text:
ISTVÁN GYARMATI is an Hungarian political scientist. He is a member of the council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies. He is senior advisor on South East Europe at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, and chairman of the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy.[1][2][3][4]

[1] http://www.nato.int/docu/conf/2003/031016_bxl/cv-gyarmati.htm

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: István Gyarmati

question: Who is István Gyarmati?

answer: István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist who is a member of the council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, a senior advisor on South East Europe at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, and chairman of the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy.

text: "ISTVÁN GYARMATI is an Hungarian political scientist. He is a member of the council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies. He is senior advisor on South East Europe at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, and chairman of the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy" is evidence of who István Gyarmati is.

answer: a Hungarian political scientist

text: "ISTVÁN GYARMATI is an Hungarian political scientist" is evidence that István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist.

answer: He is a Hungarian political scientist.

text: "ISTVÁN GYARMATI is an Hungarian political scientist" is evidence that István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist.

answer: István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist.

text: "ISTVÁN GYARMATI is an Hungarian political scientist" is evidence that István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist.

question: What is the International Institute for Strategic Studies?

answer: The International Institute for Strategic Studies is a British think tank.

answer: the article does not answer this question

answer: the article does not answer this question

answer: The International Institute for Strategic Studies is a think tank that focuses on international security and strategic affairs.

question: What is the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces?

answer: The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces is a Swiss-based think tank that focuses on international security and disarmament.

answer: The Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces is a think tank that focuses on international security and conflict resolution.

answer: the article does not answer this question

answer: the article does not answer this question

question: What is the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy?

answer: The Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy is a think tank that focuses on issues in South East Europe. It is chaired by István Gyarmati.

answer: the article does not answer this question

answer: the article does not answer this question

answer: The Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy is a think tank that focuses on the Western Balkans.

text: There is no evidence to suggest that the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy focuses on the Western Balkans.

refinement: The information is not found in the text.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist.

text: "ISTVÁN GYARMATI is an Hungarian political scientist" is evidence that István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist.

answer: Istvan Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist.

text: "ISTVÁN GYARMATI is an Hungarian political scientist" is evidence that István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist.

answer: István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist who is a member of the council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies, and chairman of the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy.

text: "ISTVÁN GYARMATI is an Hungarian political scientist. He is a member of the council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies. and chairman of the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy" is evidence of the positions Gyarmati holds.

answer: István Gyarmati is a Hungarian political scientist. He is a member of the council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies. He is senior advisor on South East Europe at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, and chairman of the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy.

text: "ISTVÁN GYARMATI is an Hungarian political scientist. He is a member of the council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies. He is senior advisor on South East Europe at the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces, and chairman of the Centre for Euro-Atlantic Integration and Democracy" is evidence of who István Gyarmati is.


split: train

text:
Monday-Saturday 12-7
Walkins Welcome

2165 Wrightsville Ave,
Wilmington, NC 28403
910-343-5233

Follow us!

Click to Download Printable Directions

Traveling from the North:

Hwy. 40 East towards Martin Luther King Bypass. Take a right onto the MLK Bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown Wilmington, this will turn into 3rd St. Take 3rd St. through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

Traveling from the West:

Hwy. 74 East. Cross over bridge into Wilmington. Continue straight onto Dawson Street after crossing the bridge. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

Traveling from the South:

Take 421 North towards downtown Wilmington. Take a right onto Dawson Street. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

Traveling from the East:

Take the Martin Luther King Bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown Wilmington, this will turn into 3rd St. Take 3rd St. through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Which location's navigation directions are provided?

answer: The navigation directions are for Wrightsville Ave. in Wilmington.

text: "2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403" is evidence that the directions are for Wrightsville Ave in Wilmington.

answer: The navigation directions for Wrightsville Avenue in Wilmington, NC.

text: "2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403" is evidence that the directions are for Wrightsville Ave in Wilmington.

answer: The location is 2165 Wrightsville Ave.

text: "2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403" is evidence that the directions are for 2165 Wrightsville Ave.

answer: Wrightsville Ave.

text: "2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403" is evidence that the directions are for Wrightsville Ave

answer: 2165 Wrightsville Ave.

text: "2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403" is evidence that the directions are for 2165 Wrightsville Ave

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How do you travel from the North?

answer: Take the highway 40 east towards Martin Luther King Bypass. Take a right onto the MLK Bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown, this would turn into 3rd St. Take through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. FOllow the street until it dead-ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave, we are the second building not the right after the light.

text: It misses to specify to take 3rd St through downtown.

refinement: Take the highway 40 east towards Martin Luther King Bypass. Take a right onto the MLK Bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown, this would turn into 3rd St. Take 3rd St. through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. FOllow the street until it dead-ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave, we are the second building not the right after the light.

answer: Travel south on Highway 40, take the MLK bypass all the way into downtown. Just keep going straight until it becomes 3rd Street, then left onto Dawson Street.

text: It misses about half of the directions and incorrectly mentions some turns.

refinement: Hwy. 40 East towards Martin Luther King Bypass. Take a right onto the MLK Bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown Wilmington, this will turn into 3rd St. Take 3rd St. through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

answer: Take Hwy. 40 East and take a right onto the MLK Bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown Wilmington, this will turn into 3rd St. Take 3rd St. through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

text: "Traveling from the North: Hwy. 40 East towards Martin Luther King Bypass. Take a right onto the MLK Bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown Wilmington, this will turn into 3rd St. Take 3rd St. through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light." is evidence of the directions from the North.

answer: Take the HWY 420 East towards the Martin Luther King Bypass. Take a right onto the MLK bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown Wilmington, this will turn into 3rd St. Take 3rd St. through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave.

text: It incorrectly mentions to take Hwy 420 instead of Hwy 40.

refinement: Take the HWY 40 East towards the Martin Luther King Bypass. Take a right onto the MLK bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown Wilmington, this will turn into 3rd St. Take 3rd St. through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave.

answer: Take Highway 40 East and take a right onto the MLK Bypass heading into downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass into downtown, which will turn into 3rd Street. Follow 3rd Street through downtown and take a left onto Dawson Street. Follow Dawson Street until it dead ends into Wrightsville Avenue and take a left onto Wrightsville Avenue. We are the second building on the right after the light.

text: "Traveling from the North: Hwy. 40 East towards Martin Luther King Bypass. Take a right onto the MLK Bypass towards downtown Wilmington. Stay straight on the bypass heading into downtown Wilmington, this will turn into 3rd St. Take 3rd St. through downtown heading towards Dawson St. Take a left on Dawson St. Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light." is evidence of the directions from the North.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How do you navigate after reaching Dawson St. while traveling from the West?

answer: Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

text: It misses to mention to Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave

refinement: Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave, Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

answer: After reaching Dawson Street, follow the street until it dead-ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

text: "Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light" is evidence of the directions from the West after reaching Dawson St.

answer: You turn left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

text: It misses to mention to Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave

refinement: Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave., You turn left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

answer: Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

text: It misses to mention to Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave

refinement: Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave, Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

answer: Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light.

text: "Follow Dawson St. until it dead ends into Wrightsville Ave. Take a left onto Wrightsville Ave. We are the second building on the right after the light" is evidence of the directions from the West after reaching Dawson St.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Which bypass should you take while traveling from the East?

answer: The Martin Luther King Bypass.

text: "Take the Martin Luther King Bypass" is evidence of which Bypass one should take while traveling from the East.

answer: Take the Martin Luther King Bypass.

text: "Take the Martin Luther King Bypass" is evidence of which Bypass one should take while traveling from the East.

answer: The Martin Luther King bypass.

text: "Take the Martin Luther King Bypass" is evidence of which Bypass one should take while traveling from the East.

answer: You should take the Martin Luther King Bypass while traveling from the East.

text: "Take the Martin Luther King Bypass" is evidence of which Bypass one should take while traveling from the East.

answer: The Martin Luther King Bypass towards downtown Wilmington.

text: "Take the Martin Luther King Bypass" is evidence of which Bypass one should take while traveling from the East.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: TJ's Comics offers a large selection of comics and collectibles, open Monday through Saturday from 12-7.

text: Unrelated to the topic of the question.

refinement: A description of navigating to 2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403.

answer: Century 21 All Atlantic Realty is a real estate agency in Wilmington, NC. They are open Monday-Saturday 12-7. Walk-ins are welcome.

text: There is no evidence to suggest that the address is for Century 21 All Atlantic Realty

refinement: A description of navigating to 2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403.

answer: A description of navigating to 2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403.

answer: This is a drive-thru for a Hampton Coffee Company in Wilmington.

text: unrelated theme to the question.

refinement: A description of navigating to 2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403.

answer: An address and directions to a thrift store on Wrightsville Avenue in Wilmington, NC.

text: There is no evidence to suggest that the address is for a thrift store.

refinement: An address and direction navigating to 2165 Wrightsville Ave, Wilmington, NC 28403.


text:
    _For namesakes, see Pal_

PAL is a town and former princely state in Gujarat, western India.

