text:
COHORS SECUNDA DELMATARUM (“2nd Cohort of Dalmatae”) was a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment. It is named after the Dalmatae, an Illyrian-speaking tribe that inhabited the Adriatic coastal mountain range of the eponymous Dalmatia. The ancient geographer Strabo describes these mountains as extremely rugged, and the Dalmatae as backward and warlike. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbours adopted it and that they “made war on the Romans for a long time”. He also criticizes the Dalmatae, a nation of pastoralists, for turning fertile plains into sheep pasture.[1] Indeed, the name of the tribe itself is believed to mean “shepherds”, derived from the Illyrian word _delme_ (“sheep”).[2] The final time this people fought against Rome was in the Illyrian revolt of 6-9 AD. The revolt was started by Dalmatae auxiliary forces and soon spread all over Dalmatia and Pannonia. The resulting war was described by the Roman writer Suetonius as the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. But after the war, the Dalmatae became a loyal and important source of recruits for the Roman army.

According to Holder, a total of 12 _cohortes Delmatarum_ appear to have been raised after the suppression of the Illyrian revolt in two series, of 7 and 5 respectively. All these units were in existence by the time of emperor Claudius (r. 41-54)[3] Of these, 9 appear to have survived into the 2nd century.[4]

The regiment was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus (r. 30BC-14AD) after 9 AD. It was certainly in existence by the time of Claudius (r. 41-54).[5] Its early movements are unknown. Holder suggests that the regiment may have taken part in the Roman invasion of Britain (43), but there is no supporting evidence. It first appears in the datable epigraphic record in 105, in Britannia. It was still there in the 3rd century, the time of its last roughly datable inscription, a votive altar at _Magnis_ (Carvoran, Northumbria).[6] The _Notitia Dignitatum_, a late Roman official document, records a _cohors II Delmatarum_ at _Magnis_ under the dux Britanniarum, the commander of _limitanei_ (border forces) along Hadrian's Wall.[7] The Western section of the _Notitia_ was drawn up in the 420's but the British units must date to before 410, when the island was evacuated by the Roman army.

The names of 2 _praefecti_ (regimental commanders) are attested. One, Iulius Maximus is attested as from the city of Rome (135). The other, Marcus Caecilius Donatianus, is attested in the votive altar at Carvoran (3rd century) to a _virgo caelestis_ (“celestial virgin”), probably Tanit, the guardian-goddess of Carthage, implying that Donatianus was perhaps from Africa proconsularis. Also attested is an _imaginifer_ (bearer of the imperial image) (3rd century) and a _pedes_ (common foot soldier) of the Treveri Gallic tribe (135).[8]

Citations

[1] Strabo _Geographia_ VII.5

[2] Spaul (2000) 304

[3] Holder (1980) 112

[4] Spaul (2000) 302-14

[5]

[6]

[7] _Notitia Dignitatum_ Title Occidens XL

[8]

title: Cohors II Delmatarum

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize everything related to battles.

answer: The Illyrian revolt lasted from 6-9 AD. It was described as the hardest war fought by Rome. The Dalmatae fought on their own against Rome for a long time and refused to use money for a long time. The regiment itself possibly fought in the Latin invasion of Britain.

text: Remove the third sentence of the response.

refinement: The Illyrian revolt lasted from 6-9 AD. It was described as the hardest war fought by Rome. The regiment itself possibly fought in the Latin invasion of Britain.

text: Two centuries prior to the Illyrian revolt, Rome faced the Punic Wars. Include this in the response.

refinement: The Illyrian revolt lasted from 6-9 AD. It was described as the hardest war fought by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. The regiment itself possibly fought in the Latin invasion of Britain.

text: Replace 'Latin' with 'Roman'.

refinement: The Illyrian revolt lasted from 6-9 AD. It was described as the hardest war fought by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. The regiment itself possibly fought in the Roman invasion of Britain.

answer: The most difficult battle faced by Rome was the Illyrian revolt. The revolt was started by Dalmatae auxiliary forces and eventually spread throughout Dalmatia and Pannonia. There was then a war that lasted until 8 AD described by the Roman writer Suetonius as the most difficult faced by Rome. The Dalmatae became a loyal and important source of recruits in the Roman army after the war.

text: The war that stemmed from the revolt was described by Suetonius as the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. Include the Punic Wars in the response as well.

refinement: The most difficult battle faced by Rome was the Illyrian revolt. The revolt was started by Dalmatae auxiliary forces and eventually spread throughout Dalmatia and Pannonia. The resulting war was described by the Roman writer Suetonius as the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. The Dalmatae became a loyal and important source of recruits in the Roman army after the war.

text: Rome invaded Britain. Include this military conquest in the response.

refinement: The most difficult battle faced by Rome was the Illyrian revolt. The revolt was started by Dalmatae auxiliary forces and eventually spread throughout Dalmatia and Pannonia. The resulting war was described by the Roman writer Suetonius as the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars two centuries earlier. The Dalmatae became a loyal and important source of recruits in the Roman army after the war and was probably used in the Roman invasion of Britain.

answer: The Illyrian revolt lasted from 6-9 AD. It was described as the hardest war fought by Rome. The Dalmatae fought on their own against Rome for a long time and refused to use money for a long time. The regiment itself fought in the Latin invasion of Britain.

answer: The Cohors Secunda Delmatarum fought against Rome in the Illyrian revolt of 6 to 9 AD. Suetonius describes the war as being the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars 200 years earlier. According to Holder, a total of 12 Cohortes Delmatarum were raised after the suppression the revolt. However, of these, 9 appear to have survived into the 2nd century. The regiment likely took part in the Roman defeat at Britain.

answer: The Cohors Secunda Delmatarum fought against Rome in the Illyrian revolt of 6 to 9 AD. Suetonius describes the war as being the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars 200 years earlier. According to Holder, a total of 12 Cohortes Delmatarum were raised after the suppression the revolt. However, of these, 9 appear to have survived into the 2nd century. The regiment likely took part in the Roman invasion of Britain (43), which has no supporting evidence. It appears in the datable epigraphic record in 105, in Britannia, but possibly had military activity before this. By the 3rd century, the regiment still appears in Britannia.

text: Remove '(43)' from the response.

refinement: The Cohors Secunda Delmatarum fought against Rome in the Illyrian revolt of 6 to 9 AD. Suetonius describes the war as being the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars 200 years earlier. According to Holder, a total of 12 Cohortes Delmatarum were raised after the suppression the revolt. However, of these, 9 appear to have survived into the 2nd century. The regiment likely took part in the Roman invasion of Britain, which has no supporting evidence. It appears in the datable epigraphic record in 105, in Britannia, but possibly had military activity before this. By the 3rd century, the regiment still appears in Britannia.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize everything relating to historical fgures.

answer: [rewrite]

text: Remove the current response.

text: Strabo, an ancient geographer, described the Adriatic coast as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae tribe as backward and warlike. Suetonius, the Roman writer, describes the Illyrian revolt staged by the Dalmatae tribe as the most difficult faced by Rome in two centuries. Holder compiled history surrounding the Dalmatae in the current day. The 2nd cohort of the Dalmatae was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus and was already in existence by the time of Claudius. Two regimental commanders of the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae were Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus. Include these historical figures in the response.

refinement: Strabo, an ancient geographer, described the Adriatic coast as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae tribe as backward and warlike. Suetonius, the Roman writer, describes the Illyrian revolt staged by the Dalmatae tribe as the most difficult faced by Rome in two centuries. Holder compiled history surrounding the Dalmatae in the current day. The 2nd cohort of the Dalmatae was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus and was already in existence by the time of Claudius. Two regimental commanders of the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae were Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus.

answer: The ancient geographer Strabo describes the Dalmatae mountains as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae as a backward and warlike tribe that made war with Rome. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they "made war on the Romans for a long time". The emperor Claudius ruled from 41-54. A Roman commander Tiberius Claudius Maximus has a similar name to his. He came from the city of Rome. One Roman soldier worshipped Carthage, a sort of sister city to Rome.

text: Strabo described the Adriatic coastal mountain range of Dalmatia. Change the name of the mountain in the response and remove the duplicate mention of war with Rome.

refinement: The ancient geographer Strabo describes the Adriatic mountain range in Dalmatia as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae as a backward and warlike tribe. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they "made war on the Romans for a long time". The emperor Claudius ruled from 41-54. A Roman commander Tiberius Claudius Maximus has a similar name to his. He came from the city of Rome. One Roman soldier worshipped Carthage, a sort of sister city to Rome.

text: Remove the final three sentences of the response, it contains information that does not relate to the text or to the question.

refinement: The ancient geographer Strabo describes the Adriatic mountain range in Dalmatia as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae as a backward and warlike tribe. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they "made war on the Romans for a long time". The emperor Claudius ruled from 41-54.

text: Suetonius, the Roman writer, describes the Illyrian revolt staged by the Dalmatae tribe as the most difficult faced by Rome in two centuries. Holder compiled history surrounding the Dalmatae in the current day. The 2nd cohort of the Dalmatae was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus and was already in existence by the time of Claudius. Two regimental commanders of the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae were Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus. Include these historical figures in the response in addition to the figures already mentioned.

refinement: The ancient geographer Strabo describes the Adriatic mountain range in Dalmatia as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae as a backward and warlike tribe. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they "made war on the Romans for a long time". This war is described by Roman writer Suetonius as the most difficult faced by Rome since the Punic Wars. The emperor Claudius ruled from 41-54, and founder-emperor Augustus probably raised the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae to fight for Rome. Holder compiled information on this cohort for the modern day. Two regimental commanders of this cohort were Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus.

answer: Strabo, Suetonius, and Claudius were all emperors. The Dalmatae were compared with the Maori, who were also ferocious and warlike. The Roman army was trying to conquer them. Iullius Maximus was the Regimental Commander at some stage.

text: Strabo was an ancient geographer, Suetonius was a Roman writer, Augustus was a founder-emperor that probably raised the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae. The cohort was already in existence when Claudius was emperor. Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus were both regimental commanders of the cohort at some stage. Holder compiled information regarding the Romans for the current day. Correct the designations of Strabo and Suetonius, and add Augustus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus to the response.

