text:
What is CRPS?

Help For a Hurting Community

What is CRPS?

Causes

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CRPS can happen after any injury, trauma, or surgery. Most commonly the disease develops after sprains, surgeries, and fractures to joints such as knees and elbows, or can occur following immobilization surgeries, tumors, spinal fusions, or spinal cord injuries. Victims of heart attacks, strokes, gunshot wounds, and those involved in car accidents are also affected by this disease. Simply stubbing your toe, getting blood drawn, or even a paper cut can trigger this catastrophic condition.

Risks

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CRPS does not discriminate.  It can happen to anyone (including children) and affects all races; but is more commonly found in women as opposed to men, 4:1. Women experiencing menopause, migraine sufferers, people over  40, current and past smokers, and those who have had a heart attack or stroke are most susceptible to the disease. Victims of other diseases of the central nervous system, brain and spinal cord injuries, and patients who have had back surgeries are also more likely to contract CRPS.

Symptoms

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The International Association of the Study of Pain (IASP) has categorized CRPS into three types: CRPS-Type1, CRPS-Type2, and CPRS-Type-NOS (new as of Feb 2018) and symptoms include pain that is disproportionate to the inciting event; asymmetries to skin color, hair and nail growth, skin temperature;  along with muscle pain due to weakness, atrophy, stiffness, tremors, cramps; nerve pain such as burning, electrical, sharp, zapping pain; and bone crushing pain.

Diagnosis

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The International Association of the Study of Pain (IASP) has defined explicit criteria that must be met in order to be diagnosed with CRPS. This includes _one_ sign of CRPS at the time of evaluation, and physician identification of at least _two_ of the symptoms listed in the following categories: disproportionate pain to inciting event, sensory (sensitivity to touch or pain), vasomotor (color or temperature asymmetry), sudomotor edema, or motor-trophic changes.

The Most Painful Disease in the World

[CRPS Pain McGill Index ]

How is This Disease Different?

This is How a Healthy Brain Responds to an Injury

You hurt your thumb. Your Pain Receptors report the pain to your brain to provide the injury with the protection that it needs to heal. Your brain DOES IT'S JOB and sends down the natural Inflammatory Response.

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This is How a CRPS Brain Responds to an Injury

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Central Sensitization

*Credits: The above was an excerpt for Diagnosis from Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Diagnosis and Management created by Pradeep Chopra, MD written in Nashville, TN. 2017. A full copy can be downloaded here. Pradee-Chopra-CRPS

Suicide Disease

Diagnosed vs. Undiagnosed

The Two-Fold Problem

Undiagnosed

If you ask someone who suffers the pains of CRPS, they will tell you that without a diagnosis, they have no hope. Without a diagnosis, they have NO HOPE for a better future. Many say that by not having a diagnosis, they feel that they have been given a "death sentence". They have no chance at treatments which would lead them to remission, or a cure. Many are told to go home, take some medicine (if their doctors will even prescribe any), and learn how to meditate. They are either treated like drug seekers, or are sent for test after test. Others are given treatments for diseases that they do not have.

Diagnosed

For those that have been diagnosed, IT IS MUCH EASIER TO GET TREATMENT, especially if the person is diagnosed prior to their 12 month 'permanent' or 'cold' stage. But, that is RARE. Most people don't get diagnosed for at _LEAST _three years, as most doctors today are still unaware of CRPS. For those that are diagnosed, they are most likely past the one year mark, where there was a chance for reversal, and now their chances of remission are slim. For those who are diagnosed too late, they too, are hopeless and doubtful that they will ever go into remission or find a cure.

The Crux

Invisible Symptoms

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If someone's symptoms are not manifesting in a visible manner, they may be hearing that there is nothing physically wrong with them; that it's in their head, that they are a drug seeker, or that they have one of the illnesses that CRPS is often misdiagnosed for - like fibromyalgia.  The person is probably undergoing a myriad of tests and is being pushed around from doctor to doctor. If that's the case, there is hope. There is a blood test available which shows if the patient has an autoimmune disease, and can get them on the path to help.

Doctor is Unaware

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The other, and more likely reason, is because the DOCTOR HAS MOST LIKELY NEVER HEARD OF CRPS - Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - because there is not enough disease awareness.  This is where _you_ come in, and this is WHY WE NEED YOUR HELP. If your neighbor, T-Ball coach, friend, child's parent, cousin, wife's friends, or sister's husband, is a doctor, surgeon, physical therapist, or health care professional, and you share this website, _WE CAN SPREAD AWARENESS!_ And maybe it won't take three years for the next person to get a diagnosis and receive the help they need.

How Can You Help?

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Describe the causes of CRPS.

answer:
CRPS can occur after any injury, trauma, or surgery. Most commonly the disease develops after sprains, surgeries, and fractures to joints such as knees and elbows, or can occur following immobilization surgeries, tumors, spinal fusions, or spinal cord injuries.

The disease does not discriminate and affects all races, but is most commonly found in women as opposed to men. CRPS can also happen to anyone, especially those with certain preexisting conditions, such as heart attack, stroke, and back surgery. The disease causes disproportionate pain, abnormal skin, hair and nail growth, and bone crushing pain. Doctors must meet criteria to properly diagnose CRPS. There is also a lack of awareness among physicians, which hinders diagnosis.

text: The model's answer includes the risks of the disease, which is irrelevant to the question and should be eliminated.

refinement: CRPS can occur after any injury, trauma, or surgery. Most commonly, what causes the disease to develop is after sprains, surgeries, and fractures to joints such as knees and elbows, or can occur following immobilization surgeries, tumors, spinal fusions, or spinal cord injuries.

answer: CRPS can happen after any injury, trauma, or surgery and typically results from sprains, surgery, or fracture to joints such as knees and elbows. The disease typically affects women disproportionally, and those with heart attacks, strokes, gunshot wounds, or involved in car accidents. The symptoms of CRPS include disproportionate pain and neurologic changes including sensitivity to touch and pain, asymmetries in skin color, hair and nail growth, skin temperature, muscle pain, and bone crushing pain. There is no cure for CRPS, but treatments are available.

text: The answer need not mention the symptoms and diagnosis because it's not relevant to the question. Those sentences should be eliminated.

refinement: CRPS can happen after any injury, trauma, or surgery and typically results from sprains, surgery, or fracture to joints such as knees and elbows. The disease typically affects women disproportionally and those with heart attacks, strokes, gunshot wounds, or involved in car accidents.

answer: It can develop after injury, trauma, or surgery. Typically, it develops after broken arms, knees, or elbows, after being immobilized. Others affected are those who have suffered a heart attack, strokes, gunshot wounds, or those who have had car accidents.

text: The answer ought to say that it can occur after immobilization surgeries, spinal fusions or tumors. The answer should be more precise and clear.

refinement: CRPS can develop after injury, trauma, or surgery. Typically, it develops after sprains or fractures from broken arms, knees, or elbows. However, it can also occur after immobilization surgeries, spinal fusion, or tumors. Others affected are those who have suffered a heart attack, strokes, gunshot wounds, or those who have had car accidents.

answer: CRPS can develop after sprains, surgeries, and fractures to joints, such as the knees and elbows, and can occur after immobilization surgeries, tumors, spinal fusions, and spinal cord injuries. This condition can also be triggered by simply getting your blood drawn or stubbing your toe.

answer: It can happen after any injury, trauma, or surgery. Most commonly the disease develops after sprains, surgeries, and fractures to joints such as knees and elbows, or can occur following immobilization surgeries, tumors, spinal fusions, or spinal cord injuries. Victims of heart attacks, strokes, gunshot wounds, and those involved in car accidents are also affected by this disease.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What are some of the symptoms of CRPS?

answer: Some of the symptoms of CRPS are pain that is disproportionate to what is causing the pain. Other symptoms include asymmetries in skin color, hair, and nail growth. Other symptoms include nerve pain, muscle pain due to weakness, atrophy, tremors, and cramps.

text: The first line of the answer is awkward. It needs to be rewritten for clarity. The list of symptoms is more than what is mentioned. The model can indicate that additional items are included if it doesn't want to list all the symptoms.

refinement: Some of the symptoms of CRPS are pain that is disproportionate to what is causing the event, such as asymmetries in skin color, hair, and nail growth. Other symptoms include nerve pain, muscle pain due to weakness, atrophy, tremors, cramps, etc.

answer: Symptoms can be pain, asymmetries in skin color, hair and nail growth, as well as muscle pain due to weakness, atrophy, stiffness, and tremors. There is nerve pain, including sharp and burning pain. There is also bone crushing pain.

text: 'symptoms can be pain' is a rather general statement and needs to be more specific. The answer omits that the pain is not proportionate to the actual injury. It should mention this.

refinement: Symptoms can be pain that is greater than would be expected from the injury cause, such as asymmetries in skin color, hair and nail growth, as well as muscle pain due to weakness, atrophy, stiffness, and tremors. There is also nerve pain, including sharp and burning pain and bone crushing pain.

answer: The symptoms of CRPS include disproportionate pain, sensitivity to touch or pain, color or temperature shifts, edema, and changes in motor and trophic function.

text:
-The answer mentions the classes of the disproportionate pain without indication.
-The answer also omits the other symptoms such as nerve pain, stiffness, cramps, tumors, etc. The model should include all the necessary information about the symptoms. If the model doesn't want to list all, it can also suggest that further details are included.