History

Pal was a Fifth Class princely state, comprising four more villages, covering twenty-two square miles in Halar _prant_ of Western Kathiawar.

It had a combined population of 1,359 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 17,836 Rupees (1903-4, over half from land), paying a tribute of 1,647 Rupees to the British and Junagarh State.

title: Pal, Gujarat

question: What is a princely state?

text: Empty text.

refinement: A princely state was a feudal era Indian state governed by a princely dynasty that belonged to the former semi-personal rulers styled 'prince.'

answer:
A princely state was a feudal era Indian state governed by a princely dynasty. One of the many royal dynasties in the country, it belonged to the former semi-personal rulers styled 'prince.'

In 1948, upon Indian independence from Great Britain, princely states with their own independent governments had their governance transferred back to the Indian government. This was in line with the Indian state's drive to be centrally controlled by Delhi in order to achieve unity.

This was a long process that may not have been entirely completed as of 2006.

answer: It can be seen that this town paid tribute to the British and Junagarh State. This is probably what made them a princely state: Independent, but paying tribute.

text: This response does not explain what a princely state is, rather, it talks about what made Pal a princely state.

refinement: Although the answer cannot be found within the article, a princely state was a feudal era Indian state governed by a princely dynasty that belonged to the former semi-personal rulers styled 'prince.'

question: What is a fifth order princely state?

text: Empty text.

refinement: A Fifth Class princely state is a princely state in British India, ranked subjectively below the "Most High," "Sovereign," and "Independent" categories and above the "Native" and "Seat" categories.

answer:
A Fifth Class princely state is a princely state in British India, ranked subjectively below the "Most High," "Sovereign" and

"Independent" categories and above the "Native" and "Seat" categories. These princely states enjoyed their sovereignty from
1870 to 1902, during the British raj.

In terms of associated states, such a "Fifth Class Governor" was considered to be below a Lieutenant-Governor" in Governor-General's Report on Decentralization, dated 12 December 1913. A fifth class princely state was one administered from a hill station, usually independent, but might get control over its territories during camping in the absence of the Governor.

answer: The order of the princely state could be derived from the size and population of the district.

question: What percentage of revenue was paid as tribute?

answer: 9.5% of the state revenue was paid to British and Junagarh State as tribute.

text: The percentage is inaccurate.

refinement: About 9.2% of the state revenue was paid to British and Junagarh State as tribute.

answer: 1.5% of the state revenue was paid as tribute.

text: The number given is inaacurate.

refinement: About 9.2% of the state revenue was paid as tribute.

answer: 14.5% of the state revenue was paid as tribute

text: The number is inaccurate.

refinement: About 9.2% of the state revenue was paid as tribute.

question: How many villages is there in the Pal princely state?

answer: 4

text: The answer did not count Pal as one of the villages.

refinement: Pal consists of a total of five villages.

answer: There are 5 villages in total, including Pal.

answer: 4

text: The answer did not count Pal as one of the villages.

refinement: Pal consists of a total of five villages.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Pal is a town in former princely state in Gujarat, India.

text: Pal is a town AND former princely state. The summary is less than two sentences.

refinement: Pal is a town and former princely state in Gujarat, India. Furthermore, Pal, formerly a Fifth Class princely state, had a combined population of 1,359 people in 1901, paying a tribute of 1,647 Rupees to the British and Junagarh states.

answer: Pal is a town and former princely state in Gujarat, western India formed in 1901. At the time, Pal's population was 1,359, yielding state revenue of 17,836 Rupees, paying a tribute of 1,647 Rupees to the British and Junagarh State.

answer: Pal is a town and former princely state in Gujarat, Western India. It had a combined population of 1,359 in 1901, paying a tribute of 1,647 Rupees.

text: It does not mention whom the tribute was paid to.

refinement: Pal is a town and former princely state in Gujarat, Western India. It had a combined population of 1,359 in 1901, paying a tribute of 1,647 Rupees to the British and Junagarh state.

answer: Pal, Gujarat, is a town and former princely state in Gujarat, western India. It was a Fifth Class princely state, comprising four more villages, covering twenty-two square miles in Halar prant of Western Kathiawar.

answer: Pal is a town in India. Historically, it was a fifth order princely state paying tribute to the British and Junagarh State.

answer: Pal is a town in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is a princely state, not entirely divorced from its history as a Fifth Class princely state.

text: Pal used to be a princely state, but the summary indicates that it still is.

refinement: Pal is a town in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was a former princely state, not entirely divorced from its history as a Fifth Class princely state.


text:
According to the World Health Organization (see: http://www.who.int/en/), tobacco is the second biggest cause of death in the world and is responsible for about 5 million deaths each year, or one of every 10 adult deaths. Smoking will kill 10 million people per year by 2020 if current smoking patterns continue. Half of the people who smoke today, about 650 million people, will eventually die from tobacco-related illness.
On February 27, 2005, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force. Countries that signed the treaty are bound by its provisions, which include tobacco advertising bans, price and tax increases, and measures to protect against second-hand smoke. There are 168 signatories to the treaty.
Earlier in the month, Cuba, which is famous for its cigars, instituted new anti-smoking regulations which will ban smoking in many workplaces and the sale of cigarettes near schools.

question: If smoking is considered unhealthy and a fatal activity, why hasn't it been banned completely?

answer: The World Health Organization has not banned smoking completely because it is a difficult habit to break.

text: The reason why it hasn't been banned completely is actually not found in the text.

refinement: This information is not answered in the text.

answer: That information is not known.

text: This information is not answered in the text.

answer: There is still debate over whether or not smoking should be banned completely, as there are those who believe that people should be allowed to make their own decisions about their health. Additionally, there is a concern that banning smoking could lead to an increase in black market sales of tobacco products.

text: Although it is a good argument, the answer is not found in the text.

refinement: The information is not found in the text.

answer: It is not clear from the article.

text: This information is not answered in the text.

question: How many people per year will die by smoking by 2020 if smoking patterns continue?

answer: 10 million people per year will die by smoking by 2020 if smoking patterns continue.

text: "Smoking will kill 10 million people per year by 2020 if current smoking patterns continue" is evidence that 10 million people per year will die by 2020 if smoking patterns continue.

answer: 10 million people per year.

text: "Smoking will kill 10 million people per year by 2020 if current smoking patterns continue" is evidence that 10 million people per year will die by 2020 if smoking patterns continue.

answer: 10 million.

text: "Smoking will kill 10 million people per year by 2020 if current smoking patterns continue" is evidence that 10 million people per year will die by 2020 if smoking patterns continue.

answer: According to the passage, if current smoking patterns continue, 10 million people will die each year by 2020.

text: "Smoking will kill 10 million people per year by 2020 if current smoking patterns continue" is evidence that 10 million people per year will die by 2020 if smoking patterns continue.

question: What did the WHO do to control tobacco?

answer: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force on February 27, 2005.

text: The answer misses to mention what the WHO did to control tobacco.

refinement: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force on February 27, 2005. Countries that signed the treaty are bound by its provisions, which include tobacco advertising bans, price and tax increases, and measures to protect against second-hand smoke.

text: "On February 27, 2005, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force" is evidence that the FCTC came into force in February 27, 2005.

answer: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control came into force on February 27, 2005.

text: The answer misses to mention what the WHO did to control tobacco.

refinement: The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control came into force on February 27, 2005. Countries that signed the treaty are bound by its provisions, which include tobacco advertising bans, price and tax increases, and measures to protect against second-hand smoke.