refinement: Strabo was an ancient geographer, Suetonius was a Roman writer and Augustus was a founder-emperor that probably raised the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae. The cohort already existed in Claudius' time. The Dalmatae were compared with the Maori, who were also ferocious and warlike. The Roman army was trying to conquer them. Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus were the Regimental Commanders at some stage.

text: Remove the comparison of the Dalmatae with the Maori. The Roman army conquered the Dalmatae after the Illyrian revolt and raised the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae from them. Correct the response.

refinement: Strabo was an ancient geographer, Suetonius was a Roman writer and Augustus was a founder-emperor that probably raised the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae. The cohort already existed in Claudius' time. The Dalmatae were warlike and tried to conquer the Roman army through the Illyrian revolt, but failed. Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus were the Regimental Commanders at some stage.

answer: Holder suggests that the regiment may have taken part in the Roman invasion of Britain (43), but there is no supporting evidence. He suggests that it may have taken part in the Roman invasion of Britain (43), but there is no supporting evidence.

text: Remove the duplicate sentence.

refinement: Holder suggests that the regiment may have taken part in the Roman invasion of Britain.

text: Strabo, an ancient geographer, described the Adriatic coast as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae tribe as backward and warlike. Suetonius, the Roman writer, describes the Illyrian revolt staged by the Dalmatae tribe as the most difficult faced by Rome in two centuries. The 2nd cohort of the Dalmatae was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus and was already in existence by the time of Claudius. Two regimental commanders of the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae were Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus. Include these historical figures in the response as well.

refinement: Strabo, an ancient geographer, described the Adriatic coast as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae tribe as backward and warlike. Suetonius, the Roman writer, describes the Illyrian revolt staged by the Dalmatae tribe as the most difficult faced by Rome in two centuries. The 2nd cohort of the Dalmatae was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus and was already in existence by the time of Claudius. Holder suggests that the regiment may have taken part in the Roman invasion of Britain. Two regimental commanders of the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae were Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus.

answer: The ancient geographer Strabo criticizes the Dalmatae for behaving differently from their neighbors. He claims they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they were a warlike people. The revolt was started by Dalmatae auxiliary forces and spread all over Dalmatia and Pannonia. He also claims they abandoned their former shepherding lifestyles to war against Rome. Augustus possibly raised the regiment after 9 AD. Strabo names 9 cohorts as existing by the reign of Claudius. Iullius Maximus was a suspected commander. Marcus Caecilius Donatianus was a possible African.

text: There is no indication that the Dalmatae abandoned their pastoral lifestyle. Remove the sentence that alleges this from the response.

refinement: The ancient geographer Strabo criticizes the Dalmatae for behaving differently from their neighbors. He claims they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they were a warlike people. The revolt was started by Dalmatae auxiliary forces and spread all over Dalmatia and Pannonia. Augustus possibly raised the regiment after 9 AD. Strabo names 9 cohorts as existing by the reign of Claudius. Iullius Maximus was a suspected commander. Marcus Caecilius Donatianus was a possible African.

text: The Roman writer Suetonius described the revolt as the most difficult faced by the Romans in two centuries. Holder compiled information on the Romans for use today. There are two regional commanders listed in the article, Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus. include the other historical figures in the response as well.

refinement: The ancient geographer Strabo criticizes the Dalmatae for behaving differently from their neighbors. He claims they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they were a warlike people. The revolt was started by Dalmatae auxiliary forces and spread all over Dalmatia and Pannonia. The Roman writer Suetonius described the revolt as the most difficult faced by the Romans in two centuries. Augustus possibly raised the regiment after 9 AD. Holder names 9 cohorts as existing by the reign of Claudius. Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus were regional commanders of the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae.

answer: The ancient geographer Strabo describes the Dalmatae mountains as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae as a backward and warlike tribe that made war with Rome. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they "made war on the Romans for a long time".

text: Strabo described the Adriatic coastal mountain range of Dalmatia. Change the name of the mountain in the response and remove the duplicate mention of war with Rome.

refinement: The ancient geographer Strabo describes the Adriatic coastal mountain range as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae as a backward and warlike tribe. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they "made war on the Romans for a long time".

text: Suetonius, the Roman writer, describes the Illyrian revolt staged by the Dalmatae tribe as the most difficult faced by Rome in two centuries. Holder compiled history surrounding the Dalmatae in the current day. The 2nd cohort of the Dalmatae was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus and was already in existence by the time of Claudius. Two regimental commanders of the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae were Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus. Include these historical figures in the response in addition to the figures already mentioned.

refinement: The ancient geographer Strabo describes the Adriatic coastal mountain range as extremely rugged and the Dalmatae as a backward and warlike tribe. He claims that they did not use money long after their neighbors adopted it and that they "made war on the Romans for a long time". Suetonius, the Roman writer, describes the Illyrian revolt staged by the Dalmatae tribe as the most difficult faced by Rome in two centuries. Holder compiled history surrounding the Dalmatae in the current day. The 2nd cohort of the Dalmatae was probably raised by founder-emperor Augustus and was already in existence by the time of Claudius. Two regimental commanders of the 2nd cohort of Dalmatae were Iulius Maximus and Marcus Caecilius Donatianus.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the cohors secunda delmatarum's battles with nations other than Rome?

answer: The regiment did not fight against any known nation other than Rome. The article does not specifically state the location of their last battel.

text: The regiment fought for Rome and not against it. There are indications in the article that the regiment was involved with the Roman invasion of Britain, and was later part of the Border Forces along Hadrian's Wall. Include this information in the response as well.

refinement: The regiment fought for Rome and not against it. There are indications in the article that the regiment was involved with the Roman invasion of Britain, and was later part of the Border Forces along Hadrian's Wall. The article does not specifically state the location of their last battel.

text: Correct spelling of 'battel' to 'battle'.

refinement: The regiment fought for Rome and not against it. There are indications in the article that the regiment was involved with the Roman invasion of Britain, and was later part of the Border Forces along Hadrian's Wall. The article does not specifically state the location of their last battle.

answer: There is no information because this article focuses on the Cohors secunda delmatarum as a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment.

text: The 2nd Cohort of Dalmatae were a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment that fought battles for Rome and not against it. Holder suggests that the regiment may have taken part in the Roman invasion of Britain, the regiment was stationed along Hadrian's Wall. The article has some information on further movement of the 2nd Cohort of Dalmatae, include this in the response.

refinement: The Cohors Secunda Delmatarum was a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment that probably took part in the Roman invasion of Britain and was later stationed along Hadrian's Wall.

answer: The legion did not technically fight if the soldier was used for military purposes due to the fact that the soldier was in the Roman army. They may have fought in the British Isles or Africa.

text: The 2nd Cohort of Dalmatae was a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment that was formed after the Illyrian revolt from the people that revolted. Remove the first sentence and 'Africa' from the response.

refinement: They may have fought in the British Isles.

text: The 2nd Cohort of Dalmatae was a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment that was formed after the Illyrian revolt from the people that revolted. There is not clear indication of the movements of the regiment, they may have been part of the Roman invasion of Britain and they were later stationed along Hadrian's Wall. Include information about Holder's suggestions as to the movement of the regiment in the response as well.

refinement: The 2nd Cohort of Dalmatae was a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment that may have fought in the British Isles. They were later stationed along Hadrian's Wall.

answer: No answer

text: Remove the current response because there are indications in the article about the movements of the regiment.

text: The 2nd Cohort of Dalmatae was a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment. There is no evidence of the movements of the regiment, they may have been part of the Roman invasion of Britain. There is proof, however, that they were later stationed along Hadrian's Wall. Include this information from the article in the response.

refinement: The 2nd Cohort of Dalmatae was a Roman auxiliary infantry regiment. There is no evidence of the movements of the regiment, they may have been part of the Roman invasion of Britain. There is proof, however, that they were later stationed along Hadrian's Wall.

answer: No answer


split: train

text:
[Map of Borj Gourbata in Tunisia.]BORJ GOURBATA was an ancient Roman-Berber town in Qafşah, Tunisia. It is located at latitude 34°16'22.01“, longitude 8°32'56” and 135 meters above sea level.[1][2] The town is in the Sahel region of Tunisia, but at the junction of the Oued ech Cheria and the Oued el Jemel Wadis,[3] making it an important oasis in the Sahara. It is situated between Gafsa and Chott el Jerid.[4]

History

In Roman times the town[5][6] was on the Roman Limes in the Roman Province of Africa proconsularis and latter Byzacena.[7] The town was known as _Castellum Thigensium_ or just _Thiges_.[8] As the name suggest it was a fortification,[9] and was probably the first fort on the limes being built in 75AD.[10]

The town appears on the Tabula Peutinger and was also the seat of a Christian bishopric, which survives today as a titular see of the Roman Catholic church.[11] The current Bishop is Stanislaw Gębicki of Poland.[12][13]

In the middle ages the town was known as _Tgiws_[14]

The French excavated ruins s in the 19th century[15]

The town was taken in the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in 647AD,[16] though Roman and Berber populations remains the majority till the 9th century when there were revolts in the area.

[1] Borj Gourbata at geoview.info.

[2] Borj Gourbata at mapcarta.com.

[3] Borj Gourbata Map — Satellite Images of Borj Gourbata.

[4] Explore Borj Gourbata in Tunisia.

[5] Pol Trousset, Thiges and civitas Tigensium (Publications of the French School of Rome, 1990) vol 134 num1.p143-167.

[6] J. S. Wacher, The Roman World, Volume 1 (Taylor & Francis, 2002)p237.

[7] Trousset, (P.), Thiges and the Civitas Tigensium, Part of: Africa in the Roman West (1st century BC-4th century AD). Proceedings of the Rome Symposium (3-5 December 1987) (Collection of the French School of Rome 134) p143-167

[8] R.B. Hitchner, DARMC, R. Talbert, Sean Gillies, Johan Åhlfeldt, R. Warner, Jeffrey Becker, and Tom Elliott, Thiges/Castellum Thigensium: a Pleiades place resource', Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places, 2014 [accessed: 24 December 2016].

