text:
_EDITOR'S NOTE (June 25, 2019, 7 p.m. ET): After this article was published, several reports raised questions about the study's methodology and conclusions. An updated article with details about the study's flaws can be found here._

A bizarre finding by researchers that sounds like something out of a science fiction plot — people growing horn-like structures on their skulls due to smartphone use — may in fact have a simple explanation: bone spurs.

The study, which was published last year in the journal Scientific Reports, indeed found bony growths on the bases on skulls of around 400 adults, ages 18 to 86. And younger people were found to have larger growths.

The researchers referred to these growths as a “prominent exostosis ... emanating from the external occipital proturbance.” Or, in layman's terms, a bone spur, located at the base of the skull.

Bone spurs — small bony growths that can form on the edges of bones — occur when inflammation damages the cartilage that cushions joints, and the body tries to repair the damage by growing more bone. They often form from repetitive motions. One type of repetitive motion is tilting the head forward, perhaps to look at a smartphone.

The study, by Dr. David Shahar and Mark Sayers at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Australia, flew under the radar when it was originally published, but a BBC article last week on how modern life is transforming the human skeleton brought to light how the human body is changing with technology use.

An X-ray shows a 27.8 millimeter growth on the base of a 28-year-old man's skull. Scientific Reports
The bone spurs identified in the study ranged in size from 10 to 31 millimeters. Some were so big that they could be felt as a lump on the back of the head.

The development of these growths may be attributed to, and explained by, extensive screen-time, the researchers said. Sustained “forward head flexion,” or bending the head down, and poor posture could be the reasons for these physiological changes, they hypothesized.

The findings highlight how little is known about the extensive use of these technologies. “Although the ‘tablet revolution’ is fully and effectively entrenched in our daily activities, we must be reminded that these devices are only a decade old and it may be that related symptomatic disorders are only now emerging,” the authors wrote.

Most bone spurs don’t cause pain and require no treatment, but they can become a problem if they reach a certain size.

And that may already be the case. A small 2011 study on university staff and students in Canada found 68 percent of participants reported neck pain.

An X-ray shows a 24.5 millimeter growth on the base of a 58-year-old man's skull. Scientific Reports
Dr. David Geier, an orthopedic surgeon and author of That's Gotta Hurt: The Injuries That Changed Sports Forever, said that the findings weren't surprising.

“You’re at the airport or school and everyone is hunched over. It would be fine if it was 15 seconds here or 15 seconds there, but when it’s over hours you’re concerned that this habitual behavior can result in a real curved deformity, especially in kids but really all adults,” Geier, who was not involved with the research, said.

The findings are evidence of how extended use of technology such as smartphones and tablets in everyday life has led to physical changes. But this isn't the first time that technology has been identified as the culprit for health issues in young people.

The number of cases of ailments such as “text neck”, “texting thumb”, Dowager’s hump and neck, shoulder and lower back pain resulting from cellphone and computer use in young people has been increasing since the early 2000s.

But that doesn't mean these issues are unavoidable. “If people are worried that this is starting to happen, you can work with a physical therapist to learn exercises to strengthen the muscles that help with their posture,” Geier told NBC News.

The study “isn’t going to convince people not to use their phone. But small changes like putting pillows under our laptops and holding the phone or tablet higher up and away from our laps can promote better posture,” Geier added.

“We need to get up and moving. We have got to get people more active for a number of reasons. The sedentary aspect of this is huge and these devices are killing us in that respect.”

FOLLOW NBC HEALTH ON TWITTER & FACEBOOK

[]Shamard Charles, M.D.

Dr. Shamard Charles is a physician-journalist for NBC News and Today, reporting on health policy, public health initiatives, diversity in medicine, and new developments in health care research and medical treatments.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize everything related to health problems caused by mobile phones.

answer:
The research done by Dr. David Shahar and Mark Sayers at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Australia found people are growing horn-like structures on their skulls due to smartphone use. They published their findings in the journal Scientific Reports, where they found growths ranging from 10 to 31 millimeters. Some of the horns are so big, they can be felt as a lump on the back of the head. This is apparently due to sustained “forward head flexion,” and poor posture caused by excessive screen-time.

The researchers also found that although they are a decade old, these handheld devices may also be the reason for similar symptomatic disorders now. Aside from "text neck" and neck, shoulder, and lower back pain resulting from phone use, there's also "text thumb" and Dowager’s Hump, which a small study found to be where texting has led to increasing cases of scoliosis in younger teens.

In 2016, a slightly heightened use of cellphones caused some university students to drop their phones on purpose to try to relieve the discomfort and pain they were feeling when bending their thumbs. The symptoms, in short, are the pains and misery of one's normal day-to-day life, gone all technay.

text: This answer is too wordy. A lot of information isn't necessary.

refinement: The research done by Dr. David Shahar and Mark Sayers at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Australia found people are growing horn-like structures on their skulls due to smartphone use.  Some of the horns are so big, they can be felt as a lump on the back of the head. Aside from "text neck" and neck, shoulder, and lower back pain resulting from phone use, there's also "text thumb" and Dowager’s Hump, which a small study found to be where texting has led to increasing cases of scoliosis in younger teens. In 2016, a slightly heightened use of cellphones caused some university students to drop their phones on purpose to try to relieve the discomfort and pain they were feeling when bending their thumbs.

text: There are several inaccuracies in the answer. The 2016 study is not mentioned in the text, nor is the study about scoliosis. These sentences should be omitted.

refinement: The research done by Dr. David Shahar and Mark Sayers at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Australia found people are growing horn-like structures on their skulls due to smartphone use.  Some of the horns are so big, they can be felt as a lump on the back of the head. Aside from "text neck" and neck, shoulder, and lower back pain resulting from phone use, there's also "text thumb" and Dowager’s Hump.

text: Specify that the horns are bone spurs.

refinement: The research done by Dr. David Shahar and Mark Sayers at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Australia found people are growing horn-like structures, bone spurs, on their skulls due to smartphone use.  Some of the horns are so big, they can be felt as a lump on the back of the head. Aside from "text neck" and neck, shoulder, and lower back pain resulting from phone use, there's also "text thumb" and Dowager’s Hump.

text: It's omitted that working on posture can help some of the health problems.

refinement: The research done by Dr. David Shahar and Mark Sayers at the University of the Sunshine Coast in Australia found people are growing horn-like structures, bone spurs, on their skulls due to smartphone use.  Some of the horns are so big, they can be felt as a lump on the back of the head. Aside from "text neck" and neck, shoulder, and lower back pain resulting from phone use, there's also "text thumb" and Dowager’s Hump. Working on posture can help relieve or prevent some of these problems.

answer: Bone spurs, referred to as a "prominent exostosis ... emanating from the external occipital proturbance," can form on the skull from repitious head tilting and this may already be happening with younger people who frequently use mobile devices. This can cause neck pain and other ailments like "text neck," "texting thumb," Dowager's hump and neck, and shoulder and lower back pain. Improved posture can help prevent these problems.

answer: If people are in pain and experiencing symptoms, they can work with a physical therapist to learn exercises to strengthen the muscles that help with their posture. Other than that, keep the mobile phones at a good height and position.

text: This doesn't describe any of the health problems, only some solutions to the problems.

refinement: Some of the health problems mentioned include bone spurs caused by the repetitive motion of tilting the head forward to look at a smartphone. Cellphone and computer use has also led to ailments such as "text neck", "texting thumb", Dowager's hump and neck, and shoulder and lower back pain. If people are in pain and experiencing symptoms, they can work with a physical therapist to learn exercises to strengthen the muscles that help with their posture. Other than that, keep the mobile phones at a good height and position.

answer: Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, can cause health problems, such as muscle strain and pain, due to the extensive use of them in everyday life. Specifically, bone spurs can form at the base of the skull due to repetitive tilting of the head which ultimately results in poor posture. Most bone spurs do not cause pain but if they reach a certain size they can become problematic. Experts recommend using devices in moderation while strengthening muscles to promote better posture.

text: The bones spurs result from the bad posture, not result in.

refinement: Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, can cause health problems, such as muscle strain and pain, due to the extensive use of them in everyday life. Specifically, bone spurs can form at the base of the skull due to repetitive tilting of the head and bad posture from looking at the phone. Most bone spurs do not cause pain but if they reach a certain size they can become problematic. Experts recommend using devices in moderation while strengthening muscles to promote better posture.

text: Muscle strain isn't mentioned in the text. This should be omitted.

refinement: Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, can cause health problems, such as pain, due to the extensive use of them in everyday life. Specifically, bone spurs can form at the base of the skull due to repetitive tilting of the head and bad posture from looking at the phone. Most bone spurs do not cause pain but if they reach a certain size they can become problematic. Experts recommend using devices in moderation while strengthening muscles to promote better posture.

text: Specify that the pain is "neck pain".

refinement: Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, can cause health problems, such as neck pain, due to the extensive use of them in everyday life. Specifically, bone spurs can form at the base of the skull due to repetitive tilting of the head and bad posture from looking at the phone. Most bone spurs do not cause pain but if they reach a certain size they can become problematic. Experts recommend using devices in moderation while strengthening muscles to promote better posture.

text: Health problems such as "text neck", "texting thumb", Dowager's hump and neck, shoulder and lower back pain are omitted.