refinement: Some of the symptoms of CRPS are pain that is disproportionate to what is causing the event, such as asymmetries in skin color, hair, and nail growth, along with muscle pain due to weakness, atrophy, stiffness, cramps, and tremors. Other symptoms include nerve pain and bone-crushing pain. This disproportionate pain is categorized into sensory (sensitivity to touch or pain), vasomotor (color or temperature shifts), sudomotor edema, or motor and trophic function changes.

answer: Symptoms include disproportionate pain to inciting event, sensory sensitivity to pain, skin color or temperature asymmetry, sudomotor edema, or motor-trophic changes (muscle pain due to weakness/atrophy).

answer: Some of the symptoms of CRPS include disproportionate pain to inciting event, sensitivity to touch or pain, color or temperature asymmetry, sudomotor edema, and motor-trophic changes.

text: The answer omits nerve pain, muscle pain, and disproportionate pain such as hair and nail growth. The answer should include this.

refinement: Some of the symptoms of CRPS are pain that is disproportionate to what is causing the event. This includes asymmetries in skin color and temperature, hair, and nail growth, along with muscle pain due to weakness, atrophy, stiffness, cramps, and tremors, nerve pain, and bone-crushing pain. Other symptoms include sensitivity to touch or pain, sudomotor edema, and motor-trophic changes.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Describe what the article states about the two-fold problem of diagnosed vs undiagnosed people with CRPS.

answer: The two-fold problem is that diagnosed people have an easier path to treatment due to early detection, but most people do not receive a diagnosis for at least 3 years, where there is a chance for reversal. Undiagnosed people, on the other hand, face difficulty not only in treating their symptoms, but also in getting a proper diagnosis and in proving that it is CRPS that they are suffering from. They must go through the added hurdle of being doubted and doubted by their doctors.

text:
The answer omits that undiagnosed people have to undergo several tests and are given treatments for a disease they may not have. It also fails to mention that they are told to take some medicine or meditate.
-The answer omits that undiagnosed people who have no chance of treatment can eventually lead to remission or cure.

refinement: The two-fold problem is that diagnosed people have an easier path to treatment due to early detection, but most people do not receive a diagnosis for at least three years, with a chance for reversal. On the other hand, Undiagnosed people face difficulty not only in treating their symptoms but also in getting a proper diagnosis and in proving that it is CRPS that they are suffering from. And when there is no diagnosis, there is no treatment, which would lead to remission or cure. However, because the doctors are not sure, those people undergo several tests, buy drugs whether prescribed by their doctor or not and even meditate. They must go through the added hurdle of being doubted and doubted by their doctors.

text: The last line of the answer is made up and irrelevant to the answer as it is inaccurate. The model should remove this.

refinement: The two-fold problem is that diagnosed people have an easier path to treatment due to early detection, but most people do not receive a diagnosis for at least three years, with a chance for reversal. On the other hand, Undiagnosed people face difficulty in treating their symptoms, getting a proper diagnosis, and proving that it is CRPS that they are suffering from. And when there is no diagnosis, there is no treatment, which would lead to remission or cure. However, because the doctors are not sure, those people undergo several tests, buy drugs whether prescribed by their doctor or not and even meditate.

answer: The two-fold problem is that undiagnosed people suffer because they lack a diagnosis which could lead them to getting help, and diagnosed people suffer because they were diagnosed too late and now don't have a chance at a positive outcome. The solution is to share awareness of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in order to help those who are undiagnosed and those that were diagnosed too late.

text: The answer fails to mention the pros of diagnosed and undiagnosed. It only highlights the downsides to both. The answer should include the advantages of being diagnosed and undiagnosed.

refinement: The two-fold problem is that undiagnosed people suffer because they lack a diagnosis which could lead them to get help. However, without treatment, they stand a chance at remission or a cure. While diagnosed people easily get treatment especially when they were diagnosed before their 12-month 'permanent' or 'cold' stage. However, this is rare because it takes up to three years to be diagnosed. And those that are diagnosed would have passed the one-year mark because they were diagnosed late and may not have a chance at a reversal or a cure. The solution is to share awareness of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in order to help those who are undiagnosed and those that were diagnosed too late.

text: The concluding aspect of this answer is irrelevant to the main point of the question. The model should delete the last line of the answer.

refinement: The two-fold problem is that undiagnosed people suffer because they lack a diagnosis which could lead them to get help. However, without treatment, they stand a chance at remission or a cure. While diagnosed people easily get treatment, especially when they were diagnosed before their 12-month 'permanent' or 'cold' stage. However, this is rare because it takes up to three years to be diagnosed. And those that are diagnosed would have passed the one-year mark because they were diagnosed late and may not have a chance at a reversal or a cure.

answer: The problem here is that when people who suffer from the pains of CRPS that without getting a proper diagnosis, there is no hope for them. Without a diagnosis, these people feel as though they have been given a death sentence. For people who have been diagnosed with CRPS, it is much easier for them to get treatment. Most people will not be diagnosed with this for three years, since doctors are still unaware of this condition.

text: The first line of the answer is awkwardly structured and needs to be rewritten.

refinement: The problem here is that people who suffer from the pains of CRPS believe that without getting a proper diagnosis, there is no hope for them. Without a diagnosis, these people feel as though they have been given a death sentence. For people who have been diagnosed with CRPS, it is much easier for them to get treatment. Most people will not be diagnosed with this for three years, since doctors are still unaware of this condition.

text: The answer omits that undiagnosed people can get remission or a cure and diagnosed people with late treatment have lesser chances of reversal or even a cure. These points should be included in the answer.

refinement: The problem here is that people who suffer from the pains of CRPS believe that without getting a proper diagnosis, there is no hope for them. Without a diagnosis, these people feel as though they have been given a death sentence. However, when they are not diagnosed, there is no treatment, and when there is no treatment, they have a chance of remission or a cure. For people who have been diagnosed with CRPS, it is much easier to get treatment. However, most people will not be diagnosed with this for up to three years since doctors are still unaware of this condition. As a result, if their treatment passes the one-year mark, their chances for reversal and cure are slim, and if their diagnosis is too late, they are more hopeless in getting remission or a cure.

answer:
If people are not yet diagnosed, they are told that it is just in their head and there is nothing physically wrong with them. This leads to them feeling as though they have been given a death sentence since they will not receive a cure or any sort of treatment in the chronic form. They are then either referred to medicine, or to therapy. Doctors will also prescribe treatment for a disease they do not have. Others are either drug seekers. Seen by many as undesirable patients, they may spend weeks or months going from specialist to specialist with no chance of a diagnosis.

If someone was lucky to have their illness diagnosed, it will take like three years until they are tested for it. The marker for the disorder is difficult to diagnose and not many doctors know about it or the diagnosis. This causes these patients to be sent for test after test and are told that something needs to change or needs to be proven. It effecting achieving remission for them.

text: The first paragraph of the answer is primarily inaccurate and needs rephrasing. The model ought to incorporate the correct details from the text to answer the question appropriately.

refinement:
If people are not yet diagnosed, they feel as though they have been given a death sentence. They either buy drugs (their doctors may likely prescribe for them) or learn how to meditate. They are also treated like drug seekers or sent for several tests and end up getting medicine for a disease they likely don't have. However, a lack of diagnosis and treatment can lead them to remission or a cure.

If someone was lucky to have their illness diagnosed, it will take like three years until they are tested for it. The marker for the disorder is difficult to diagnose and not many doctors know about it or the diagnosis. This causes these patients to be sent for test after test and are told that something needs to change or needs to be proven. It effecting achieving remission for them.

text: The answer first fails to mention that diagnosed people easily get treatment.

refinement:
If people are not yet diagnosed, they feel as though they have been given a death sentence. They either get drugs (their doctors may likely prescribe for them) or learn how to meditate. They are also treated like drug seekers or sent for several tests and end up getting medicine for a disease they likely don't have. However, a lack of diagnosis and treatment can lead them to remission or a cure.

If a person is diagnosed, it is easy for them to get treatment, especially within the one-year mark. However, it can take up to three years to get diagnosed with the disease. The marker for the disorder is difficult to diagnose and not many doctors know about it or the diagnosis. This causes these patients to be sent for test after test and are told that something needs to change or needs to be proven. It effecting achieving remission for them.

text: The third line of the second paragraph lacks clarity and should be rewritten.

refinement:
If people are not yet diagnosed, they feel as though they have been given a death sentence. They either get drugs (their doctors may likely prescribe for them) or learn how to meditate. They are also treated like drug seekers or sent for several tests and end up getting medicine for a disease they likely don't have. However, a lack of diagnosis and treatment can lead them to remission or a cure.

If a person is diagnosed, it is easy for them to get treatment, especially within the one-year mark. However, it can take up to three years to get diagnosed with the disease and can be difficult to diagnose because not many doctors know about it or the diagnosis. This causes these patients to be sent for test after test and are told that something needs to change or needs to be proven. It effecting achieving remission for them.

text: The fourth and last line of the second paragraph is inaccurate and should be eliminated from the answer or replaced with more helpful details.

refinement:
If people are not yet diagnosed, they feel as though they have been given a death sentence. They either get drugs (their doctors may likely prescribe for them) or learn how to meditate. They are also treated like drug seekers or sent for several tests and end up getting medicine for a disease they likely don't have. However, a lack of diagnosis and treatment can lead them to remission or a cure.

