text:
GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.[1][2][3]

Technique description

[An illustration of graduated optimization.]

Graduated optimization is an improvement to hill climbing that enables a hill climber to avoid settling into local optima. It breaks a difficult optimization problem into a sequence of optimization problems, such that the first problem in the sequence is convex (or nearly convex), the solution to each problem gives a good starting point to the next problem in the sequence, and the last problem in the sequence is the difficult optimization problem that it ultimately seeks to solve. Often, graduated optimization gives better results than simple hill climbing. Further, when certain conditions exist, it can be shown to find an optimal solution to the final problem in the sequence. These conditions are:

-   The first optimization problem in the sequence can be solved given the initial starting point.
-   The locally convex region around the global optimum of each problem in the sequence includes the point that corresponds to the global optimum of the previous problem in the sequence.

It can be shown inductively that if these conditions are met, then a hill climber will arrive at the global optimum for the difficult problem. Unfortunately, it can be difficult to find a sequence of optimization problems that meet these conditions. Often, graduated optimization yields good results even when the sequence of problems cannot be proven to strictly meet all of these conditions.

Some examples

Graduated optimization is commonly used in image processing for locating objects within a larger image. This problem can be made to be _more convex_ by blurring the images. Thus, objects can be found by first searching the most-blurred image, then starting at that point and searching within a less-blurred image, and continuing in this manner until the object is located with precision in the original sharp image. The proper choice of the blurring operator depends on the geometric transformation relating the object in one image to the other.[4]

Graduated optimization can be used in manifold learning. The Manifold Sculpting algorithm, for example, uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.[5] It gradually scales variance out of extra dimensions within a data set while optimizing in the remaining dimensions. It has also been used to calculate conditions for fractionation with tumors,[6] for object tracking in computer vision,[7] and other purposes.

A thorough review of the method and its applications can be found in.[8]

Related optimization techniques

Simulated annealing is closely related to graduated optimization. Instead of smoothing the function over which it is optimizing, simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount, which may have a similar effect. Because simulated annealing relies on random sampling to find improvements, however, its computation complexity is exponential in the number of dimensions being optimized. By contrast, graduated optimization smooths the function being optimized, so local optimization techniques that are efficient in high-dimensional space (such as gradient-based techniques, hill climbers, etc.) may still be used.

[1]

[2]

[3] Hossein Mobahi, John W. Fisher III. On the Link Between Gaussian Homotopy Continuation and Convex Envelopes, In Lecture Notes in Computer Science (EMMCVPR 2015), Springer, 2015.

[4] Hossein Mobahi, C. Lawrence Zitnick, Yi Ma. Seeing through the Blur, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), June 2012.

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

title: Graduated optimization

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is graduated optimization?

answer: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that first solves a simpler problem and gradually creates a more complex problem that it seeks to ultimately optimize. This technique aims to avoid local optima and ultimately find an optimal solution.

text: GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem

text: Graduated optimization is an improvement to hill climbing that enables a hill climber to avoid settling into local optima.

answer: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that attempts to optimize a difficult problem by first solving a greatly simplified problem and progressively transforming that problem while optimizing it until it is equivalent to the difficult problem. This technique relies on locally convex regions around the global optimum of each problem in the sequence to reach the global optimum.

text: Mentioning convex regions would require the mention of using the first optimization problem in the sequence as a starting point.

refinement: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that attempts to optimize a difficult problem by first solving a greatly simplified problem and progressively transforming that problem while optimizing it until it is equivalent to the difficult problem. This technique relies on using the first optimization problem as a starting point, the locally convex regions around the global optimum will then correspond to the global optimum for the next problem in the sequence.

text: GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem

text: The locally convex region around the global optimum of each problem in the sequence includes the point that corresponds to the global optimum of the previous problem in the sequence.

answer: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

text: GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

answer: Graduated optimization is an improvement to hill climbing that allows a hill climber to avoid settling into local optima.

text: The answer is an analogy which would require further explanation in order for the reader to fully grasp the context of what the answer is. Omit the analogy as a whole and just provide the exact answer.

refinement: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

text: Graduated optimization is an improvement to hill climbing that enables a hill climber to avoid settling into local optima.

answer: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique.

text: While the answer is correct, it is too brief and can benefit from proper details. The article provides the necessary information.

refinement: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

text: GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What are some uses of graduated optimization?

answer: Graduating optimization is used in image processing for locating objects within a larger image.

text: Question states for "uses", needs more than just one example. Article has more than one example that can be used.

refinement:
Graduating optimization is used for:
1. Image Processing - locating objects within a larger image.
2. Manifold Learning - to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.
3. Computer Vision - object tracking
4. Tumors - calculating conditions for fractionation

text: Graduated optimization is commonly used in image processing for locating objects within a larger image.

answer: Graduated optimization is commonly used in image processing for locating objects within a larger image.

text: Question states for "uses", needs more than just one example. Article has more than one example that can be used.

refinement:
Graduating optimization is used for:
1. Image Processing - locating objects within a larger image.
2. Manifold Learning - to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.
3. Computer Vision - object tracking
4. Tumors - calculating conditions for fractionation

text: Graduated optimization is commonly used in image processing for locating objects within a larger image.

answer:
In image processing, using graduated optimization to locate objects in a larger image by searching a blurry image first, and proceeding with a less blurry and then a sharp image searches until the object is located.
In manifold learning, using graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non locality reduction in data sets.
In tumor simulation, using it to calculate conditions for fractionation.

text: Graduated optimization is commonly used in image processing for locating objects within a larger image.

text: Graduated optimization can be used in manifold learning. The Manifold Sculpting algorithm, for example, uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.

text: It has also been used to calculate conditions for fractionation with tumors

answer: Graduated optimization is used in image processing to locate objects within larger images, in manifold learning for dimensional reduction, and in computer vision for object tracking.

text: Graduated optimization can be used in manifold learning. The Manifold Sculpting algorithm, for example, uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.

text: Graduated optimization is commonly used in image processing for locating objects within a larger image.

text: It has also been used to calculate conditions for fractionation with tumors,[6] for object tracking in computer vision,[7] and other purposes.

answer: Graduated optimization is commonly used in image processing, manifold learning, and computer vision for locating objects within a larger image, finding manifolds for dimensionality reduction, and tracking objects.

text:
The answer combines the different uses of graduated optimization into two sentences, which makes the context open to misinterpretation. For example, the article states that computer vision is associated to the action of tracking objects, not locating them as per the answer.

This is solved by individually stating each example of usage.

refinement:
Graduating optimization is used for:
1. Image Processing - locating objects within a larger image.
2. Manifold Learning - to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.
3. Computer Vision - object tracking
4. Tumors - calculating conditions for fractionation

text: It has also been used to calculate conditions for fractionation with tumors,[6] for object tracking in computer vision,[7] and other purposes.

text: The Manifold Sculpting algorithm, for example, uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.

text: Graduated optimization is commonly used in image processing for locating objects within a larger image.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is simulated annealing?

answer: Simulated annealing is closely related to graduated optimization.

text: Insufficient answer does not provide enough details.

refinement: Simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount, which may have a similar effect to graduated optimization. But since it relies on random sampling to find improvements, its computation complexity is exponential in the number of dimensions being optimized.

answer: Simulated annealing is related to graduated optimization. Instead of smoothing the function over which it is optimizing, simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount.

text: ...simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount, which may have a similar effect.

answer: Simulated annealing is a global optimization technique that seeks to improve a solution iteratively by randomly perturbing it. Graduated optimization, however, smooths the function being optimized, so it is more efficient in high-dimensional optimization problems.

text: Simulated annealing is related to global optimization, it is not a global optimization technique. Omit this part.

refinement: Simulated annealing seeks to improve a solution by randomly perturbing it by a decaying amount.

text: Simulated annealing is closely related to graduated optimization. Instead of smoothing the function over which it is optimizing, simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount, which may have a similar effect.

answer: Simulated annealing is closely related to graduated optimization. Instead of smoothing the function over which it is optimizing, simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount, which may have a similar effect.

text: Simulated annealing is closely related to graduated optimization. Instead of smoothing the function over which it is optimizing, simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount, which may have a similar effect.

answer: Simulated annealing is a global optimization technique that attempts to find improvements to current solutions by randomly perturbing the current solution. Compared to graduated optimization, simulated annealing's computation complexity is exponential in the number of dimensions being optimized.

text: Simulated annealing is related to global optimization, it is not a global optimization technique. Omit this part.

refinement: Simulated annealing is related to global optimization. It attempts to find improvements by randomly perturbing the current solution by a decaying amount. Compared to graduated optimization, simulated annealing's computation complexity is exponential in the number of dimensions being optimized.

text: Simulated annealing is closely related to graduated optimization. Instead of smoothing the function over which it is optimizing, simulated annealing randomly perturbs the current solution by a decaying amount, which may have a similar effect.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the Manifold Sculpting algorithm?

answer: The Manifold Sculpting algorithm uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.

text:
Answer does not directly address the question. The Manifold Sculpting Algorithm cannot be defined by stating what it uses.