refinement: Mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, can cause health problems, such as neck pain, due to the extensive use of them in everyday life. Specifically, bone spurs can form at the base of the skull due to repetitive tilting of the head and bad posture from looking at the phone. Most bone spurs do not cause pain but if they reach a certain size they can become problematic. There are also ailments such as “text neck”, “texting thumb”, Dowager’s hump and neck, shoulder and lower back pain resulting from cellphone and computer use in young people. Experts recommend using devices in moderation while strengthening muscles to promote better posture.

answer: According to the study, the repetitive motion of tilting the head forward to look at a smartphone can cause bone spurs. The findings are evidence that the extended use of technology such as smartphones has led to physical changes. Cellphone and computer use has also led to ailments such as "text neck", "texting thumb", Dowager's hump and neck, and shoulder and lower back pain.

text: It's omitted that working on posture can help ease these health problems.

refinement: According to the study, the repetitive motion of tilting the head forward to look at a smartphone can cause bone spurs. The findings are evidence that the extended use of technology such as smartphones has led to physical changes. Cellphone and computer use has also led to ailments such as "text neck", "texting thumb", Dowager's hump and neck, and shoulder and lower back pain. Working on posture can help ease these health problems.


split: train

text:
We live in a fantasy world, a world of illusion. The great task in life is to find reality. ~Iris Murdoch
A blissful color explosion for your walls! Beautiful art for any decor by photographer Omaste Witkowski

Tinkerbell Abstract Macro Glass Photography
by Omaste Witkowski owFotoGrafik.com

In July of this year we moved to Boise Idaho and started a new chapter in our lives. In 2015 I will again start another new chapter in my life (stay tuned for exciting news). Between now and then I will be writing about my early work and working on my new projects. The journey I am embarking on will lead me to the next phase of my life and for now I can�t show any of my new work. It is TOP SECRET and really exciting. I will share progress reports as this new venture progresses and I can�t wait to give some �sneak peaks� as soon as I can�..

Now about today�s Art :-) I am going back to the future. This picture was one of the first I ever put into a gallery. I named it Tinker Bell, and she is looking to the heavens and contemplating life. I took this Macro Photograph almost exactly 2 years ago and now again I am looking to the heavens and contemplating life.This picture was part of a commissioned series created for a local Hotel. I was asked to produce 10-15 prints for Suites on the property and I ended up creating closer to 20 :-) I offered the excess to a local gallery and this one was one of the pieces chosen by the gallery curator.

This painting started out as a picture of handblown glass created by Garth Mudge of Glassworks in Winthrop Wa. Glassworks is located downtown in the beautiful Methow Valley in Okanogan County.

It was taken with a Macro lens and is a very small section of the overall object. I am exploring hand blown glass at a macro level in the hopes of creating fine art from very small pieces of glass.

All of the colors and shapes are created from hot glass. None of these images are created from anything other than hand blown glass objects. I am removing visible specks of dust in Photoshop to present a cleaner look but the overall image is exactly what I am seeing through my camera lens.

The colors are vivid and alive due to the way that I am illuminating the glass art as I am taking the picture. In a way I am photographing the light as it passes through the object. Creating art from light or art from glass art? Either way I see creating art from life and from existing art.

�Tinker Bell (often misspelled as Tinkerbell, also referred to as Tink for short), is a fictional character from J. M. Barrie�s 1904 play Peter Pan and its 1911 novelization Peter and Wendy. She has appeared in multiple film and television adaptations of the Peter Pan stories, in particular the 1953 animated Walt Disney picture Peter Pan. She also appears in the official sequel Peter Pan in Scarlet by Geraldine McCaughrean and commissioned by Great Ormond St Hospital as well as the �Peter and the Starcatchers� book series by Ridley Pearson and Dave Barry. At first only a supporting character described by her creator as �a common fairy�, her animated incarnation was a hit and has since become a widely recognized unofficial mascot of The Walt Disney Company, and the centerpiece of its Disney Fairies media franchise including the direct-to-DVD film series Tinker Bell. In her animated form she leaves a trail of twinkling pixie dust.

Tinker Bell was described by Barrie as a fairy who mended pots and kettles, like an actual tinker.[1] Her speech consists of the sounds of a tinkling bell, which is understandable only to those familiar with the language of the fairies. In the original stage productions, she was represented on stage by a darting light �created by a small mirror held in the hand off-stage and reflecting a little circle of light from a powerful lamp�[2] and her voice was a �a collar of bells and two special ones that Barrie brought from Switzerland�.[3] However, a Miss �Jane Wren� was listed among the cast on the programmes as playing Tinker Bell: this was a joke which also helped with the mystique of the fairy character, as well as fooled HM Inspector of Taxes who sent Jane Wren a tax demand.[3]

Though sometimes ill-tempered, spoiled, and very jealous [4] and vindictive (getting the Lost Boys to shoot arrows at Wendy),[5] at other times she is helpful and kind to Peter. The extremes in her personality are explained in-story by the fact that a fairy�s size prevents her from holding more than one feeling at a time, so when she is angry she has no counterbalancing compassion. Fairies cannot fly in the rain but can enable others to fly by sprinkling them with fairy dust (sometimes called �pixie dust� by Disney, and presented as �starstuff� in Dave Barry and Ridley Pearson�s novel series).[6] At the end of the novel the suggestion is that Tinker Bell has died the year after Wendy and the Darlings leave Neverland, and Peter has no memory of her at all.� � Wikipedia

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the picture 'Tinkerbel' by photographer Omaste Witkowski?

answer: Tinkerbel is an abstract macro-photograph that the camera was looking up to the heavens, standing for life and contemplating life. The writer is looking to the heavens again and contemplating life. The image was one of the first to be entered into a gallery. It was part of a series commissioned by a local hotel and created by photographing handblown glass. The series started with the idea of exploring hand blown glass at a macro level to create fine art.

answer: The artist who took the picture named it 'Tinker Bell', and it is a Macro Photograph. The portrait is one of the first pieces he ever put into a gallery, taken almost exactly 2 years ago. The artist takes pictures of glass art at a macro level, and is currently exploring. The colors are alive and vivid due to the way he is taking pictures. The pictures are created from hand blown glass objects. The artist sees himself photographing art and creating art.

text: The piece of art isn't a portrait, it's a picture. This should be corrected.

refinement: The artist who took the picture named it 'Tinker Bell', and it is a Macro Photograph. The picture is one of the first pieces he ever put into a gallery, taken almost exactly 2 years ago. The artist takes pictures of glass art at a macro level, and is currently exploring. The colors are alive and vivid due to the way he is taking pictures. The pictures are created from hand blown glass objects. The artist sees himself photographing art and creating art.

text: It's omitted that the piece was a part of a commissioned series for a hotel.

refinement: The artist who took the picture named it 'Tinker Bell', and it is a Macro Photograph. The picture is one of the first pieces he ever put into a gallery, taken almost exactly 2 years ago. The piece was a part of a commissioned series for a hotel. The artist takes pictures of glass art at a macro level, and is currently exploring. The colors are alive and vivid due to the way he is taking pictures. The pictures are created from hand blown glass objects. The artist sees himself photographing art and creating art.

text: This is about the art, not the photo. This should be omitted.

refinement: The artist who took the picture named it 'Tinker Bell', and it is a Macro Photograph. The picture is one of the first pieces he ever put into a gallery, taken almost exactly 2 years ago. The piece was a part of a commissioned series for a hotel. The artist takes pictures of glass art at a macro level, and is currently exploring. The colors are alive and vivid due to the way he is taking pictures. The pictures are created from hand blown glass objects.

answer: Tinkerbel is an abstract macro-photograph in which the camera was looking up to the heavens, standing for life and contemplating life. The writer is looking to the heavens again and contemplating life. The image was one of the first to be entered into a gallery. It was part of a series commissioned by a local hotel and created by photographing handblown glass. The series started with the idea of exploring hand blown glass at a macro level to create fine art.

text: The camera wasn't looking up to the heavens, the picture itself was.

refinement: Tinkerbel is an abstract macro-photograph in which the picture is looking up to the heavens, standing for life and contemplating life. The writer is looking to the heavens again and contemplating life. The image was one of the first to be entered into a gallery. It was part of a series commissioned by a local hotel and created by photographing handblown glass. The series started with the idea of exploring hand blown glass at a macro level to create fine art.

text: The picture is not standing for life. This should be omitted.

refinement: Tinkerbel is an abstract macro-photograph in which the picture is looking up to the heavens, and contemplating life. The writer is looking to the heavens again and contemplating life. The image was one of the first to be entered into a gallery. It was part of a series commissioned by a local hotel and created by photographing handblown glass. The series started with the idea of exploring hand blown glass at a macro level to create fine art.

text: This isn't about the photograph and should be omitted.

refinement: Tinkerbel is an abstract macro-photograph in which the picture is looking up to the heavens, and contemplating life.  The image was one of the first to be entered into a gallery. It was part of a series commissioned by a local hotel and created by photographing handblown glass. The series started with the idea of exploring hand blown glass at a macro level to create fine art.

text: Specify that it was entered into a gallery by the artist.

refinement: Tinkerbel is an abstract macro-photograph in which the picture is looking up to the heavens, and contemplating life.  The image was one of the first to be entered into a gallery by the artist. It was part of a series commissioned by a local hotel and created by photographing handblown glass. The series started with the idea of exploring hand blown glass at a macro level to create fine art.

text: It's omitted that the photograph's colors are vivid and alive due to the way the glass is illuminating.