If a person is diagnosed, it is easy for them to get treatment, especially within the one-year mark. However, it can take up to three years to get diagnosed with the disease and can be difficult to diagnose because not many doctors know about it or the diagnosis.

text: The answer fails to mention that getting late treatment can cause a slimmer chance of reversal or remission.

refinement:
If people are not yet diagnosed, they feel as though they have been given a death sentence. They either get drugs (their doctors may likely prescribe for them) or learn how to meditate. They are also treated like drug seekers or sent for several tests and get medicine for a disease they probably don't have. However, a lack of diagnosis and treatment can lead them to remission or a cure.

If a person is diagnosed, it is easy to get treatment, especially within the one-year mark. However, it can take up to three years to be diagnosed, and it can equally be challenging to diagnose because not many doctors know about it or the diagnosis. If treatment passes the one-year mark, it reduces the person's chances of reversal or remission. And if it's too late, the person is even more hopeless in getting a remission or cure.

answer:
- Undiagnosed people have no hope.
- The person might be hearing that there is nothing physically wrong.
- They may feel diagnosed like a drug seeker without a diagnosis.

- They are either sent for tons of different medical tests or medicated for diseases they don't have.

text: The first three lines of the answer are highly inaccurate and poorly written. The entire response lacks sufficient details to explain the two-fold problem of diagnosed and undiagnosed as it appears in the text. The model needs to improve this answer appropriately.

refinement: The two-fold problem is that undiagnosed people suffer because they lack a diagnosis which could lead them to get help. They also believe they've been given a death sentence. They are either sent for tons of different medical tests or medicated for diseases they don't have. However, without treatment, they stand a chance at remission or a cure. While diagnosed people easily get treatment, especially when they were diagnosed before their 12-month 'permanent' or 'cold' stage. However, this is rare because it takes up to three years to be diagnosed. And those that are diagnosed would have passed the one-year mark because they were diagnosed late and may not have a chance at a reversal or a cure.


split: train

text:
[A Hereford cow licks her newborn calf clean]

A COW–CALF OPERATION is a method of raising beef cattle in which a permanent herd of cows is kept by a farmer or rancher to produce calves for later sale. Cow–calf operations are one of the key aspects of the beef industry in the United States and many other countries.[1] In the British Isles, a cow–calf operation may be known as a SINGLE-SUCKLER HERD.[2][3][4] The goal of a cow–calf operation is to produce young beef cattle, which are usually sold. A rancher who works within such a model is often called a “cow–calf operator” in the United States.[5]

General characteristics

Cow–calf operations are widespread throughout beef-producing countries,[6] and the goal of a cow–calf operation is to produce young beef cattle, which are usually sold. True to the name, farm and ranch herds consist mostly of adult female cows , their calves, and young females, called heifers, which will produce calves once of breeding age. Some operations may raise their steers until slaughter weight, others sell them as weaned calves. They may have a few herd bulls and utilize natural mating, but may have no bulls and rely primarily on artificial insemination.[7] Cattle from a cow–calf operation may be sold after they have been weaned to be matured elsewhere, such as at a feedlot, or may be raised to near-slaughter weight and sold at the age of 1–2 years.[8] Older cows and bulls, if kept, may also be sold to slaughter after their reproductive years have ended.

Cow–calf operations generally raise their stock primarily on pasture and other forms of roughage rather than grain feeds,[9] though they may provide vitamin and mineral supplementation. For this reason, they require more land than other cattle operations,[10] such as feedlots, veal and dairy cattle production, or breeding operations that focus primarily on management of bulls for artificial insemination. Pastures may be native or “improved” with forage designed to withstand grazing pressure and help animals gain weight. During periods of shortage, supplementary feeding may be carried out but it is by no means universal. In some areas, pasture is supported by crops for fattening.[11] Intensive rotational grazing systems can reduce the amount of land required; an acre or an acre and half, in some climates, can support a single cow–calf pair for an entire year.[12] Conversely, in countries such as Brazil and Argentina, cow–calf operations may be forced to use more marginal grazing because of changes in the value of land due to high prices for cash crops like soybeans.[13]

Auctions are a common means of sale, although in some cases, prospective buyers inspect sale cattle on the producer's property with the price negotiated either by weight or on a dollars per head basis.[14]

In the United States

Cow–calf operations are generally divided into two types. First are those that produce feeder cattle to be raised by other agricultural enterprises, such as feedlots. These sell their calves after they have been weaned and are under a year in age. The second are those that raise the calves for 1–2 years before selling them directly to slaughter.[15]

The mother cattle, sometimes known as brood cows, generally come from one of two sources: either female calves raised on the farm itself and retained into adulthood, or cows that are purchased from a specialized seedstock operation which often produces purebred cattle.[16]

Cow–calf operations are widespread throughout the United States. A 1997 census found that this sector of the U.S. beef market produced over $40.5 billion.[17] As of 2007 there were more than 765,000 cow–calf operators in the country, mostly concentrated in the Western and Southeastern U.S. states.[18]

Sale prices for calves sold from a cow–calf operation are subject to fluctuation as part of the cattle cycle of financial markets.[19] The relatively long period it takes a cow–calf operator to build up a beef herd and raise new calves to the desired weigh tends to extend the length of such a cycle.[20]

In Australia

[Murray Grey cows and calves on the Northern Tablelands.]

Approximately 90% of Australian cows are in strictly cow–calf operations. In southern Australia (NSW, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and south-western Western Australia) beef cattle are often reared on smaller properties as part of a mixed farming or grazing operation, but some properties do specialise in cattle breeding. The southern calves are typically reared on pasture and sold as weaners, yearlings or as steers at about two years old or older.

In the Top End, sub-tropical areas and in arid inland regions cattle are bred on native pastures on expansive cattle stations. Beef producers in northern Australia tend to operate more extensive pastoral enterprises than counterparts in southern Australia.[21] Anna Creek Station in South Australia, Australia is the world's largest working cattle station.[22] The North Australian Pastoral Company Pty Limited (NAPCO) is now one of Australia's largest beef cattle producers, with a herd of over 180,000 cattle and fourteen cattle stations in Queensland and the Northern Territory.[23] The Australian Agricultural Company (AA Co) manages a cattle herd of more than 585,000 head.[24] Heytesbury Beef Pty Ltd owns and manages over 200,000 head of cattle across eight stations spanning the East Kimberley, Victoria River and Barkly Tablelands regions in Northern Australia.[25] Most cattle from these regions are exported as manufacturing beef or as live animals under 350 kilograms live weight to South-East Asia for fattening in feedlots there. [Weaner calves for sale by auction.]

A variety of selling methods are used in Australia and cattle may be sold as studs, store or finished stock. A number of different selling methods are used, depending on the age, type and condition of cattle and the markets.[26]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7] Beattie, William A., Beef Cattle Breeding & Management, Popular Books, 1990,

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

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[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

title: Cow–calf operation

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the two types of cow-calf operations in the United States.

answer: The first are those that produce feeder cattle to be raised by other agricultural enterprises, such as feedlots. They sell their calves after weaning, which are usually sold for later fattening to slaughter. The second sells the calves directly to slaughter after 1-2 years.

text: The claim that the calves are sold after weaning for later fattening to slaughter is unattested.

refinement: The first are those that produce feeder cattle to be raised by other agricultural enterprises, such as feedlots. They sell their calves after weaning. The second sells the calves directly to slaughter after 1-2 years.

answer: The cow-calf operations are generally divided into two types. The first type is a type that raises cattle for other agricultural enterprises, like feedlots, and sells their calves after they have been weaned and are under a year in age. The second are those raise the calves for 1-2 years before selling them directly to slaughter.

answer: The first are those that produce feeder cattle. The goal of this type of operation is to sell their calves after they have been weaned and are under a year old. The second are those that raise their cattle for 1-2 years before they are eventually sold directly to slaughter.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the top cattle producers in Australia.

answer: The North Australian Pastoral Company is one of the largest beef cattle producers in Australia. The Australian Agricultural Company has one of over 585,000 head of cattle. The Australian cattle stations, including Heytebury Beef Company, own and manage over 200,000 head of cattle.Much of the cattle raised on these stations are exported to southeast Asia for fattening in feedlots.

text: The last line is unnecessary.

refinement: The North Australian Pastoral Company is one of the largest beef cattle producers in Australia. The Australian Agricultural Company has one of over 585,000 head of cattle. The Australian cattle stations, including Heytebury Beef Company, own and manage over 200,000 head of cattle.

text: "Heytebury" should be "Heytesbury".

refinement: The North Australian Pastoral Company is one of the largest beef cattle producers in Australia. The Australian Agricultural Company has one of over 585,000 head of cattle. The Australian cattle stations, including Heytesbury Beef Company, own and manage over 200,000 head of cattle.

text: The answer should mention Anna Creek.

refinement: Anna Creek Station in South Australia is the world's largest working cattle station. The North Australian Pastoral Company is one of the largest beef cattle producers in Australia. The Australian Agricultural Company has one of over 585,000 head of cattle. The Australian cattle stations, including Heytesbury Beef Company, own and manage over 200,000 head of cattle.

answer:
Anna Creek Station in South Australia is the world's largest working cattle station.