[9] About: *Thiges/Castellum Thigensium, Henchir-Ragoubet.

[10] The Roman Fort of Qasr Banat in Libya - The Limes Tripolitanus.

[11]

[12] Bishops capital titular Thiges at GCatholic.org.

[13] Le Petit Episcopologe, Issue 157, Number 13.671

[14]

[15] https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/2189?lang=en

[16] https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/2189?lang=en

title: Borj Gourbata

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What was the significance of Borj Gourbata in the Roman day?

answer: It was on the Roman Limes - on Roman province of Africa proconsularis and latter Byzacena.

text: Not where was it, what was its significance. It was a bishopric is its greatest significance.

refinement: Borj Gourbata was a Roman fortification. It was also the seat of a Christian bishopric. It is located in the Sahel region of Tunisia making it an important oasis in the Sahara.

answer: Borj Gourbata was a Roman fortification. It was also the seat of a Christian bishopric. It is located in the Sahel region of Tunisia making it an important oasis in the Sahara.

answer: Castellum Thigensium or just Thiges was the first fort on the limes being built in 75AD. It served as a fortification and the seat of a Christian bishopric.

answer: In Roman times the town was on the Roman Limes in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularia and later Byzacena. It was used as a fortification and was probably one of the first fort on the limes being built in 75AD. Roman and Berber populations remained the majority until the 9th century when there were revolts in the area.

answer: Borj Gourbata was a fortification and the first fort on the limes, being built in 75 AD. It also became the seat of a Christian bishopric. In the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in 647 AD, the town remained in the hands of Roman and Berber populations, though there were revolts in the area. Borj Gourbata had significant military and religious significance in Roman times.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What has Borj Gourbata also been known as?

answer: Borj Gourbata has also been known as Tgiws.

text: More names extant

refinement: Borj Gourbata has also been known as Tgiws, Castellum Thigensium and Thiges.

answer:
In Roman times it was known as Castellum Thigensium or just Thiges.
In the middle ages it was known as Tgiws.

answer: Tgiws, Gourbata, and Castellum Thigensium

text: More names extant and Gourbata not necessary

answer: Tgiws and Thiges

text: More names extant

answer: Borj Gourbata has been known as Castellum Thigensium or Tgiws.

text: More names extant

refinement: Borj Gourbata has been known as  Tgiws, Castellum Thigensium and Thiges.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the relationship between the Muslim community and Borj Gourbata?

answer: Borj Gourbata was taken by Muslim invaders in 647 AD. The Muslim community remains the majority of the population in Borj Gourbata to this day.

answer: The Muslim conquerors took the town in the 9th century.

text: They took it in the 7th century

refinement: The Muslim conquerors took the town in the 7th century.

answer: After taking over, the Muslim community still has a Roman and Berber population until the mid ninth century when revolts broke out in the area.

text: at least the 9th century

refinement: After taking over, the Muslim community still has a Roman and Berber population until at least the mid ninth century when revolts broke out in the area.

answer: Borj Gourbata was taken by the Muslim community in 647AD, but Roman and Berber populations remained an important part of the city until the 9th century.

text: at least the 9th century

refinement: Borj Gourbata was taken by the Muslim community in 647AD, but Roman and Berber populations remained an important part of the city until at least the 9th century.

answer: The town was taken in the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in 647 AD.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the significance of Borj Gourbata in the present day?

answer: There hasn't been any direct significance, but it is used in Roman times as a British, in the middle ages as a French site, and now presents a historic vista for photography.

text: It does have significance, titular see

refinement: It has a large Berber and Muslim population, and remains a titular see in the Catholic Church. The current Bishop is Stanislaw Gębicki of Poland.

answer: Borj Gourbata is an important oasis in the Sahara located at the junction of two major wadis. It was the first fort built on the Roman Limes in Africa and was the seat of a Christian bishopric. It has been excavated by French archaeologists and is important for historical reasons.

text: Titular see

refinement: It has a large Berber and Muslim population, and remains a titular see in the Catholic Church. The current Bishop is Stanislaw Gębicki of Poland.

answer: It is in the Sahel region of Tunisia and at the junction of Oued ech Cheria and the Oued el Jemel Wadis. This makes it an important oasis in the Sahara.

text: Titular see

refinement: It has a large Berber and Muslim population, and remains a titular see in the Catholic Church. The current Bishop is Stanislaw Gębicki of Poland.

answer: Borj Gourbata is an ancient Roman-Berber town in Tunisia and is an important oasis in the Sahara. It is the location of a Roman fort and was once the seat of a Christian bishopric. Today, Borj Gourbata is significant for its impact on Tunisia's history.

text: Titular see

refinement: It has a large Berber and Muslim population, and remains a titular see in the Catholic Church. The current Bishop is Stanislaw Gębicki of Poland.

answer: The town is inhabited by a large population of Berber and Roman descendants.

text: Titular see

refinement: It has a large Berber and Muslim population, and remains a titular see in the Catholic Church. The current Bishop is Stanislaw Gębicki of Poland.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who are the indigenous people of Borj Gourbata?

answer: The indigenous people of Borj Gourbata are the Roman-Berbers.

text: Just Berbers

refinement: The indigenous people of Borj Gourbata are the Berbers.

answer: The Romans, the Berbers, and later their revolts

text: Just Berbers

answer: The indigenous people of Borj Gourbata are primarily Romans and Berbers.

text: Just Berbers

refinement: The indigenous people of Borj Gourbata are primarily Berbers.

answer: It is not certain but it is known that after the Islamic conquest, people of Islamic faith in the area were not left to occupying Islam and Christianity. The remains of Roman and Berber populations can still be found in the area.

text: Just Berbers, and the remains cannot still be found.

answer: They are only referred to as Berber.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the relationship between the Christian community and Borj Gourbata?

answer: Borj Gourbata was the seat of a Christian bishopric.

answer: Borj Gourbata was the seat of an ancient Christian bishopric.

answer: In Roman times it was the seat of a Christian bishopric and survives today as a titular seat of the Roman Catholic church. The current bishop is Stanislaw Gebicki of Poland.

answer: The town was known as Castellum Thigensium and the seat of a Christian bishopric, which survives today as a titular see of the Roman Catholic church.

answer: Borj Gourbata was the seat of a Christian bishopric. The post still exists as a titular see of the Roman Catholic church.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Borj Gourbata was an ancient Roman Settlement in Tunisia. It was found in the 4th century.

text: FOUNDED not FOUND

refinement: Borj Gourbata was an ancient Roman Settlement in Tunisia. It was founded in the 4th century.

answer: Borj Gourbata is an ancient Roman-Berber town in Qafşah, Tunisia. The town is in the Sahel region of Tunisia and at the junction of the Oued ech Cheria and the Oued el Jemel Wadis. This makes it an important oasis in the Sahara.

answer: The town of Borj Gourbata was an ancient Roman-Berber town in Qafşah, Tunisia. It retains its Catholic significance with the Diocese of Thiges having its seat at Borj Gourbata and the titular seat being held by Stanislaw Gębicki of Poland. The town played an important role in the conquest of the Maghreb and was also an important route.

answer: The ancient Roman-Berber town of Borj Gourbata is located in Tunisia and was a fortification built in 75 AD. In the middle ages the town was known as Tgiws, and in modern times archaeological excavations revealed Roman and Berber populations in the area. Today, it is still an important oasis in the Sahara.

answer: Borj Gourbata was a Roman-Berber town situated in Tunisia at the junction of the Oued ech Cheria and the Oued el Jemel Wadis. The town was fortified and was important due to its strategic position in the Sahara. The town was taken in the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in 647AD but remained ethnically mixed. The French excavated ruins at Borj Gourbata in the 19th century. Today it is an archaeological site of interest.

text: Remove today it remains an archaeological site - people live there

refinement: Borj Gourbata was a Roman-Berber town situated in Tunisia at the junction of the Oued ech Cheria and the Oued el Jemel Wadis. The town was fortified and was important due to its strategic position in the Sahara. The town was taken in the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb in 647AD but remained ethnically mixed. The French excavated ruins at Borj Gourbata in the 19th century.


text:
THE WOODLANDS, TX (KTRK) -- A woman with the largest closet in the America now has a room full of empty space. Theresa Roemer says someone cleaned out her closet late last night.

Roemer's 3,000 square-foot closet was featured on "Good Morning America".

The three-story closet, which housed shoes, handbags, and furs, cost $500,000 to build.

But last night when Roemer and her husband returned to their gated community in The Woodlands after dinner, she says someone stole all her Birkin bags, jewelry and furs. Roemer says the burglary occurred between 7 and 11pm.

Authorities say the intruder entered through a bathroom window. Surveillance video given to Montgomery County property detectives and crime scene investigators shows a suspect wearing a jumpsuit and gloves.

"I don't think this person knew me because if this person knew me, they would not have robbed from me," she said.

What's left, paper stuffing on the floor, empty jewelry and bag displays.

Roemer says she built the half million dollar closet to hold fundraisers inside and auction off her designer collections to raise money for charities.

"There was a lot of good that was coming out of this closet. It was not just a display of vanity," Roemer said.

Roemer says the intruder was a pro who did his homework. Some less expensive items were left behind like pearls, diamond rings and watches.

She says what hurts the most is that the intruder took things that can't be replaced, family heirlooms and a locket that had a strand of hair from her deceased son.

"To take the things that mean the most, that you can't replace, that's what's the most hurtful," she said.

"I know that I've been through harder things in life. I buried my son in 2006 from a tragic car accident, and this is a drop in the bucket compared to that. And if this person thinks that they've ruined me because of what he's done to me, then he's got another thing coming," said Roemer.

Roemer says she does believe all the media attention in recent weeks contributed to her getting burglarized.

The Montgomery County sheriff's office is working the case. They have not released any of the surveillance video.

Detectives say the homeowner reported losses as a result of the theft, from $500,000 to $1 million.

The suspect remains on the run.