refinement: Tinkerbel is an abstract macro-photograph in which the picture is looking up to the heavens, and contemplating life.  The image was one of the first to be entered into a gallery by the artist. It was part of a series commissioned by a local hotel and created by photographing handblown glass. The photograph's colors are vivid and alive due to the way the glass is illuminating. The series started with the idea of exploring hand blown glass at a macro level to create fine art.

answer: The photographer had called the picture 'Tinker Bell' and described it to have been taken with a macro lens. The painting is an array of colors and shapes created from hot glass, none of which is produced from anything other than hand blown glass. The colors of the painting are vivid, and alive due to the way the photographer had illuminated the glass elements through the camera lens. So creative and magnificent is the photograph that Omaste Witkowski wants to share progress reports as the project progresses as well as some 'sneak peaks'.

text: This sentence is false, and not said in the text. It should be omitted.

refinement: The photographer had called the picture 'Tinker Bell' and described it to have been taken with a macro lens. The painting is an array of colors and shapes created from hot glass, none of which is produced from anything other than hand blown glass. The colors of the painting are vivid, and alive due to the way the photographer had illuminated the glass elements through the camera lens.

text: It's omitted it was part of a commissioned series for a local hotel.

refinement: The photographer had called the picture 'Tinker Bell' and described it to have been taken with a macro lens.  it was part of a commissioned series for a local hotel. The painting is an array of colors and shapes created from hot glass, none of which is produced from anything other than hand blown glass. The colors of the painting are vivid, and alive due to the way the photographer had illuminated the glass elements through the camera lens.

answer: The photographer had called the picture 'Tinker Bell', and Omaste Witkowski describes it to have been taken with a macro lens. The painting is an array of colors and shapes created from hot glass, none of which is produced from anything other than hand blown glass. The colors of the painting are vivid and alive due to the way the photographer had illuminated the glass elements through the camera lens. So creative and magnificent is the photograph that Omaste Witkowski wants to share progress reports as the project progresses as well as some 'sneak peaks'.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about who is Tinker Bell?

answer: Tinker Bell is a fictional character from the J. M. Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan. She has appeared in multiple film and television adaptations of the Peter Pan stories, in particular the 1953 animated Walt Disney picture Peter Pan. She also appears in the official sequel Peter Pan in Scarlet by Geraldine McCaughrean and commissioned by Great Ormond St Hospital as well as the Peter and the Starcatchers book series by Ridley Pearson and Dave Barry. She is also the centerpiece of the Fairies media franchise including the direct-to-DVD film series Tinker Bell.

text: This is already summarized with "in multiple film and television adaptations". It would be better to omit to leave room for other details.

refinement: Tinker Bell is a fictional character from the J. M. Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan. She has appeared in multiple film and television adaptations of the Peter Pan stories, in particular the 1953 animated Walt Disney picture Peter Pan. She also appears in the official sequel Peter Pan in Scarlet by Geraldine McCaughrean and commissioned by Great Ormond St Hospital as well as the Peter and the Starcatchers book series by Ridley Pearson and Dave Barry.

text: Tinker Bell's physical appearance and disposition is omitted and should be included.

refinement: Tinker Bell is a fictional character from the J. M. Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan. She has appeared in multiple film and television adaptations of the Peter Pan stories, in particular the 1953 animated Walt Disney picture Peter Pan. She also appears in the official sequel Peter Pan in Scarlet by Geraldine McCaughrean and commissioned by Great Ormond St Hospital as well as the Peter and the Starcatchers book series by Ridley Pearson and Dave Barry. She is a small fairy whose speech consists of the sounds of a tinkling bell. She is described as being ill-tempered, spoiled, jealous, and vindictive but also helpful and kind.

answer: Tinkerbell is a fictional character from J. M. Barrie's 1904 play, 'Peter Pan' and 1911 novelization, 'Wendy'. Tinker Bell is described by Barrie as a fairy who mended pots and kettles. Tinker Bell has the ability of leaving behind a trail of glistering, twinkling pixie dust.

text: It's omitted that Tinkerbell has been in multiple film and television adaptations of Peter Pan stories, particularly the 1953 animated Walt Disney picture Peter Pan.

refinement: Tinkerbell is a fictional character from J. M. Barrie's 1904 play, 'Peter Pan' and 1911 novelization, 'Wendy'. Tinker Bell is described by Barrie as a fairy who mended pots and kettles. Tinker Bell has the ability of leaving behind a trail of glistering, twinkling pixie dust. Tinkerbell has been in multiple film and television adaptations of Peter Pan stories, particularly the 1953 animated Walt Disney picture Peter Pan.

text: Her physical appearance and disposition is omitted.

refinement: Tinkerbell is a fictional character from J. M. Barrie's 1904 play, 'Peter Pan' and 1911 novelization, 'Wendy'. Tinker Bell is described by Barrie as a fairy who mended pots and kettles. Tinker Bell has the ability of leaving behind a trail of glistering, twinkling pixie dust. Tinkerbell has been in multiple film and television adaptations of Peter Pan stories, particularly the 1953 animated Walt Disney picture Peter Pan. She is a small fairy whose speech consists of the sounds of a tinkling bell. She is described as being ill-tempered, spoiled, jealous, and vindictive but also helpful and kind.

answer: Tinker Bell is a fictional character from the J. M. Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan and the Walt Disney picture Peter Pan. She has appeared in multiple film and television adaptations of the Peter Pan stories, in particular the 1953 animated Walt Disney picture Peter Pan. She also appears in the official sequel Peter Pan in Scarlet by Geraldine McCaughrean and commissioned by Great Ormond St Hospital as well as the Peter and the Starcatchers book series by Ridley Pearson and Dave Barry. She is also the centerpiece of the Fairies media franchise including the direct-to-DVD film series Tinker Bell.

answer: Tinker Bell is a fictional character from J. M. Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan and her 1911 novelization Peter and Wendy. She has appeared in multiple film and TV adaptations of the Peter Pan stories, particularly the 1953 animated film, Peter Pan. She is described by Barrie as a fairy who mended pots and kettles, but day-to-day she has them repaired by other fairies. She leaves a trail of twinkling pixie dust when she flies. The dust can enable others to fly. Tinker Bell is a character described by Tinkerbell's creator as "a common fairy." She can be a bully and a bigot but also helpful and kind. She is a starsy surrounded by a mystique.

answer: Tinker Bell is a character from J.M Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan and her 1911 novelization Peter and Wendy. She has appeared in multiple film and TV adaptations of the Peter Pan stories, particularly the 1953 animated film, Peter Pan.  She is a common fairy that mends pots and kettles. She leaves a trail of twinkling pixie dust when she flies. The dust can enable others to fly. Tinker Bell is a character described by Tinkerbell's creator as "a common fairy." She can be a bully and a bigot but also helpful and kind. She is a starsy surrounded by a mystique.

text: "A bully and bigot" isn't quite how she's described. It would be better to call her ill-tempered and vindictive.

refinement: Tinker Bell is a character from J.M Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan and her 1911 novelization Peter and Wendy. She has appeared in multiple film and TV adaptations of the Peter Pan stories, particularly the 1953 animated film, Peter Pan.  She is a common fairy that mends pots and kettles. She leaves a trail of twinkling pixie dust when she flies. The dust can enable others to fly. Tinker Bell is a character described by Tinkerbell's creator as "a common fairy." She can be ill-tempered and vindictive but also helpful and kind. She is a starsy surrounded by a mystique.

text: This isn't said in the text and would be better omitted.

refinement: Tinker Bell is a character from J.M Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan and her 1911 novelization Peter and Wendy. She has appeared in multiple film and TV adaptations of the Peter Pan stories, particularly the 1953 animated film, Peter Pan.  She is a common fairy that mends pots and kettles. She leaves a trail of twinkling pixie dust when she flies. The dust can enable others to fly. Tinker Bell is a character described by Tinkerbell's creator as "a common fairy." She can be ill-tempered and vindictive but also helpful and kind.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about photographer Omaste Witkowski's education?

answer: No answer

answer: There is no mention of Witkowski's education.

answer: No answer

answer: No answer


text:
[(L-R) Melissa McCarthy, Kate McKinnon, Kristen Wiig and Leslie Jones in Ghostbusters. ]

(L-R) Melissa McCarthy, Kate McKinnon, Kristen Wiig and Leslie Jones in _Ghostbusters_. Columbia Pictures

_Pop Psych:Where we ask a real psychotherapist to delve into the mindsets of our favorite pop culture characters._

We all have dreams about what we want to be when we grow up, but so few of us ever end up pursuing them. Which sounds more sad than it is – in Hindu cosmology, the Human realm of existence is distinguished solely by the opportunity to continue to make choices and adapt. But it does make you wonder why it’s so hard to follow those dreams. The _Ghostbusters_ series of films has always focused on this conundrum, with the first two focusing on the issues of red tape and overregulation that get in the way of starting a business and this new one focusing on questions that are more personal, internalized, and historic. Which is all too appropriate for a film about busting ghosts.

The new _Ghostbusters_ starts off by dropping us viewers into the middle of a tour through a haunted house. Specifically, the house is being haunted by the ghost of the original owner’s eldest daughter, who we are taught was homicidally inclined. As a result of her murdering the servants of the household, her family locked her up in a DIY prison and basically tortured her with solitary confinement until she died. For a lighthearted movie, it’s a pretty grim tale! And though the implication seems to be that the filmmakers are simply introducing us to a world where ghosts exist, I think it says a lot about what ghosts are supposed to mean in this reality.