The North Australian Pastoral Company Pty Limited (NAPCO) is now one of Australia's largest beef cattle producers, with a herd of over 180,000 cattle and fourteen cattle stations in Queensland and the Northern Territory.

The Australian Agricultural Company (AA Co) manages a cattle herd of more than 585,000 head.

Heytesbury Beef Pty Ltd owns and manages over 200,000 head of cattle across eight stations spanning the East Kimberley, Victoria River and Barkly Tablelands regions in Northern Australia.

answer: Cattle stations (and farming areas) in tropical and temperate Australia generally specialize in cow-calf and feedlot operations. The North Australian Pastoral Company Pty Limited (NAPCO) is the largest. The pastureland of the Top End in northern Australia is divided among cattle stations and runs mainly cow-calf operations, including Anna Creek Station and the Australian Agricultural Company's properties.

answer: Top producers are the Australian Agricultural Company, the North Australian Pastoral Company, the Heytesbury Beef Company, the Australian Cambridge conglomerate, the Australian Agricultural Company, and Origin Energy, according to their numbers in a commodity report of Australia.

text: The article does not mention the Australian Cambridge conglomerate or Origin Energy.

refinement: Top producers are the Australian Agricultural Company, the North Australian Pastoral Company, the Heytesbury Beef Company, and the Australian Agricultural Company according to their numbers in a commodity report of Australia.

text: The answer should mention Anna Creek.

refinement: Top producers are the Australian Agricultural Company, the North Australian Pastoral Company, the Heytesbury Beef Company, and the Australian Agricultural Company according to their numbers in a commodity report of Australia. Anna Creek Station in South Australia is the world's largest working cattle station.

answer: The North Australian Pastoral Company Pty Limited, the Australian Agricultural Company, and Heytesbury Beef Pty Ltd are the three best cattle producing companies in the country.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the key features of cow-calf operations.

answer: A cow-calf operation is a method of raising beef cattle in which a permanent herd of cows is kept by a farmer or rancher to produce calves for later sale. They exist anywhere there's a market for beef, but are especially prevalent in the United States and the British Isles. Cow-calf operations typically raise their stock primarily on pasture and other forms of roughage like hay rather than grain feeds. Unlike a feed lot or dairy cattle operation, they rely exclusively on cow milk (females). This means that cow-calf operations require more land. Some are more extensive pastoral enterprises.

text: The line about cow milk is unattested.

refinement: A cow-calf operation is a method of raising beef cattle in which a permanent herd of cows is kept by a farmer or rancher to produce calves for later sale. They exist anywhere there's a market for beef, but are especially prevalent in the United States and the British Isles. Cow-calf operations typically raise their stock primarily on pasture and other forms of roughage like hay rather than grain feeds. Some are more extensive pastoral enterprises.

answer: These operations, a single female cow is used for breeding to produce calves for sale. When calves are born, a farmer will care for the calves until the calves are weaned and about a year old. They will then be sold to another farm to be raised until slaughter.

text: It is inaccurate to say that the operations involve onyl a single female cow.

refinement: The herds consist mostly of adult female cows, which are used for breeding to produce calves for sale. When calves are born, a farmer will care for the calves until the calves are weaned and about a year old. They will then be sold to another farm to be raised until slaughter.

answer: Calf breeding is concentrated on females, such as the cow. In these operations, a single female cow is used for breeding to produce calves for sale. When calves are born, a farmer will care for the calves until the calves are weaned and about a year old. They will then be sold to another farm to be raised until slaughter.

answer: A cow calf operation is a method of raising beef cattle in which a permanent herd of cows is kept by a farmer or rancher to produce calves for later sale. Its goal is to create cow-calf. They are normally based on the female cows.

text: "cow-calf" is vague and inaccurate.

refinement: A cow calf operation is a method of raising beef cattle in which a permanent herd of cows is kept by a farmer or rancher to produce calves for later sale. Its goal is to create young beef cattle for selling. They are normally based on the female cows.

answer: A cow-calf operation is a method of raising beef cattle in which a permanent herd of cows is kept by a farmer or rancher to produce calves for later sale. They are widespread throughout the US and the British Isles. Cow-calf operations typically raise their stock primarily on pasture and other forms of roughage like hay rather than grain feeds. Unlike a feed lot or dairy cattle operation, they rely exclusively on cow milk (females). This means that cow-calf operations require more land. Some are more extensive pastoral enterprises.

answer: A cow calf operation can produce young beef cattle which are later sold. Its goal is to create cow-calf. They are normally based on the female cows.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What details does the text include about the financial decisions made on a cow-calf operation?

answer: Auctions are a common means of sale. The cow-calf operator's selling prices can fluctuate based on the cattle cycle financial market. The prices often depend on the weight or dollar per head negotiation.

text: The article does not answer this question.

answer: The article does not answer this question.

text: Should simply say "no answer"

answer: The goal of a cow-calf operation is to produce young beef cattle, which are usually sold. The beef cattle are raised on various farms and ranch until they're near-slaughter weight, and then they're sold to producers who can raise and slaughter them. The financial condition of each cow-calf operation can potentially vary depending on the property costs, the productivity of the livestock, and a variety of sales methods the operation may implement, including auctions.

answer: No answer

answer: The goal of a cow-calf operation is to eventually sell the beef cattle whose production it aims to manage. The beef cattle are raised on various farms and ranch until they're near-slaughter weight, and then they're sold to producers who can raise and slaughter them. The financial condition of each cow-calf operation can potentially vary depending on the property costs, the productivity of the livestock, and a variety of sales methods the operation may implement, including auctions.


text:
[]

At executive levels, we are fond of developing new strategies and priorities for the business.  We spend countless hours in developing strategies to change our business, to drive growth, to expand into new segments, to change the value we create for our customers, becoming much more important to them.

At some point we start rolling out our strategies—we talk to analysts, proudly talking about the new strategies/directions and how they will drive growth.  We reposition ourselves in the markets through a variety of communications within the markets, to our customers, and others in the ecosystem.  We develop change initiatives, new metrics/goals, new focus areas and cascade them down into the organization.

Having done our jobs of developing the new strategies and priorities, communicating them, setting expectations both internally and externally, we sit back to track the success in implementation–hopefully going back to analysts and the markets declaring victory.

Except too often, it doesn’t happen, at least the way we had hoped for.

Too often there is a huge gap between our strategies/goals and execution.

We launch a major new product, but it fails to achieve its goals because we’re marketing and selling what we have always done.

We want to enter a new market, but we are marketing and selling to our traditional markets.

We introduce new systems, tools, processes, but people continue doing what they have always done.

We provide training, our sales people are enthusiastic in the training sessions, but when it is over, they go back to their jobs, doing what they have always done.

We reorganize/restructure, but fail to achieve what we wanted because people on the front lines don’t understand what they should be doing differently and why.

What the top executives in the corporation think and want people to be doing is different than what people are actually doing, but top executives are blind to this.

One of the biggest challenges sales managers, at all levels, have is connecting the dots.  Connecting the dots between what we want to be and do and what we currently execute.

Managers have to first connect the dots for themselves, What do the changes means in terms of what they do every day?  What must they stop doing?  What must they begin doing?  What must they modify and change?  What new behaviors are required? What new skills/capabilities must they learn/develop?  How do they measure/track their own progress in this process?

Next, managers have to connect the dots for their people, What do the changes mean in terms of what their people must do every day?  What must they stop doing, what must the begin doing, what must they modify and change, what new behaviors are required?  What new skills/capabilities must they learn and develop?  How do they measure and track performance?  How do they coach and reinforce what’s important in this process?

The sequence of how we connect the dots is important.  Too often, managers tell their people what must be changed, what’s new, what’s different–yet fail to recognize or change themselves.  Consequently, they fail in modeling the attitudes, behaviors, and work that is critical to driving change in the organization.

Change is always difficult, people, at all levels, struggle to break habits, to understand what must be done, why, and how.  It’s managements’ job to connect the dots–first for themselves, then for their people.