text: "On February 27, 2005, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force" is evidence that the FCTC came into force in February 27, 2005.

answer: The World Health Organization created the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in order to help control tobacco use and prevent tobacco-related deaths. This includes measures such as advertising bans, price and tax increases, and protections against second-hand smoke.

text: "tobacco advertising bans, price and tax increases, and measures to protect against second-hand smoke" is evidence of what the WHO is doing to control tobacco.

answer: They created a treaty that protects against second-hand smoke, banned tobacco adverts, and increased the price and taxes on tobacco.

text: "tobacco advertising bans, price and tax increases, and measures to protect against second-hand smoke" is evidence of what the WHO is doing to control tobacco.

question: Did the anti-smoking regulations in Cuba reduce the rate people buy and smoke cigars?

answer: No, the anti-smoking regulations in Cuba did not reduce the rate people buy and smoke cigars.

text: It has not reduced the rate of people to buy and smoke cigars, however there are new regulations

answer: There is no information in the passage to answer this question. However, it is possible that the new regulations in Cuba may have reduced the rate of people buying and smoking cigars.

answer: That information is not known.

answer: It is not stated.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that tobacco is the second biggest cause of death in the world, responsible for about 5 million deaths each year. In 2005, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force, with the goal of reducing tobacco use and its associated health risks. Some countries, like Cuba, have already begun to institute new anti-smoking regulations.

text: "On February 27, 2005, the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force" is evidence of the FCTC coming into force.

answer: The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that tobacco is the second biggest cause of death in the world. It is responsible for about 5 million deaths each year. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force in 2005.

text: The answer misses to mention what the future holds if smoking patterns continue and what the FCTC force does.

refinement: The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that tobacco is the second biggest cause of death in the world. It is responsible for about 5 million deaths each year. Smoking will kill 10 million people per year by 2020 if current smoking patterns continue. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force in 2005. Countries that signed the treaty are bound by its provisions, which include tobacco advertising bans, price and tax increases, and measures to protect against second-hand smoke.

answer: The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that tobacco is the second biggest cause of death in the world and is responsible for about 5 million deaths each year. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) came into force on February 27, 2005, and countries that signed the treaty are bound by its provisions, which include tobacco advertising bans, price and tax increases, and measures to protect against second-hand smoke.

answer: At the time of this article, the WHO estimated tobacco as the second biggest cause of death globally, killing 10 million people per year by 2020. They stated that half of the people that smoke will die from tobacco-related illnesses. In February 2005, Cuba instigated a new anti-smoking regulation, banning smoking in many workplaces and the sale of cigarettes near schools.

text: Misses to specify that the 10 million deaths would be if smoking patterns continued.

refinement: At the time of this article, the WHO estimated tobacco as the second biggest cause of death globally, killing 10 million people per year by 2020 if current smoking patterns continue. They stated that half of the people that smoke will die from tobacco-related illnesses. In February 2005, Cuba instigated a new anti-smoking regulation, banning smoking in many workplaces and the sale of cigarettes near schools.


text:
How do you say “startup” in Spanish? Luckily, it’s simple: Startup.

But that’s about the only easy thing that Spanish entrepreneurs have going for them as they attempt to launch new companies in their home country. Spain’s economy is faltering, and over 52 percent of citizens under 25 are currently unemployed. But when those young people attempt to launch companies on their own, they’re slapped with national policies that are notoriously anti-entrepreneurship, including a new “Exit Tax” implemented on the first of this year, which will tax a company’s potential earnings if they have received venture funds and attempt to relocate elsewhere.

A local startup, Dat Venture, is offering a lifeline of sorts. In February, they will be bringing 15 Spanish companies to Boston for a three-month-long immersion program. The companies, which pay $10,000 per employee to enroll, are promised everything they need to successfully integrate into Boston’s startup scene.

Dat will buy their plane tickets and set them up with housing at Krash and office space in WeWork’s South Station location. The companies will take business classes at Harvard Extension School and seminars developed by Dat which will teach them the basics, like pitching American venture firms or sales and marketing techniques, says Matt Hurley, one of Dat Venture’s five co-founders.

“Spaniards are very long-winded,” Hurley said, “and Americans do not take well to 20-minute startup pitches.”

Dat Venture, which launched this past summer, has already held one pilot session, but this 15-startup group is the real test, says Hurley. “The businesses want to be immersed in the ecosystem in Boston,” he said. “It’s about validating your idea with American partners, banks, and big brands.”

Among the startups in the Dat cohort are UpToDown, a online software catalogue that is one of the world’s most popular destinations for downloading Android apps, with over 62 million downloads a month, and FreePik, one of the world’s largest databases for Internet graphics. Both companies have over $1 million in revenues, says Hurley, and the combined revenues of all 15 companies total more than $10 million.

Dat Venture is working in partnership with the Efron Group, a multinational consulting company with an office in Boston and a strong presence in Spanish-speaking countries around the world. “We were very impressed by the possibilities of Massachusetts, and given our profile as a technology and innovation driven company we decided to launch a singular initiative in the market,”Alejandro de Mora, Efron’s CEO of US operations, said of the partnership via e-mail. “Dat Venture wants to be the bridge…between the exceptional ecosystem of Boston and the entrepreneurs outside.”

Hurley said that the entrepreneurs will be visiting the United States on tourist visas, and that Dat Venture and Efron will work to find opportunities for them to secure work visas so they can stay. Much of that is still being sorted out, he admitted. But he said providing access to the US startup scene in a way that doesn’t involve funding, or equity for that matter, is an option that many businesses are open to and excited about: One company decided to bring its entire eight-person team to Boston through the program, and they will be renting a house together in Porter Square.

The Spaniards arrive in Boston on Feb. 1, and will be immediately introduced to one aspect of American culture they might otherwise be unfamiliar with: The Super Bowl. “Hopefully they won’t be too jetlagged to watch football,” Hurley said.

Janelle Nanos can be reached at janelle.nanos@globe.com. Follow her on Twitter @janellenanos.
Follow Janelle on Twitter

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about Dat Venture?

answer: Dat Venture is a startup established by five Spanish associates in July 2016. While the company is headquartered out of Boston, it focuses on incubating international startups and will also help participating Spanish entrepreneurs set up in the city. Dat Venture's managing director Galen Quon describes the program as giving international startups the exposure they need in subjecting themselves to the American business ecosystem at large.

answer: Dat Venture is a consulting company offering a three-month immersion program. It brings Spanish startups to Boston and provides everything they need from airfare to housing and office space. They are also providing access to American investors and partners. Hurley says Dat Venture is eager to give entrepreneurs a larger world audience by connecting them to Americans.

answer: Dat Venture is a Boston startup that aims to bring startups outside the US into the country for business partnerships. Their current roster includes 15 Spanish companies, and Dat aims to instruct them on how to present their pitches to an American audience - being quicker about it. Dat Venture already did a pilot round, but the 15 Spanish companies will be their real test.

answer: Dat Venture is a program that brings Spanish entrepreneurs to Boston for an immersion program in order to help them learn the basics of starting a business in the United States. Participants in the program pay $10,000 per employee to enroll, and are promised housing, office space, and classes geared towards developing skills needed for starting a company in the United States. Dat Venture hopes to provide participants with opportunities for work visas in order for them to stay in the United States.

answer: Dat Venture is a program that brings Spanish entrepreneurs to the Boston startup ecosystem for three months of immersion so they can prepare themselves to launch their businesses in their home country. The goal is to provide these entrepreneurs with the tools necessary to be successful. Dat Venture is partnering with the Efron Group to facilitate this endeavor.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the Spanish companies?

answer: Dat Venture, a local startup, is offering a three-month long immersion program in which 15 Spanish companies partake, not to mention the help provided by Dat Venture and the American company Efron in moving to Boston for the duration of the program. Among the 15 companies are UpToDown, a popular download platform, and FreePik, a very large database of internet graphics.

answer: They are operating in a business environment that's not conducive to entrepreneurship. However, their business partnership with Dat Venture promises to introduce them to the startup and venture capital scene in Boston. The companies, involving an Android app catalog (UpToDown) and an online image catalog (FreePik), pay $10,000 per enrolled employee. The total revenue of the 15 companies is more than $10 million. They will be visiting the US on tourist visas, but Dat Venture is working to find options to allow a longer stay.