Contrast this ghost with the first ghost in the original movie, a long-dead librarian still shrieking at book lovers to keep it down. The ghost in the original movie has no history, no backstory, and no stated motivation for being so angry as to stick around after death. In the new film, however, the first ghost seems to be the personification of her own historical injustices. Not to say she didn’t have something coming to her for murdering so many people, but that’s not how we do justice in this country. As horrific as her crimes were, no one deserves what she apparently got. Death would have been better, and even that seems to have been denied her.

So how does this tie in with pursuing dreams? Let’s move ahead a bit in the movie, where we meet Dr. Erin Gilbert working as a physics professor at Columbia University. While this is certainly a dream job for some, the first things we learn about her all point to a certain dissatisfaction. The way she greets people around campus seems needy and phony, like she has something to prove. Which we learn she does: she has to hide her passion – researching ghosts – in order to prove her worthiness as a scientist. She is able to achieve on a level of success, but she can’t do so in the pursuit of her real passion.

When we later meet her ex-research partner and now antagonist, Dr. Abby Yates, we learn that she has taken the opposite route. She and her new research partner, Dr. Jillian Holtzmann, have sequestered themselves in a lab where they can do pretty much anything they want, because literally no one is paying attention. So while they can perform as much research and invention as they please, it all remains within the cocoon, protected inside and away from prying eyes. These two are able to achieve along the lines of their passion, but worldly success completely evades them.

Once these three meet, they’re able to get something going, although not really in earnest until they’re joined by Patty Tolan. Tolan is introduced working for the MTA, in a position that seems to utterly waste her natural outgoing inquisitiveness. We see her trying in earnest to engage with people who are simply trying to move through the subway as quickly as possible, and while it is a nice fantasy to imagine having an uplifting conversation with a station manager it’s also really sad to see someone so obviously in love with people spend her days stuck behind bulletproof glass. She brings a willing and energetic bravery to the group that propels them to their first big score, the ghost of a man slowly cooked to death in a sub-par electric chair.

Once they’ve all been brought together, the Ghostbusters quickly start to fire on all cylinders. Gilbert looks excited by her work and is able to fit in naturally to the group, Yates and Holtzmann are able to bring their incredible science to the world in a way that it’s actually received, and Tolan finds a job that values her desire for teamwork and bravery. It’s actually pretty magical to watch, and it’s one of the reasons why this reboot ends up being such a joy.

What’s going on is a kind of synergy, a greater capability and energy than any of them would have had on their own. And what’s interesting is that we don’t see each person specializing into their own role, but rather a blending of these roles. The Ghostbusters are able to do more than complement each other, they are able to help each other grow. Now this is really interesting; in each case, we see a person who’s been stifled into a particular role – the uptight researcher, the passionate and ignored inventor, the solitary worker – suddenly able to move out of this proscribed path.

The trick is to work together. Alone, we’re all prone to getting stuck. With no one to bounce the recurring voice in our heads off of, we are prone to believing we’re nothing more than what we’re already doing. We lack other any perspective besides the one already in our head, and that stifles inspiration, drive, and courage. When we work with friends, though, things operate differently. Not only do they offer their own perspective, but we can look at them and see that there are other viable ways to live our lives. Alone, we are trapped inside our own subjective reality; surrounded by the right people, we are able to test our reality against those of the people around us and make adjustments in how we operate within the shared delusion of our world.

This leads to fulfillment, a state beyond simple happiness. Whereas happiness is just having a good time, fulfillment is when you’re living for more than just a good time. Fulfillment happens when we fill a role that has previously only seemed possible in our dreams. And while dreams seem to exist in a reality separate from our own, when we meet people who live there themselves we create a bridge and can see our dreams realized in the other. Seeing what seemed like nothing more than a fantasy so clearly realized and graspable, well, there’s nothing like it – having pursued and fulfilled our dreams, we are able to look back on our life from our death bed and simply release ourselves at the end.

The ghosts, and main villain, in this film seem to be the other option. People who were alone, who were unable to work together with people to accomplish what was beyond their own grasp, end up lingering. Angry and vengeful, they stick around and harm anyone within their reach. In Hindu cosmology, this is known as the Hungry Ghost realm, and it’s characterized by being unable to find satisfaction. Eternally searching from within their own perspective, people without support end up trapped within their reality, working from the false premise that if what they are pursuing does not fulfill them then they simply must pursue more of the same. But as _Ghostbusters_ shows us, what ultimately fulfills is bringing together diverse elements, not homogeneity.

_James Cole Abrams, MA, is a psychotherapist living and working in Boulder and Denver, Colorado. His work can also be found at www.jamescoleabrams.com where he blogs every Sunday._

question: What is this post about?

answer: The author of the post writes about how the movie Ghostbusters exemplifies how achieving one's professional dreams is so difficult.

text: It is omitted that the author also notes that it is important to work together in order to achieve fulfillment.

refinement: The author of the post writes about how the movie Ghostbusters exemplifies how achieving one's professional dreams is so difficult. The author also focuses on the topic of fulfillment saying it is important to work in teams than individually.

answer: The post discusses the importance of working together in order to achieve fulfillment, as opposed to working alone. It specifically looks at how the characters in the _Ghostbusters_ film are able to achieve more when they work together, and how this leads to fulfillment.

answer: The author discusses the importance of pursuing dreams and how it can lead to fulfillment.

answer: The post is about the new Ghostbusters movie.

text: It is omitted that through the movie the narrator discusses the importance of fulfillment and pursuing one's dreams.

refinement: The post is about the new Ghostbusters movie and how the movie shows the importance of fulfillment and pursuing one's dreams.

question: How does the author connect Ghostbusters with Hindu cosmology?

answer: The author writes that in Hindu cosmology, the Human realm of existence is distinguished solely by the opportunity to continue to make choices and adapt.

answer: The author suggests that people who are unable to work together with others are stuck in a realm of perpetual dissatisfaction, similar to the Hungry Ghost realm in Hindu cosmology.

answer: The author connects the Hungry Ghost realm with the ghosts in the film.

text: What the Hungry Ghost realm is about is omitted.

refinement: The author connects the Hungry Ghost realm with the ghosts in the film. The Hungry Ghost realm is about people who cannot work together with others are stuck in a perpetual realm of dissatisfaction.

answer: The author connects Ghostbusters with Hindu cosmology by saying that the ghosts in the film are the personification of their own historical injustices.

text: It is omitted that the narrator connects the Hungry Ghost realm to the ghost in the film.

refinement: The author connects Ghostbusters with Hindu cosmology by saying that the ghosts in the film are the personification of their own historical injustices. The author also connects the Hungry Ghost realm to the ghosts in the film.

question: What does the author suggest is the key to achieving our dreams?

answer: Working together with friends.

text: It is omitted that when you work with others you get to know a different perspective.

refinement: Working together with friends. Working with others allows you to see things from a different perspective.

answer: The author suggests that the key to achieving our dreams is to work together with people who have different perspectives.

text: " We lack other any perspective besides the one already in our head, and that stifles inspiration, drive, and courage. " This is evidence that the author suggests to work with people who have different perspectives.

answer: According to the author, the key to achieving our dreams is working together with others. Working alone, we are prone to getting stuck in a rut, but when we work with others, we are able to see other ways of living and make changes in our lives.

answer: The trick is to work together. Alone, we’re all prone to getting stuck.

question: What is the Hungry Ghost realm?

answer: The Hungry Ghost realm is a state of being where people are unable to find satisfaction.

text: It is omitted that the realm is part of Hindu cosmology.

refinement: The Hungry Ghost realm is a state of being where people are unable to find satisfaction, it is a part of Hindu cosmology.

answer: It is a realm in Hindu cosmology characterized by being unable to find satisfaction.

answer: In Hindu cosmology, it’s characterized by being unable to find satisfaction. Eternally searching from within their own perspective.

answer: According to the passage, the Hungry Ghost realm is a state of being where people are unable to find satisfaction. This is because they are trapped within their own subjective reality, unable to find fulfillment by working alone.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The author discusses the importance of pursuing dreams and how it can lead to fulfillment.

text: It is omitted that the author connects Hindu cosmology to the movie Ghost Busters.

refinement: The author discusses the importance of pursuing dreams and how it can lead to fulfillment. The author also connects Hindu cosmology to the movie Ghost Busters.

answer: The author of the post writes about how the movie Ghostbusters exemplifies how achieving one's professional dreams is so difficult. The author connects the movie with Hindu cosmology; the author writes that in Hindu cosmology, the Human realm of existence is distinguished solely by the opportunity to continue to make choices and adapt.

answer: The author of the article discusses the new Ghostbusters film and how it relates to pursuing dreams. The author discusses the film's characters and how they relate to pursuing dreams.

answer: The author argues that working together with friends is key to achieving fulfillment, as it allows us to see our dreams realized and gives us a sense of satisfaction. Working alone, we are prone to getting stuck in a rut, but when we work with others we are able to see other ways of living.

text: It is omitted that the author discusses Hindu cosmology in relation to the movie Ghost Busters.

refinement: The author argues that working together with friends is key to achieving fulfillment, as it allows us to see our dreams realized and gives us a sense of satisfaction. Working alone, we are prone to getting stuck in a rut, but when we work with others we are able to see other ways of living. He discusses Hindu cosmology in relation to the movie Ghost Busters.


text:
HERMANN ZIMMER was an early pioneer of the Baháʼí Faith in Germany. Zimmer is one of a few Baháʼís who revived the efforts of Ruth White to oppose Shoghi Effendi, claiming that the _Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá_ was forged.

Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá

The Will and Testament was written in three parts and covers a wide range of topics. It reiterates some of the fundamental teachings of the Baháʼí Faith, clearly calls out Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí as being a Covenant-breaker, establishes a new institution of the Guardian and clarifies its roles as compared to those of the Universal House of Justice, and also defines the responsibilities of the Hands of the Cause.

Opposition

Zimmer was a Baháʼí in good standing during World War II, and as a German, traveled to Berlin to unsuccessfully lobby the Nazi government to rescind their ban of the Baháʼí Faith. By 1971, however, he wrote a book titled _A Fraudulent Testament devalues the Baháʼí Religion into Political Shogism_,[1][2] which criticized the Baháʼí administration.

Zimmer based his claims partly on the work of criminologist Charles Ainsworth Mitchell, who Ruth White had hired to review photocopies of the original _Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá_. Mitchell had compared the photocopies to original samples of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's handwriting. Mitchell's provisional report indicated that the _Will_ was a forgery, pending inspection of the originals.[3] White later placed Mitchell's signed report with the U.S. Library of Congress in 1930.[4] Mitchell could not read Persian, however, and the claims of a forgery were not taken up by many other Baháʼís opposed to Shoghi Effendi at that time, most notably including Ahmad Sohrab.

Hermann Zimmer remained one amongst a small group of Baháʼís to question the authenticity of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's _Will_.[5][6][7] Zimmer attempted to establish a group called “Free Baháʼís” or the “World Union of Universal Religion and Universal Peace” along with Charles Seeburger of Philadelphia, but it is not clear that it actually came into being.[8]

Impact

Zimmer's own work was further taken up by Francesco Ficicchia in _Der Bahā'ismus-Religion der Zukunft? Geschichte, Lehreund Organisation in kritischer Anfrage_,[9] a work which Denis MacEoin notes “did indeed do a lot of damage to the public image of the Baháʼís” in German-speaking Europe and “damaged the Baháʼís and distorted their cause in certain quarters, mainly within the Catholic and Protestant churches.”[10] Zimmer and Ficicchia's works were funded and distributed by evangelical Christian organizations in Germany. The work had such a negative impact on the Baháʼí community that a lengthy apologetic response came from Schaefer, Towfigh, and Gollmer in _Making the Crooked Straight: A Contribution to Baháʼí Apologetics_.[11]

Works

[1]

[2]

[3] Momen, Moojan. Studies in Honor of the Late Hasan M. Balyuzi. Vol. 5. Kalimát Press, 1988. p273-274

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

title: Hermann Zimmer

question: Who was Hermann Zimmer?

answer: an early pioneer of the Baháʼí Faith in Germany.

answer: An early pioneer of the Baháʼí Faith in Germany.

answer: Hermann Zimmer was an early pioneer of the Baháʼí Faith in Germany. Zimmer is one of a few Baháʼís who revived the efforts of Ruth White to oppose Shoghi Effendi, claiming that the _Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá_ was forged.

answer: Hermann Zimmer was a Baháʼí who believed that the Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was forged. His work was taken up by Francesco Ficicchia, who published a book that damaged the public image of the Baháʼí Faith in German-speaking Europe.

question: What is the Baháʼí Faith?

answer: the article does not answer this question

answer: the article does not answer this question

answer: The Baháʼí Faith is a monotheistic religion that emphasizes the unity of all people. Some of its central teachings include the unity of God, the equality of all people, and the need for spiritual and social transformation.

answer: The Baháʼí Faith is a religion that was founded by Baháʼu'lláh in the 19th century.

question: What group did Hermann Zimmer attempt to establish?

answer: Free Baháʼís or World Union of Universal Religion and Universal Peace

answer: Hermann Zimmer attempted to establish a group called "Free Baháʼís" or the "World Union of Universal Religion and Universal Peace".

answer: Hermann Zimmer attempted to establish a group called "Free Baháʼís" or the "World Union of Universal Religion and Universal Peace."

answer: Hermann Zimmer attempted to establish a group called “Free Baháʼís” or the “World Union of Universal Religion and Universal Peace” along with Charles Seeburger of Philadelphia.

question: What book did Hermann Zimmer write?

answer: A Fraudulent Testament devalues the Baháʼí Religion into Political Shogism

answer: A Fraudulent Testament devalues the Baháʼí Religion into Political Shogism

answer: A Fraudulent Testament devalues the Baháʼí Religion into Political Shogism

answer: Hermann Zimmer wrote a book claiming that the Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was a forgery.

text: Give actual title of the book

refinement: A Fraudulent Testament devalues the Baháʼí Religion into Political Shogism

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Hermann Zimmer was an early pioneer of the Baháʼí Faith in Germany. He was one of a few Baháʼís who revived the efforts of Ruth White to oppose Shoghi Effendi, claiming that the Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was forged.

answer: Hermann Zimmer was an early pioneer of the Baháʼí Faith in Germany. Later in life, he was critical of the Baháʼí administration.

answer: Hermann Zimmer was an early pioneer of the Baháʼí Faith in Germany. Zimmer is one of a few Baháʼís who revived the efforts of Ruth White to oppose Shoghi Effendi, claiming that the _Will and Testament of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá_ was forged.

answer: Hermann Zimmer was one of the early pioneers of the Bahá'í Faith in Germany, but later became one of the few Bahá'ís to oppose Shoghi Effendi's leadership, claiming that the Will and Testament of 'Abdu'l-Bahá was forged. This led to a negative impact on the Bahá'í community, as evangelical Christian organizations funded and distributed Zimmer's and Ficicchia's works.


text:
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With over 30 years of industry experience, we are experts in double glazing. We have a wealth of knowledge both in the industry and in the art of fabricating. Our friendly, professional team are always on hand to answer any questions. Our thorough service will guide you along the process, informing you every step of the way.

Our competitive prices are combined with our high-quality products. Each roofing system is fabricated to a superior standard, ensuring longevity and lasting performance. They offer an array of practical benefits including security, thermal efficiency, durability and low maintenance. As well as this, the roofs have exceptional visual appeal to any property they are installed in.

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Why Choose Contech?

We pride ourselves on our helpful, friendly service. We want each customer to feel satisfied with our work, which is why we take great care with each individual double glazing product.

We work with some of the leading suppliers in the industry. The materials we use are a superior standard, ensuring long-lasting performance and visual appeal.

We are proud to have free double glazing quoting service. This lets you design your product online and get a bespoke price. This is easy to use and can be used on our entire range.

We offer competitive prices and work with a variety of budgets. We are consistently open and honest with our pricing, ensuring you are getting the best double glazing deal with us.

We strive to accommodate each customer’s double glazing delivery to their chosen delivery address. We will decide on a date and an approximate time that best suits your schedule.

To ensure you are getting the full experience, we offer free CAD design and consultancy with project management. Help is always on hand with our technical support.

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Conservatory Roofs

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High-Performance, Unique Roof

We fabricated exceptionally modern aluminium roof lanterns. They are designed to invite light into any property, while also providing unrivalled thermal performance with the double glazing. Our superior roof lanterns are modern in appearance, with slimline frames allowing for wider views outside. Each roof lantern can be tailored with a choice of 2-way, 3-way or contemporary designs.

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Windows

Market-Leading Aluminium and uPVC Windows

We supply both aluminium and uPVC windows as part of our double glazing range. We have a wide selection of styles to choose from, to suit the needs of the customer. The windows can be integrated with either double or triple glazing, both of which provide unrivalled thermal performance. As well as this, the windows come with secure locking systems, innovatively designed to keep unwanted intruders away.

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Doors

Stylish, Sleek, Durable Range

The door range we offer includes both composite and aluminium. We also offer modern aluminium bi-fold doors to make a statement in any home in Stoke-on-Trent. The doors have the option for double glazing as part of the finished look, with a choice of ornate patterns. For optimum energy efficiency, the glass retains heat much longer than single pane systems.

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Get a Quote Online today!

Start your free online quote today for a bespoke price. Use our quick tool to input your specifications and get a price in minutes. It’s as easy as that!

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Our Product Range

Conservatory Roofs

Windows & Doors

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Double Glazing Prices Stoke-on-Trent

To get a better understanding of our prices, simply use our free online quoting tool. This is simple to use, and will give you a quote in minutes. Just input the specifications and sizes, along with the materials required, and you’ll receive a bespoke price. This can be used as many times as you like on our entire range of double glazing products.

Get in touch with us today to find out our prices. You can fill out our contact form, and we’ll happily answer any queries you have for us.

Alternatively, you can call us directly on 01782 593 968. Our friendly team will be happy to help you. We look forward to hearing from you!