The answer should state what the algorithm actually does.

refinement: The Manifold Sculpting algorithm is used for manifold learning to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction. It achieves this by gradually scaling variance out of extra dimensions within a data set while optimizing in the remaining dimensions.

text: The Manifold Sculpting algorithm, for example, uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction

answer: The Manifold Sculpting algorithm uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction, often used for image processing.

text:
Answer does not directly address the question. The Manifold Sculpting Algorithm cannot be defined by stating what it uses.

The answer should state what the algorithm actually does.

refinement: The Manifold Sculpting algorithm is used for manifold learning to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction. It achieves this by gradually scaling variance out of extra dimensions within a data set while optimizing in the remaining dimensions.

answer: The Manifold Sculpting algorithm uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.

text:
Answer does not directly address the question. The Manifold Sculpting Algorithm cannot be defined by stating what it uses.

The answer should state what the algorithm actually does.

refinement: The Manifold Sculpting algorithm is used for manifold learning to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction. It achieves this by gradually scaling variance out of extra dimensions within a data set while optimizing in the remaining dimensions.

answer: The Manifold Sculpting algorithm is used for manifold learning to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction. It achieves this by gradually scaling variance out of extra dimensions within a data set while optimizing in the remaining dimensions.

text: Graduated optimization can be used in manifold learning. The Manifold Sculpting algorithm, for example, uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.[5] It gradually scales variance out of extra dimensions within a data set while optimizing in the remaining dimensions.

answer: It is an algorithm that is used in manifold learning and seeks a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.

text: Graduated optimization can be used in manifold learning. The Manifold Sculpting algorithm, for example, uses graduated optimization to seek a manifold embedding for non-linear dimensionality reduction.[5] It gradually scales variance out of extra dimensions within a data set while optimizing in the remaining dimensions.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Graduated optimization is a type of global optimization that attempts to solve a difficult problem by first solving a greatly simplified (convex or nearly convex) problem.

text: GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

text: It breaks a difficult optimization problem into a sequence of optimization problems, such that the first problem in the sequence is convex (or nearly convex), the solution to each problem gives a good starting point to the next problem in the sequence, and the last problem in the sequence is the difficult optimization problem that it ultimately seeks to solve.

answer: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem.

text: GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

answer: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that splits up a difficult problem into simpler problems in sequence. Assuming certain conditions hold, this enables gradient-based optimization techniques to more quickly reach an optimal solution.

text: GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

answer: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that divides a difficult optimization problem into simpler problems until they're all equivalent. It often gives better results than simple hill climbing. It can be shown to find an optimal solution if certain conditions are met.

text: Must state that divided problems are in a sequence.

refinement: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that divides a difficult optimization problem into a sequence of simpler problems until they're all equivalent. It often gives better results than simple hill climbing. It can be shown to find an optimal solution if certain conditions are met.

text: GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

answer: Graduated optimization is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.

text: GRADUATED OPTIMIZATION is a global optimization technique that attempts to solve a difficult optimization problem by initially solving a greatly simplified problem, and progressively transforming that problem (while optimizing) until it is equivalent to the difficult optimization problem.


split: train

text:
RICKUS HILL is a summit in St. Francois County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It has an elevation of .[1] The peak lies about three miles southeast of Farmington. Wolf Creek flows past the north side of the peak and joins the St. Francis River to the east of the peak.[2]

Rickus Hill has the name of Frederick Rickus, the original owner of the site.[3]

[1]

[2] _Missouri Atlas & Gazetteer,_ DeLorme, 1998, First edition, p. 57,

[3]

title: Rickus Hill

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is Rickus Hill?

answer: A summit.

answer: A summit in St. Francois County in the U.S. state of Missouri.

answer: Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County in the U.S. state of Missouri.

answer: Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County, Missouri with an elevation of .

text: Sentence is incomplete (although copied directly from source material.

refinement: Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County, Missouri.

answer: Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County, Missouri with an elevation of.

text: Sentence is incomplete (although copied directly from source material.

refinement: Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County, Missouri.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is a summit?

answer: A summit is the highest point of a landform.

answer: It is not stated in the article.

answer: The ascension part of a mountain.

text: The answer is not provided in the text and this answer does not seem to be correct.

answer: the article does not answer this question

answer: A summit is the highest point of a landform. Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County in the U.S. state of Missouri. The peak has an elevation of .

text: The second and third sentences do not answer the question being asked.

refinement: A summit is the highest point of a landform.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Where is Rickus Hill located?

answer: Rickus Hill is located in St. Francois County, Missouri.

answer: Rickus Hill is located in St. Francois County, Missouri.

answer: Missouri.

text: The answer can be more specific.

answer: St. Francois County in the U.S. state of Missouri

answer: St. Francois County in Missouri.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Which body of water flows past the north side of its peak?

answer: Wolf Creek flows past the north side of the peak of Rickus Hill.

text: "Wolf Creek flows past the north side of the peak and joins the St. Francis River to the east of the peak" is evidence that Wolf Creek flows past the north side of Rickus Hill's peak.

answer: It is known that Wolf Creek flows past the north side of its peak.

text: The phrase "It is known" is unnecessary.

refinement: Wolf Creek flows past the north side of its peak.

text: "Wolf Creek flows past the north side of the peak and joins the St. Francis River to the east of the peak" is evidence that Wolf Creek flows past the north side of Rickus Hill's peak.

answer: Wolf Creek.

text: "Wolf Creek flows past the north side of the peak and joins the St. Francis River to the east of the peak" is evidence that Wolf Creek flows past the north side of Rickus Hill's peak.

answer: Wolf Creek.

text: "Wolf Creek flows past the north side of the peak and joins the St. Francis River to the east of the peak" is evidence that Wolf Creek flows past the north side of Rickus Hill's peak.

answer: The Wolf Creek flows past the north side of Rickus Hill.

text: The body of water is called "Wolf Creek" not "The Wolf Creek".

refinement: Wolf Creek flows past the north side of Rickus Hill.

text: "Wolf Creek flows past the north side of the peak and joins the St. Francis River to the east of the peak" is evidence that Wolf Creek flows past the north side of Rickus Hill's peak.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County in Missouri with an elevation of . The peak lies about three miles southeast of Farmington; Wolf Creek flows past the north side of the peak. The peak is named for Frederick Rickus.

text: The detail of the elevation should be omitted, since the actual number is not given.

refinement: Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County in Missouri. The peak lies about three miles southeast of Farmington; Wolf Creek flows past the north side of the peak. The peak is named for Frederick Rickus.

answer: Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County with an elevation of . It is named in honor of Frederick Rickus and lies about three miles southeast of Farmington.

text: The detail of the elevation should be omitted, since the actual number is not given.

refinement: Rickus Hill is a summit in St. Francois County. It is named in honor of Frederick Rickus and lies about three miles southeast of Farmington.

answer: Rickus Hill is a summit in the St. Francois County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It has an elevation of and lies southeast of Farmington.

text: The detail of the elevation should be omitted, since the actual number is not given.

refinement: Rickus Hill is a summit in the St. Francois County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It lies southeast of Farmington.

answer: Rickus Hill is a summit located in the state of Missouri in the United States. It gets its name from Frederick Rickus, the original owner of the site.

answer: The Rickus Hill is a mountain in Missouri. It contains natural features like a flowing stream (Wolf Creek) and a lake (Rickus Lake).

text: Rickus Hill is described as a summit rather than a mountain in the source text.

refinement: The Rickus Hill is a summit in Missouri. It contains natural features like a flowing stream (Wolf Creek) and a lake (Rickus Lake).


text:
HANK PHILLIPPI RYAN: Do you write book reviews? As an author, I will admit, I tiptoe toward the review section of every website, knowing I might be poking a landmine, but unable to resist. And every author will tell you how important it is to have a good review, how the dashed off and spoiler-filled and mean-spirited reviews are not only knives to the heart, but ratings wrecking.

But I have been writing a different kind of review. The fabulous Criminal Elementis doing a wonderful experiment, are asking authors to review the past Edgar winners for best novel. There was a mad dash among the authors they asked to pick which books to review, and I must say that I was not among the first, so I did not get Day of the Jackal or Eye of the Needle, two faves.   And turns out,  two of the three I was assigned were books I had never read.  (I might say that I had never heard of them, actually. They won the Edgar, and they were not even in my bandwidth! Whoa. )

However! That was the beginning of a wonderful adventure.