answer: The article explains that these Spanish companies will be participating in an immersion program in Boston. The program promises to help these companies integrate into the American startup scene by teaching them basic business skills and providing them with office space and various resources.

text: I would add the detail of how many companies as it seems pertinent to understanding the scope of this study/program.

refinement: The article explains that these 15 Spanish companies will be participating in an immersion program in Boston. The program promises to help these companies integrate into the American startup scene by teaching them basic business skills and providing them with office space and various resources.

answer: The article says that the 15 Spanish companies participating in Dat Venture's program will receive everything they need to integrate into Boston's startup environment. These companies have annual revenues over $10 million and have been offered tutorials in sales, marketing, and pitching. Participating companies are coming on tourist visas, with hope for securing work visas for the long term.

answer: Dat Venture is a company that brings Spanish companies to Boston for an immersion program. The immersion program will set a company up with an office space in South Station and Globe or Alphabet office, a workspace in the WeWork. The company will teach companies the basics, like pitching American venture firms or sales and marketing techniques, and an advanced mobile app customization. Other services include: network for one year, validating and understanding the US ecosystem, advising, office space for 6 months, help in-country during and after, and a service provider, with Dat Venture and Efron handling immigration paperwork. The 15-startup companies include Bad-Lads Apps and Eukanuba Times Square.


text:
In recent years, the futuristic concepts of the ‘smart city’ have gone from science fiction to business fact. As devices are becoming smaller, less power-hungry and more mobile, people, places and things are becoming connected all around us. Anything that can be assigned an IP address and transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things (IoT). With so many ways to take advantage of connectivity in the home, IoT has the potential to be a game-changer for facilities management and social housing providers. Technology companies like Cradlepoint are making it possible.

For social housing organisations, technology offers a wide range of efficiencies and potential cost savings relating to asset management and maintenance. Integrated into housing management systems, wired and wireless networking solutions that enable IoT can help to significantly reduce the time spent on property visits, pre-empt maintenance problems, and improve the health and wellbeing of tenants.

At the same time, with accurate, up-to-date data on the condition of properties as well as their energy usage, housing organisations can avert problems and identify which features work well and which don’t. This in turn can inform future investment and building decisions.

My team have been talking to a number of housing associations across the country and have compiled a list of the key benefits of smart home technology.

1. Security

Obviously, a big concern for tenants as well as housing associations is security, whether it's protection from vandalism, burglary, or anti-social behaviour. There are already a number of smart devices out there designed specifically for this purpose. They're particularly useful when a property is unoccupied, and are becoming smaller and less intrusive, so tenants don’t need to worry about their own privacy. These systems can do everything from arming and disarming remotely, to capturing CCTV footage and communicating directly with law-enforcement.

2. Locking Systems

Smart locks are a great solution to the age-old problem of lost keys or broken locks. They only require a smart phone with the matching signals to unlock the door. This means facilities managers won't have to keep track of keys when lost or tenants move out. They can use a centralised online system to authorise tenant’s entry or revoke their access. This also has its advantages for managing maintenance staff property access.

Smart locks capture the data of who’s entered and exited, which can be used to alert of intruders, adding further security to premises.

3. Lighting

There is a lot of money to be saved in smart lighting. Gartner claim that smart lighting could reduce household energy consumption by 90%. Multiplied across a wide portfolio of properties, this could greatly reduce costs.

Being able to remotely manage lighting in communal spaces should improve living conditions and security. Having smart bulbs, which essentially learn when occupants are usually in or out, allowing them to switch on even if there's a change in the pattern, may also deter potential thieves.

4. Heating Systems

Another example of how the connected home is transforming property management is the smart thermostat. Controlled with ease from remote locations through a web-enabled system, facilities managers can constantly monitor tenant energy usage and cut down on power consumption. In fact, The Energy Saving Trust claim that using a thermostat in this way can save between £70 and £150 per household per year.

Smart thermostats can be remotely controlled to switch on the heating when a property is unoccupied, reducing the risk of pipes freezing and bursting. They can also highlight households that may be struggling with, for example, fuel poverty.

There are further advantages for maintenance. A good example of this is British Gas’ smart boiler: ‘BoilerIQ.’ The connected boiler carries out preventative maintenance, checking itself for faults and sending data directly to British Gas who can then solve the problem remotely. This kind of connected system will anticipate and fix an issue before it disrupts usage and inconveniences tenants or causes damage.

5. Water Leakage and Damp Protection

Problems with damp, especially in older building stock, creates costly issues for housing associations. It can be made worse because it's not always clear that there's a problem until it's too late. It can start as a leak and escalate into flooding, causing extensive damage. With smart sensors, the problem can be addressed early.

Smart sensors monitor and send real-time data about property conditions. If the property is becoming damp (which the sensor can detect by measuring humidity and moisture levels), facilities managers can tackle the problem before the costs escalate. Couple this with heat sensors to ensure that the property is being kept warm enough, and you shouldn't have to worry about any major damp problems. This could have a profound impact on reducing incidences of poor health among social housing occupants.

6. Carbon Monoxide, Smoke and Fire Alarms

Providing a safe environment for tenants is paramount and smart technology has vastly improved the quality and reliability of household alarm systems. Being able to provide real-time data and connectivity to emergency services is obviously an advantage.

Connected household smoke and fire alarms also help to reduce the cost of replacing and maintaining systems that can be remotely monitored and serviced, as well as time spent on property call-outs.

7. Smart Appliances

With smart appliances, you can get constant diagnostics and operational data. Even more helpfully, they can transmit to service centres where they can instantly diagnose problems and, if need be, order the parts required.

For example, LG developed internet-connected smart appliances that save energy by operating more efficiently. Their “Smart Diagnosis” feature troubleshoots issues quickly before they become bigger problems. When the appliance detects a fault, it diagnoses and finds a solution by telephoning the LG Call Centre or communicating through a smartphone app. This could save housing associations and tenants time and money.

8. Garden Irrigation Systems

In communal areas, often there is green space that needs upkeep. A property with outdoor space can be difficult to maintain all year round. Once again, smart technology now exists which can remotely manage garden irrigation from afar. Sprinklers that are connected to a network can be managed easily online.

Solar-powered sensors are also available that can fully monitor garden life, catering for heat, humidity and soil conditions. This could improve outdoor spaces while removing much of the need for onsite maintenance.

9. Healthcare

The NHS deals with one million patients every thirty-six hours, and much of this effort is spent on health monitoring. Connected technology could provide additional healthcare benefits for vulnerable tenants through remote monitoring and communication. Such technology is still in development, but there is room in the market for wearable tech partnering up with the healthcare sector. For social housing organisations, public health is a critical issue for serving the community.

10. Smart Meters

With 4.2 million connected utility meters currently in homes and businesses across the UK, the appeal of smart meter installations is evident. Knowing heating, electric and water usage in real-time has a tremendous benefit for public housing organisations. Property managers no longer need to rely on estimated bills and tenants can be assured that they only pay for exactly what they use.

--

This is my team’s list of some key benefits that Cradlepoint have been discussing with customers, however the possibilities are endless. Simply put, having a connected property stock will make managing housing easier, cheaper and more efficient. Being armed with an accurate, real-time picture puts housing providers in control, allowing for better maintenance and repairs planning, more economical purchasing, and informed decisions when it comes to placing tenants. It could reduce administration, phone calls and property visits required to diagnose potential issues and carry out repairs, as well as provide accurate data from sensors to monitor households that appear to be struggling, and work proactively with them before an illness or property damage occurs.