 [Book Cover]FOR A FREE PEEK AT SALES MANAGER SURVIVAL GUIDE, CLICK THE PICTURE OR LINK.  YOU’LL GET THE TABLE OF CONTENTS, FOREWORD, AND 2 FREE CHAPTERS.  FREE SAMPLE

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question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about change?

answer: The text suggests that change is difficult, both at the individual and organizational level. The primary challenge managers face is connecting the dots between top executives' expectations and the current reality. In order for change to occur, managers must first understand what changes need to happen in the organization, then communicate those changes to their people.

text: The article presents change in day-to-day activities as an important focus in accomplishing larger-scale change.

refinement: The text suggests that change is difficult, both at the individual and organizational level. The primary challenge managers face is connecting the dots between top executives' expectations and the current reality. In order for change to occur, managers must first understand what changes need to happen in the organization, then communicate those changes to their people. The article focuses on the necessity to figure out day-to-day routines and habits that need to be reevaluated for change to occur.

answer: Change is always difficult, people at all levels struggle to break habits. The managers' job is to first connect the dots for themselves and then for the people under their responsibility. Managers must coach and reinforce what is important in this process in order to drive change in the organization.

answer: Change can be difficult, but it is essential for any organization that wants to remain relevant and ahead of the curve. The first step is for top executives and managers to connect the dots for themselves and their people. This could mean breaking habits and understanding what must be done and why. Top executives and managers must also help their people understand why change is necessary and coach them through the change process.

answer: The text says that change is always difficult and that people at all levels struggle to break habits and understand what must be done. Managers have to be able to tell their people what must be changed, and have to recognize that they need to change themselves as well.

answer: Change is always difficult and people always struggle to break habits. People, at all levels, struggle to understand why they should do things differently. It's the manager's job to connect the dots first for himself and then for his people to help everyone understand how they should work.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about there being a huge gap between strategies and goals and execution?

answer: There is a huge gap between strategies and goals and execution. Execution doesn't necessarily happen the way it was planned the first time, due to people doing what they have always done, for any number of reasons.

text: The article says figuring out what changes are necessary for day-to-day activity is crucial in closing the gap between execution and goals.

refinement: There is a huge gap between strategies and goals and execution. Execution doesn't necessarily happen the way it was planned the first time, due to people doing what they have always done, for any number of reasons. The article focuses on the necessity to figure out day-to-day routines and habits that need to be reevaluated for change to occur.

answer: This appears to be a statement about how the strategies used to implement new policies at things such as corporations don't always happen. Clearly management comes up with new strategies and priorities for a business, but challenges arise when those strategies don't fulfill expectations. This can lead to smaller challenges such as a new product offering a poor reception, to larger challenges such as a company that is well-known to continue going after one type of client, despite management's wishes to bring in new clientele

text: The problem caused by the gap between goals and execution is expressed poorly.

refinement: The strategies implemented at corporations don't always succeed in achieving their goals. Management comes up with new priorities, but challenges arise. This can mean being unable to change markets, change clientele, or poor reception to a new product.

text: The article says figuring out what changes are necessary for day-to-day activity is crucial in closing the gap between execution and goals.

refinement: The strategies implemented at corporations don't always succeed in achieving their goals. Management comes up with new priorities, but challenges arise. This can mean being unable to change markets, change clientele, or poor reception to a new product. The article focuses on the necessity to figure out day-to-day routines and habits that need to be reevaluated for change to occur.

answer: The text indicates that there is a huge gap between strategies and execution; there is often a disconnect between what the top executives want people to do and what people actually do.

answer: The text discusses the gap between strategies and goals and the execution of those strategies. This gap can lead to a variety of problems, including unsatisfactory implementation and missed targets. If managers are to be successful, it is important that they take steps to close this gap by connecting the dots. This means connecting the strategic changes with the behavior necessary for implementation. Managers need to consider how this change will impact themselves and their people and how to coach, reinforce, and measure performance to ensure that everyone is making the necessary changes and adjustments.

text: The article puts specific emphasis on day-to-day changes to implement larger-scale goals.

refinement: The text discusses the gap between strategies and goals and the execution of those strategies. This gap can lead to a variety of problems, including unsatisfactory implementation and missed targets. If managers are to be successful, it is important that they take steps to close this gap by connecting the dots. This means connecting the strategic changes with the behavior necessary for implementation. Managers need to consider how this change will impact themselves and their people and how to coach, reinforce, and measure performance to ensure that everyone is making the necessary changes and adjustments. The article emphasizes the necessity to evaluate changes in daily habits and activities.

answer: The text states that there is too often a huge gap between strategies and goals and execution. Goals often tend to not meet if the same strategies of marketing and selling are implied. People cannot do what they have always done if they wish to reach their goals and new successes.


text:
EMILY HELENA OGLE (born August 5, 1996) is an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Portland Thorns FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). She played for Penn State women's soccer team in college.[1][2]

Ogle is a former United States youth international,[3][4] and she was nominated for the 2016 U.S. Soccer Young Female Player of the Year award.[5]

College career

As a freshman at Penn State, Ogle started all 24 games of the 2014 season for the Nittany Lions.[6] During a match against West Virginia, she scored a goal and provided an assist to lift the team to a 3–1 win.[7] She finished the season having played 1,922 minutes, scored three goals and served four assists. Ogle scored the game-winning goal against Wisconsin the same year.[8]

During her sophomore year, she helped Penn State advance and win the NCAA College Cup. She scored a goal and provided an assist during the team's 4–0 victory over Ohio State in the third round of the tournament. She scored her second game-winning goal of the season in the 12th minute of a 2–0 win over West Virginia in the quarterfinals. As a midfielder, Ogle played all 90 minutes in Penn State’s 1–0 victory over Duke University in the College Cup Final. She ranked fourth on the team in minutes played (2,098) and finished the year with seven goals and five assists (19 points).[9]

Honors

PENN STATE

-   NCAA College Cup: 2015[10]

INDIVIDUAL

-   Big Ten Conference Freshman of the Year: 2014[11]
-   Big Ten Conference All-Freshman team: 2014[12]
-   All-Big Ten Second Team: 2015[13]
-   NSCAA All-Great Lakes region first team: 2015[14]
-   Women's College Cup All-Tournament Team: 2015[15]
-   U.S. Soccer Young Female Player of the Year nominee: 2016[16]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

title: Emily Ogle

question: When was Emily Helena Ogle born?

answer: August 5th 1996.

answer: August 5, 1996

answer: Emily Ogle was born on August 5, 1996.

answer: August 5, 1996

question: What soccer team did she play for in college?

answer: She played for Penn State women's soccer team in college.

answer: She played for Penn State women's soccer team in college.

answer: The Penn State women's soccer team.

answer: Emily Ogle played for the Penn State women's soccer team.

question: How many games did Ogle start in the 2014 season?

answer: 24.

answer: According to the passage, Ogle started all 24 games of the 2014 season for the Penn State Nittany Lions.

answer: 24

answer: All 24 of them.

question: What is the name of the team Ogle played for?

answer: The Nittany Lions.

text: The name of the team is Penn State.

answer: The name of the team Ogle played for is the Penn State women's soccer team.

answer: Penn State

answer: The team that Ogle played for is Penn State.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Emily Ogle is a professional soccer player who played for Penn State in college, and was nominated for the 2016 U.S. Soccer Young Female Player of the Year award.

text: It is omitted that she is now a professional player.

refinement: Emily Ogle is a professional soccer player who played for Penn State in college and is now a professional player. She was nominated for the 2016 U.S. Soccer Young Female Player of the Year award.

answer: This article is about Emily Ogle, a soccer player who played for the women's soccer team at Penn State during her undergraduate years.

text: It is omitted that she is now a professional player.

refinement: This article is about Emily Ogle, a soccer player who played for the women's soccer team at Penn State during her undergraduate years and is now a professional player.

answer: This article is about Emily Helena Ogle, an American professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Portland Thorns FC of the National Women's Soccer League.

answer: Emily Ogle is a professional soccer player who plays as a midfielder for Portland Thorns FC of the National Women's Soccer League. She played for Penn State women's soccer team in college.


text:
John Snatch. Given name: Johnny Snatch. John Snatch sounds more professional though.

John worked in an office downtown. The office was on the third floor of
what used to be a grain storage building or something like that. John didn't care too much for the specifics, and certainly didn't pay much attention during the tour on his first day. He didn't even know the name of the offices above and below his.

Like him, his coworkers were young subscribers to the current urban fads and had certain sensitivities to the nonchalant method of doing things. Indie music that wasn't so indie anymore could often be heard throughout his office. No one wore khakis to work. A generation with an appreciation for themselves.
	His job was relatively unimportant, but necessary nonetheless. John was a secretary, and had his explanation for the peculiar job down pat. "Just trying to break those gender barriers," John would say, adding in a half-hearted attempt at a laugh. The truth was that John didn't care much for any job he could occupy his time with. He saw a certain level of the superficial in just about everything he did now. A somewhat nihilistic and apathetic attitude embraced him most of the time. He didn't understand why everyone couldn't just slow down.

Our story sets its self on the twenty-fifth of September, a day with a temperature of about 60 degrees. John walked out of his measly apartment, a paperback book tucked under his arm and messenger bag over his shoulder. He wore a white oxford shirt with an olive green sweater vest on top -the sleeves were half rolled up his forearm- his pants were brown and his shoes a different shade of the color. John had not opened his red and white paper back book in three days, but carried it along with him in unrecognized hopes that he could tell someone about it. He was about half way through, and mildly enjoyed the story. John's vocabulary was wide enough to make the plot seem much more interesting that it was, anyways.

On the bus, John found the usual urge to listen to music off of his mobile phone absent. Today was an overcast day, a day to stare out of the window of your bus silently as if you're conceptualizing your new novel, or maybe considering the human condition by forcing the rain in to some complex metaphor for which it was never intended. John exited a stop early and unconsciously decided to not go in to work that day.

The stop happened to be in front of an old, yet hip (by the new definition) bookstore and coffee shop. John had never noticed it before, but ducked in for no particular reason. He ordered his coffee, a mocha, no whipped cream, and walked around the bookstore. John dodged the regular titles found at all stores that at least turn a regular profit, catering to the likes of teenagers that needed a copy of Crime and Punishment with a foreword that would write their reports for them. John immediately looked for the most dust covered shelf.