[]

The first book I reviewed is A Dark-Adapted Eye by Barbara Vine – the pseudonym for Ruth Rendell.  It was the winner in 1987, and  difficult to judge it from the standpoint of someone reading it then, as well as someone reading it now.

As I wrote:

"I  will admit, I fear, if I had read this book in 1986—when, after all, the best sellers of the year were Danielle Steele, Judith Krantz, Robert Ludlum, Tom Clancy, and Stephen King—I might have given up on this book after a couple of chapters, asking out loud, _is anything going to happen soon_?

And had I done that, I would not have been treated to the glorious, masterful, innovative structure that Vine uses to devise this disturbing puzzle. Gradually, in her own brilliantly created order, Vine lets us in on the whole story, puzzle piece by puzzle piece, without letting us know _where_ the puzzle pieces fit."

In the review, I said:

"But if a new writer pitched this book today, the agent would toss it on the reject pile after the first several pages. Backstory backstory backstory. Family tree family tree family tree, family tree--to the point of excruciating frustration. _Get to the story!_ The agent would cry.

Too bad for the agent. Turns out, the family_ is_ the story."

 It was fun to imagine the discussion of the Edgar committee, you know? Why didn’t they choose P.D. James for _A Taste of Death? Or _ Joe Gores for _Come Morning_, Brian Freemantle for _The Blind Run_, and Roger L. Simon for _The Straight Man?  _What was it about this particular book that made it the most special of the special books? When I wrote near the end was:
"I wish I had been there for the final Edgar vote. “It’s fine, I guess,” someone would have said.

“I think it’s risky,” someone else might have warned.

“This one will become a classic,” said the sage one in the back. And that person was correct. "

 And now I'm working on another review which will come out in a month or so. The book--The Red Scream-- is by Mary Willis Walker,  and it won in 1995. It was a perfect book for me to read, because it's about a reporter, Molly Cates, whose true crime book is about to be published. (Lots of parallels to my TRUST ME and to my own real life.)

[]

Again-- reading it in 1995 would be a lot different from reading it in 2019, right? What was fresh and innovative back then isn’t, frankly, now. And though chronologically that it wasn’t so long ago, in some senses, it was. We didn’t know about #MeToo,  or cell phones, and the Internet was newish.  By the time Mary Willis Walker wrote this book, Sue Grafton was already on L.
But then, reading, I saw what made it more than a savvy-tough-intrepid-working-woman story. I’m still drafting, but I can share an early bit:

"Here’s the clincher: only Molly herself has the opportunity to tell the truth about this crime, the crime that made her career.

But if her  true crime book is based on her own misunderstanding of the crime--if it's _not_ true--how good a reporter is she?

If Molly diligently follows the clues that may lead to the convicted killer’s innocence, doesn’t that make her guilty?

That’s what makes the story so special--Walker’s focus on the choice devoted reporter Molly must make. Can she be true to her "stand up for the little guy" philosophy? If she does, the discovering the pivotal clues might lead to her own personal humiliation and defeat."

And, parenthetically, my researching to write this review revealed another mystery: Where is Mary Willis Walker?

She only wrote four books, that I can find, all of which were incredibly well reviewed, and awarded, and lauded, and then, she vanished!  I found an essay she had written in the New York Times about dropping the Walker from her name after getting divorced. I queried the Facebook hive mind, and no one seems to be able to come up with any more than that. How can a successful writer just vanish? Maybe just… Stop writing. But I would love to know.

(The review won’t be published for a month or so, so make sure you find it on the fab Criminal Element!)

One more thing I’m writing, (actually have written, even better), is the introduction to another book you may not know about: The Bellamy Trial.

[]

American Mystery Classics asked me to write the introduction for their brand new edition of this 1927 classic, and I leapt at the chance with delight. Turns out, it is such a terrific book, (lookit that cover!) and again, right up my legal thriller alley. In fact, some say, with The Bellamy Trial, Frances Noyes Hart wrote the first legal thriller.

There is a tiny part of that introduction.

"Hart is such a clever writer, and this charming novel –which was serialized in the Saturday Evening Post --is hardly just a legal transcript. With Whartonesque overtones and trenchant social commentary, the world of the scandalous crime emerges:  silver dancing shoes, silver flasks, country clubs, cocktail parties, maids, nannies, and families with day and night nurseries. The reader understands the milieu Hart is allowing us to grasp: the attendant wealth and lack of it, the undercurrent (usually under) of class struggles, and the battle for acceptance in tightly-contained social circles. Passionate love and broken promises, parental manipulation, deceit and gaslighting—results that can only come from the lust for money and greed and control."

This book was absolutely a joy to read, and I cannot wait to share it with you. These new editions will be out in a month or so, but I have one here to give away!

TELL ME HOW YOU FEEL ABOUT WRITING REVIEWS, REDS AND READERS, AND ONE LUCKY COMMENTER WILL GET AN EARLY COPY.

(Oh, PS, the third book I am reviewing for Criminal Element is Citizen Vince! Love that book!)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the importance of book reviews?

answer: The text says that reviews are important for authors, both from the standpoint of jury duty as someone reading to judge the merits of a book, and from the standpoint of being an author oneself who needs positive reviews to boost sales. The text also discusses how reviews can reflect the outlook on a particular book, as well as help readers make decisions as to what books to read or buy.

text: Remove the comma on "book,"

refinement: The text says that reviews are important for authors, both from the standpoint of jury duty as someone reading to judge the merits of a book and from the standpoint of being an author oneself who needs positive reviews to boost sales. The text also discusses how reviews can reflect the outlook on a particular book, as well as help readers make decisions as to what books to read or buy.

text: "Jury duty" and "oneself" don't seem to fit the context of the response and can be removed.

refinement: The text says that reviews are important for authors, both from the standpoint of someone reading to judge the merits of a book and from the standpoint of being an author who needs positive reviews to boost sales. The text also discusses how reviews can reflect the outlook on a particular book, as well as help readers make decisions as to what books to read or buy.

text: While it's obvious that book reviews are meant to educate readers about what books to read or buy, it was never mentioned directly in the text. This section can be replaced with something that reflects the "outlook on a particular book" angle, which in this case, can be that books can become classics.

refinement: The text says that reviews are important for authors, both from the standpoint of someone reading to judge the merits of a book and from the standpoint of being an author who needs positive reviews to boost sales. The text also discusses how reviews can reflect the outlook on a particular book, such as declaring that something might someday become a classic.

answer: According to the author of the article, before deciding on buying a book, they go to the book review section first to know what other people think about it. It's one of the deciding factors of readers, so book authors want good reviews. Bad reviews hurt their feelings and the book's ratings.

text: The section of the response was never mentioned in the article and seems speculative.

refinement: It's one of the deciding factors of readers, so book authors want good reviews. Bad reviews hurt their feelings and the book's ratings.

answer: The text discusses the importance of reviews for both authors and potential readers. While some poorly-written reviews can be damaging, others, such as those that focus on the craft of the writing, can help further the enjoyment and appreciation of a given work. Even though some elements of a book (such as its freshness or innovation) may have passed their due date, a good review can help to keep the story alive.

answer: The author says that as an author, he thinks of how important review sections are and how the book can be a landmine with harsh reviews. Some authors say they are as sharp as knives stabbing at the heart, or ratings wrecking.

text: The response should be simplified to reflect what was written, not merge words together (a landmine with harsh words).

refinement: Good book reviews are important to every author (presumably for sales and recognition). However, dashed off, spoiler-filled, and mean-spirited reviews hurt not just the author's feelings, but also the ratings of the book.

answer: No answer

text: There should be even a basic answer because the text provides it.

refinement: Book reviews are important because these can make or break not just the ratings of the book, but also the reputation (standing in the writing community) of the author who wrote it.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the author joining Criminal Element's experiment?

answer: The author had written many reviews before, so they were delighted to join Criminal Element's experiment wherein authors were asked to review Edgar winners for best novels. Two of the three novels assigned to the author were books they hadn't read before. The first book they reviewed was Barbara Vine's A Dark-Adapted Eye, the winner in 1987. The book got a great review overall.

text: Add "past".

refinement: The author had written many reviews before, so they were delighted to join Criminal Element's experiment wherein authors were asked to review past Edgar winners for best novels. Two of the three novels assigned to the author were books they hadn't read before. The first book they reviewed was Barbara Vine's A Dark-Adapted Eye, the winner in 1987. The book got a great review overall.

text: The response is missing the other book the author was assigned to review. The highlighted text can be replaced with information on the second book. There is also mention of the third book, which should be added as well.