If you would like to know more about the innovative technology that enables all these amazing devices, please get in touch.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the benefits of a smart home heating system?

answer: Having smart heating systems are advantageous. One of which is the reduction of property damage due to the sensor that already identifies a fault before it escalates. Communal housing authorities can then detect and fix the problem on time before it creates any issues for the tenant. The smart thermostat can not only switch the heating on when the property is vacant, but can also reduce the risk of pipes freezing and bursting. It analysts potential fuel poverty households, and detects living spaces that might be associated with lead poisoning. Additionally, it repairs problems before they snowball into something greater. The thermostat can evaluate tenancies and also fix itself before it breaks down in the property.

text: The smart thermostat's benefit of avoiding frozen or bursting pipes is conveyed confusingly.

refinement: Having smart heating systems are advantageous. One of which is the reduction of property damage due to the sensor that already identifies a fault before it escalates. Communal housing authorities can then detect and fix the problem on time before it creates any issues for the tenant. The smart thermostat can switch the heating on when the property is vacant, which reduces the risk of pipes freezing and bursting. It analysts potential fuel poverty households, and detects living spaces that might be associated with lead poisoning. Additionally, it repairs problems before they snowball into something greater. The thermostat can evaluate tenancies and also fix itself before it breaks down in the property.

text: "It analysts" is wrong grammar. "It analyzes" is the correct verb.

refinement: Having smart heating systems are advantageous. One of which is the reduction of property damage due to the sensor that already identifies a fault before it escalates. Communal housing authorities can then detect and fix the problem on time before it creates any issues for the tenant. The smart thermostat can switch the heating on when the property is vacant, which reduces the risk of pipes freezing and bursting. It analyzes potential fuel poverty households, and detects living spaces that might be associated with lead poisoning. Additionally, it repairs problems before they snowball into something greater. The thermostat can evaluate tenancies and also fix itself before it breaks down in the property.

text: The last two sentences are redundant since the information they convey is expressed before in the answer.

refinement: Having smart heating systems are advantageous. One of which is the reduction of property damage due to the sensor that already identifies a fault before it escalates. Communal housing authorities can then detect and fix the problem on time before it creates any issues for the tenant. The smart thermostat can switch the heating on when the property is vacant, which reduces the risk of pipes freezing and bursting. It analyzes potential fuel poverty households, and detects living spaces that might be associated with lead poisoning.

text: The answer omits the energy-saving potential.

refinement: Having smart heating systems are advantageous. One of which is the reduction of property damage due to the sensor that already identifies a fault before it escalates. Communal housing authorities can then detect and fix the problem on time before it creates any issues for the tenant. The smart thermostat can switch the heating on when the property is vacant, which reduces the risk of pipes freezing and bursting. It analyzes potential fuel poverty households, and detects living spaces that might be associated with lead poisoning. Finally, smart heating systems can cut down on power usage and save between £70 and £150 per household per year.

text: Lead poisoning isn't mentioned in the article.

refinement: Having smart heating systems are advantageous. One of which is the reduction of property damage due to the sensor that already identifies a fault before it escalates. Communal housing authorities can then detect and fix the problem on time before it creates any issues for the tenant. The smart thermostat can switch the heating on when the property is vacant, which reduces the risk of pipes freezing and bursting. It analyzes potential fuel poverty households. Finally, smart heating systems can cut down on power usage and save between £70 and £150 per household per year.

answer: Smart heating systems give facilities managers greater control over energy consumption, which can lead to significant savings. They can remotely control heating, switch it on when property is unoccupied and prevent pipes freezing and bursting. These systems also have benefits for maintenance and help identify problems before they worsen.

text: The answer omits the fuel poverty angle.

refinement: Smart heating systems give facilities managers greater control over energy consumption, which can lead to significant savings. They can remotely control heating, switch it on when property is unoccupied and prevent pipes freezing and bursting. These systems also have benefits for maintenance and help identify problems before they worsen. They can also identify houses struggling with fuel poverty.

text: "when a property... prevents pipes from freezing": "a" and "from" are missing.

refinement: Smart heating systems give facilities managers greater control over energy consumption, which can lead to significant savings. They can remotely control heating, switch it on when a property is unoccupied and prevent pipes from freezing and bursting. These systems also have benefits for maintenance and help identify problems before they worsen. They can also identify houses struggling with fuel poverty.

answer: The smart heating system can be managed remotely, which can reduce power consumption and help prevent pipes from freezing. Further benefits include making repairs and replacements easier, and more cost-effective.

text: The answer omits that smart heaters can identify issues before they cause significant problems for tenants, and they can identify households with fuel poverty.

refinement: The smart heating system can be managed remotely, which can reduce power consumption and help prevent pipes from freezing. Further benefits include making repairs and replacements easier, and more cost-effective. Smart heating systems can identify problems before they cause issues for the tenant as well as identifying households struggling with fuel poverty.

answer: A smart thermostat can save between $70 and $150 per household per year when it's used to monitor energy usage. A good example of this is the smart boiler "BoilerIQ," which carries out preventative maintenance before it's too late and harms the tenant or does damage.

text: The answer omits the fuel poverty angle and the potential prevention of frozen pipes.

refinement: A smart thermostat can save between $70 and $150 per household per year when it's used to monitor energy usage. A good example of this is the smart boiler "BoilerIQ," which carries out preventative maintenance before it's too late and harms the tenant or does damage. One key example is remote activation of the heater to avoid frozen or burst pipes. Smart heaters can also detect households struggling with fuel poverty.

answer: A smart thermostat can be controlled remotely, which can reduce the risk of pipes freezing and bursting when no one is home, and facilities managers can use them to reduce power consumption and save on energy costs. Some appliances can also carry out their own preventative maintenance.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the Internet of Things?

answer: Like the title says, anything that can be assigned an IP address and transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things. The text says that anything including smart phones, cars, and even medical devices can be included as part of IoT. For example, a heart rate bracelet with connected technology can now send heart rate data directly to an online health network.

text: There is no title.

refinement: Anything that can be assigned an IP address and transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things. The text says that anything including smart phones, cars, and even medical devices can be included as part of IoT. For example, a heart rate bracelet with connected technology can now send heart rate data directly to an online health network.

text: The answer should mention some of the benefits expected to come from IoT.

refinement: Anything that can be assigned an IP address and transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things. The text says that anything including smart phones, cars, and even medical devices can be included as part of IoT. For example, a heart rate bracelet with connected technology can now send heart rate data directly to an online health network. A lot of areas of life are expected to improve with IoT devices, including garden irrigation, ventilation or fire alarms, water leakage, and damp protection, smart locks, and security.

answer: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the devices that are connectable to the internet. Ever since devices shrunk in size less power-hungry and more mobile in recent years, devices have been assigned an IP address to transmit data over networks. Anything that can be assigned an IP address can transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things. Technology companies like Cradlepoint are making it possible. Through IoT technology, management processes are being made efficient, any movements at public and private spaces can be monitored, and health, security and wellbeing in communal areas have been improved.

text: Monitoring of private spaces is an undesirable factor that's getting to be less of a problem over time.

refinement: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the devices that are connectable to the internet. Ever since devices shrunk in size less power-hungry and more mobile in recent years, devices have been assigned an IP address to transmit data over networks. Anything that can be assigned an IP address can transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things. Technology companies like Cradlepoint are making it possible. Through IoT technology, management processes are being made efficient, and health, security and wellbeing in communal areas have been improved.

text: "that" is missing in "IP address can transmit" and an Oxford comma before "and well being" is also missing.

refinement: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the devices that are connectable to the internet. Ever since devices shrunk in size less power-hungry and more mobile in recent years, devices have been assigned an IP address to transmit data over networks. Anything that can be assigned an IP address that can transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things. Technology companies like Cradlepoint are making it possible. Through IoT technology, management processes are being made efficient, and health, security, and wellbeing in communal areas have been improved.

text: Definition of the Internet of Things is repeated unnecessarily.

refinement: Ever since devices shrunk in size less power-hungry and more mobile in recent years, devices have been assigned an IP address to transmit data over networks. Anything that can be assigned an IP address that can transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things. Technology companies like Cradlepoint are making it possible. Through IoT technology, management processes are being made efficient, and health, security, and wellbeing in communal areas have been improved.

text: The answer should mention some of the benefits expected to come from IoT.

refinement: Ever since devices shrunk in size less power-hungry and more mobile in recent years, devices have been assigned an IP address to transmit data over networks. Anything that can be assigned an IP address that can transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things. Technology companies like Cradlepoint are making it possible. Through IoT technology, management processes are being made efficient, and health, security, and wellbeing in communal areas have been improved. A lot of areas of life are expected to improve with IoT devices, including garden irrigation, ventilation or fire alarms, water leakage, and damp protection, smart locks, and security.

answer: Anything that can be assigned an IP address and transmit data over a network is part of the Internet of Things. It has the potential to be a game-changer for facilities management and social housing providers, and it is making the concept of a "smart city" a reality. The Internet of Things can significantly reduce the time spent on property visits, pre-empt maintenance problems, and improve the health and well being of tenants.

answer: The text discusses the potential benefits of the Internet of Things for social housing providers, particularly relating to asset management, security, heating, and healthcare. IoT is defined as any thing connected to the network that has an IP address and transmits data. IoT offers a number of efficiencies for managing properties and saving costs. In particular, IoT provides real-time data to allow for smarter maintenance and repairs.

answer: The text argues that IoT improves property management in a number of ways, mainly by increasing efficiency and reducing costs. IoT essentially gives housing managers better monitoring capabilities, which enables them to take more informed decisions. It helps them to deal with potential problems before they escalate, and results in better living conditions for tenants.


text:
Workers and volunteers in the Great Smoky Mountains have reached the halfway point in a two-year rehab project that rebuilds and improves the popular Rainbow Falls Trail.