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Customer Reviews

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First-class service

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question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the types of products that Contech offers.

answer: Contech offers conservatory roofs, windows and doors. All their products are typical double-glazed items that come with high-quality materials and high-performance capabilities. Each product has competitive prices and low maintenance requirements, ensuring a long-lasting investment.

text: What should be added are the aluminum lanterns

refinement: Contech offers conservatory roofs, aluminum roof lanterns, windows and doors. All their products are typical double-glazed items that come with high-quality materials and high-performance capabilities. Each product has competitive prices and low maintenance requirements, ensuring a long-lasting investment.

text: Instead this should say "they also offer double glazing" because not all of their products are double glazed

refinement: Contech offers conservatory roofs, aluminum roof lanterns, windows and doors. They also offer double glazing. Each product has competitive prices and low maintenance requirements, ensuring a long-lasting investment.

answer: The company offers double glazing and double glazed products, including conservatory roofs, aluminium roof lanterns, aluminium and uPVC windows, and composite and aluminium doors. According to the website there is a wide range of each of these types of product and room for customization. There is emphasis placed on retaining heat and energy efficiency.

text: This is a tautology. The same information was just stated

refinement: The company offers double glazing for their windows, as well as conservatory roofs, aluminium roof lanterns, aluminium and uPVC windows, and composite and aluminium doors. According to the website there is a wide range of each of these types of product and room for customization. There is emphasis placed on retaining heat and energy efficiency.

answer: Constech offers conservatory roofs and aluminium roof lanterns for replacement and/or renovation. Contech also offers double glazing and uPVC as well as aluminium and composite doors. All of their products have an average cost of around £975.

text: Unclear where 975 pounds came from.

refinement: Constech offers conservatory roofs and aluminium roof lanterns for replacement and/or renovation. Contech also offers double glazing and uPVC as well as aluminium and composite doors.

text: This should specify that it is windows

refinement: Constech offers conservatory roofs and aluminium roof lanterns for replacement and/or renovation. Contech also offers double glazing and uPVC windows as well as aluminium and composite doors.

answer: Contech offers conservatory roofs, windows and doors. All products within the range have a focus on quality, value and experienced customer service.

text: They also offer aluminum roof lanterns

refinement: Contech offers conservatory roofs, aluminum roof lanterns, windows and doors. All products within the range have a focus on quality, value and experienced customer service.

text: This sentence is not necessary to answer the question

refinement: Contech offers conservatory roofs, aluminum roof lanterns, windows and doors.

text: They also offer double glazing

refinement: Contech offers conservatory roofs, aluminum roof lanterns, windows and doors. They also offer double glazing.

answer: Contech offers conservatory roofs, aluminium roof lanterns, either replacement or garden upvc windows, door range which includes composite, aluminium bi-fold doors, or a range of styles of aluminium and uPVC windows. They also have double glazing.

text: This is not extant in the text

refinement: Contech offers conservatory roofs, aluminium roof lanterns, door range which includes composite, aluminium bi-fold doors, or a range of styles of aluminium and uPVC windows. They also have double glazing.

text: Add the definite article

refinement: Contech offers conservatory roofs, aluminium roof lanterns, a door range which includes composite, aluminium bi-fold doors, or a range of styles of aluminium and uPVC windows. They also have double glazing.

text: and a range of styles, not or

refinement: Contech offers conservatory roofs, aluminium roof lanterns, a door range which includes composite, aluminium bi-fold doors, and a range of styles of aluminium and uPVC windows. They also have double glazing.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the services offered by Contech.

answer: They offer advice to customers on product choices, and free design and consultancy. They also deliver double glazing to customers' chosen delivery address. In addition to this they offer technical support.

text: This should include better coverage of all "services". Services is rather a vague topic

refinement: Double glazing, conservatory roofs, aluminum roof lanterns, windows, doors, CAD design and consultancy, project management, and technical support

answer: Double glazing, conservatory roofs, aluminum roof lanterns, windows, doors, CAD design and consultancy, project management, and technical support

answer: Contech fabricate double glazing, aluminium roofs, conservatory roofs, windows, aluminium and uPVC windows, and doors. They give free quotes and CAD designs.

answer: Contech offers a wide range of products, including conservatory roofs, aluminium roof lanterns, windows, and doors. The products are of a high quality and competitively priced. The company has a helpful, friendly team available to assist with any queries.

answer: Contech is well known for its high-quality double glazing products including conservatory roofs, aluminium roof lanterns, windows, and doors. Their prices are competitive and provide customers with a great value deal. Contech provides a professional service, with knowledgeable and friendly staff. The products are modern and innovative, with thermal performance and durability.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the way in which the website supports Contech customers.

answer: The website offers customized prices through a free online quoting tool. Along with recommending the company's high-quality products, there is an emphasis on service and value.

text: This second line is unnecessary

refinement: The website offers customized prices through a free online quoting tool.

answer: The Contech website provides customers with expert information about their double glazing products. Customers can obtain a bespoke price through an online quoting tool. The website also includes customer reviews that highlight the high-quality service and value of the company.

text: This first line is irrelevant

refinement: Customers can obtain a bespoke price through an online quoting tool. The website also includes customer reviews that highlight the high-quality service and value of the company.

answer: The website initially directs the reader to construction team with a brief overview of their service. Shopping on the website is done through a button labeled 'Get a Quote'. Following this portal, the customer is greeted by a quick calculator button to guide the customer through the process. Once data is entered, the customer can then receive a bespoke, tailored price for their desired material.

answer: Apart from displaying the range of products, the website has a free online quoting services that allows the customer to input their specifications and receive a tailored price. They can also ask questions using the contact form. The company's number is provided for customers to call directly.

answer: The website has a tool that helps customers input specifications and receive a bespoke price in a couple of minutes. The site displays many helpful and glowing online customer reviews, it arranges a series of packing announcements, and it offers a cloud-based quote. The team is available at all hours, getting requests answered, inputting data, and measuring double glazing needs.

text: These last two are not relevant and do not occur in the text. It is not clear what measuring double glazing needs would mean

refinement: The website has a tool that helps customers input specifications and receive a bespoke price in a couple of minutes. The site displays many helpful and glowing online customer reviews, it arranges a series of packing announcements, and it offers a cloud-based quote. The team is available at all hours, answering requests.

text: "cloud-based" is surely not the correct word here.

refinement: The website has a tool that helps customers input specifications and receive a bespoke price in a couple of minutes. The site displays many helpful and glowing online customer reviews, it arranges a series of packing announcements, and it offers a quote. The team is available at all hours, answering requests.


text: The air conditionner is burring. His room is kept at a comfortable 65 degrees fahrenheit. He is lying on his bed, reliving his life in his head, going through whats and what ifs. He enjoys this temperature, for it allows him to sleep with one leg under the covers and another over. He turns from side to side, hoping to a spot comfortable enough for him to sleep. Nothing comes of it. So, he decides to sit up. He searches for something to do, but, nothing comes of it. So, he searches again. Beneath the festering pile that has become his dirty laundry, he finds something. A magazine of some sort. He begins rummaging,and after the turn of first page, remembers that it is a former copy of his high school's literary magazine. Rummaging through, he recalls the times he imagined he had submitted a short piece. It would have been nothing much, merely a drunken rambling he would have managed to scribble down one night, but enough that he thought is was submittable. But what would have been submittable? He imagined himself toiling over this work, for it to be his first, his only. Thats how it was supposed to be. He would submit one piece anonymously and hope, that once the magazine came around, they had chosen his piece. That would have been it. No more writing, just that. He then remembers that he had created an alternate to that situation. He would have gone about doing the same things, but this time around, he would have signed it. And once they read his piece, they were slightly moved. Not so much as to be ecstatic, just so much that they might approach him in the hallways and commend him for it. Thats how it was supposed to be. It would have been a small dream accomplished.As he reveled in the thought of being slapped on the back by his peers, he realized something else. Why? Why hadn't he, after all, actually submitted something. Then, he came back to from his pathetic bout of courage to realize why he hadn't. He was too scared. Too scared of being rejected. But by not trying, there was no failure, as he didn't even try.

title: The air conditionner is burring

question: What was the character afraid of?

answer: They were afraid of their submission to their school literary magazine getting rejected.

text: He was afraid of rejection in general.

refinement: He was afraid of submitting to his school literary magazine, afraid of getting rejected.

answer: He was afraid of being rejected.

answer: The character was afraid of being rejected if he submitted his work for publication.

answer: The character was afraid of being rejected.

question: Where does the story take place?

answer: The story takes place in the protagonist's room.

answer: In the main character's bedroom.

answer: The story takes place in the narrator's room.

answer: The story takes place in the protagonist's bedroom.

question: What is the relevance of the air conditioner?

text: It kept the bedroom at a comfortable temperature.

refinement: It kept the bedroom at a comfortable temperature so he could sleep how he likes: with one leg out.

answer: The air conditioner is relevant because it is keeping the protagonist comfortable as he reminisces about his past. It is also a reminder of his fear of failure, as he remembers that he never actually submitted anything to his high school's literary magazine.

text: The air conditioner doesn't play a role in his reminiscing about his fear of failure.

refinement: The air conditioner is relevant because it is keeping the protagonist comfortable as he reminisces about his past.

answer: More information is needed to answer the question.

text: The air conditioner keeps him comfortable, but it's not enough to help him sleep.

refinement: The air conditioner keeps him comfortable, but it's not enough to help him sleep as he can't find a comfortable position in bed.

answer: The air conditionner is a metaphor for the narrator's life.

text: The air conditioner keeps him comfortable, like not submitting something to the school magazine keeps him comfortable, but it's insufficient for him to be at rest and peace.

question: What story did the main character write about?

answer: He wrote about submitting a short piece to his high school's literary magazine.

text: He didn't write anything.

answer: More information is needed to answer the question.

text: He didn't write anything.

answer: The main character wrote about a character who submitted a piece anonymously to a high school literary magazine, hoping that it would be chosen. However, the main character was too scared to actually submit anything, and instead imagined what it would have been like if he had.

text: He didn't write anything.

answer: The main character wrote about a story about a man who is too scared to submit his work.

text: He didn't write anything.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator is lying in bed, thinking about his life and how he never submitted a short story to his high school's literary magazine. He thinks about how he was too scared to submit anything, and now he's too scared to try.

text: Because he was scared of rejection.