refinement: The author had written many reviews before, so they were delighted to join Criminal Element's experiment wherein authors were asked to review past Edgar winners for best novels. Two of the three novels assigned to the author were books they hadn't read before. The first book they reviewed was Barbara Vine's A Dark-Adapted Eye, the winner in 1987. The second book the author is working on is The Red Scream by Mary Willis Walker, which won the Edgar in 1995. The third book they are reviewing is Citizen Vince.

answer: The author has agreed to write reviews for three books that have won the Edgar Award for best novel. The author believes writing reviews is an adventurous experience and hopes that the reviewing process will help him better understand specific books.

text: Extraneous information that adds nothing to the response and should be removed.

refinement: The author has agreed to write reviews for three books that have won the Edgar Award for best novel. The author believes writing reviews is an adventurous experience.

text: The response is missing the titles of the three books the author was assigned to review.

refinement: The author has agreed to write reviews for three books that have won the Edgar Award for best novel. The first book they reviewed was the 1987 winner, A dark-Adapted Ete by Barbara Vine. The second book the author is working on is The Red Scream by Mary Willis Walker, which won in 1995, while the third book is Citizen Vince. The author believes writing reviews is an adventurous experience.

answer: Criminal Element has invited authors to write a review for the past Edgar winners for best novel. The author has been asked to review Barbara Vine's book, which won the Edgar award in 1987. In doing so, the author found his work fun. He has also reviewed another book, Mary Willis Walker's The Red Scream, which won in 1995.

text: The author is still working on the review for The Red Scream and Citizen Vince.

refinement: Criminal Element has invited authors to write a review for the past Edgar winners for best novel. The author has been asked to review Barbara Vine's book, which won the Edgar award in 1987. In doing so, the author found his work fun. He is also working on two other books, Mary Willis Walker's The Red Scream, which won in 1995, and Citizen Vince.

answer: The author wrote a few reviews for this website, given that Criminal Element was launching an experiment for which they called for authors to review the past Edgar winners. They had asked them to pick which ones to review, and the author didn't get Day of the Jackal or Eye of the Needle, their favorites, but had never read the two recommended to them.

text: This part is confusing and should be deleted.

refinement: Criminal Element was launching an experiment for which they called for authors to review the past Edgar winners. They had asked them to pick which ones to review, and the author didn't get Day of the Jackal or Eye of the Needle, their favorites, but had never read the two recommended to them.

text: Extraneous information that doesn't add anything to the response. This should be removed.

refinement: Criminal Element was launching an experiment for which they called for authors to review the past Edgar winners.

text: Add "for best novel".

refinement: Criminal Element was launching an experiment for which they called for authors to review the past Edgar winners for best novel.

text: Missing details such as the titles of the books the author got assigned.

refinement: Criminal Element was launching an experiment for which they called for authors to review the past Edgar winners for best novel. The author got assigned three books to review, two of which they had never read or even heard before. The first book is "A Dark-Adapted Eye" by Barbara Vine, which won in 1987. The second book is the 1995 winner "The Red Scream" by Mary Willis Walker. The third book is Citizen Vince.

answer: The author has joined Criminal Element's experiment to review past Edgar winners for best novel. The text mentions three books the author has been asked to review, and describes the first - A Dark-Adapted Eye by Barbara Vine, as an intricate and innovative puzzle. The author also describes The Red Scream by Mary Willis Walker as an excellent legal thriller with dynamic class struggles, and the Bellamy Trial, the second book to be reviewed, as a charming novel.

text: The Red Scream is not the "excellent legal thriller with dynamic class struggles" - that description is for the Bellamy Trial, a book that the author wrote an introduction for. The Bellamy also wasn't "the second book to be reviewed" - the second book was The Red Scream.

refinement: The author has joined Criminal Element's experiment to review past Edgar winners for best novel. The text mentions three books the author has been asked to review, and describes the first - A Dark-Adapted Eye by Barbara Vine, as an intricate and innovative puzzle. The author is working on the second book, The Red Scream by Mary Willis Walker, which won in 1995.

text: Remove the comma in "to review,"

refinement: The author has joined Criminal Element's experiment to review past Edgar winners for best novel. The text mentions three books the author has been asked to review and describes the first - A Dark-Adapted Eye by Barbara Vine, as an intricate and innovative puzzle. The author is working on the second book, The Red Scream by Mary Willis Walker, which won in 1995.

text: Missing the year when the book won an Edgar award.

refinement: The author has joined Criminal Element's experiment to review past Edgar winners for best novel. The text mentions three books the author has been asked to review and describes the first - A Dark-Adapted Eye by Barbara Vine, as an intricate and innovative puzzle that won the award in 1987. The author is working on the second book, The Red Scream by Mary Willis Walker, which won in 1995.

text: Missing the third book, Citizen Vince.

refinement: The author has joined Criminal Element's experiment to review past Edgar winners for best novel. The text mentions three books the author has been asked to review and describes the first - A Dark-Adapted Eye by Barbara Vine, as an intricate and innovative puzzle that won the award in 1987. The author is also working on the second book, The Red Scream by Mary Willis Walker, which won in 1995, and Citizen Vince (no year listed).


text:
AVA is a feminine given name in the English and in other languages. Its recent popularity may be linked to a number of celebrity babies of the 1990s, who were ultimately named after American actress Ava Gardner (1922—1990).

Origin

The medieval name _Ava_ is an abbreviation of a Germanic name containing the first element _aw-_, of uncertain meaning. Old High German (8th to 9th centuries) dithematic feminine names with this element include _Avagisa, Avuldis, Awanpurc, Auwanildis_.[1]

Saint Ava was a 9th-century princess, daughter of Pepin II of Aquitaine. Ava was also the name of a medieval German woman poet. This name is the origin of the Norman French name of Aveline, which in turn gave rise to the English given name of Evelyn.

As evidence for the name is lacking between the later medieval and the modern period, the _Oxford Dictionary of First Names_ supposes that it was coined anew as a modern innovation, presumably as a variant of Eva,[2] or (like _Eva_) used as an anglicization of the Irish name Aoife.[3]

Āvā is also a feminine given name in the Persian language, meaning “voice, sound”.

In the Russian language, Ava () may be a diminutive form of either the female names Avelina,[4] Avenira,[5] Aventina,[6] Avgusta/Avgustina,[7] Aviafa,[8] Aviya (a form of Abijah),[9] Avreliya,[10] Avreya,[11] and Avrora (a form of Aurora),[12] or the male names Avdey,[13] Avel,[14] Avenir,[15] Aventin,[16] Avgust,[17] Avim,[18] Avram (a form of Abram),[19] Avrelian,[20] and Avrely.[21]

Modern use

[Ava Astor (portrait of Giovanni Boldini 1910s)] [Ava Alice Astor (photograph circa 1920)]

The name was popularized in the United States by socialite Ava Lowle Willing (1868–1958), who married John Jacob Astor IV, and their daughter, socialite and heiress Ava Alice Muriel Astor (1902–1956).

[Ava Gardner in the trailer to “My Forbidden Past” (1951)]

Ava Gardner (1922–1990) signed to a contract by MGM Studios in 1941 and gained Hollywood stardom with her performance in _The Killers_ (1946). She became one of Hollywood's leading actresses during the 1950s to 1970s and is the ultimate reason for the given name's continued popularity.[22]

Recent popularity

The name is increasingly popular in the United States, where it was the most popular name given to baby girls in several states in 2006 and the fourth most popular name nationwide in 2007, and in Canada, where it is among the 10 most popular given names for baby girls in several provinces.[23]

The name has been rising in popularity in the United States since the mid-1990s, but had its most dramatic jump in popularity in 1998, when it was the 350th most popular name for baby girls, jumping 268 places up the chart from 618th place in 1997.[24] In the year 2010 it was the fifth most popular baby girl name in the United States.[25] One factor in its increase in popularity in English-speaking countries may have been the naming of the daughters of actress Heather Locklear and musician Richie Sambora,[26] [27] in 1997, and of actors Reese Witherspoon and Ryan Phillippe in 1999.[28]

Phillippe said in a recent magazine interview that he and Witherspoon named their child after actress Ava Gardner.[29] It was the ninth most popular name for girls in Australia[30] and eighth in New Zealand[31] in 2013.

Notable people

-   Saint Ava, ninth century Roman Catholic saint
-   Ava (poet) (c.1060—1127), the first named female writer in any genre in the German language
-   Ava Lowle Willing (1868—1958), American socialite
-   Ava Alice Muriel Astor (1902—1956), American socialite, daughter of Ava Lowle Willing and John Jacob Astor IV
-   Ava Gardner (1922—1990), American actress
-   Ava Barber (born 1954) American country singer
-   Ava DuVernay (born 1972), American film director
-   Ava Ohlgren (born 1988), American collegiate swimmer

[1] Förstemann, _Altdeutsches Namenbuch_ (1847), 190 adduces OHG _awa_ “flowing water” and Gothic _awō_ “grandmother”

[2] .

