found in places such as Cullercoats and Newhaven. They typically occupy a distinct position in society because of the perishable nature of their wares.

answer: A fishwife is a woman who sells fish. The profession is found in both modern and historic contexts, particularly in coastal areas. In addition to selling fish, fishwives often assist in the preparation, baiting and carrying of hooks. They are usually outspoken, hard-bargaining, and often wear distinctive dress.

answer: A fishwife is a woman who sells fish. They are often the wives and daughters of fishermen. They are known for being notoriously loud and foul-mouthed.

answer: A fishwife is a woman who sells fish.

text: The response could include more detail.

refinement: A fishwife is a woman who sells fish. They are often the wives and daughters of fishermen. They tend to be outspoken and loud because their wares are highly perishable.

answer:
-A fishwife is a woman who sells fish.

Often the wife or daughter of a fisherman, fishwives were notorious for selling the fish.

The word, wife means woman, not married woman. This is due to the Old English word called, "wif" meaning woman. The word wer, Welsh (meaning woman), is cognate with the German "Weib" and the Dutch "Wijf".

text: The response could use better sentence and paragraph structure.

refinement: A fishwife is a woman who sells fish. Often the wife or daughter of a fisherman, fishwives were notorious for selling the fish. The word, wife means woman, not married woman. This is due to the Old English word called "wif" meaning woman. The word "wer," which is Welsh and means woman, is cognate with the German "Weib" and the Dutch "Wijf."

text: The response contains irrelevant information.

refinement: A fishwife is a woman who sells fish. Often the wife or daughter of a fisherman, fishwives were notorious for selling the fish. The word, wife means woman, not married woman.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about William Finden?

answer: William Finden noted that the wives and daughters of the Cullercoats fishermen searched for the bait. They also carried the fish to the market to sell them.

answer: William Finden was an artist and art critic who mentioned that Cullercoats villages had beautiful and industrious women who assisted the fishermen by digging and gathering bait during the 1850s.

text: The response contains information not found in the text.

refinement: William Finden mentioned that Cullercoats villages had beautiful and industrious women who assisted the fishermen by digging and gathering bait during the 1850s.

text: The response contains inaccurate information.

refinement: William Finden mentioned that Cullercoats villages had beautiful and industrious women who assisted the fishermen by digging and gathering bait during the 1840s.

answer: William Finden was an English writer who wrote about the fishwives of Cullercoats and Newhaven.

text: The response contains inaccurate information.

refinement: William Finden was an English writer who wrote about the fishwives of Cullercoats.

text: The response could include more information.

refinement: William Finden was an English writer who wrote about the fishwives of Cullercoats. According to Finden they would gather bait for the fishermen and carry the fish to the market to sell.

answer: William Finden wrote about the work of London's fishwives in 1842. He noted that the wives and daughters of Cullercoats sea fishermen searched for bait, dug for sand-worms and gathered mussels. They also assisted in the bating of hooks. Furthermore, they carried the fish to the market to sell them.

text: The response contains inaccurate information.

refinement: William Finden wrote about the work of the Cullercoats' fishwives in 1842. He noted that the wives and daughters of Cullercoats sea fishermen searched for bait, dug for sand-worms and gathered mussels. They also assisted in the bating of hooks. Furthermore, they carried the fish to the market to sell them.

answer: According to the text, William Finden noted a number of observations about the Cullercoats fishwives, including how they searched for bait, and assisted in baiting hooks. Finden was also impressed by their hardiness and industry.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Newhaven?

answer: The Scottish fishwives of Newhaven had a reputation for their beauty. However, they were hard-bargainers. Their fish were carried on their backs in creels.

answer: The text says that the Scottish fishwives of Newhaven were renowned for their beauty, industriousness, and strength. They wore distinctive costumes of blue duffle coats and carried their fish, such as haddock and herring, on their backs in creels.

answer: The Scottish fishwives of Newhaven were known for their beauty and industy, so much so that it was used for royal hunting. They worked hard and were known for their pleasing and intelligent demeanor. They wore blue duffle coats or any other similar garments over layers of striped petticoats and the most common hat they wear was the muslin cap.

text: The response contains inaccurate information.

refinement: The Scottish fishwives of Newhaven were known for their beauty and industry, so much so that it was celebrated by royalty. They worked hard and were known for their hard-bargaining. They wore blue duffle coats or any other similar garments over layers of striped petticoats and the most common hat they wear was the muslin cap.

answer: Newhaven was a fishing village noted for its seafood and the beauty and hardiness of its fishwives. The fishwives wore distinctive costumes and carried the catch on their backs. Additionally, the Newhaven fishwives were celebrated by royalty.

text: The response includes baseless conjecture.

refinement: Newhaven was a fishing village noted for the beauty and hardiness of its fishwives. The fishwives wore distinctive costumes and carried the catch on their backs. Additionally, the Newhaven fishwives were celebrated by royalty.

answer: Newhaven is a fishing village in Scotland that had a reputation for its beauty and industry and so it was loved by royalty – George IV and Queen Victoria.

text: The response contains inaccurate information.

refinement: Newhaven is a fishing village in Scotland. Their fishwives had a reputation for beauty and industry and so they were celebrated by royalty – George IV and Queen Victoria.