refinement: The narrator is lying in bed, thinking about his life and how he never submitted a short story to his high school's literary magazine. He thinks about how he was too scared to submit anything, and now he's too scared to try because he's scared of rejection.

answer: The main character is reminiscing on their life. In particular, they reflect on a time where they were too afraid to submit a short story to their school's literary magazine.

text: Because he was scared of rejection.

refinement: The main character is reminiscing on their life. In particular, they reflect on a time where they were too afraid to submit a short story to their school's literary magazine because he's afraid of rejection.

answer: The narrator reminisces about the time he imagined submitting a piece to his high school's literary magazine, but ultimately decided not to because he was too afraid of being rejected.

answer: The protagonist is lying in bed, thinking about his life and how it could have been different. He remembers that he had submitted a short piece to his high school's literary magazine, but he was too scared to submit it.

text: Because he was scared of rejection.

refinement: The protagonist is lying in bed, thinking about his life and how it could have been different. He remembers that he had submitted a short piece to his high school's literary magazine, but he was too scared to submit it because he was scared of rejection.


text:
"I'm stressed," he finally exclaimed, slicing through the silent air that threatened to suffocate him. Ther room was adorned with plain, unpainted walls and occupied only by a television, a video game system which sat on standby, a bed, a dresser, and two teenage boys. They carried all the self-assurance that two scrawny sixteen-year-olds could muster. One, he who had spoken, bespectacled and mop-headed, fell onto the bed and stared up at the ceiling, his eyes tracing the elliptical orbit of the ceiling fan blades ad infinitum.

"I've got too much work." He said out loud, looking at nothing and yet seeming to notice everything. "It's not like I can't keep up with it all. That's not what's wrong. I just--I have no time, anymore. I wake up late. I rush to get ready for school. I relax for five minutes and eat breakfast. I'm dragged through my school day because of this stupid seven-period schedule. Then I get out, help you with your math work, go home, get my three hours of computer time--sometimes I get a chance to mess around, sometimes I don't even finish all my assignments--oh, and I haven't even mentioned the stress from virtual school--then I study until I pass out from exhaustion and the cycle begins again."

The other boy, a quiet, short curly-haired lad with forlorn eyes, looked over at his friend. "I think a lot of students deal with that kind of stuff. The good ones, anyway. And you've got straight A's, right? So what's the problem?"

The bespectacled boy rose to sit on the edge of the bed such that he could make eye contact with the other one. "It's not like I don't understand a B is good--you're a B student  and you do pretty well--but, I mean, I'm a good student. B's are like failing to me. I've got college to think about, soon, and I'll never get in with the GPA I have right now. It's a three point two. A three point two! All because of that crap I had to deal with in middle school that ended up getting me stuck taking all virtual classes freshman year. And now I have to do all this just to get into a decent college. On top of that, I barely know what I want to do when I'm growing up. This... this is it, pal. We're almost out and we need to make the best of the time we have left."

"We've got time," the other reminded him, breaking eye contact and glancing at the enticing patterns in the carpet.

"Not enough! They always tell you every year that this is the most important school year if you want to get anywhere. You need to finish school with a twelve point oh and then graduate from a top college and get a high-paying job in order to be happy and if you misstep once you're utterly screwed!"

The boy's voice had transformed from bitter mockery to flooding desperation. He fell back and a loud thud accompanied his descent as his head crashed into the wall behind him.

"You okay?" the other boy asked in reaction to the noise.

"Fine," he answered through clenched teeth, making no attempt to hide his teary eyes.

There was a long, uncomfortable silence. The two sat there observing their respective mediums--the bespectacled boy the ceiling and the quiet boy the carpet. Finally, after a few moments, they both opened their mouths at the same time and a garbled combination of syllables escaped.

"What was that?" the quiet one asked.

"Just more of the same," the stressed one answered. "Yours?"

After a few more moments of expectant emptiness, words began to fill the void.

"I knew this kid in middle school--a prodigy, a genius. They all said he was as smart as Einstein, or... something. The mistake he made was," he paused, pensive, for a moment, "forgetting to be a kid. He was so focused on the future and getting good grades that he let it become his life. All the other kids at the school would always bully him and he didn't really have any friends except for himself. He was so focused on his work all the time that he forgot. He forgot to live life and just relax once in a while. He was in my gym class. He always came in every day and had some excuse note signed by his parents--he always had a sore throat or a bad cold or something. And the teacher would just wave him over to the sidelines and he would sit on the bench all class, playing his Game Boy or doing homework. I remember this one day he did bad on a test or something--I think that was it, he got a C--and his parents exploded on him. They wouldn't let him out of the house for a few days and he had a lot of work to make up when he finally came back to school."

There was a pause in the story. The bespectacled boy's mind was whirring, trying to assimilate the tale into his own situation. Then the other child continued.

"I guess the stress was just too much for him. One day, while his parents were out, he went into his mom's room. I guess he knew just where to look. He removed the shoe box from under the bed and he pulled out a gun and he killed himself."

The silence, this time, was dreadful.

"He got a small article in the paper. They never made an announcement at school or anything. They never even mentioned his name in the obituary, I think."

The fan blades, their centrifuge slightly askew, and the cranking of the gears in the boys' minds reverberated throughout the room.

"What was his name?"

The quiet boy looked up as the question pierced his eardrum, seeming to have not expected that. He struggled to pull a name from his memory but finally responded dismally.

"I... can't remember."

The other boy nodded. The silence, returning, enveloped them, caressed them.

"What do you think happens when you die?" the quiet one inquired, finally, his eyes directed at the wall, staring through them into the realms beyond.

"I don't really know. I don't think we, as humans, are meant to know something like that. What about you?"

He sat in trance for a moment. Finally, he spoke.

"I think... I think, whether you were shot in the heart with a pistol, or poisoned by an enemy, or--or offed by old age, when they mention your name and nobody can remember you--your face, your voice, your words, your actions--that... is when you are truly dead."

"What if you remember his actions but not his name?"

"Screw you."

title: This is Our Autobiography

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why does one interlocutor respond "screw you" at the end?

answer: For suggesting would be an unpleasant thing.

text: Incoherent

refinement: The one who responds "screw you" at the end is feeling defensive, especially in light of the discussion of suicide in the passage. This friend likely feels pressured and worried by the impending stress of his own future, and is bracing himself to hear some harsh words directed at him. The final statement by the quiet friend, asking about the actions of the genius who killed himself, was inconsiderate to this friend's current emotional state. The response "screw you" acknowledges this and expresses the lack of gratitude for being pushed at a vulnerable moment.

answer: He had put forth a theory that when no-one can remember anything about you, that is when you are truly dead. The two friends are discussing a student who committed suicide but whose obituary remained nameless. The other boy-the quiet boy-submits the question of what if they recall all those details about you-just not your name? Because they both have been mulling over this kid's untimely death and talking about the nature of obituaries, it is implied that there is heavy importance on one's name's being their legacy. One interpretation could be that long as your name was printed and people know you died, your life counts. Then there is the question: do your actions while you're alive matter once you are dead?

text: Missing word

refinement: He had put forth a theory that when no-one can remember anything about you, that is when you are truly dead. The two friends are discussing a student who committed suicide but whose obituary remained nameless. The other boy-the quiet boy-submits the question of what if they recall all those details about you-just not your name? Because they both have been mulling over this kid's untimely death and talking about the nature of obituaries, it is implied that there is heavy importance on one's name's being their legacy. One interpretation could be that as long as your name was printed and people know you died, your life counts. Then there is the question: do your actions while you're alive matter once you are dead?

answer: The one who responds "screw you" at the end is feeling defensive, especially in light of the discussion of suicide in the passage. This friend likely feels pressured and worried by the impending stress of his own future, and is bracing himself to hear some harsh words directed at him. The final statement by the quiet friend, asking about the actions of the genius who killed himself, was inconsiderate to this friend's current emotional state. The response "screw you" acknowledges this and expresses the lack of gratitude for being pushed at a vulnerable moment.

answer: He may have interpreted the other interlocutor's question as undermining his views.

answer: The other interlocutor has brought up the idea that the suicide victim might be forgotten even if his actions are remembered. To this, the stressed interlocutor feels angry and frustrated that even in death others do not remember him properly. He responds in anger, feeling hurt and disregarded.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Describe a common existential question that is explored in this passage.

answer: The common existential question explored in this passage is: what is the point of life if we are all destined to die regardless of our accomplishments? The passage explores this question through the example of a student who killed himself because he felt stressed about the future and the importance of getting good grades. The passage discusses the dangers of forgetting to live life, focusing too much on the future and higher education, and the difficulty of knowing what happens after death. This inherent uncertainty and lack of understanding about death can weigh heavily on people, making them question their purpose in life.

answer: The question of what happens after death is cast into doubt by the behavior of the school bully, who killed themselves out of intense stress and school-related stresses.

text: This answer is wholly inaccurate

refinement: The common existential question explored in this passage is: what is the point of life if we are all destined to die regardless of our accomplishments? The passage explores this question through the example of a student who killed himself because he felt stressed about the future and the importance of getting good grades. The passage discusses the dangers of forgetting to live life, focusing too much on the future and higher education, and the difficulty of knowing what happens after death. This inherent uncertainty and lack of understanding about death can weigh heavily on people, making them question their purpose in life.

answer: Both of the boys in the passage will eventually die and what becomes of them after death is the question they grapple with. They conclude that the only thing that becomes of us after death is our legacy. If the future generation doesn't remember us, then no matter how miraculous we were in life, were truly dead and forgotten.

answer: One question could be how long any of us really have on this earth, and how we spend it-do we choose to seize the moment or do we allow ourselves to be set back by our emotions? Another possible question is that of whether or not our actions or intentions matter more-the boy they discuss committed suicide even though everything in his life seemed to be going right, which begs the question of, will it ever be enough.

answer: The common existential question explored in this passage is whether life is worth living given the continuous stress faced by some teens. The worry of not achieving a perfect GPA, getting into a good college, and not being remembered is causing immense stress for the two boys discussed in the passage, leading one to feel that life is not worth living. Thus, the question of whether one should keep living despite such stress is pondered.

text: The strange conclusion

refinement: The common existential question explored in this passage is whether life is worth living given the continuous stress faced by some teens. The worry of not achieving a perfect GPA, getting into a good college, and not being remembered is causing immense stress for the two boys discussed in the passage, leading one to feel that life is not worth living. Thus, since we will all die one day, we should make the most of life. One day we'll be gone and forgotten.

category_text: The conclusion is strange not in line with the facts.


text:
[Image for post]

Brian Duensing via Keith Allison
[Greg Huss]

In the middle of the offseason following a World Series championship, the Chicago Cubs went to work to improve their team and work toward defending their title and maintaining their role as the team to beat for the 2017 season. How did Theo & Co. do that? By signing Brian Duensing.