[3] http://www.behindthename.com/php/search.php?nmd=n&terms=Ava

[4] Petrovsky, p. 33

[5] Petrovsky, p. 34

[6]

[7] Petrovsky, p. 32

[8]

[9] Petrovsky, p. 35

[10] Petrovsky, p. 36

[11]

[12]

[13] Superanskaya, p. 21

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23] Behind the Name

[24]

[25] http://www.ssa.gov/cgi-bin/popularnames.cgi

[26] Satran, Pamela Redmond and Rosenkrantz, Linda. (2008) Cool Names for Babies, p. 71. St. Martin's Press.

[27]

[28] Satran, Pamela Redmond and Rosenkrantz, Linda (2007). The Baby Name Bible: The Ultimate Guide by America's Baby Naming Experts, pp. 27. St. Martin's Griffin.

[29] [http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2008/edition_03-23-2008/In_Step_With...Ryan_Phillippe “In Step with Ryan Philippe”. _Parade Magazine_. 3-23-2008]

[30]

[31] http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Births-Deaths-and-Marriages-Most-Popular-Male-and-Female-First-Names?OpenDocument

title: Ava (given name)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize everything relating to the United States.

answer: The name Ava is rising in popularity and notable ava's include Ava Gardner, Ava DuVernay, and Ava Barber. Ava DuVernay directed the 2016 broke barrier award winner "Selma". Ava Newman, daughter of Heather Locklear and Mark Abbott, is Heather Locklear's half sister's child.

text: Makes no sense

refinement: The name Ava is rising in popularity and notable ava's include Ava Gardner, Ava DuVernay, and Ava Barber. Ava DuVernay directed the 2016 broke barrier award winner "Selma".

text: Incomplete and incoherent answer

refinement: The name Ava gained popularity in the United States due to the socialite Ava Lowle Willing (1868-1958) and her daughter, Ava Alice Muriel Astor (1902-1956). The name's recent rise in popularity in the US can be traced to Old Hollywood Actress Ava Gardner, as there were a number of celebrity babies with that name in the 1990s. From 1997 to 2010, the name jumped from 618th place in popularity to the 5th most popular girls name in the United States. There were a number of notable American women with the name Ava.

answer: The name "Ava" had a dramatic spike in popularity in the United States beginning in the mid-1990s. Ava Gardner was one of Hollywood's leading actresses in the 1950s and 60s, and her popularity is the reason that the name continues to be popular today. The name is the fifth most common baby girl name in the United States in 2010.

answer: The name Ava gained popularity in the United States due to the socialite Ava Lowle Willing (1868-1958) and her daughter, Ava Alice Muriel Astor (1902-1956). The name's recent rise in popularity in the US can be traced to Old Hollywood Actress Ava Gardner, as there were a number of celebrity babies with that name in the 1990s. From 1997 to 2010, the name jumped from 618th place in popularity to the 5th most popular girls name in the United States. There were a number of notable American women with the name Ava.

answer: The name AVA is becoming increasingly popular in the United States. The name's popularity may have been influenced by actress Ava Gardner and the naming of daughters of Heather Locklear and Richie Sambora. The name is currently the fifth most popular among baby girls in the United States. It has increased in popularity more recently, rising 268 places up the chart from 618th place in 1997.

text: They named just one daughter Ava

refinement: The name AVA is becoming increasingly popular in the United States. The name's popularity may have been influenced by actress Ava Gardner and, in more recent years the naming of Heather Locklear and Richie Sambora's daughter. The name is currently the fifth most popular among baby girls in the United States. It has increased in popularity more recently, rising 268 places up the chart from 618th place in 1997.

answer: The name was popularized in the U.S. in the 1900s by Ava Lowle Willing and her daughter, socialite and heiress Ava-Alice Muriel Astor. The name was rising in popularity in the U.S. in the mid-1990s. The name increased in popularity dramatically in the U.S. in 1998. There was a sharp increase in popularity during 1997. The name has been rising in popularity in the United States and is currently the 5th most popular name given to baby girls.

text: The entire paragraph is discontinuous and jerky there is little use of complex sentences of pronouns.

refinement: The name was popularized in the U.S. in the 1900s by Ava Lowle Willing and her daughter, socialite, and heiress Ava-Alice Muriel Astor. It rose in popularity in the U.S. in the mid-1990s rising most dramatically in the U.S. in 1998. Ava is currently the 5th most popular name given to baby girls in the US.

text: This answer fails to include the influence of Ava Gardner

refinement: The name was popularized in the U.S. in the 1900s by Ava Lowle Willing and her daughter, socialite, and heiress Ava-Alice Muriel Astor. It rose in popularity in the U.S. in the mid-1990s rising most dramatically in the U.S. in 1998. Ava is currently the 5th most popular name given to baby girls in the US. Its recent popularity may be linked to a number of celebrity babies of the 1990s, who were ultimately named after American actress Ava Gardner

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize everything relating to Ava Gardner.

answer: Ava Gardner was an American actress of Hollywood fame during the 1950s and 1970s. Her fame may be what sparked the recent increased popularity of the name Ava among baby girls. The name has been increasing in popularity in the United States since the mid-1990s, due mostly to Gardner's fame. It was the ninth most popular name for girls in Australia and eighth in New Zealand in 2013.

answer: Ava Gardner was an American actress. She rose to fame in 1940s and 1950s. She left her signature in Hollywood by starring in "The Killers" (1946) and signed on to a contract by MGM Studios in 1941.

text: The piece leaves out some crucial information

refinement: Ava Gardner was an American actress (1922-1990). She rose to fame in 1940s and 1950s. She left her signature in Hollywood by starring in "The Killers" (1946) and signed on to a contract by MGM Studios in 1941.

text: Grammatical error

refinement: Ava Gardner was an American actress (1922-1990). She rose to fame in the 1940s and 1950s. She left her signature in Hollywood by starring in "The Killers" (1946) and signed on to a contract by MGM Studios in 1941.

answer: Ava Gardner (1922-1990) was an American actress who became known for her role in the 1946 film _The Killers_. Her popularity led to the recent popularity of the given name Ava, which was the most popular name given to baby girls in several states in 2006 and the fourth most popular name nationwide in 2007. Gardner's popularity may be one of the reasons for the name's increased popularity in English-speaking countries.

answer: Ava Gardner was an American actress who was born in 1922 and died in 1990. Under MGM Studios, she gained Hollywood stardom with her performance in The Killers in 1946. She is the ultimate reason for the name Ava's recent popularity, possibly stemming from the number of celebrity babies with that name in the 1990s. Reese Witherspoon and Ryan Phillippe named their daughter after her in 1999.

answer: Ava Gardner was an American actress who signed to a contract by MGM Studios in 1941 and gained Hollywood stardom with her performance in The Killers (1946). She became one of Hollywood's leading actresses during the 1950s to 1970s.

text: Incomplete answer

refinement: Ava Gardner (1922-1990) was an American actress who signed to a contract by MGM Studios in 1941 and gained Hollywood stardom with her performance in The Killers (1946). She became one of Hollywood's leading actresses during the 1950s to 1970s.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Germany?

answer: No answer

text: No answer

refinement: The medieval name of Ava is an abbreviation of a Germanic name. Germanic names with this name element include Avagisa, Avuldis, Awanpurc, Auwanildis. Saint Ava was also the name of a medieval German woman poet.

answer: The medieval name of Ava is an abbreviation of a Germanic name. Germanic names with this name element include Avagisa, Avuldis, Awanpurc, Auwanildis. Saint Ava was also the name of a medieval German woman poet. In the Russian language, Ava () may be a diminutive of different male names or female names. Recent popularity of this name in English-speaking countries may be linked to an actress Ava Gardner.

text: This does not answer the question

refinement: The medieval name of Ava is an abbreviation of a Germanic name. Germanic names with this name element include Avagisa, Avuldis, Awanpurc, Auwanildis. Saint Ava was also the name of a medieval German woman poet.

answer: No answer

text: No answer

refinement: The medieval name of Ava is an abbreviation of a Germanic name. Germanic names with this name element include Avagisa, Avuldis, Awanpurc, Auwanildis. Saint Ava was also the name of a medieval German woman poet.

answer: The text mentions that Ava was a medieval name that was an abbreviation of a Germanic name with an element of _aw-. There were several Old High German dithematic names with this element. There was also a medieval German poet, Ava, who helps date the name between  (c.1060-1127).

answer: According to the text, the given name "Ava" originates in Germanic languages and was used by Saint Ava and a medieval woman poet. It is also used as a diminutive form of various female names in Russia. The name's popularity in the English-speaking world increased in the 1990s. In the United States, it is currently one of the five most popular baby girl names.

text: This doesn't answer the question

refinement: According to the text, the given name "Ava" originates in Germanic languages and was used by Saint Ava and a medieval woman poet.

text: Incomplete answer

refinement: The medieval name of Ava is an abbreviation of a Germanic name. Germanic names with this name element include Avagisa, Avuldis, Awanpurc, Auwanildis. Saint Ava was also the name of a medieval German woman poet.


text:
Before you start reading, this si my first short story. I wrote and edited it in 10 minutes, so expect errors. Feedback appreciated!