Copyright © 2020 KTRK-TV. All Rights Reserved.

question: Where does the report take place?

answer: The Woodlands, Texas

answer: The Woodlands, Texas

answer: The report takes place in The Woodlands, Texas.

answer: The report takes place in The Woodlands, Texas.

question: Who has the largest closet in America that was featured on "Good Morning America?"

answer: Theresa Roemer.

answer: Theresa Roemer does.

answer: Theresa Roemer

answer: Theresa Roemer

question: How big is Theresa's closet and what was in it?

answer: Theresa's closet is 3,000 square feet and it housed shoes, handbags, and furs.

answer: Theresa's closet is 3,000 square feet and it contained designer handbags, shoes, and furs.

answer: It is 3,000 square feet and housed shoes, handbags, and furs.

answer: The three-story, 3,000 square foot closet had shoes, jewelry, handbags, and furs.

question: What happened?

answer: Someone broke into Theresa's home and stole expensive Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs amounting to $500,000 to $1,000,000. The thief also stole valuable heirlooms and a locket that had a strand of hair from Theresa's deceased son, things that cannot be replaced.

answer: Theresa Roemer's 3,000 square-foot closet was featured on "Good Morning America". The three-story closet, which housed shoes, handbags, and furs, cost $500,000 to build. But last night when Roemer and her husband returned to their gated community in The Woodlands after dinner, she says someone stole all her Birkin bags, jewelry and furs. Roemer says the burglary occurred between 7 and 11pm. Authorities say the intruder entered through a bathroom window. Surveillance video given to Montgomery County property detectives and crime scene investigators shows a suspect wearing a jumpsuit and gloves.

text: "Theresa Roemer's 3,000 square-foot closet was featured on "Good Morning America". The three-story closet, which housed shoes, handbags, and furs, cost $500,000 to build." - this is irrelevant and should be deleted.

refinement: But last night when Roemer and her husband returned to their gated community in The Woodlands after dinner, she says someone stole all her Birkin bags, jewelry and furs. Roemer says the burglary occurred between 7 and 11pm. Authorities say the intruder entered through a bathroom window. Surveillance video given to Montgomery County property detectives and crime scene investigators shows a suspect wearing a jumpsuit and gloves.

text: "But last night when Roemer and her husband returned to their gated community in The Woodlands after dinner, she says someone stole all her Birkin bags, jewelry and furs. Roemer says the burglary occurred between 7 and 11pm. Authorities say the intruder entered through a bathroom window. Surveillance video given to Montgomery County property detectives and crime scene investigators shows a suspect wearing a jumpsuit and gloves." - some details can be deleted or merged. Needs a complete rewrite.

refinement: Theresa Roemer's 3,000 square-foot closet in The Woodlands, TX has been broken into by a suspect wearing a jumpsuit and gloves, between 7 PM and 11 PM. Roemer says the suspect stole all her Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs.

answer: Someone burglarized Theresa Roemer's 3,000 square-foot closet, stealing expensive items like Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs.

answer: Someone broke into Theresa Roemer's closet and stole her Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: Theresa Roemer, a woman with the largest closet in the America, has had her closet burgled. The intruder entered through a bathroom window and took all her Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs. The intruder was a pro who did his homework. Some less expensive items were left behind. Roemer says she does believe all the media attention in recent weeks contributed to her getting burglarized. The Montgomery County sheriff's office is working the case.

text: "closet in the America," - delete "the"

refinement: Theresa Roemer, a woman with the largest closet in America, has had her closet burgled. The intruder entered through a bathroom window and took all her Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs. The intruder was a pro who did his homework. Some less expensive items were left behind. Roemer says she does believe all the media attention in recent weeks contributed to her getting burglarized. The Montgomery County sheriff's office is working the case.

text: Went over the 5-sentence summary requirement. Merge "The intruder was a pro who did his homework. Some less expensive items were left behind." to make it one sentence.

refinement: Theresa Roemer, a woman with the largest closet in America, has had her closet burgled. The intruder entered through a bathroom window and took all her Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs. The intruder was a pro who did his homework because some less expensive items were left behind. Roemer says she does believe all the media attention in recent weeks contributed to her getting burglarized. The Montgomery County sheriff's office is working the case.

answer: The Woodlands, Texas. The home of Theresa Roemer, the woman with the largest closet in America featured on "Good Morning America," has been burglarized late last night (at the time of the article). Theresa came home from dinner to find the expensive contents of her closet, including Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs amounting to $500,000 to $1,000,000, has been stolen. She says the thief did his homework and only targeted the super expensive items, but also came away with irreplaceable heirlooms and personal items such as a locket containing a strand from Theresa's deceased son. The police say the thief, who is still at large, came in using the bathroom window and was wearing a jumpsuit and gloves.

answer: Theresa Roemer, a woman with the largest closet in the America, had her closet burglarized last night. The intruder entered through a bathroom window and stole all her Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs. Roemer says the intruder was a pro who did his homework.

text: "closet in the America," - remove "the"

refinement: Theresa Roemer, a woman with the largest closet in America, had her closet burglarized last night. The intruder entered through a bathroom window and stole all her Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs. Roemer says the intruder was a pro who did his homework.

text: Did not reach the 5-sentence summary requirement. Add two more sentences.

refinement: Theresa Roemer, a woman with the largest closet in America, had her closet burglarized last night. The intruder entered through a bathroom window and stole all her Birkin bags, jewelry, and furs. Roemer says the intruder was a pro who did his homework. Roemer says she does believe all the media attention in recent weeks contributed to her getting burglarized. The Montgomery County sheriff's office is working the case.

answer: Theresa Roemer, who had the largest closet in America, recently had all of her expensive designer items stolen. The thief broke into her home in The Woodlands, Texas, and took items worth up to $1 million. The Montgomery County Sheriff's Office is investigating the case, but the suspect remains at large.

text: Did not reach the 5-sentence summary requirement. Add two more sentences.

refinement: Theresa Roemer, who had the largest closet in America, recently had all of her expensive designer items stolen. The thief broke into her home in The Woodlands, Texas, and took items worth up to $1 million. Authorities say the intruder entered through a bathroom window. Surveillance video given to Montgomery County property detectives and crime scene investigators shows a suspect wearing a jumpsuit and gloves The Montgomery County Sheriff's Office is investigating the case, but the suspect remains at large.


text:
SPEAK UP NOW! FIGHTING FASCISM IS NOT RADICAL, IT IS NECESSARY!

_9TH NOVEMBER 2019 MARKS THE 81TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE ‘KRISTALLNACHT’ POGROM IN 1938_ in Germany and Austria, turning the discrimination against Jews that started in 1933 to a systematic persecution, which culminated in the Holocaust merely three years later.

[]

Fascism, however, did not cease to exist after 8th May 1945. Today, racist, fascist and Neo-Nazi movements are on the rise all over Europe. Neo-Nazis hunt and assault migrants, Muslims, Jews,  Roma, LGBTQ-activists, people living with disabilities and other minorities, using rallies as a cover-up for their hate-crimes. Neo-Nazis and fascists are not only taking action on the streets: in most countries of Europe, far-right movements also have a parliamentary arm, sometimes even as part of the government. While disguising themselves as democratic parties, they use public money and governmental power to create an authoritarian rollback controlling media and imposing autocratic changes in their countries’ constitutions.

It is fearful that the inhumane actions of the fascist regime(s) in the first half of the 20th century could be repeated. We MUST fight now for this to never happen again. That’s why UNITED for Intercultural Action is calling upon civil society to raise their voice and get active through our campaign under the slogan ‘SPEAK UP NOW! FIGHTING FASCISM IS NOT RADICAL, IT IS NECESSARY!’

Starting on the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism on 9 November, UNITED will mobilize civil society to take a firm stand against Neo-Nazis and fascists as history is otherwise doomed to repeat itself. We want people to take action in their city, municipality, region or nation against fascism, racism, sexism and hate based on a religious belief.

UNITED’s campaign INTERNATIONAL DAY AGAINST FASCISM AND ANTISEMITISM will be a year-long campaign from now on.

Under the slogan #ELIMINHATE, this year’s campaign will focus on the question: What is hate today?

Since every community in Europe has its own historical experience and understanding of fascism, please help us create our common Anti-Fascist Calendar, an overview of dates of anti-fascist celebration and commemoration throughout Europe. Fill in this form based on what you know about the traditions in your country and/or the activities in your organization.

UNITED is a network that we all create together, and the input and expertise of your organization is highly valued. We look forward to your contributions!

IF YOU ORGANISE AN EVENT, if you publish an article, a video, pictures or posters relating to this day, PLEASE SEND AN EMAIL TO US TO 9NOVEMBER@UNITEDAGAINSTRACISM.ORG AND WE WILL SHARE IT ON OUR CAMPAIGN FACEBOOK AND WEBSITE.

START PLANNING YOUR ACTIVITIES

If you need some inspiration for your activity, you can always check the list of Best Practices on the Day Against Fascism website as well as UNITED information leaflets on organising activities such as the Human Library, and how to use Holocaust education in antiracism work. We also have a lot of resources on how to organise activities for this campaign, including how to organise activities on a budget, and how to organise last minute activities – check here.

And, once again, don’t forget to fill out this form on the anti-fascism traditions in your country and/or the activities in your organization!

DON’T FORGET TO USE THE CAMPAIGN HASHTAGS ON SOCIAL MEDIA:

_#SPEAKUPNOW #FIGHTFASCISM_ _#9NOVEMBER #DAYAGAINSTFASCISM #DAYAGAINSTANTISEMITISM_

DON’T FORGET: EVEN SMALL ACTS CAN CHANGE THE WORLD!