They don't build them like they used to. At least, that's what "they" say.

"They" never met the Trails Forever crews and volunteers in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

After nearly six months of weekday closures, NPS employees and volunteers have reached the halfway point in a two-year project to rehabilitate Rainbow Falls Trail. The crews hope to finish the trail by November 2018. When it is complete, visitors will likely think the work was done long ago.

[][]

"Some people see this stonework and these steps and it looks old. That's because we model the appearance after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps (in the 1930s). We don't want it to look like new construction," said project supervisor Josh Shapiro as he stood on new stone staircase on the trail.

The stones are perfectly shaped and seem like they were brought in for the project. In fact, crews find the stones near the trail and then shape them by hand.

"It is really incredible the level of expertise and skill our crews have. The stonework is built to a 100-year standard, meaning it won't have to be redone for at least another century," said Shapiro.

[][]

Rainbow Falls Trail extends 6.7 miles from the trailhead north of Gatlinburg to the summit of Mt. LeConte. However, there are more popular routes to reach the mountaintop, such as Alum Cave Trail and the Boulevard Trail. The main attraction on Rainbow Falls Trail is the 80-foot waterfall 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

"Most of the wear and tear on the trail is between the trailhead and the falls," said Shapiro. "There were places where the ruts were really bad and you have gullies three feet deep. We had to fill in a lot of that with crushed stone and then build stone steps. We also have a lot of problems with 'social trails' that lead people off the main trail."

[][]

The stone steps are one remedy for a strenuous route riddled with ruts, roots, and rocks. Black locust wood is also used to bolster areas of the trail, but crews try to build as few structures as possible.

Some construction was rescheduled this year due to the wildfires of November 2016. Crews will wait until 2018 before beginning rehabilitation work to allow more time to gauge the stability and needs of the areas affected by the fire.

"We had some areas where there were still trees falling, so for safety purposes we shifted things and worked on other areas of the trail for now," said Shapiro.

[][]

Volunteers are a major part of all the Trails Forever rehabilitation projects. Since May, volunteers have worked every Wednesday from 9:00 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. to help rebuild the trail.

Volunteers have to register at least one week in advance by contacting Trails and Facilities Volunteer Coordinator, Adam Monroe, by phone at 828-497-1949 or email at Adam_Monroe@nps.gov. There are likely two more opportunities this year to volunteer before the weekday closures end November 16, 2017.

The Rainbow Falls Trail has been closed Mondays-Thursdays since May 8, 2017. The closures will end November 16 as crews break during the cold months of the year. Weekday closures will likely resume in May 2018 as the weather warms and volunteers are readily available.

[][]

The Trails Forever project is funded in part by the Friends of the Smokies. The program has already rebuilt popular paths in the park such as the Forney Creek Trail, the Chimney Tops Trail, and Alum Cave Trail.

More information about volunteering for the Trails Forever program can be found at the Friends of the Smokies website.

[][]

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How do the crews model the appearance?

answer: The crews model the appearance of the stones and steps created on the Rainbow Falls Trail after the work completed by the Civil Conservation Corps (CCC) in the 1930s. The structures are built to a 100-year standard in order to withstand the test of time.

text: You don't need the second sentence-it's extraneous.

refinement: The crews model the appearance of the stones and steps created on the Rainbow Falls Trail after the work completed by the Civil Conservation Corps (CCC) in the 1930s.

text: "That's because we model the appearance after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps (in the 1930s)."

answer: They use the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps (in the 1930s) to model the appearance.

text: "That's because we model the appearance after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps (in the 1930s)."

answer: Less than 25% of the materials are new. They find the stones near the trail and shape them.

text: That is physically how they model them (with materials) but the text explicitly states that they are modeled after former work.

refinement: They're modeled after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps.

answer: The crews strive to model the appearance of the stone work after work by the Civil Conservation Corps (CCC) done in the 1930s. This includes shaping the stones by hand and building the structure to a 100-year standard.

text: "That's because we model the appearance after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps (in the 1930s)."

answer: To look like it was done by the Civilian Conservation Corps.

text: "That's because we model the appearance after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps (in the 1930s)."

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How long are the trails meant to last?

answer: One hundred years.

text: "The stonework is built to a 100-year standard, meaning it won't have to be redone for at least another century," said Shapiro.

answer: 100 years.

text: "The stonework is built to a 100-year standard, meaning it won't have to be redone for at least another century," said Shapiro.

answer: The train are built to last "at least another century"

text: "The stonework is built to a 100-year standard, meaning it won't have to be redone for at least another century," said Shapiro.

answer: The trails are meant to last 100 years.

text: "The stonework is built to a 100-year standard, meaning it won't have to be redone for at least another century," said Shapiro.

answer: The trails are designed to last 100 years.

text: "The stonework is built to a 100-year standard, meaning it won't have to be redone for at least another century," said Shapiro.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How far does Rainbow Falls Trail extend?

answer: It extends for 6.7 miles from the trailhead north of Gatlinburg to the summit of Mt. LeConte.

text: Rainbow Falls Trail extends 6.7 miles from the trailhead north of Gatlinburg to the summit of Mt. LeConte.

answer: It extends 6.7 miles from Gatlinburg.

text: Rainbow Falls Trail extends 6.7 miles from the trailhead north of Gatlinburg to the summit of Mt. LeConte.

answer: 6.7 miles.

text: Rainbow Falls Trail extends 6.7 miles from the trailhead north of Gatlinburg to the summit of Mt. LeConte.

answer: Rainbow Falls Trail extends 6.7 miles from the trailhead north of Gatlinburg to the summit of Mt. LeConte.

text: Rainbow Falls Trail extends 6.7 miles from the trailhead north of Gatlinburg to the summit of Mt. LeConte.

answer: The Rainbow Falls Trail extends 6.7 miles from the trailhead north of Gatlinburg to the summit of Mt. LeConte.

text: Rainbow Falls Trail extends 6.7 miles from the trailhead north of Gatlinburg to the summit of Mt. LeConte.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the main attraction on Rainbow Falls Trail?

answer: The main attraction on the trail is the 80-foot waterfall 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

text: The main attraction on Rainbow Falls Trail is the 80-foot waterfall 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

answer: The 80-foot waterfall 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

text: The main attraction on Rainbow Falls Trail is the 80-foot waterfall 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

answer: The main attraction on Rainbow Falls Trail is its 80-foot waterfall about 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

text: The main attraction on Rainbow Falls Trail is the 80-foot waterfall 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

answer: It is an 80-foot waterfall located 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

text: The main attraction on Rainbow Falls Trail is the 80-foot waterfall 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

answer: The main attraction on Rainbow Falls Trail is the 80-foot waterfall 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

text: The main attraction on Rainbow Falls Trail is the 80-foot waterfall 2.7 miles from the trailhead.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The work on the Rainbow Falls Trail in the Great Smoky Mountains is nearly complete, and it looks incredibly good for being rehabilitated trails. Apparently the hard workers building the trails model it in the fashion of the Civil Conservation Corps in the 1930s. It extends six mile from Gatlinburg and ends at the summit of Mount LeConte. Volunteers help with the work, and they had to stop in November.

answer: After six months of weekday closures, trail crews in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park have reached the halfway point of a two-year rehab project on the popular Rainbow Falls Trail. This project has included rebuilding and improving the trail to make it safer for visitors. There are likely two more volunteer opportunities left in 2017. The project is funded in part by the Friends of the Smokies.