This is a story about the final battle of a man. This man was one of the greatest warriors who has ever lived, he trained constantly for weeks on end. He vanquished foes without so much as batting an eye. We shall call this man Caiden. He was clothed in a find red cloth, worn by years of use. He wore the best armor that the kingdom had to offer, sturdy metal, with gold plating to intimidate foes. He carried a battle axe given to him by his kingdom, known as the Veteran’s Battle axe. Its encrusted diamond blade sharper then a serpent’s tooth. However, he had been out of action for a year and a half, and was rusty on his tactics.

Wandering around the new battlegrounds, battlegrounds that he did not know well, he saw signs of an enemy warrior. He quickly follows the trail, until he came over a hill and saw this warrior, bow in hand. He was an archer. He seemed to be distracted by something, but one thing stood out above all. He was clothed in a fine blue cloth, with light chainmail armor. An enemy.

Realizing the severity of the situation, Caiden quickly dove behind cover, and peeked out, hoping he had not been spotted. He had not. Quickly scanning the battlefield, he saw that the archer in blue was on top of small cliff, probably only three or four meters high. Below was a river, moving lazily along. The river itself was not very wide, but it was deep for such a small river. Quickly, Caiden formulated a plan, he would charge from behind the blue archer, knocking him into the river, and then jump down into the river himself, dealing a lethal blow.

As Caiden put the first part of his plan into action, the archer heard his footsteps. Eyes wide, he glanced over his shoulder. In panic, he dove into the water and started swimming toward the opposite shore. Quickly, Caiden jumped in after him. The archer, hearing the splash, turned around and drew his bow. At first, the archer fired quick shots to keep Caiden out of range. Then he quickly swam to the other side of the river, and climbed up onto the top of a bank. From there, he fired strong, well placed arrows, never missing a shot.

Realizing his mistake of following such an agile foe, Caiden quickly drew his bow, a weapon he was not familiar with, and fired a few shots whilst swimming toward the opposite shore, missing all of them. One last well-placed shot knocked him down onto the riverbed. The archer, seeing the warrior’s incapacitated state, quickly swam over to the other side to listen to the great warrior’s final wishes. With his final few breaths, Caiden told the archer his story. It was bittersweet, filled with love, and loss. Hope, and despair. How he came to be a warrior, and finally, what he was thinking as he went into his final battle. He died on the beach, the only one to witness his death was the archer.

Maybe if we weren’t enemies, we could have been good friends. But such is the terror of war.

title: His Final Battle, 534 Words

question: How old was Caidan?

answer: He was a very old man.

answer: That information can't be found.

text: Incomplete, it does say he was old, just not how old

refinement: That information can't be found, but he was a very old man.

answer: Based on the passage, it is difficult to say how old Caidan was. However, it can be inferred that he was an experienced warrior, and likely in his late 30s or early 40s.

text: It was stated he is very old

refinement: Based on the passage, it is difficult to say how old Caidan was. However, it can be inferred that he was an experienced warrior, and very old, near the end of his life.

text: No CONTENT

question: What kind of combat did Caidan prefer?

answer: Hand-to-hand combat.

answer: From the passage, it seems that Caiden preferred close combat, using his battle axe. He was not as skilled with a bow and arrow, and was eventually killed by one.

text: NO CONTENT

answer: He preferred to fight with a battle axe.

question: Why did Caidan's plan to fight the archer not work?

answer: Caiden's plan to charge the archer and knock him into the river did not work because the archer was too agile and quickly swam to the other side of the river. From there, the archer was able to shoot well-placed arrows at Caiden, eventually knocking him down onto the riverbed.

answer: Caiden's plan to fight the archer did not work because the archer was too agile and Caiden was not familiar with his bow.

answer: The archer was too agile and Caidan was not familiar with his bow.

answer: The archer heard his footsteps.

question: What was the bittersweet part of Caidan's story?

text: NO CONTENT

answer: The bittersweet part of Caidan's story was that he was thinking of his love and loss as he went into his final battle.

answer: The bittersweet part of Caidan's story was that he loved and lost many people throughout his life, but he was ultimately happy with his life and what he had accomplished.

answer: The part to do when he lost his lover.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This story tells the tale of a great warrior who goes into his final battle against an archer. The warrior is ultimately defeated, and dies on the riverbank, telling the archer his story before he passes away.

answer: Caidan is the greatest warrior who ever lived, but he meets his match when a flawless archer defeats him. However, the archer listens to his life story as his last words.

answer: The story is about a warrior named Caiden who is out of action for a year and a half. He is rusty on his tactics and is killed by an archer.

answer: Caiden, a great warrior, is out of practice and rusty on his tactics. He follows a trail of signs to an enemy archer, who is distracted by something. Caiden quickly dives behind cover and plans to charge from behind the archer, knocking him into the river, and then jump down into the river himself, dealing a lethal blow. The archer hears his footsteps and turns around, firing quick shots to keep Caiden out of range. Caiden quickly draws his bow, a weapon he is not familiar with, and fires a few shots whilst swimming toward the opposite shore, missing all of them. One last well-placed shot knocks him down onto the riverbed. The archer, seeing the warrior’s incapacitated state, quickly swam over to the other side to listen to the great warrior’s final wishes. With his final few breaths, Caiden tells the archer his story. It was bittersweet, filled with love, and loss. Hope, and despair. How he came to be a warrior, and finally, what he was thinking as he went into his final battle. He died on the beach, the only one to witness his death was the archer.


text:
LOUAY AL-MOKDAD (; born 20 December 1982) is a Syrian-British politician and businessman. He was born in 1982 in Damascus, Syria.

Education

He studied in Damascus until high school, and graduated from the American University in Cyprus with a major in Political Science.

The Syrian Revolution

Being a Secular opposition member, he served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army and was also the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army from 2012 to 2015.[1]

He was a member of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces before his official resignation in 2015.

Political career

He is commonly known for his opposition to Syrian government and a powerful fighter against extremist Islamic groups such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Al-Nusra Front through hundreds of interviews in Arabic[2][3] and international media.[4][5]

On 12 December 2012, Syrian government issued arrest warrants against Almokdad, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri and future bloc deputy Okab Sakr, accusing them of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups.[6] Interpol rejected the Syrian government warrants. According to a memo sent by Interpol to its offices in Arab countries and around the world, the organization decided not to keep the arrest warrants in its database and will not cooperate with them based on its regulations as “it is strictly forbidden for the organization to undertake any intervention or activities based on political issues.”[7]

Almokdad established several institutions which concerned itself with the political and media affairs of the Middle East, including the “Masarat”[8] Foundation, which is competent in Syrian, humanitarian and relief affairs, particularly with regards to fighting extremist ideologies which are among some of the conflicting factions in Syria.

[1]

[2] Louay Almokdad د: الإتجاه المعاكس – هل تصلح روسيا كوسيط نزيه بين المعارضة السورية والنظام؟

[3] france 24: Dialogue with Louay Mokdad, political and media coordinator FSA

[4] FRANCE 24 English: Louay Al-Mokdad, Free Syrian Army spokesman

[5] Louay Almokdad In CNN

[6] Syria seeks arrest of Lebanese former PM Hariri and Almokdad and okab sakr

[7]

[8] Masarat paths Foundation Syrian Center for political coordination and media – courses of action team

title: Louay Almokdad

question: What is the general political stance of Louay Almokdad?

answer: From the passage, it appears that Louay Almokdad is a secular opposition member, strongly opposed to the Syrian government and extremist Islamic groups.

text: Could add in Almokdad's political affiliation

refinement: From the passage, it appears that Louay Almokdad is a secular opposition member and a spokesman for the Free Syrian Army, strongly opposed to the Syrian government and extremist Islamic groups.

text: The third paragraph explicitly describes Almokdad as 'a Secular opposition member'

text: The fifth paragraph describes Almokdad as being 'commonly known for his opposition to Syrian government and a powerful fighter against extremist Islamic groups'

answer: He stands in opposition to extremist Islamic groups and favors a secular outlook.

text: Almokdad's opposition to the Syrian government should be included as well, since it does for a significant part of the passage and his political career as described in the passage

refinement: He stands in opposition to the Syrian government and extremist Islamic groups and favors a secular outlook.