On it, John found an odd assortment of literature, they were not in alphabetical order, nor in any order of genre or style. Not by color, size, rating, rarity. Although, something about many of them spiked familiarity in John. He picked up a book titled "Amy Rhinehart, the girl." This was odd. The girl in cubicle twenty-two was named Amy Rhinehart. He guessed it was an odd enough named to be used in a book. He opened to the first page. "Amy Rhinehart was born on the seventeenth of June, 1982." John looked up from the book, starting in to the shelves who, if by some sort of magic could transform in to a mirror, John would have seen the most puzzled look that ever wrote itself upon a man's face. Amy Rhinehart -the real one, from the office- was born June 17, 1982. He had read it in a personnel file just a day before. Surely he had misread.

Nope. The paper in front of him still printed the same thing he had seen moments before. "Odd." John thought. He put the book on the shelf, not wanting to scare himself any farther. He scanned the rows again, and as if by some spell saw a book titled, "Rob Snatch." His father's name. John couldn't help but express his confusion audibly. John began to reach for the novel, but before his hand could grasp its target, his eye found a new obsession. "The Mild Adventures of Johnny Snatch."

John asked the price of the book. It wasn't for sale. John stared at the cover for a moment, and opened the cover with the anticipation of a pirate, finding his lost gold contained in a chest within the bowels of a cave. John saw no text in this book, instead, he found a pen secured in a cut out of the pages. He picked the pen up, and while examining it, did not notice that the cutout ceased to exist. John looked back at the book, his mind was as blank as the pages before him.

The book wasn't for sale.
John ran out of the store, book and all.
No one stopped him.

title: First short story, 'John.' Feedback is greatly appreciated!

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize surprises in the plot.

answer: The narrator spends his day in a series of surprising events. He goes in to work late and decides to not go in at all which may be a surprise to his coworkers but shouldn't be. He unexpectedly goes to a bookstore unknown to him that sells new, obscure titles whose genres aren't specified and the narrator only decides to browse these dusty covers. He finds a book by Amy Rhinehart, whose name is familiar; he thinks it funny that it contains details relating to the real Amy's life.

text: The response is approximately correct but doesn't quite get the details of the story correct.

refinement: He goes in to work on the bus and decides to not go in at all. He unexpectedly goes to a bookstore cafe that sells new, obscure titles whose genres aren't specified and the narrator decides to browse these dusty covers. He finds a book about Amy Rhinehart, whose name is familiar as it is someone he works with; he thinks it funny that it contains details relating to the real Amy's life.

text: The response should include the surprise of finding his own name on an empty book that appeared to not be for sale.

refinement: He goes in to work on the bus and decides to not go in at all. He unexpectedly goes to a bookstore cafe that sells new, obscure titles whose genres aren't specified and the narrator decides to browse these dusty covers. He finds a book about Amy Rhinehart, whose name is familiar as it is someone he works with; he thinks it funny that it contains details relating to the real Amy's life. After this he spots his father's name and then his own on a book that is not for sale. He leaves the store with the book.

answer: The narrator spends his day in a series of surprising events. He goes in to work late and decides to not go in at all which may be a surprise to his coworkers but shouldn't be. He unexpectedly goes to a bookstore unknown to him that sells new, obscure titles whose genres aren't specified and the narrator only decides to browse these dusty covers. He finds a book by Amy Rhinehart, whose name is familiar; he thinks it funny that it contains details relating to the real Amy's life. Lastly, he finds a book he's never heard of, a self-published book "The Mild Adventures of Johnny Snatch" that no one seems to know anything about and it's not for sale but there seems to be a plot.

text: The response is approximately correct but doesn't quite get the details of the story correct.

refinement: He goes in to work on the bus and decides to not go in at all. He unexpectedly goes to a bookstore cafe that sells new, obscure titles whose genres aren't specified and the narrator decides to browse these dusty covers. He finds a book about Amy Rhinehart, whose name is familiar as it is someone he works with; he thinks it funny that it contains details relating to the real Amy's life. After this he spots his father's name and then his own on a book that is not for sale. He leaves the store with the book.

answer: It is unusual that John spontaneously decides not to work on his day off. When he goes to the store, he uncovers books about himself, and he is surprised to find his father was a novelist. The story ends on an odd note, as John takes the book and runs out the door without paying for it.

text: The response is only vaguely accurate.

refinement: He goes in to work on the bus and decides to not go in at all. He unexpectedly goes to a bookstore cafe that sells new, obscure titles whose genres aren't specified and the narrator decides to browse these dusty covers. He finds a book about Amy Rhinehart, whose name is familiar as it is someone he works with; he thinks it funny that it contains details relating to the real Amy's life. After this he spots his father's name and then his own on a book that is not for sale. He leaves the store with the book.

answer: John is initially surprised by the personality of the novel. He's surprised when it describes a woman he knows. When he finds a book about himself, he is surprised.

text: The answer is only vaguely accurate.

refinement: He goes in to work on the bus and decides to not go in at all. He unexpectedly goes to a bookstore cafe that sells new, obscure titles whose genres aren't specified and the narrator decides to browse these dusty covers. He finds a book about Amy Rhinehart, whose name is familiar as it is someone he works with; he thinks it funny that it contains details relating to the real Amy's life. After this he spots his father's name and then his own on a book that is not for sale. He leaves the store with the book.

answer: John is initially surprised by the personality of the novel. Then he's surprised when it describes a woman he knows. When he finds a book about himself, he is surprised.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize how John Snatch changes over the course of the story.

answer: John Snatch is a twenty-something Year old Generation Y hipster in the city. He joins an urban, trendy office where he pretends to find gender equality by working as a secretary. He's apathetic. Passing days makes him feel to see science as only a knowledge to sell others. John doesn't make friends. Instead, he sits on the bus every day and eats breakfast at the desk. He reads books on the trains instead of making small talk. He walks home one day, picks a book off a shelf and gets shocked after discovering  that he has a lost twin. His own life story appears as a book in this bookstore. John is in shock and runs from the bookstore.

text: This answer is a mostly incorrect summary of the story.

refinement: The character of John Snatch does not change much from the beginning to the end of this story.

answer: John seems to be a cynical misanthropist on average. He is always looking for ways to get out of stuff even though it screws his own life. He is 22 years old and decided to start the job he has before. At the very beginning of the story, he deliberately skips work. He goes to get coffee and finds a book about himself (sort of) and immediately runs out with it.

text: This answer is a mostly a summary of the story and not an answer to the question of John's character.

refinement: The character of John Snatch does not change much from the beginning to the end of this story.

answer: John Snatch has an apathetic and nihilistic attitude. He gets the urge to listen to music off of his mobile phone at work, but he decides to not go to work that day since he didn't have it in him. Later on, when he finds a book with his literal name, Rob Snatch and his father's name, John can't help but express his confusion. He enjoys reading the book and the confusion intensifies when he realizes that the book is not for sale. John runs out the store with the book, feverishly. No one stops him.

answer: John seems to be a cynical misanthropist on average. He decides to not go to work and then decides to go see everyone for a bit before realizing he has to leave. When at the bookstore, he finds a book about himself and then, against his best wishes, leaves the book behind.

answer: John Snatch is a twenty-something year old generation Y hipster in the city. He joins an urban, trendy office where he pretends to find gender equality by working as a secretary. He's apathetic. The repetitive nature of everything makes him feel like life is receding. John doesn't make friends. Instead, he sits on the bus every day and eats breakfast at his desk. He reads books on the trains instead of making small talk. He walks home one day, picks a book off a shelf and discovers  that he has a lost twin. His own life story appears as a book in this bookstore. John is in shock and runs from the bookstore.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the plot of the paperback John has tucked under his arm.

answer: It's never explained.

answer: The plot has not yet begun.

text: The response should reflect that the plot is not explained.

answer: John has not begun reading the book yet.

text: John has started to read the book, he just hasn't opened it for some time.

answer: No answer

text: The plot is not explained. The question is addressed in the initial text.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about John and his coworkers?

answer: John had young coworkers who subscribed to the current urban fads. Nobody wore khakis. He describes his coworkers as having a certain sensitivity to the nonchalant method of doing things. John says that he took the job as a secretary to try and break some gender barriers.

answer: John and his coworkers are Millennials who are used to experimenting with their tastes and trends. They are open to the culture of its definition.

text: Last sentence is nonsensical and redundant.

refinement: John and his coworkers are Millennials who are used to experimenting with their tastes and trends.

answer: John and his coworkers are Millennials who are used to experimenting with their tastes and trends.

answer: On his first day at the office, John did not know the name of the post offices on either side of his. Although he is young and has a vocabulary, John was a big fan of nonchalant methods of doing things.

text: The answer only references John and not his co-workers.

refinement: John had young coworkers who subscribed to the current urban fads. Nobody wore khakis. He describes his coworkers as having a certain sensitivity to the nonchalant method of doing things. John says that he took the job as a secretary to try and break some gender barriers.

answer: On his first day at the office, John did not know the names of the post offices on either side of his. Although he is young and has a vocabulary, John was a big fan of nonchalant methods of doing things.

text: The response only covers John and not his coworkers.

refinement: John had young coworkers who subscribed to the current urban fads. Nobody wore khakis. He describes his coworkers as having a certain sensitivity to the nonchalant method of doing things. John says that he took the job as a secretary to try and break some gender barriers.

answer: John had young coworkers who subscribed to the current urban fads. Nobody wore khakis. He describes his coworkers as having a certain sensitivity to the nonchalant method of doing things. Nobody wore khakis in the office. He says that he took the job as a secretary to try and break some gender barriers.

text: Removal of repetition necessary to make the answer more coherent.

refinement: John had young coworkers who subscribed to the current urban fads. He describes his coworkers as having a certain sensitivity to the nonchalant method of doing things. Nobody wore khakis in the office. He says that he took the job as a secretary to try and break some gender barriers.


text:
I have never had such a vivid dream, and it still frightens me. This is what i remember, in full detail.