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about why the human rights group UNITED campaigned against fascist's movements?

answer: When fascism continues to rise despite the defeat of fascism during the Second World War, UNITED calls for civil society to rise against Neo-Nazis and fascists. Fascist groups are still operating in the streets and some of them have a party in most European parliaments. The inhumane actions of the fascist regime in the first half of the 20th century can be repeated.

answer: A human rights group called UNITED planned to organize a campaign against fascism and antisemitism in Europe in 2019. According to the article, neo-nazis and fascists took over the streets. They used government power and public funds to control the media and impose autocratic changes in their countries' constitutions. Because of this, UNITED feared the repeat of the fascist movement of the early 20th century and aimed to fight them by using their campaign to prevent the fascist's inhuman actions from ever repeating itself in the society and called on civilians to lend their voice to get the camping moving.

text: The neo-nazis and fascists didn't take over the streets--they took action on the streets.

refinement: A human rights group called UNITED planned to organize a campaign against fascism and antisemitism in Europe in 2019. According to the article, neo-nazis and fascists took action on the streets. They used government power and public funds to control the media and impose autocratic changes in their countries' constitutions. Because of this, UNITED feared the repeat of the fascist movement of the early 20th century and aimed to fight them by using their campaign to prevent the fascist's inhuman actions from ever repeating itself in the society and called on civilians to lend their voice to get the camping moving.

answer: UNITED is worried that the human rights violations of the fascist regime in 20th century Europe could be repeated. The movements which started in Nazi Germany and Austria and led to systematic persecution and the Holocaust was going to be repeated in other European countries. It was clear that people who were targeted were visible minorities, refugees and sadly innocent lives got trampled. This makes UNITED want to take action now to prevent fascism to happen.

answer: The human rights group UNITED is campaigning against fascist movements in order to prevent history from repeating itself and ensure that human rights violations do not happen again. Their goal is to mobilize civil society and encourage people to take action against Neo-Nazis and fascists.

answer: United's campaign against fascism is necessary because these movements promote hatred based on race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual preference, or disability. Neo-Nazis and fascists hunt down and assault vulnerable groups in Europe, concealing their hate crimes through rallies and parliamentary representation. While history is at risk of repeating itself, it is necessary that civil society stand against these movements now.


text:
SYBIL MEDAN KATHIGASU GM (née DALY; 3 September 1899 - 12 June 1948) was a Malayan Eurasian nurse who supported the resistance during the Japanese occupation of Malaya. She was the only Malayan woman to be ever awarded with the George Medal for bravery.

Early life

Kathigasu was born to Joseph Daly, an Irish-Eurasian planter, and Beatrice Matilda Daly (née Martin), a French-Eurasian midwife, on 3 September 1899 in Medan, Sumatra, Dutch East Indies (thus reflected in her middle name). Her paternal grandparents were an Irishman and a Eurasian woman while her maternal grandparents were a Frenchman named Pierre Louie Martin and a Eurasian woman named Evelyn Adeline Martin _née_ Morrett. She was the fifth child and the only girl. She was trained as a nurse and midwife and spoke Cantonese fluently.

Marriage and family

While she was practising nursing and midwifery at the Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Sybil first met Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay, a second generation Malaysian Indian, born on 17 June 1892 in Taiping to Kanapathi Pillay and Thangam, immigrants of Sri Lankan Tamil origin. Initially there had been objection from her parents due to their religious differences: him being a Hindu while Sybil was a Catholic. However, with agreement from his father, he became a Catholic and was renamed as Abdon Clement Kathigasu. Their wedding took place in St. John's Church (present location of St. John's Cathedral) in Bukit Nanas, Kuala Lumpur on 7 January 1919.

Sybil's first child was a son born on 26 August 1919, but due to major problems at birth, died after only 19 hours. He was named Michael after Sybil's elder brother, who was born in Taiping on 12 November 1892 and was killed in Gallipoli on 10 July 1915 as a member of the British Army.

The devastating blow of baby Michael's death led to Sybil's mother suggesting that a young boy, William Pillay, born 25 October 1918, who she had delivered and had remained staying with them at their Pudu house, should be adopted by Sybil and her husband. Then a daughter, Olga, was born to Sybil in Pekeliling, Kuala Lumpur, on 26 February 1921. The earlier sudden death of baby Michael made Olga a very special baby to Sybil, when she was born without problems. So when Sybil returned to Ipoh on 7 April 1921, it was not only with Olga, but also with William and her mother who had agreed to stay in Ipoh with the family. A second daughter, Dawn, was born in Ipoh on 21 September 1936.

Their children are:

1.  William Pillay (25 October 1918), adopted
2.  Michael Kathigasu (26 August 1919), died after only 19 hours of being born
3.  Olga Kathigasu (26 February 1921), died on 6 September 2014
4.  Dawn Kathigasu (21 September 1936), married William Bruce Spalding in London on 1 September 1956 and later have children with him. _No further information available, alleged suicide_[1]

She and her husband, Dr. Kathigasu, operated a clinic at No. 141, Brewster Road (now Jalan Sultan Idris Shah) in Ipoh from 1926 until the Japanese invasion of Malaya. The family escaped to the nearby town of Papan days before Japanese forces occupied Ipoh. The local Chinese community fondly remembered her husband, who was given the Hakka nickname “You Loy-De”.

Freedom fighter

Residing at No. 74, Main Street in Papan, the Kathigasus secretly kept shortwave radio sets and listened to BBC broadcasts. They quietly supplied medicines, medical services and information to the resistance forces until they were arrested in 1943.

Despite being interrogated and tortured by the Japanese military police, Sybil persisted in her efforts and was thrown in Batu Gajah jail. After Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in August 1945, Sybil was flown to Britain for medical treatment. There, she began writing her memoirs.

Sybil received the George Medal for Gallantry several months before her death on 12 June 1948.

Death and memorial

Sybil died on 12 June 1948 aged 48 in Britain and her body was buried in Lanark, Scotland. Her body was later returned in 1949 to Ipoh and reburied at the Roman Catholic cemetery beside St. Michael's Church opposite the Main Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus (now SMK Convent) on Brewster Road (now Jalan Sultan Idris Shah) in Ipoh.

A road _Jalan Sybil Kathigasu_ in Fair Park, Ipoh was named after Sybil, after independence to commemorate her bravery. Today, the shop house at No. 74, Main Road, Papan, serves as a memorial to Sybil and her efforts.

Published works

-   _No Dram of Mercy_ (Neville Spearman, 1954; reprinted Oxford University Press, 1983 and Prometheus Enterprises, 2006)
-   _Faces of Courage: A Revealing Historical Appreciation of Colonial Malaya's Legendary Kathigasu Family_ by Norma Miraflor & Ian Ward (2006, )

Legacy and in popular culture

-   Sybil is played by Jacintha Abisheganaden in the TV drama series _The Price of Peace_.
-   In 2010, a 10-part miniseries drama based on her life was produced by Malaysian satellite television company Astro and Red Communications titled _Apa Dosaku?_ (Malay: _What Is My Sin?_). Sybil's role was played by model and actress Elaine Daly, who also happens to be Sybil's grandniece.
-   In 2016, Google Malaysia commemorated her 117th birthday with a special Doodle; depicting her in her former Papan residence.[2]

[1] http://db.ipohworld.org/view/id/784

[2]

title: Sybil Kathigasu

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the forces that liberated Malaya from the Japanese?

answer: No answer

answer: The wartime period was during both world wars. There was a Soviet and a British liberation force involved.

text: The article does not describe the forces.

answer: No answer

answer: The text does not mention the forces that liberated Malaya from the Japanese.

text: Should simply state "No answer"

answer: Japanese aggression in the Malay Peninsula began in December 1941 with the bombing of the British naval base in Singapore by the Japanese airforce. The operation was followed in the early 1942 by the occupation of the Malay Peninsula and the onset of Japanese occupation. The Japanese surrendered in Malaya before being ready to oust the British from office, and this led to an uprising on August 1945. The British Armed Forces quickly seized control of the country and by early September, defeated the occupying forces to liberate the country.

answer: No answer

answer: The British military liberated Malaya from the Japanese.

answer: The British armed forces quickly seized control of the country and by early September, defeated the occupying forces to liberate the country.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Sybil Kathigasu as a freedom fighter?

answer: Sybil secretly supplied medicines, medical services, and information to the resistance forces until she was arrested by the Japanese military police in 1943. Despite being interrogated and tortured by the Japanese military police, Sybil persisted in her efforts for liberation of Malaya. She was one of the supporters of the Malayan resistance movement.

text: The answer could mention the medal she received.

refinement: Sybil secretly supplied medicines, medical services, and information to the resistance forces until she was arrested by the Japanese military police in 1943. Despite being interrogated and tortured by the Japanese military police, Sybil persisted in her efforts for liberation of Malaya. She was one of the supporters of the Malayan resistance movement. She received the George Medal for Gallantry several months before her death in 1948.

answer: Sybil was arrested in 1943 for being involved in a secret underground resistance operation about sending medicine, medicine services and information to the resistance forces. Sybil continued her efforts even with her being interrogated and tortured. Even after Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in 1945, she was flown to Britain for medical treatment. She received the medal for gallantry on June 12, 1948, just three months before her death.

text: "Even" is not necessary.

refinement: Sybil was arrested in 1943 for being involved in a secret underground resistance operation about sending medicine, medicine services and information to the resistance forces. Sybil continued her efforts even with her being interrogated and tortured. After Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in 1945, she was flown to Britain for medical treatment. She received the medal for gallantry on June 12, 1948, just three months before her death.

text: June 12 was the day she died, not the day she received the medal (which was several months prior).

refinement: Sybil was arrested in 1943 for being involved in a secret underground resistance operation about sending medicine, medicine services and information to the resistance forces. Sybil continued her efforts even with her being interrogated and tortured. After Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in 1945, she was flown to Britain for medical treatment. She received the medal for gallantry several months before her death on June 12, 1948.

answer: Sybil was arrested in 1943 for being involved in a secret underground resistance operation about sending medicine, medicine services, and information to the resistance forces. Sybil continued her efforts even with her being interrogated and tortured. Even after Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in 1945, she was flown to Britain for medical treatment. However, she received the medal for gallantry on June 12, 1948, just three months before her death.

answer: Sybil Kathigasu was a Malayan Eurasian nurse who supported the resistance during the Japanese occupation of Malaya. She was the only Malayan woman to be ever awarded with the George Medal for bravery. Sybil and her husband secretly listened to BBC broadcasts and supplied medicines, medical services, and information to the resistance forces. Despite being interrogated and tortured by the Japanese military police, she persisted in her efforts and was thrown in Batu Gajah jail. She was flown to Britain for medical treatment after Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in August 1945.