text: I added that they model it after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps.

refinement: After six months of weekday closures, trail crews in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park have reached the halfway point of a two-year rehab project on the popular Rainbow Falls Trail. This project has included rebuilding and improving the trail to make it safer for visitors. It's modeled after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps in the 1930s, and meant to last a century.

answer: The Trails Forever project to rehabilitate the Rainbow Falls Trail has reached halfway. The crews hope to finish the trail by November 2018. The stonework is rebuilt to a 100-year standard. Volunteers need to register one week in advance. There may be more volunteer opportunities before the weekday closures end in November. The project is funded by the Friends of the Smokies.

text: I added that they model it after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps.

refinement: The Trails Forever project to rehabilitate the Rainbow Falls Trail has reached halfway. The crews hope to finish the trail-which is modeled after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps in the 1930s-by November 2018. The stonework is rebuilt to a 100-year standard. Volunteers need to register one week in advance. There may be more volunteer opportunities before the weekday closures end in November. The project is funded by the Friends of the Smokies.

answer: Improvement work is ongoing to the Rainbow Falls Trail, which stretches for 6.7 miles within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Most of the damage has occurred within the first 2.7 miles from the trailhead. Hundreds of trees had to be cut down due to the fire that occurred last year. The trail sees less damage between the falls and the trailhead.

text: It's modeled after the work done by the Civil Conservation Corps in the 1930s, and meant to last a century.

refinement: Improvement work-which is modeled after that done by the Civil Conservation Corps in the 1930s-is ongoing to the Rainbow Falls Trail, which stretches for 6.7 miles within the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Most of the damage has occurred within the first 2.7 miles from the trailhead. Hundreds of trees had to be cut down due to the fire that occurred last year. The trail sees less damage between the falls and the trailhead.

answer: Workers and volunteers at the Great Smoky Mountains are working on a two year project to refab the Rainbow Falls Trail. The crews hope to finish the trail in November 2018, however it will look like the refab was done long ago. It is being done in the style of CCC. The paths are being done for a 100 year standard and will remain for a long time.


text:
The CREMINO is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy, composed by three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon or hazelnut paste.
Its typical shape is a cube and it's wrapped with aluminium paper, with a band which indicates the flavour.

This chocolate was created in the first half of the 19th century by Ferdinando Baratti, who owned with his associate Edoardo Milano a laboratory in Turin (called “Baratti & Milano”), where they produced liquors and sweets. However, the first official papers about the cremino are from 1934.

The Italian car manufacturer FIAT is linked to this chocolate because in 1911 they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, for publicising their new model Tipo 4. The contest was won by Majani from Bologna, the first Italian chocolate maker, born in 1796, who created a new cremino with 4 layers, instead of 3: dark ones with gianduja, while the other two with almond paste.

Nowadays, the main Italian producers of cremino are: Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti and Venchi.

Category:Chocolate Category:Cuisine of Piedmont Category:Culture in Turin

title: Cremino

question: What is cremino?

answer: Cremino is chocolate originally from Italy, composed of three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon, or hazelnut paste.

answer: Cremino is a chocolate composed of three layers, with the outer layers made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner layer can be made with coffee, lemon or hazelnut paste.

answer: Cremino is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy, composed by three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon or hazelnut paste.

text: I don't think the precise geographical origin of the cremino is necessary to answer what it is.

refinement: The Cremino is an Italian chocolate composed of three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon, or hazelnut paste.

answer: A chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy, composed by three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon or hazelnut paste.

text: The precise origin is probably not necessary to answer the question of what cremino is.

refinement: An Italian chocolate originally composed of three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon, or hazelnut paste.

question: Who created cremino?

answer: Ferdinando Baratti and Edoardo Milano.

text: Technically, the text says cremino was invented by Baratti, who co-owned a lab with Milano.

text: "This chocolate was created in the first half of the 19th century by Ferdinando Baratti, who owned with his associate Edoardo Milano..."

answer: Ferdinando Baratti and Edoardo Milano

text: Technically, the text says cremino was invented by Baratti, who co-owned a lab with Milano.

text: "This chocolate was created in the first half of the 19th century by Ferdinando Baratti, who owned with his associate Edoardo Milano..."

answer: The cremino was originally created by Ferdinando Baratti and Edoardo Milano.

text: Technically, the text says cremino was invented by Baratti, who co-owned a lab with Milano.

refinement: The cremino was originally created by Ferdinando Baratti.

text: "This chocolate was created in the first half of the 19th century by Ferdinando Baratti, who owned with his associate Edoardo Milano..."

answer: Ferdinando Baratti created cremino.

text: Repeating "created cremino" after the question already asks who created it seems redundant.

text: "This chocolate was created in the first half of the 19th century by Ferdinando Baratti..."

question: How is FIAT linked to Cremino?

answer: The Italian car manufacturer FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, which was won by Majani from Bologna, who created a new Cremino with 4 layers.

text: Saying "the Italian car manufacturer" in the answer seems excessive.

refinement: FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, which was won by Majani from Bologna, who created a new Cremino with 4 layers.

text: The answer doesn't mention the purpose of the contest, "publicizing their new model Tipo 4" which was the primary reason for the affiliation.

refinement: FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate to advertise their new Tipo 4 model, which was won by Majani from Bologna, who created a new Cremino with 4 layers.

text: A date would be helpful for contextualization.

refinement: In 1911 FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate to advertise their new Tipo 4 model, which was won by Majani from Bologna, who created a new Cremino with 4 layers.

text: "The Italian car manufacturer FIAT is linked to this chocolate because in 1911 they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, for publicising their new model Tipo 4. The contest was won by Majani from Bologna, the first Italian chocolate maker, born in 1796, who created a new cremino with 4 layers..."

answer: in 1911, FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create new chocolate, for publicizing their new model Tipo 4, and a new Cremino with 4 layers won.

text: The first word of the sentence should be capitalized.

refinement: In 1911, FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create new chocolate, for publicizing their new model Tipo 4, and a new Cremino with 4 layers won.

text: "for publicizing" is not factually incorrect but grammatically the progressive tense is unnecessary.

refinement: In 1911, FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create new chocolate to publicize their new model Tipo 4, and a new Cremino with 4 layers won.

text: "The Italian car manufacturer FIAT is linked to this chocolate because in 1911 they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, for publicising their new model Tipo 4. The contest was won by Majani from Bologna, the first Italian chocolate maker, born in 1796, who created a new cremino with 4 layers..."

answer: The Italian car manufacturer FIAT is linked to this chocolate because in 1911 they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, for publicising their new model Tipo 4.

text: Fiat doesn't need an introduction to answer this question.

refinement: FIAT is linked to this chocolate because in 1911 they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, for publicising their new model Tipo 4.

text: The progressive tense, "for publicising," is grammatically awkward.

refinement: FIAT is linked to this chocolate because in 1911 they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate to publicize their new model Tipo 4.

text: This answer leaves out why Fiat is linked specifically to Cremino.

refinement: FIAT is linked to this chocolate because in 1911 they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate to publicize their new model Tipo 4. A 4-layer cremino won the contest.

text: "The Italian car manufacturer FIAT is linked to this chocolate because in 1911 they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, for publicising their new model Tipo 4."

answer: In 1911, FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, for publicising their new model Tipo 4. The contest was won by Majani from Bologna, the first Italian chocolate maker, born in 1796, who created a new cremino with 4 layers, instead of 3: dark ones with gianduja, while the other two with almond paste.

text: The progressive tense of "publicizing" is grammatically awkawrd.

refinement: In 1911, FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate to publicize their new model Tipo 4. The contest was won by Majani from Bologna, the first Italian chocolate maker, born in 1796, who created a new cremino with 4 layers, instead of 3: dark ones with gianduja, while the other two with almond paste.

text: Biographical details of Majani are unnecessary to answer this question. ..."from Bologna, the first Italian chocolate maker, born in 1796..."

refinement: In 1911, FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate to publicize their new model Tipo 4. The contest was won by Majani, who created a new cremino with 4 layers, instead of 3: dark ones with gianduja, while the other two with almond paste.