text: 'Being a secular opposition member' suggests Almokdad favors a secular outlook

text: The fifth paragraph describes Almokdad as 'a powerful fight against extremist Islamic groups'

answer: According to the passage, Louay Almokdad is politically in opposition to the Syrian government. He is also knowledgeable about extremist groups operating in Syria, making him a powerful figure in the fight against them.

text: Could mention Almokdad's secularism

refinement: According to the passage, Louay Almokdad is politically in opposition to the Syrian government as a secular opposition member and spokesman for the Free Syrian Army. He is also knowledgeable about extremist groups operating in Syria, making him a powerful figure in the fight against them.

text: The fifth paragraph describes Almokdad as 'commonly known for his opposition to Syrian government and a powerful fighter against extremist Islamic groups'

text: The last paragraph states that Almokdad established institutions including the Masarat Foundation, which is competent in fighting extremist ideologies, which implies that Almokdad is knowledgeable about extremist groups

question: Why did the Syrian government issue an international arrest warrant for Almokdad?

answer: The government accused Almokdad and two others of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups.

text: While the answer is technically correct, the implication (based on Almokdad's politics and Interpol's response) is that the government issued this warrant for political reasons, as Almokdad is a member of the opposition.

refinement: The government accused Almokdad and two others of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups. This accusation was possibly motivated by Almokdad's position as a member of the opposition.

text: The sixth paragraph mentions that when the Syrian government issued the warrants, the government was 'accusing them of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups'

answer: The Syrian government issued an international arrest warrant for Almokdad because they believed that he was providing financial support to opposition groups opposed to the Syrian government.

text: The implication (based on Almokdad's politics and Interpol's response) is that the government issued this warrant for political reasons, as Almokdad is a member of the opposition. It's not clear if the government genuinely believes that he was providing financial support to opposition groups or was simply using it as an excuse

refinement: The Syrian government issued an international arrest warrant for Almokdad because they believed that he was providing financial support to opposition groups opposed to the Syrian government.

text: The sixth paragraph describes, 'Syrian government issued arrest warrants against Almokdad, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri and future bloc deputy Okab Sakr, accusing them of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups.'

answer: According to the passage, the Syrian government originally issued an international arrest warrant against Almokdad because they accused him of financially supporting opposition groups opposed to the Syrian government.

text: While the answer is technically correct, the implication (based on Almokdad's politics and Interpol's response) is that the government issued this warrant for political reasons, as Almokdad is a member of the opposition.

refinement: According to the passage, the Syrian government originally issued an international arrest warrant against Almokdad because they accused him of financially supporting opposition groups opposed to the Syrian government. This accusation was possibly motivated by Almokdad's position as a member of the opposition.

text: The sixth paragraph mentions that when the Syrian government issued the warrants, the government was 'accusing them of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups'

question: Explain Interpol's reasoning in their refusal to acknowledge the arrest warrants issued by the Syrian government.

answer: Interpol declined to acknowledge the arrest warrants issued by the Syrian government as they claimed that it is forbidden for the organization to intervene in political issues. Additionally, they felt that the warrants were not warranted as the charges against Louay Almokdad, Saad Hariri, and Okab Sakr were not valid.

text: While it may be implicit that Interpol thought the charges were not valid, it is probably redundant to say so.

refinement: Interpol declined to acknowledge the arrest warrants issued by the Syrian government as they claimed that it is forbidden for the organization to intervene in political issues.

text: The sixth paragraph describes, 'According to a memo sent by Interpol to its offices in Arab countries and around the world, the organization decided not to keep the arrest warrants in its database and will not cooperate with them based on its regulations as “it is strictly forbidden for the organization to undertake any intervention or activities based on political issues.'

answer: According to the passage, Interpol decided not to keep the Syrian government's arrest warrants in their database due to their belief that the organization should not interfere with political issues. Interpol believes that taking action on such warrants would go against their regulations.

text: To say taking action goes against Interpol's regulations is redundant; it is the regulations which state the organization should not interfere with political issues.

refinement: According to the passage, Interpol decided not to keep the Syrian government's arrest warrants in their database due to their belief that the organization should not interfere with political issues.

text: The sixth paragraph describes, 'According to a memo sent by Interpol to its offices in Arab countries and around the world, the organization decided not to keep the arrest warrants in its database and will not cooperate with them based on its regulations as “it is strictly forbidden for the organization to undertake any intervention or activities based on political issues.”'

answer: They refused to get involved with political affairs as it's forbidden for the organization to do so.

text: The response could be clearer

refinement: Interpol are forbidden to get involved with political affairs.

text: The sixth paragraph describes, 'According to a memo sent by Interpol to its offices in Arab countries and around the world, the organization decided not to keep the arrest warrants in its database and will not cooperate with them based on its regulations as “it is strictly forbidden for the organization to undertake any intervention or activities based on political issues.”'

question: What political capacity did Almokdad operate in?

answer: He served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army as well as being the political and media coordinator for them from 2012 to 2015.

text: This could also mention Almokdad's membership of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.

refinement: He served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army as well as being the political and media coordinator for them from 2012 to 2015. He was a member of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces before resigning in 2015.

text: The third paragraph describes Almokdad's political credentials as 'Being a Secular opposition member, he served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army and was also the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army from 2012 to 2015'

answer: He was known to operate as a spokesman for the Secular opposition in Syria, as well as the political and media coordinator for the Free Syrian Army.

text: Almokdad was a member of the Secular opposition, and a spokesman for the Supreme Millitary Council of the Free Syrian Army, but was not know to be a spokesman for the Secular opposition

refinement: He was known as a Secular opposition member and served as a spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army, as well as the political and media coordinator for the Free Syrian Army between 2012 and 2015.

text: This could also mention Almokdad's membership of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.

refinement: He was known as a Secular opposition member and served as a spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army, as well as the political and media coordinator for the Free Syrian Army between 2012 and 2015. He was a member of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces before resigning in 2015.

text: The third paragraph describes Almokdad's political credentials as 'Being a Secular opposition member, he served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army and was also the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army from 2012 to 2015'

answer: He was the political and media coordinator for the Free Syrian Army in 2012-2015.

text: Much more Almokdad's political career with the secular opposition and National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces should be included

refinement: He was a Secular opposition member and served as a spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army, as well as the political and media coordinator for the Free Syrian Army between 2012 and 2015. He was a member of the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces before resigning in 2015.

text: The third paragraph describes Almokdad's political credentials as 'Being a Secular opposition member, he served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army and was also the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army from 2012 to 2015'

question: Write a ~7 sentence summary.

answer: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian-British politician and businessman who served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army during the Syrian Revolution. He is well-known for opposing the Syrian government, and is an influential force against extremist Islamic groups in Syria. Almokdad has also founded several institutions that focus on politics and media in the Middle East.

text: The Syrian government's attempt to arrest Almokdad and two others could be mentioned.

refinement: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian-British politician and businessman who served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army during the Syrian Revolution. He is well-known for opposing the Syrian government, and is an influential force against extremist Islamic groups in Syria. In 2012 the Syrian government issued warrants against Almokdad and two others, which were rejected by Interpol. Almokdad has also founded several institutions that focus on politics and media in the Middle East.

text: The first paragraph describes Almokdad as a Syrian-British politician and businessman.

text: The third paragraph describes Almokdad 'as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army '.

text: The fifth paragraph describes Almokdad as 'commonly known for his opposition to Syrian government and a powerful fighter against extremist Islamic groups'

text: The seventh paragraph states 'Almokdad established several institutions which concerned itself with the political and media affairs of the Middle East'.

answer: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian-British politician and businessman known for his opposition against the Syrian Government throughout the uprising. Almokdad was also a political and media coordinator for the Free Syrian Army until 2015. He started several institutions - Masarat for political and humanitarian work and the 'Paths Foundation' which is concerned with political coordinating.

text: The Masarat Foundation and the Path Foundation are the same organization and do not appear to serve different purposes.

refinement: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian-British politician and businessman known for his opposition against the Syrian Government throughout the uprising. Almokdad served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army during the Syrian Revolution. He started several institutions concerned with political and media affairs in the Middle East, including the Masarat Foundation for humanitarian and relief work.

text: Being media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army is probably not the key focus on Almokdad's political career.

refinement: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian-British politician and businessman known for his opposition against the Syrian Government throughout the uprising. He served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army during the Syrian Revolution. He started several institutions concerned with political and media affairs in the Middle East, including the Masarat Foundation for humanitarian and relief work.

text: The first paragraph describes Almokdad as a Syrian-British politician and businessman.