text: The answer could mention the medal she received.

refinement: Sybil Kathigasu was a Malayan Eurasian nurse who supported the resistance during the Japanese occupation of Malaya. She was the only Malayan woman to be ever awarded with the George Medal for bravery. Sybil and her husband secretly listened to BBC broadcasts and supplied medicines, medical services, and information to the resistance forces. Despite being interrogated and tortured by the Japanese military police, she persisted in her efforts and was thrown in Batu Gajah jail. She was flown to Britain for medical treatment after Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in August 1945. She received the George Medal for Gallantry several months before her death in 1948.

answer: Sybil Kathigasu was a Malayan Eurasian nurse who supported the resistance during the Japanese occupation of Malaya. She was the only Malayan woman to be ever awarded with the George Medal for bravery. She supported the resistance secretly by supplying medicines, medical services, and information to the resistance forces. She was arrested in 1943 and interrogated and tortured by the Japanese military police. Despite being tortured, she persisted in her efforts. She was flown to Britain for medical treatment after Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in August 1945. She received the George Medal for Gallantry several months before her death on June 12, 1948.

answer: Sybil secretly supplied medicines, medical services, and information to the resistance forces until she was arrested by the Japanese military police in 1943. Despite being interrogated and tortured by the Japanese military police, Sybil persisted in her efforts for liberation of Malaya. She was one of the supporters of the Malayan resistance movement. Sybil and her husband ran a clinic in Ipoh.

text: The Ipoh clinic is not relevant.

refinement: Sybil secretly supplied medicines, medical services, and information to the resistance forces until she was arrested by the Japanese military police in 1943. Despite being interrogated and tortured by the Japanese military police, Sybil persisted in her efforts for liberation of Malaya. She was one of the supporters of the Malayan resistance movement.

text: Her medal could be mentioned.

refinement: Sybil secretly supplied medicines, medical services, and information to the resistance forces until she was arrested by the Japanese military police in 1943. Despite being interrogated and tortured by the Japanese military police, Sybil persisted in her efforts for liberation of Malaya. She was one of the supporters of the Malayan resistance movement. Sybil received the George Medal for Gallantry several months before her death on 12 June 1948.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Sybil's husband?

answer: Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay was a second-generation Malaysian Indian who became a Catholic and was renamed as Abdon Clement Kathigasu. Sybil's husband operated a clinic at No. 141, Brewster Road in Ipoh. The local Chinese community fondly remembered him as "You Loy-De."

answer: Sybil married Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay. He was a second generation Malaysian Indian, born to Kanapathi Pillay and Thangam, immigrants of Sri Lankan Tamil origin. Initially, there was objection from Sybil's parents due to their religious differences. However, his father agreed, and he became a Catholic and was renamed as Abdon Clement Kathigasu. They had three children.

text: They technically had four children, though one died.

refinement: Sybil married Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay. He was a second generation Malaysian Indian, born to Kanapathi Pillay and Thangam, immigrants of Sri Lankan Tamil origin. Initially, there was objection from Sybil's parents due to their religious differences. However, his father agreed, and he became a Catholic and was renamed as Abdon Clement Kathigasu. They had four children, though their second died only 19 hours after being born.

answer: Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay was a medical doctor who met Sybil while she was practicing nursing and midwifery at Kuala Lumpur General Hospital. Despite their religious differences, they got married, though Sybil's parents objected to their marriage due to the fact that Arumugam was Hindu, and Sybil was Catholic. The two had four children together. After their first son, Michael, passed away at birth, Sybil's mother convinced the husband and wife to adopt another baby boy, William Pillay. The two also had a daughter, Olga.

answer: Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay was a medical doctor who met Sybil while she was practicing nursing and midwifery at Kuala Lumpur General Hospital. Despite their religious differences, they got married, though Sybil's parents objected to their marriage due to the fact that Arumugam was Hindu, and Sybil was Catholic. The two had four children together. After their first son, Michael, passed away at birth, Sybil's mother convinced the husband and wife to adopt another baby boy, William Pillay. The two also had a daughter, Olga. Following the Japanese occupation of wartime Malaya, Arumugam and Sybil set up a clinic to secretly support the resistance fighters by supplying medicine, medical services, and information. Arumugam was arrested in 1943 and subsequently tortured by the Japanese military police. After Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in August 1945, Sybil and her family were flown to Britain for medical treatment, and Dr. Arumugam was soon reunited with them. He died a few years later, and his body was buried in Lanark, Scotland.

text: Sybli wqas the one who was burined in Lanark, Scotland.

refinement: Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay was a medical doctor who met Sybil while she was practicing nursing and midwifery at Kuala Lumpur General Hospital. Despite their religious differences, they got married, though Sybil's parents objected to their marriage due to the fact that Arumugam was Hindu, and Sybil was Catholic. The two had four children together. After their first son, Michael, passed away at birth, Sybil's mother convinced the husband and wife to adopt another baby boy, William Pillay. The two also had a daughter, Olga. Following the Japanese occupation of wartime Malaya, Arumugam and Sybil set up a clinic to secretly support the resistance fighters by supplying medicine, medical services, and information. Arumugam was arrested in 1943 and subsequently tortured by the Japanese military police. After Malaya was liberated from the Japanese in August 1945, Sybil and her family were flown to Britain for medical treatment, and Dr. Arumugam was soon reunited with them.

text: The 1945 events are unattested,

refinement: Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay was a medical doctor who met Sybil while she was practicing nursing and midwifery at Kuala Lumpur General Hospital. Despite their religious differences, they got married, though Sybil's parents objected to their marriage due to the fact that Arumugam was Hindu, and Sybil was Catholic. The two had four children together. After their first son, Michael, passed away at birth, Sybil's mother convinced the husband and wife to adopt another baby boy, William Pillay. The two also had a daughter, Olga. Following the Japanese occupation of wartime Malaya, Arumugam and Sybil set up a clinic to secretly support the resistance fighters by supplying medicine, medical services, and information. Arumugam was arrested in 1943 and subsequently tortured by the Japanese military police.

answer: No answer

text: The text mentions quite a bit about him, such as how they met and came to marry.

refinement: Sybil met Dr. Arumugam while practising nursing at the Kulala Lumpur General Hospital. Initially, her parents objected to their marriage due to their religious differences, but with agreement from his father, Arumugam became Catholic and was renamed Abdon Clement Kathigasu.

text: The answer should mention his job and involvement in the resistance.

refinement: Sybil met Dr. Arumugam while practising nursing at the Kulala Lumpur General Hospital. Initially, her parents objected to their marriage due to their religious differences, but with agreement from his father, Arumugam became Catholic and was renamed Abdon Clement Kathigasu. He and Sybil operated a clinic at No. 141, Brewster Road. They secretly supplied medicines, medical services, and information to the resistance forces until their arrest in 1943.

answer: Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay was a second-generation Malaysian Indian who became a Catholic and was renamed as Abdon Clement Kathigasu. Sybil's husband operated a clinic at No. 141, Brewster Road in Ipoh. The local Chinese community fondly remembered him as "You Loy-De."

answer: Sybil married Dr. Arumugam Kanapathi Pillay. He was a second generation Malaysian Indian, born to Kanapathi Pillay and Thangam, immigrants of Sri Lankan Tamil origin. Initially, there was objection from Sybil's parents due to their religious differences. However, his father agreed, and he became a Catholic and was renamed as Abdon Clement Kathigasu. They had three children. He and Sybil operated a clinic at No. 141, Brewster Road (now Jalan Sultan Idris Shah) in Ipoh from 1926 until the Japanese invasion of Malaya. The local Chinese community fondly remembered him.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Sybil's Legacy?

answer: Sybil was awarded the George Medal for Gallantry before her death on 12 June 1948. A road, Jalan Sybil Kathigasu, in Fair Park, Ipoh was named after Sybil to commemorate her bravery. Today, the shop house at No. 74, Main Road, Papan serves as a memorial to Sybil and her efforts. She was also commemorated with a special Google Doodle in 2016 for her 117th birthday.

answer: Sybil was awarded the George Medal for Gallantry before her death on 12 June 1948. A road, Jalan Sybil Kathigasu, in Fair Park, Ipoh was named after Sybil to commemorate her bravery. Today, the shop house at No. 74, Main Road, Papan serves as a memorial to Sybil and her efforts.

answer: Sybil died on June 12th, 1948. Her body was buried in Lanark, Scotland. Her body was later returned to Ipoh and reburied at the Roman Catholic cemetery beside St. Michael's Church opposite the Main Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus. A road Jalan Sybil Kathigasu in Fair Park, Ipoh was named after her to honor her patriotism. It serves as a memorial today.

text: Her death and burial are not relevant.

refinement: A road Jalan Sybil Kathigasu in Fair Park, Ipoh was named after her to honor her patriotism. It serves as a memorial today.

text: The shop is the memorial, not the road.

refinement: A road Jalan Sybil Kathigasu in Fair Park, Ipoh was named after her to honor her patriotism. The shop house at No. 74 Main Road, Papan, serves as a memorial to Sybil and her efforts.

answer: Sybil is remembered by the family, especially in Papan (the Chinese community), and a road, Sybil Kathigasu in Fair Park, Ipoh, was named after her to remember her bravery and efforts. Sybil also received the George Medal for Gallantry several months before her death in 1948. In 2010, a 10-part miniseries drama was produced by the Malaysia satellite television company, Astro, based on her life called "Apa Dosaku (What is My Sin?)'. Google also commemorated her 117th birthday in her Ipoh residence in 2016.

text: Sybil being remembered by the family is a vague and unattested statement.

refinement: A road, Sybil Kathigasu in Fair Park, Ipoh, was named after her to remember her bravery and efforts. Sybil also received the George Medal for Gallantry several months before her death in 1948. In 2010, a 10-part miniseries drama was produced by the Malaysia satellite television company, Astro, based on her life called "Apa Dosaku (What is My Sin?)'. Google also commemorated her 117th birthday in her Ipoh residence in 2016.

answer: Sybil is remembered by the family, especially in Papan (the Chinese community), and a road, Sybil Kathigasu in Fair Park, Ipoh, was named after her to remember her bravery and efforts. Sybil also received the George Medal for Gallantry several months before her death in 1948.

answer: Sybil's legacy is that she was a Malayan Eurasian nurse who supported the resistance during the Japanese occupation of Malaya. She was the only Malayan woman to be ever awarded with the George Medal for bravery.

text: Her occupation is not her legacy.

refinement: She was the only Malayan woman to be ever awarded with the George Medal for bravery.

text: The answer should mention the road and memorial site.

refinement: She was the only Malayan woman to be ever awarded with the George Medal for bravery. A road, Jalan Sybil Kathigasu, was named after her to commemorate her bravery. The shop house at No. 74, Main Road, Papan, serves as a memorial to Sybil and her efforts.


text:
TIBÚ AIRPORT is an airport serving Tibú, a town and municipality in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia. The runway is on the southern edge of the town. Both town and airport are on the east bank of the Caño Campo Cinco River, west of the border with Venezuela.