At one point during this dream, for what I do not recall, I was brought to a place that felt cold, and lifeless. I could feel myself becoming older very quickly. A strange feeling, as if my aging was accelerating and i could feel every change to my body and mind. Every joint becoming stiff and unforgiving, my memories fading. It was in this place of darkness, it happened.

I was brought in front of a crowd, all starring completely motionless, and I waited. Waited for anything, yet nothing happened. Not a whisper, not a blink, complete and utter emptiness lay in front of me in the form of faces, cold, hollow faces. Then something changed. As I looked into the crowed, there I was. Old and horribly and disfigured, my body completely ravaged by old age, yet one thing stood utterly untouched, the eyes. As ours met, he came forward through the sea of unknown faces, and slowly drew a pistol to my forehead. With our eyes locked, he did not fire, he did not flinch. This standstill lasted for what seemed a lifetime, feeling myself become him through accelerated age, as if the pistol was drawing my youth faster and faster. When suddenly, his hands began to tremble, his blank, heartless stare faded. He began to cry. No words we uttered from his wrinkled lips, only the face of remorse. This, above all the confusion, drove me to a unbearable fury.

" JUST FUCKING DO IT, KILL ME !", over and over and over. Screaming at the top of my lungs... demanding death. Looking directly at my older self, crying, screaming, over and over and over, " JUST FUCKING KILL ME !". Till suddenly, he pulls the gun back , hand trembling, and puts it to his mouth. I became silent as I watched his crying eyes suddenly shut. Then slowly, armed with the same blank, dead stare I had seen before, he turned the pistol once again towards me, and without a word, fired.

title: Watch Me - A Short Story

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is happening to the narrator in their vivid dream?

answer: They are aging at an accelerating rate.

answer: The narrator is being confronted by their older self in front of a crowd of lifeless faces, and is being asked to die. When their older self becomes overwhelmed with remorse, the narrator's urge for death grows harsher, until their older self eventually commits suicide.

text: This is sort of more like a summary than an answer.

refinement: The narrator is being confronted by their older self in front of a crowd of lifeless faces.

answer: They are being morphed into their older self.

answer: The narrator is in a strange place going through rapid aging. An older man appears with a gun to shoot the narrator.

text: The second sentence is not necessary to include in the answer as that's not what the question is asking.

refinement: The narrator is in a strange place going through rapid aging. An older man appears with a gun to shoot the narrator.

answer: In their dream the narrator is watching themselves quickly age into an older version of themselves. They are then faced with a crowded of people staring without emotion. Then one older version of themselves steps forward with a gun and aims it at their forehead. While they are looking into this version's eyes, they begin to shake and cry. The younger version of themselves screams for this older version of them to kill them but when he does not do so, the younger version becomes enraged. The older version then shoots himself but before doing so he turns the gun back towards the younger version and fires.

text: This is a summary, not an answer to the question.

refinement: In their dream the narrator is watching themselves quickly age into an older version of themselves.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Explain what happened after the narrator was brought in front of a crowd.

answer: He sees his older self approach him with a pistol pointed at his forehead.

answer: After being brought in front of a crowd, the narrator was given a look of judgment by an older version of himself. Suddenly, the older version produced a pistol and prepared to shoot the narrator. The narrator became driven by fury and started begging the figure to kill him. As the figure hesitated, the narrator urged him to do so until, finally, the figure complied.

answer: He wanted to die, crying and begging his old self to shoot him in the head, but the younger version of himself doesn't pull the trigger, simply aiming the gun at his own mouth.

answer: The narrator was brought in front of a crowd. After this, an older, disfigured self was brought forward. As the younger and older selves locked eyes, the older self readied a pistol at the younger self's forehead. The older self's hands began to shake, and the older self looked remorseful. The younger self grew increasingly frustrated, screaming for the older self to just kill him. Then, the older self turned the pistol on himself, and without a word, shot the younger self.

answer: Each person's face in the audience appeared to be emotionless and empty. He just stared at himself like a mirror. Eventually an old, disfigured version of himself changed.

text:
Their older self comes forward and points a gun at them.
This answer is too vague.

refinement: Each person's face in the audience appeared to be emotionless and empty. The narrator's former self comes up to them with a gun.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the narrator yelling at his older self?

answer: " JUST KILL ME! ".

answer: Telling him to kill him and pull the trigger.

answer: The narrator is yelling at his older self to kill him.

answer: The narrator is yelling at his older self to just kill him.

answer: He yells that he wants to die.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize what happens after the narrator's older self turns the gun on himself into his mouth.

answer: The narrator becomes quiet another time. Then, the narrator's older self turns the gun back into the other him and shoots.

answer: The older self puts the gun in his mouth and shoots himself, leaving the narrator awake and shaken. The dream ends with the narrator shaken and wondering why the older self did not kill himself.

text: That's not how the passage ends-there is no waking up.

refinement: The older self turns the gun on the narrator and fires.

answer: The older self pulls the gun away from the younger narrator and points the pistol in their direction. Without saying a word, he shoots the narrator and kills them.

answer: The narrator becomes silent and his older self once again turns the pistol on the narrator and fires away.

answer: The narrator waits for him to kill himself, but the old man just reloads the gun and shoots the narrator himself.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: In this dream, the dreamer finds himself aging rapidly and is brought before a silent crowd. The older version of the dreamer comes forward, aiming a gun at their forehead. After resisting shooting the dreamer, the older version pulls the gun to their own mouth and shoots. This leads to the dreamer screaming for death until the older version finally shoots.

answer:
The narrator has a vivid but frightening dream about seeing himself age at an accelerated rate. He is then brought in front of a crowd and sees his older self approach him with a pistol pointed at his forehead.
His older self turns the pistol on himself and once again towards the narrator and fires away without saying a word.

answer: The narrator recounts a vivid dream that triggers doubts about their own mortality. They are seen by their own past/older self, and they watch their past self approach them with a gun to their head. They become impatient with their past self when he doesn't pull the trigger, and finally they watch him pull the trigger and end his life.

text: Is there a different version of this text? This is not how the one I'm reading ends.

refinement: The narrator recounts a vivid dream that triggers doubts about their own mortality.In the dream, they are seen by their own past/older self, and they watch their past self approach them with a gun to their head. They become impatient with their past self when he doesn't pull the trigger, and finally they watch the older self point the gun at the narrator and fire.

answer: In a vivid, evil dream, the narrator finds themselves in front of a group of people staring at him with blank stares, some of these people eventually uttering "just kill me". They then go deaf, unable to tell what happens. Eventually, their alter ego becomes their old self and they fire a gunshot at the narrator.

text: This misses the whole crucial plot of seeing older versions of yourself who want to kill you.

refinement: In a vivid, evil dream, the narrator finds themselves in front of a group of people staring at him with blank stares, some of these people eventually uttering "just kill me". They are aging, and their older selves are present. Eventually, their alter ego becomes their old self and they fire a gunshot at the narrator.

answer: In a dream, the protagonist is brought to a cold, lifeless place. There, they see their older self and watch as they are brought before a crowd. This older self with an apathetic stare draws a gun and aims it at the protagonist's head. The protagonist watches with rage as their older self starts to cry. Suddenly, the older self shoots themselves in the mouth and the protagonist is left in shock as the older self is reborn with the same empty, dead stare.


text:
His feverish yelling reverberated around me, bouncing mercilessly from dark surface to dark surface - A primal voice crying out again into the black accompanying his physical efforts.

My mind ached as my bloodied ears received the sound. This intolerable pain was increasing immeasurably by the floods of adrenaline that followed the icy jolt of anxiety ripping up through my spine. I cursed my claustrophobia; the room could not have been more than two meters wide, and just over that again in length. In addition to my tight bindings, the shuddering echoes of exhaustion and ragged laughter jumping out from all around me were like cold, violating hands pinching roughly at my clammy slack skin.

Most of my tension had left me now. Fatigue and a growing complacency with my situation had led me to be absurdly relaxed under the coming blows - or perhaps I had just started to feel numb with shock - perhaps my brain had just become too occupied with pain.

A sudden rush of air came from my right, gushing past my cheek. My head flew back and a muted yet moist 'thach' ricocheted off the walls. Strangely my head began to hurt before my face did. I started feeling a strong urge to vomit, as I used what always seemed to feel like the last few bare threads of my energy to pull my head forwards again. As I did, my eyes feel closed in sync, like a child's toy doll.

"I hope you feel that"

My eyes snapped open and my brain, which had been teetering on the edge of unconsciousness, was now utterly alert.