On December 2nd, Brian Duensing was signed to a Major League deal worth $2 million. Admittedly so, I was shocked and not in a good way. My initial thought was, “Who in the world is Brian Duensing?” After searching for the lefty reliever on several reference sites, I came to the conclusion that the Chicago Cubs were doomed if they were signing players like Brian Duensing.

Duensing came into the league as a swingman for the Minnesota Twins where he actually had a little bit of success. He pitched a total of 354 games up north, with 61 of them coming as a starter. During his time in the Twin Cities he was just about as average as a pitcher can get, as shown by his 99 ERA+ mark. He finished his tenure there with an ERA at 4.13 and a WHIP of 1.38. His strikeout rates that hovered right around the 15% mark with walk rates down around 7%.

After hitting free agency in the winter of 2015, Duensing found himself in the Kansas City Royals organization where he never made it to the Major Leagues. After being released mid-season by the Royals in 2016, he was picked up by the Baltimore Orioles. Much more of the same occurred there and he saw only 13.1 innings with the big boys in his time there.

Duensing put up good stats in Triple-A as a member of the Royals organization as you would expect from a 33 year old minor leaguer, but in his short stint with the Orioles he was less than stellar, accumulating just a 0.1 WAR. After a sub-par 2016 season it seemed as though Brian Duensing would struggle to sign a free agent deal with a Major League team for 2017.

In stepped the Chicago Cubs.

In 2017, Brian Duensing has been not only one of the best relievers on the Cubs but one of the best bullpen options in the entire league. Going into Wednesday’s game he had the 14th best ERA among qualified National League relievers to go along with the best mark on the Cubs roster. Before allowing the one run in the 7th inning Wednesday, he had a 20 inning scoreless streak going strong.

So what has he meant for the Cubs this season? He started off the season as a hybrid of a LOOGY and an innings eater. He would come in for a batter or two at a time to face a tough lefty where the matchup worked perfectly for him or in games that were blowouts to give the “better” bullpen options a break for the day to be used fresh the next game. A few months later and now Duensing is a part of that “better” options group and is able to be used in high leverage situations as shown by his appearance on Monday night against the San Francisco Giants. He came in during the 8th inning with the Cubs up only two runs, getting groundouts from Pablo Sandoval and Ryder Jones as well as a fly out from Brandon Crawford to make it a 1–2–3 inning.

What is different this year for the 34 year old compared to past seasons? It is pretty clear that the answer to that question is strikeouts. Duensing has been able to maintain that same low walk rate that he has proven he can keep in past seasons (5.2%) while dramatically raising his strikeout percentage all the way up to 27.8% in 2017.

That increase in strikeout percentage might be due to a change in pitch types that he has been using. Once the definition of a sinkerballer who focused on generating ground balls, Duensing has cut down his sinker usage by an extreme amount this season and is throwing many more curveballs to go along with your typical four-seam fastball as shown by Brooks Baseball.

[Image for post]

Courtesy of Brooks Baseball
This change in approach from the mound completely alters the type of pitcher that Brian Duensing is. Over the course of his career he has gone from a guy that pitches to contact by generating ground outs and double plays to a pitcher that guns for the strikeout by using a fastball-curveball-slider combination.

Between his style change to the amount of confidence he has gained by pitching for Joe Maddon due to the situation he gets deployed, Brian Duensing has become a significant weapon for the Chicago Cubs and you can expect to see him used in high leverage situations even more as the season moves along.

[Image for post]

_GREG HUSS IS CURRENTLY A STUDENT AT BALL STATE UNIVERSITY IN INDIANA. BORN AND RAISED IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS, HE SPENDS FAR TOO MUCH OF HIS FREE TIME FOLLOWING THE ENTIRE CUBS ORGANIZATION. YOU CAN FOLLOW HIM ON TWITTER_ _HERE__._

question: How do we know Duensing was an average pitcher in Minnesota?

answer: The author mentions that Duensing had an ERA of 4.13 and a WHIP of 1.38 during his time with the Minnesota Twins, which indicates that he was an average pitcher.

answer: He had a 99 ERA+ ran of 4.13 and a WHIP of 1.38. Strikeouts at 15% and walk rates at 7%.

answer: Duensing had an ERA of 4.13 and a WHIP of 1.38 during his time in Minnesota.

answer: He had an ERA of 4.13 and a WHIP of 1.38.

question: How many innings did  Duensing play with the Orioles?

answer: 13.1 innings.

answer: Duensing played just 13.1 innings with the Orioles.

answer: 13.1

answer: Duensing played 13.1 innings with the Orioles.

question: Why did it seem Duensing would struggle to find a team for 2017?

answer: He hadn't improved and had just a 0.1 WAR.

answer: Duensing was not considered to be a top-tier reliever in the league, and it seemed unlikely that any team would be willing to sign him for a significant amount of money. However, the Chicago Cubs saw potential in Duensing and signed him to a deal worth $2 million. Duensing has since proven himself to be a valuable asset to the Cubs, as he has the 14th best ERA among qualified NL relievers and a 20-inning scoreless streak going.

text: Inaccurate information which restates the q.

refinement: Duensing had a sub=apr 2016 season and accumulated just a 0.1 WAR.

answer: He had a sub-par 2016 season.

answer: Duensing was released by the Royals and Orioles in 2016 and 2017 respectively.

question: What changed with the Cubs to make him a better option?

answer: He changed his pitch type to focus on strikeouts.

answer: The Cubs made Brian Duensing a better option by changing his pitching approach to focus on strikeouts instead of ground balls. This change has allowed him to be used in high leverage situations, which he was not used for in the past.

answer: He kept his walk rate low at 5.2%, and increased his strikeout rate to 27.8% by changing his pitch types from sinkerballer to using fastball-curveball-slider combination.

answer: The Cubs signed Duensing to a Major League deal worth $2 million.

text: It is not accurate to restate information about how he was signed

refinement: He kept his walk rate low at 5.2%, and increased his strikeout rate to 27.8% by changing his pitch types from sinkerballer to using fastball-curveball-slider combination.

question: Write a ~7 sentence summary.

answer: The Chicago Cubs signed Brian Duensing to a Major League deal worth $2 million in December of 2016. Duensing has been a swingman for the Minnesota Twins and the Kansas City Royals before being released by the Royals in 2016. Duensing has been a part of the Cubs bullpen since the beginning of the 2017 season and has been one of the best relievers on the team. Duensing has been able to maintain his low walk rate while dramatically increasing his strikeout percentage. Duensing has been able to do this by changing his pitch types and pitching to contact less often.

answer:
The Chicago Cubs signed Brian Duensing to a Major League deal worth $2 million. The author was shocked and not in a good way. He searched for Duensing on several reference sites and concluded that the Cubs were doomed if they were signing players like Duensing. Duensing had a 99 ERA+ mark and an ERA of 4.13. He finished his tenure with the Twins with a WHIP of 1.38.

Duensing was released by the Royals in 2016 and picked up by the Orioles. He had a sub-par 2016 season and it seemed as though he would struggle to sign a free agent deal with a Major League team for 2017.
Duensing has been one of the best relievers on the Cubs and one of the best bullpen options in the entire league. He has a 20 inning scoreless streak going strong.

answer: The Chicago Cubs signed Brian Duensing in the offseason to bolster their bullpen. Duensing has been a solid addition to the Cubs, posting the 14th best ERA among NL relievers and a 20-inning scoreless streak. Duensing has changed his pitching approach this season, throwing more curveballs and fewer sinkers, and has seen a significant increase in strikeouts. Duensing has become a reliable option for the Cubs in high-leverage situations.

answer: Brian Dunsing went from an average pitcher to a top tier choice for the Chicago Cubs. With the Minnesota Twins he had a 99 ERA+ ran of 4.13 and a WHIP of 1.38. Strikeouts at 15% and walk rates at 7%. It seemed he would struggle to find a team for 2017 as he hadn't improved. But in stepped the Chicago Cubs. With them, he changed his pitching style. He kept his walk rate low at 5.2%, and increased his strikeout rate to 27.8% by changing his pitch types from sinkerballer to using fastball-curveball-slider combination.