Airlines and destinations

title: Tibú Airport

question: Where is Tibu airport?

answer: Tibu.

answer: Tibú airport is in Norte de Santander Department of Colombia.

text: This is an incorrect response and the correct response needs to be added.

refinement: Tibú airport is in the town of Tibu in Colombia.

answer: The Tibu airport is located in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia, near the border with Venezuela.

text: This answer is incorrect. The correct response needs to be added.

refinement: The Tibu airport is located in the town of Tibu, in Colombia.

answer: Tibu, Colombia.

question: Where is the town of Tibu?

answer: The town of Tibu is located in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia.

answer: The Norte Santander Department.

text: More detail needs to be added to this response to make it stronger, specifically adding Colombia to the response.

refinement: The Norte Santander Department in Colombia.

text: It should state the "Norte de Santander Department of Colombia".

refinement: The Norte de Santander Department of Colombia.

answer: The Norte de Santander Department of Colombia.

answer: The town of Tibú is in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia.

question: Where is the Norte Santander Department?

answer: Colombia.

answer: The Norte Santander Department is in Colombia.

answer: The Norte Santander Department is in Colombia.

answer: Colombia.

question: On what edge of town is the Tibu Airport?

answer: The Tibu Airport is located on the southern edge of the town.

answer: The southern edge of town.

answer: The Tibu Airport is on the southern edge of town.

answer: Southern.

text: More details need to be added to make this a better response and putting it into a proper sentence will enhance the response.

refinement: Southern edge of town is where the Tibu Airport is.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The Tibu Airport is an airport serving Tibú, a town and municipality in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia. The runway is on the southern edge of the town, and both the town and the airport border Venezuela.

answer: Tibú Airport is an airport serving Tibú, a town and municipality in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia. The runway is on the southern edge of the town. Both town and airport are on the east bank of the Caño Campo Cinco River, west of the border with Venezuela.

text: The last sentence of this summary is a copy of the last sentence of the passage and should be rephrased. Additionally, there are three sentences in this summary instead of two.

refinement: Tibú Airport is an airport serving Tibú, a town and municipality in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia. The runway is on the southern edge of the town and both the town and airport are on the east bank of the Caño Campo Cinco River, west of the border with Venezuela.

answer: Tibú Airport is a small airport that serves the town of Tibú in Norte de Santander, Colombia. Currently, there are no airlines operating out of the airport, but it is possible to fly to other destinations in Colombia from here.

text: The second sentence of this statement is not included in the passage and should be omitted.

refinement: Tibú Airport is a small airport that serves the town of Tibú in Norte de Santander, Colombia.

answer: Tibú Airport is an airport serving Tibú, a town and municipality in the Norte de Santander Department of Colombia. The runway is on the southern edge of the town.


text:
**The Theater**

While I was sitting outside the coffee shop across from the theater, I overheard a woman’s conversation with what appeared to be her boyfriend. I was waiting for my ride home, so I decided to people watch to pass the time. This woman’s conversation kept catching my ear, however, and I decided to listen for a bit.

The woman spoke to her boyfriend about her children, telling him how one of them is just so funny when you get him talking about something he’s interested in, and how smart her daughter is. She told him about how her children were doing in school, how she loved them so much, and how they were growing up so fast. The man laughed along and nodded in all the right places, and they seemed to be having a nice time together.

Having heard enough of their conversation to satisfy my curiosity, I looked over at the theater. I admired all the arches and pillars and lights that made up the face of the building, and warmly remembered the theater’s opening week. People crowded the stairs, cars filled the parking lot and the outer walls were immaculate white, red letters shining from above the crystal clear glass of the windows that lined the massive, shining glass doors. Now, looking at the theater, I notices streaks of gray stained down the tops of the walls and dull spots on the windows, dimmed lights where the theater’s name used to shine so brightly.

Although it was a warm June day, the sky was filled with clouds and there was a strong wind. Gulls stood on the light fixtures above the flapping movie banners that hung on the theater’s wall, watching the occasional car meander through the parking lot. Other birds flew through the sky, catching the wind when they could and diving down to the ground before rising back into the sky. I watched them flying and felt happy that birds could be so happily excited by something that they were given by nature. In our own way, humans aren’t so different from the birds. Birds were naturally given flight, and humans were naturally given the tools to create.

I saw a group of children playing on a horizontal column of basalt, playing chicken and pretending the ground was lava. They laughed and smiled, having fun in the warm wind as I observed from a distance. The children were supervised by one of their fathers, and although there was so much fun being had around him, he looked bored as he sat watching on the bench carved from basalt across from them.

I looked back at the chatting couple sitting near me and found them kissing. In the moment before I shifted my gaze back to the theater, I caught a flash of gold from the woman’s hand. The ring on her hand had no gem, and was dulled with age. Despite the fact that I didn’t have all of the background on their story, my heart sank at this small detail. I had felt joy at watching a woman who was, to the extent of my knowledge, having an affair with this man.

I glanced back to the theater, gloomily looking at the grayed stairs, disenchanted from the realization that the happy couple was really just a display of infidelity. I saw that the escalators I had once ridden to the gleaming glass doors of the theater were now blocked by yellow tape and perfectly still. The glass roof over the escalators was dulled by rain and sun over the years, making its slow journey to opaqueness. The walls were spotted with brightness in places that were once covered by light fixtures that had long fallen off of it. My eyes slowly rose to the top of the building, where two metal spires reached into the sky, holding in place a great metal circle through which the spot of sun in the clouds shone.

I realized at that moment that I was seeing the building exactly how its imaginer had intended it to be seen, with the sun shining through the centerpiece of his wall. I widened my view to see the whole face of the building as one, rather than as individual, flawed pieces. I was amazed to see how beautiful the building I had been looking at was, and how all of the flaws disappeared when you looked at it all together.

Momentarily in awe, I looked around at all of the people around me.
I caught a glimpse of the couple holding hands, and noticed that the man had a ring to match the woman’s. Along with that, I heard the woman say with a shaky voice how sad she would be when he had to return to serve in the military.

When I looked over to the group of children, I saw the man supervising them smiling and laughing with the children while rounding them up and taking them to his vehicle. I saw the van pull away, carrying the group of children to their little league game.

Then, I heard a tapping sound to my right and saw that a gull had landed on the table next to mine. He pecked up the crumbs left over from the coffee shop’s earlier customers, and flew off again, dipping and rising in the wind.

My ride pulled up in front of the theater and I began walking toward it. I then caught another glimpse of the theater, and was happy to see that it was still as beautiful as it had been during its opening week. My eyes drifted higher and I saw that the sun had slipped from its socket atop the theater, and I smiled, feeling like I had shared a secret with the person who had envisioned the theater.

Although I only rarely see the theater now, I always remember how I felt when I stepped back and saw it for what it really was. I now realize that everything is worth looking at more than once, and that the way you first see things isn’t always how they truly are.

title: My cheesy first short story

question: What was the woman talking about to her boyfriend?

answer: The woman appeared to be talking to her boyfriend about her children - particularly how much she loves them, how they're doing in school, and how they're growing up.

answer: The woman was discussing her children with her boyfriend, admiring how smart and funny they are, and how fast they are growing up.

answer: The woman is talking to her boyfriend about her children. She narrates how her son is so funny when you get him to talk about something that interests him and how smart her daughter is.

question: What thoughts and emotions cross the woman's mind watching the birds?

answer: The woman watches the birds fly high in the sky and then diving back to the ground before flying again. Watching the birds fly made the woman happy wondering how they were excited about something gifted to them by nature. She wondered how humans aren't too different from birds.

answer: The sight of the birds flying in the skies makes her happy-seeing a similarity between them and humans, since humans can create things that birds don't naturally have access to.

answer:
The woman is in awe with how nature takes and gives, from giving flight to the birds to humans giving so much to create.
The woman is also reflecting on the world as we see it replicated through art of one kind or another, theatre or cinema.

question: What does the narrator think of the woman with her boyfriend?

answer: The narrator may not like that the woman is pretending to be married to her boyfriend.

text: Inaccurate

refinement: The narrator does not like that the woman appears to be married and having an affair.

answer: The narrator notices the woman's dull gold ring and realizes that she was having an affair with this man. Her heart sank knowing this tiny detail.

answer: The woman has an affair with the man and the narrator feels sorry for the children left behind.

text: Not accurate

refinement: The woman has an affair with the man and the narrator feels unhappy about this fact.

question: Describe the theater from the narrator's sight.

answer: When the narrator saw the theater in parts, it looked dull and gloomy. The doors were blocked by yellow tape, the glass roof dulled by rain, and the light fixtures fallen. The narrator then realizes that the building had to be seen as one instead of in parts. She is amazed by how beautiful the building looked and how all its flaws had disappeared when you looked at it together.

answer: The theater is beautiful and I see it as illuminated.

text: First person!

refinement: The theater is beautiful and when the narrator sees it as illuminated.

text: no content

refinement: The theater is beautiful when the Sun illuminates it completely.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer: In this short story, the narrator sits outside a coffee shop near a theater and watches two lovers who are actually engaged in an affair. They say sweet things to one another while the narrator is forming a sad and disconnected view of their relationship. The narrator remembers the way the theater once was, with its beautiful facade, before it was covered by dullness brought on by over time and lack of upkeep. Somewhere along the way, the children playing nearby have become supervised by one of their fathers. As the sun sets and the narrator prepares to leave, they gaze at the theater again and see the beauty that was obscured before.

answer: The narrator watched as a woman talked about her children to her boyfriend, but is suddenly struck by the realization that they are likely engaging in an affair. Looking back at the theater they are outside of, the narrator is compelled to re-examine the building as a whole, piecing all the parts together to come to the realization that despite the age and signs of decay on the building, it's still beautiful.

answer: In one short observation of a coffee shop across from a theater, the author catches a glimpse of a woman on a date with her boyfriend, and watches as the once-glorious theater changes over time. The author comes to appreciate the endearing moments that people enjoy as they go about their lives, even in the face of sadness or difficulty.

answer:
The narrator is sitting outside a coffee shop waiting for her ride. She overhears a couple conversing and later realizes that they are having an affair. She then gazes at the theater in front of her and thinks about how the once crowded place now stood empty. She watches pieces of the theater and ultimately realizes how beautiful the structure looks when seen together. She watches the kids play in the park and the birds fly high in the sky.