"I hope you fuckin' feel that"

It was the first time he'd spoken - I was so amazed and fearful that the moment might would be lost that I gurgled on my own blood in my excitement to try to engage him. Quickly I tried to clear my throat, but my swollen face and knotted muscles wouldn't comply, so I ended up gnashing and fizzing the blood against my teeth in my derangement.

Coagulated blood was forced through the small gaps in my teeth and spat from the slit I had left for a mouth; I heard loud heavy droplets hit the smooth floor in front of me as the blood mingled slobber crept down my chin.

Naturally when I first woke here and we started this, I cried and screamed and begged for a reason - or even a response - to the blow after blow. The questions burning in my mind as each skin on skin assault left a smoldering ember of hope in me that, maybe, I could feel even just a small crumb of humanity from my assailant. Some leverage.

I started choking - the thick blood in my throat started gushing into my lungs. In my haste I must have opened some internal wound. Every painful quake of my chest, as I desperately clambered for air, seemed to satisfy him.

"Fucking good."

I was seized with terror as I knew he was closing away again - I tried one last staggered attempt to speak with everything I had left. It tore from my larynx like it was wrapped in sandpaper;

"Why"

At this point I didn't even know if it was a question.

In the gloom I just made out his silhouette. He was standing at 90 degree angle facing away from me, I couldn't tell in what direction. My eyes were almost swollen shut so I could hardly ever decipher his proximity from me; his thickness was the most I could manage. In mid-breath, I felt an overwhelmingly powerful slam to my sternum - so powerful the chair was hurled backwards and I felt the metal legs beneath bend as my propelled weight hurled into them at such an angle. I thought they'd broken off as I tipped pathetically to the ground. Due to the confinement, my skull cracked loudly against the wall first, followed by the quiet slap of my body against the damp concrete of the floor.

The pressure in my head was then too much and was released as I convulsed to vomit, violently enough, as fortune had it, to force my solid jaw apart. Just as I started to pass out, I heard a satisfied grunt from the abyss.

---

**EDIT** : Anyone who's taken the time to read this, I'd really appreciate some feedback.

title: Begging Stockholm

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about why the narrator is scared and in pain?

answer: The narrator is captured and tortured by a bigger and stronger man. He beats the narrator left and right, bashing the 90-degree angle of his fist into the narrator's chest over and over again, dealing immense blows to the bone. The narrator struggles to stay hidden while the man tries to kill him by bludgeoning. The narrator thinks the metal legs of the chair will break. The blows send his body slamming against the cold walls of the room, cracking his skull. His body is sliced and bruised from bottom to top. The elements of the torture are excruciating to imagine, but the relentlessness of it really creates a sense of realism for the story. About halfway through the narrative, the narrator vomits, realizing the character of his captor. His captor relishes abusing the narrator, making him feel pain and misery, hence the question "why". The greatest horror of the story is that nothing seems to keep the antagonistic force from beating up the narrator, making the abuse endless and frustrating.

text: These two events do not happen in the story.

refinement: The narrator is captured and tortured by a bigger and stronger man. He beats the narrator left and right, bashing the 90-degree angle of his fist into the narrator's chest over and over again, dealing immense blows to the bone. The narrator thinks the metal legs of the chair will break. The blows send his body slamming against the cold walls of the room, cracking his skull. His body is sliced and bruised from bottom to top. The elements of the torture are excruciating to imagine, but the relentlessness of it really creates a sense of realism for the story. About halfway through the narrative, the narrator vomits, realizing the character of his captor. His captor relishes abusing the narrator, making him feel pain and misery, hence the question "why". The greatest horror of the story is that nothing seems to keep the antagonistic force from beating up the narrator, making the abuse endless and frustrating.

text: This is oddly worded.

refinement: The narrator is captured and tortured by a bigger and stronger man. He beats the narrator left and right, bashing the 90-degree angle of his fist into the narrator's chest over and over again, dealing immense blows to the bone. The narrator thinks the metal legs of the chair will break. The blows send his body slamming against the cold walls of the room, cracking his skull. His body is sliced and bruised from bottom to top. The elements of the torture are excruciating to imagine, but the relentlessness of it really creates a sense of realism for the story. About halfway through the narrative, the narrator vomits, realizing the character of his captor. His captor relishes abusing the narrator, making him feel pain and misery. The greatest horror of the story is that nothing seems to keep the antagonistic force from beating up the narrator, making the abuse endless and frustrating.

answer: The narrator is tied to a chair. His physical efforts continues. Then, there is a blow. Sounds of pain are like a flood of adrenaline through the narrator's spine. The edges of the narrator's mouth are swollen. His muscles are knotted. The narrator gurgles on his own blood. His skull cracked against the wall. The blow targeted his chest, eliciting a grunt from the narrator. The pressure in his head was released as he started to vomit. It was all happening again.

text: This is an incoherent sentence in the narrative. It is grammatically incorrect and semantically it is not clear what it refers to. It should be removed.

refinement: The narrator is tied to a chair. Then, there is a blow. Sounds of pain are like a flood of adrenaline through the narrator's spine. The edges of the narrator's mouth are swollen. His muscles are knotted. The narrator gurgles on his own blood. His skull cracked against the wall. The blow targeted his chest, eliciting a grunt from the narrator. The pressure in his head was released as he started to vomit. It was all happening again.

text: This is semantically incoherent. It does nothing to summarize and is too similar in tone to a narrative.

refinement: The narrator is tied to a chair. Then, there is a blow. Sounds of pain are like a flood of adrenaline through the narrator's spine. The edges of the narrator's mouth are swollen. His muscles are knotted. The narrator gurgles on his own blood. His skull cracked against the wall. The blow targeted his chest, eliciting a grunt from the narrator. The pressure in his head was released as he started to vomit.

text: There should be a line added which summarizes why this is happening, even though the narrator does not know why.

refinement: The narrator is tied to a chair. Then, there is a blow. Sounds of pain are like a flood of adrenaline through the narrator's spine. The edges of the narrator's mouth are swollen. His muscles are knotted. The narrator gurgles on his own blood. His skull cracked against the wall. The blow targeted his chest, eliciting a grunt from the narrator. The pressure in his head was released as he started to vomit. He is being tortured.

answer: The narrator is scared and in pain because the assailant has been inflicting blows without any explanation or reason for doing so.

text: *an assailant. The indefinite article should be used because this person has not been introduced before.

refinement: The narrator is scared and in pain because an assailant has been inflicting blows without any explanation or reason for doing so.

answer: The narrator is scared and in pain because they've been beaten relentlessly by their assailant and they do not understand why. Both the pain and anxiety associated with the torture are causing great distress.

answer: The narrator is beaten by someone. He is in terrible pain, his eyes are swollen, his ears are blooded. He gurgles on his own blood and has coagulated blood in his mouth. He starts choking because the thick blood starts gushing into his lungs and desperately clambers for air. He does not even know why the guy is beating him.

text: The final sentence is not well-worded. It should be "assailant" rather than "the guy"

refinement: The narrator is beaten by someone. He is in terrible pain, his eyes are swollen, his ears are blooded. He gurgles on his own blood and has coagulated blood in his mouth. He starts choking because the thick blood starts gushing into his lungs and desperately clambers for air. He does not even know why his assailant is beating him.


text:
You need to sign in to fork this code!

If you sign in or sign up to code9leap, you can start programming with this code, or various samples and turorials. (sign up takes only 1 min!)

Fork Download

------------------------------------------------------------------------

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Do you need to sign in to fork this code?

answer: Yes, you need to sign in or sign up to code9leap in order to make changes to the code.

answer: Yes.

answer: You need to sign in or sign up to code9leap (or fork the code).

answer: Yes, you need to sign in or sign up on code9leap in order to start programming with the code.

answer: Yes

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What can you do with this code?

answer: You can program and run various samples and tutorials.

answer: You can hypothetically sign in to Code9, a Norwegian code portal, sign up.

text: Where is it getting Norwegian code portal?

refinement: You can hypothetically sign in to Code9 and sign up.

answer: You can start programming with this code.

answer: Start programming.

answer: You can program with this code, or learn from various samples or tutorials.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What else do you gain access to if you sign in or sign up?

answer: Various samples and tutorials.

answer: When you sign in or sign up, you gain access to a variety of programming samples and tutorials.

answer: All the sample programs and various tutorials.

answer: You can access various samples and tutorials to help you start programming.

answer: If you have an account you can gain access to different samples and tutorials.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How long does the sign up take?

answer: That information is not available.

text: It does

answer: 1 minute.

answer: 1 minute.

answer: 1 min.

answer: 1 minute.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: A text that asks the reader to sign in forking the account.

text: Not good syntax

refinement: The text is about signing in or signing up for code9leap, in order to access and fork a code.

answer: The text is an advertisement for a website where people could join and participate in coding.

answer: The text is about signing in or signing up for code9leap, in order to access and fork a code.

answer: This Python program calculates the sum of a list of integers.

text: No it doesn't

refinement: The text is about signing in or signing up for code9leap, in order to access and fork a code.

answer: This code creates a basic "Hello World!" program.

text: No it doesn't

refinement: The text is about signing in or signing up for code9leap, in order to access and fork a code.