text: The fifth paragraph describes Almokdad as 'commonly known for his opposition to Syrian government'. The third paragraph also describes as a member of the opposition.

text: The third paragraph describes Almokdad as 'the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army from 2012 to 2015.'

text: The seventh paragraph states 'Almokdad established several institutions which concerned itself with the political and media affairs of the Middle East, including the “Masarat” Foundation'

answer: Louay Almokdad has a strong opposition to the Syrian government and has been outspoken against extremist Islamic groups fighting in Syria. He established the Masarat Foundation which has worked on the political and media affairs of the Middle East. He was also the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council in the Free Syrian Army until his official resignation in 2015.

text: Some small amendments to improve clarity and slightly flesh out Almokdad's career

refinement: Louay Almokdad is best known for his strong opposition to the Syrian government and has been outspoken against extremist Islamic groups fighting in Syria. He established several institutions including the Masarat Foundation which has worked on the political and media affairs of the Middle East. He was also the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council in the Free Syrian Army until his official resignation in 2015.

text: The fifth paragraph describes Almokdad as 'commonly known for his opposition to Syrian government and a powerful fighter against extremist Islamic groups'

text: The seventh paragraph states 'Almokdad established several institutions which concerned itself with the political and media affairs of the Middle East, including the “Masarat” Foundation'

text: The third paragraph describes Almokdad as 'the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army from 2012 to 2015.'

answer: Louay Al-mokdad (b. 20 December 1982) is a Syrian-British politician and businessman. He was born in 1982 in Damascus, Syria. He's an alumnus of the American University in Cyprus, majoring in Political Science. He served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army as well as being the political and media coordinator for them from 2012 to 2015. The Syrian government accused Almokdad and two others of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups, issuing an arrest warrant for them. However, Interpol refused to get involved with political affairs as it's forbidden for the organization to do so.

text: Almokdad's opposition to extremism and establishing institutions for Middle Eastern affairs could be mentioned.

refinement: Louay Al-mokdad (b. 20 December 1982) is a Syrian-British politician and businessman. He was born in 1982 in Damascus, Syria. He's an alumnus of the American University in Cyprus, majoring in Political Science. He served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army as well as being the political and media coordinator for them from 2012 to 2015. The Syrian government accused Almokdad and two others of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups, issuing an arrest warrant for them. However, Interpol refused to get involved with political affairs as it's forbidden for the organization to do so. Almokdad is also known as a powerful fighter against extremist Islamic groups, and established several institutions concerned with political and media affairs in the Middle East.

text: Almokdad's education and birth date / place are not all that important to include

refinement: Louay Al-mokdad is a Syrian-British politician and businessman. He served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army as well as being the political and media coordinator for them from 2012 to 2015. The Syrian government accused Almokdad and two others of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups, issuing an arrest warrant for them. However, Interpol refused to get involved with political affairs as it's forbidden for the organization to do so. Almokdad is also known as a powerful fighter against extremist Islamic groups, and established several institutions concerned with political and media affairs in the Middle East.

text: The first paragraph describes Almokdad as a Syrian-British politician and businessman and his birth date and location.

text: The second paragraph states 'He studied in Damascus until high school, and graduated from the American University in Cyprus with a major in Political Science'

text: The third paragraph describes Almokdad as having 'served as the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army and was also the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army from 2012 to 2015.'

text: The sixth paragraph states 'Syrian government issued arrest warrants against Almokdad, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri and future bloc deputy Okab Sakr, accusing them of providing financial support for Syrian opposition groups.[6] Interpol rejected the Syrian government warrants. According to a memo sent by Interpol to its offices in Arab countries and around the world, the organization decided not to keep the arrest warrants in its database and will not cooperate with them based on its regulations as “it is strictly forbidden for the organization to undertake any intervention or activities based on political issues.”'

answer: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian-British politician and businessman, who became famous during the Syrian revolution for being the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army. He later established the "Masarat" Foundation, a Syrian center for political coordination and media, and has been a powerful voice against the Syrian government and Islamic extremist groups involved in the conflict.

text: The Syrian government's attempt to arrest Almokdad and two others could be mentioned.

refinement: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian-British politician and businessman, who became famous during the Syrian revolution for being the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army. He later established the "Masarat" Foundation, a Syrian center for political coordination and media, and has been a powerful voice against the Syrian government and Islamic extremist groups involved in the conflict. In 2012 the Syrian government issued warrants against Almokdad and two others, which were rejected by Interpol.

text: The first paragraph describes Almokdad as a Syrian-British politician and businessman.

text: The third paragraph describes Almokdad as 'the political and media coordinator of the Free Syrian Army from 2012 to 2015.' It might also be assumed, because of the timing, that is how he became famous during the Syrian revolution

text: The fifth paragraph describes Almokdad as 'commonly known for his opposition to Syrian government and a powerful fighter against extremist Islamic groups'

text: The seventh paragraph states 'Almokdad established several institutions which concerned itself with the political and media affairs of the Middle East, including the “Masarat” Foundation'

answer: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian politician and member of the anti-Assad opposition, having served as spokesman for the Free Syrian Army. With hundreds of interviews and engagements in opposition to the Syrian government in the fighting against extremist Islamic groups, Almokdad has established several institutions to further opposition work.

text: While the passage does note that Almokdad opposes the Syrian government and opposes extremist Islamic group, it would be incorrect to suggest that his interviews are in opposition to the Syrian government fighting against extremists.

refinement: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian politician and member of the anti-Assad opposition, having served as spokesman for the Free Syrian Army. With hundreds of interviews and engagements in opposition to the Syrian government, and fighting against extremist Islamic groups, Almokdad has established several institutions to further opposition work.

text: Some tweaks to improve clarity

refinement: Louay Almokdad is a Syrian politician and member of the anti-Assad opposition, having served as spokesman for the Free Syrian Army. He has undertaken hundreds of interviews and engagements in opposition to the Syrian government, and to fight against extremist Islamic groups. He has also established several institutions to further opposition work.

text: The third paragraph describes Almokdad as 'a Secular opposition member' and serving as 'the spokesman for the Supreme Military Council of the Free Syrian Army'

text: The seventh paragraph states that 'Almokdad established several institutions which concerned itself with the political and media affairs of the Middle East, including the “Masarat” Foundation'; the foundation is noted to be competent 'particularly with regards to fighting extremist ideologies which are among some of the conflicting factions in Syria'


text:
HENRY EDWARD ROYS (Beaver Falls, 1902 - Green Valley, Dec. 6, 1988) was a sound engineer. He graduated from the University of Colorado in 1925 with a B. S. degree in electrical engineering.

He worked for the most of his professional life for Radio Corporation of America, where he made major contributions to the standardization of product in the record industry.

Dr. Roys, a Fellow of the Audio Engineering Society (AES), received its Gold Medal Award in 1973.

title: Henry E. Roys

question: When was Roys born?

answer: 1902

answer: 1902

answer: Henry Roys was born in 1902.

answer: Henry Edward Roys was born in Beaver Falls, 1902.

question: Where did Roys receive his degree from?

answer: The University of Colorado

answer: The University of Colorado.

answer: The University of Colorado.

answer: The University of Colorado

question: Where did Roys work for most of his life?

answer: The passage states that Roys worked for Radio Corporation of America (RCA) for most of his professional life.

answer: Radio Corporation of America

answer: Roys worked for Radio Corporation of America.

answer: Radio Corporation of America

question: What award did Roys receive in 1973?

answer: The Gold Medal Award

text: ** From the audio engineering society

refinement: The Gold Medal Award from the Audio Engineering Society (AES).

answer: The Gold Medal Award of the Audio Engineering Society

answer: The award that Roys received in 1973 was the Gold Medal Award from the Audio Engineering Society.

answer: The Gold Medal Award from the Audio Engineering Society.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Henry Edward Roys was a sound engineer. He graduated from the University of Colorado in 1925 with a B.S. degree in electrical engineering. He worked for the most of his professional life for Radio Corporation of America, where he made major contributions to the standardization of product in the record industry. He received the Gold Medal Award in 1973.

answer: Henry Edward Roys was a sound engineer born in 1902. He received a B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Colorado in 1925, and he worked for Radio Corporation of America for most of his life. He received a Gold Medal Award from the Audio Engineering Society in 1973, and he died in 1988.

answer: Henry Edward Roys was a sound engineer who graduated from the University of Colorado in 1925 with a B.S. degree in electrical engineering. He worked for Radio Corporation of America for most of his professional life, where he made major contributions to the standardization of product in the record industry. He was a Fellow of the Audio Engineering Society (AES), and received its Gold Medal Award in 1973.

answer: Henry E. Roys was a sound engineer who made major contributions to the record industry. He was awarded the Gold Medal Award from the Audio Engineering Society in 1973.