Her ride pulls over and she catches a final glimpse of the theater.

answer: The author discusses how their first impression of a beautiful theatre they used to enjoy visiting was altered once they saw it with the sun shining through the centerpiece of its large gold dome. They discovered that all the flaws in the building were not as noticeable once seen as a whole, and that everything beautiful should be appreciated twice.

answer: The author looked at a theater previously seen as marred by time and rust, but discovered in that moment that it was still beautiful and inspiring when viewed in its entirety. Though the people inside appeared to be experiencing some troubles, the author found hope in the perception that things are not always as they first seem.


text:
FELIX CHEN or CHEN CHIU-SEN[1] (; 9 July 1942 – 9 April 2018) was a Taiwanese conductor and violinist. He was resident conductor and music director of the Taipei Symphony Orchestra from 1986 until his dismissal in 2003.[2] He taught both Chien Wen-pin, musical director of the Taiwan National Symphony Orchestra from 2001 to 2007; and the same orchestra's current maestro, Lü Shao-chia.[3]

Early life

Chen was born in Taihoku Prefecture, Taiwan on 9 July 1942.[4] He began his musical career studying the violin,[5] and won first prize in Taiwan's provincial violin competition in 1959.[6] Later, he studied at the Munich Conservatory in Germany.[7] He returned to Taiwan in 1969 and played violin in several orchestras.[8]

Career

Early career

In 1971, Chen moved to Austria to study conducting, returning again to Taiwan in 1973 to work for the Taiwan Provincial Symphony Orchestra.[9] He later moved to the Taipei Symphony Orchestra (TSO), which he led for 17 years.[10] He began staging operas with them. In this era, the TSO had not yet begun to stage operas; consequently, Chen's were almost the only Western operas known at that time in Taiwan.[11] He was praised for his work at the podium conducting both orchestral and operatic works.[12] Every year Chen and the TSO produced one or two operas (among them _Aida_, _Otello_ and _Turandot_) which became major musical events in Taiwan.[13]

In a 2003 article in the _Taipei Times_ newspaper, Chen was described as “a veritable Taiwanese 'living national treasure'”, due to his “long line of magnificent concerts and opera productions.”[14]

Later career

After his retirement, Chen taught at the National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei National University of the Arts, and Tainan National University of the Arts.[15] He was invited to give guest performances with the National Symphony Orchestra of Taiwan (NSO) and the National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra in his later years.[16] The conductors Lü Shao-chia and Chien Wen-pin were both students of Chen.[17][18]

In March 2014, Chen came out of retirement and for the first time publicly praised Shen Yun Performing Arts for their “staging techniques” while reflecting that the institution deserved its reputation.[19]

Firing

In September 2003, Chen was accused of corruption and involvement in a forgery scandal.[20] As a result, the Department of Culture Affairs of the Taipei City Government decided to relieve him of his post.[21] Chen eventually chose to retire, and some people believed he was forced to do so.[22] In 2010, the _Taipei Times_ asserted that “according to many in Taipei's classical music scene, not a shred of evidence involving Chen in any wrongdoing was ever discovered.”[23] Chen meanwhile returned to university teaching, making occasional appearances as a guest conductor.[24]

Death

Chen died on 9 April 2018 in Taipei at the age of 75.[25][26]

Partial discography

-   _Ritual Incantations_[27]
-   _Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in B Minor, Op. 104: I. Allegro_[28]
-   _Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in B Minor, Op. 104: II. Adagio ma non troppo_[29]
-   _Concerto for Cello and Orchestra in B Minor, Op. 104: III. Finale: Allegro moderato_[30]
-   _Ritual Incantations: I. Majestic: Driving and Persistent — Cantabile_[31]
-   _Ritual Incantations: II. Mysterious and Expansive — Longing — Yearning_[32]
-   _Ritual Incantations: III. Spirited — Passionate — Bold and Lyrical_[33]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

title: Felix Chen

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize Felix Chen's post-retirement years.

answer: After retiring in 2003, Chen taught at several universities in Taiwan before passing away in 2018. Despite being accused of corruption and involvement in an alleged forgery scandal, he was never proven guilty of any wrongdoing. Chen's post-retirement years consisted primarily of guest conducting and teaching.

answer: In 2010, the Taipei Times asserted that there was no evidence of any wrongdoing of Chen except getting fired was enough reason to assume he was guilty in the eyes of the populace. Chen had left his conductor's post and resumed teaching at the universities.

text: Describes allegations not his time in retirement

refinement: After he retired from Taiwan's Taipei Symphony Orchestra, Chen taught at the National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei National University of the Arts, and the Tainan National University of the Arts for a few years and then switched to teaching master's-level courses at Tamkang University, lecturing classical repertoire and conducting. He also made occasional appearances as a guest conductor.

answer: After he retired from Taiwan's Taipei Symphony Orchestra, Chen taught at the National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei National University of the Arts, and the Tainan National University of the Arts for a few years and then switched to teaching master's-level courses at Tamkang University, lecturing classical repertoire and conducting. He also made occasional appearances as a guest conductor.

answer: After retirement in 2003, Felix Chen taught at the National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei National University of the Arts, and Tainan National University of the Arts. Some of his notable students include Lü Shao-chia and Chien Wen-pin. Felix Chen came out of retirement in 2014 and praised Shen Yun Performing Arts for their "stage techniques." He died in 2018 at the age of 75.

answer: Following his retirement in 2003, Chen taught at several Taiwanese universities, gave occasional guest performances with orchestras, and was accused of corruption in 2003. There is no evidence to support his alleged involvement in wrongdoing, however, and he died in 2018 at the age of 75.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize Felix Chen's musical career.

answer: Felix Chen started his musical career studying the violin and playing in several orchestras. He then studied conducting in Austria and led the Taipei Symphony Orchestra for 17 years, and began staging operas with them. Chen was described as a "living national treasure." He then retired and taught at several universities, and gave occasional guest performances. He taught Lü Shao-chia and Chien Wen-pin, other notable conductors and musical directors.

answer: Felix Chen was a conductor and violinist. He originally studied the violin and won first prize in a provincial competition. Chen later studied conducting in Munich and worked with the Taiwan Provincial Symphony Orchestra before joining the Taipei Symphony Orchestra in 1973. He was later fired in 2003 due to a forgery scandal and returned to university teaching.

answer: After Chen studied violin, he toured Europe in several orchestras. He toured Asia as well, performing in operas. His career had long established him as a conductor and violinist. However, in 2013, Chen chose to retire in order to return to university teaching. After his retirement, Chen was infrequently invited to give guest performances.

answer: Felix Chen was born in July 1942 in Taiwan. He started studying violin formally in 1959, and won a provincial competition. He went to Germany for further training and so performed for orchestras there. After his return to Taiwan in the late 60s, he played violin in several orchestras. In 1971, he became a conductor for Taiwan Provincial Symphony Orchestra for 13 years. From 1986-2003, he conducted the Taipei Symphony Orchestra.

answer: Felix Chen was a Taiwanese conductor and violinist. He studied violin in Germany and began his musical career working with the Taiwan Provincial Symphony Orchestra. He became music director of the Taipei Symphony Orchestra in 1986 and worked there until 2003, when he retired due to accusations of corruption. In his later years, Chen taught at a number of universities and occasionally gave guest performances with national orchestras.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize Chen's dismissal in 2003.

answer: In September 2003, Chen was accused of corruption and involved in a forgery scandal. As a result, the Department of Culture Affairs of the Taipei City Government decided to relieve him of his post. Chen eventually chose to retire and no evidence of wrongdoing was ever discovered.

answer: In September 2003, Chen was accused of corruption and involvement in a forgery scandal. The Department of Culture Affairs of the Taipei City Government chose to relieve him of his post. Chen chose to retire. No evidence of wrong-doing by Chen was ever found.

answer: He is dismissed from his position in 2003 during the revocation of a corruption scandal. Chen eventually chose to retire; some people believe he was forced to do so. Chen would return to university teaching but make occasional appearances as a guest conductor.

answer: Felix Chen was conductor and music director of the Taipei Symphony Orchestra until 2003. Chen was accused of corruption and forgery, and the Department of Culture Affairs of the Taipei City Government relieved him of his post. Chen retired, and many believe he was forced to. In 2010 the Taipei Times stated that there was no evidence of any wrongdoing by Chen. Chen would make occasional appearances at the Taipei Symphony Orchestra as a guest conductor.

answer: He was accused of corruption and involvement in a forgery scandal. As a result, the Department of Culture Affairs decided to relieve him of his post, but Chen ended up retiring.  Some voices say that Chen was forced to retire. Chen then returned to university teaching.