text: The contents of the new chocolate are probably unnecessary to answer this question. "...dark ones with gianduja, while the other two with almond paste."

refinement: In 1911, FIAT launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate to publicize their new model Tipo 4. The contest was won by Majani, who created a new cremino with 4 layers instead of 3.

question: Who are the main Italian producers of cremino?

answer: Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti and Venchi.

text: A comma after Pernigotti would be gramattically consistent.

refinement: Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti, and Venchi.

answer: Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, and Pernigotti are the main Italian producers of cremino.

text: The list leaves out Venchi.

refinement: Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti, and Venchi are the main Italian producers of cremino.

text: The repetition of "are the main Italian producers of cremino" is unnecessary since the question has already stated it.

refinement: Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti, and Venchi.

answer: The main Italian producers of cremino are Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti, and Venchi.

text: The repetition of "the main Italian producers of cremino" is unnecessary since the question has already stated it.

refinement: Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti, and Venchi.

answer: Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti, and Venchi.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Cremino is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy, composed by three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon or hazelnut paste.

text: This is not 3 sentences.

refinement: Cremino is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy, composed by three layers. It was created by Ferdinando Baratti of Baratti and Milano. The outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon or hazelnut paste.

text: "Composed by" is incorrect and should be "composed of" since it's not speaking of a process but of content/substance.

refinement: Cremino is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy, composed of three layers. It was created by Ferdinando Baratti of Baratti and Milano. The outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon or hazelnut paste.

text: There should be a comma after "lemon."

refinement: Cremino is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy, composed of three layers. It was created by Ferdinando Baratti of Baratti and Milano. The outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon, or hazelnut paste.

text: "The CREMINO is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy, composed by three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon or hazelnut paste."

answer: The Cremino is a traditional chocolate from Piedmont, Italy, made up of three layers - two with gianduja chocolate and one with a variety of fillings. It is often sold in cube-shaped pieces, wrapped in aluminium paper.

text: This is 2 sentences instead of 3.

refinement: The Cremino is a traditional chocolate from Piedmont, Italy. It was created by Ferdinando Baratti of Baratti and Milano in the 19th century. The Cremino is made up of three layers, two with gianduja chocolate and one with a variety of fillings, and is often sold in cube-shaped pieces that are wrapped in aluminium paper.

text:
"The CREMINO is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy, composed by three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon or hazelnut paste.
Its typical shape is a cube and it's wrapped with aluminium paper, with a band which indicates the flavour."

answer: The cremino is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy. It was created in the first half of the 19th century by Ferdinando Baratti. The Italian car manufacturer FIAT is linked to this chocolate because they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, for publicising their new model Tipo 4.

text: The progressive tense on "publicizing" is grammatically odd.

refinement: The cremino is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy. It was created in the first half of the 19th century by Ferdinando Baratti. The Italian car manufacturer FIAT is linked to this chocolate because they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate to publicize their new model Tipo 4.

text: The answer should clarify that a cremino won the Fiat contest. Otherwise, the mention of Fiat doesn't makes sense.

refinement: The cremino is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy. It was created in the first half of the 19th century by Ferdinando Baratti. The Italian car manufacturer FIAT is linked to this chocolate because they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate to publicize their new model Tipo 4, which a 4-layer cremino won.

text: "The Italian car manufacturer FIAT is linked to this chocolate because in 1911 they launched a contest for Italian chocolate makers to create a new chocolate, for publicising their new model Tipo 4."

text: "The CREMINO is a chocolate originally from Piedmont, in northern Italy.."

text: "This chocolate was created in the first half of the 19th century by Ferdinando Baratti..."

answer: Cremino is chocolate originally from Italy created in the first half of the 19th century. It is composed of three layers, the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon, or hazelnut paste. Nowadays, the main Italian producers of cremino are Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti, and Venchi.

text: A colon seems more appropriate before the list of cremino ingredients than a comma.

refinement: Cremino is chocolate originally from Italy created in the first half of the 19th century. It is composed of three layers: the outer layers are made with gianduja chocolate, while the inner one can be made with coffee, lemon, or hazelnut paste. Nowadays, the main Italian producers of cremino are Caffarel, Feletti, Majani, Pernigotti, and Venchi.


text:
The NORDISCHES INSTITUT (Scandinavian and Finno-Ugric studies) was an institute founded in 1917 by Greifswald University in Germany for the study of Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.[1]

[1] Carlquist, Gunnar (ed 1937): ''Svensk uppslagsbok"". Bd 20. Malmö: Svensk Uppslagsbok AB. sid. 65

title: Nordisches Institut

question: What is the Nordisches Institut?

answer: It was an institute founded in 1917 by Greifswald University in Germany for the study of Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.

answer: The Nordisches Institut is an institute founded in 1917 by Greifswald University in Germany for the study of Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.

answer: An academic institute.

text: Could be more specific

refinement: An academic institute founded in 1917 by Greifswald University in Germany for the study of Nordic culture and the relations between German and Nordic studies.

answer: The Nordisches Institut is a research institute dedicated to the study of Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.

question: What did one study there?

answer: Nordic cultures and relations between German and Nordic studies.

answer: Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.

answer: Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.

answer: The NORDISCHES INSTITUT was a place for the study of Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.

text: Fix capitalization

refinement: The Nordisches Institut was a place for the study of Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.

question: When was it founded?

answer: The Nordisches Institut was founded in 1917.

answer: The NORDISCHES INSTITUT was founded in 1917.

text: Fix capitalization

refinement: The Nordisches Institut was founded in 1917.

answer: 1917.

answer: 1917

question: Who or what founded it?

answer: The NORDISCHES INSTITUT was founded by Greifswald University.

text: Fix capitalization

refinement: The Nordisches Institut was founded by Greifswald University.

answer: Greifswald University

answer: The Greifswald University.

answer: Greifswald University.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The Nordisches Institut was a research institute founded in 1917 by Greifswald University in Germany, dedicated to the study of Nordic culture and German-Nordic relations.

text: "German-Nordic relations" sounds broader than "German and Nordic Studies"

refinement: The Nordisches Institut was a research institute founded in 1917 by Greifswald University in Germany, dedicated to the study of Nordic culture and the relations between German and Nordic Studies.

answer: The Nordisches Institut was an institute founded in 1917 by Greifswald University in Germany for the study of Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.

answer: The Nordisches Institut was an institute founded in 1917 by Greifswald University in Germany for the study of Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.

answer: The Nordisches Institut was an institute founded in 1917 by Greifswald University in Germany for the study of Nordic culture and relations between German and Nordic Studies.


text:
The Indian 25[INDIAN_PAISA_SYMBOL.SVG] coin, popularly called CHAWANNI is a former denomination of the Indian rupee. The 25 paisa coin is worth of a rupee (1 rupee = 100 paise).

Introduction and Demonetization

The 25 Paisa coin was introduced in 1957. Prior to this, the 25 paise coin was known as the “ rupee”, which was equivalent to 4 annas (1 rupee = 16 annas). On June 30, 2011, the 25 paisa and all lower denomination coins were officially demonetized.

Features

-   Ferritic Stainless Steel was used to mint the 25 paisa coin.[1]
-   The diameter of the coin is 19 mm.
-   Weight of the coin is 2.83 g.
-   In 1964-1983 the 25 paisa coin was minted in Copper-Nickel.

[1] https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/ic_coins_5.aspx#25

title: Indian 25-paisa coin

question: When was the 25 Paisa coin introduced?

answer: The 25 Paisa coin was introduced in 1957.

text: The 25 Paisa coin was introduced in 1957

answer: 1957

text: The 25 Paisa coin was introduced in 1957

answer: The 25 Paisa coin was introduced in 1957.

text: The 25 Paisa coin was introduced in 1957

answer: It was introduced in 1957.

text: The 25 Paisa coin was introduced in 1957

question: How much is one annas worth?

answer: One anna is worth 16 paise.

text: The answer is incorrect

refinement: One rupee was the equivalent of 16 annas

answer: One annas is worth 16 paise.

text: The answer is incorrect

answer: One annas is worth one-sixteenth of a rupee.

text: he 25 paise coin was known as the “ rupee”, which was equivalent to 4 annas (1 rupee = 16 annas).

answer: One anna is equivalent to 16 paise, which means that one 25 paisa coin is worth 1/16th of a rupee.

text: The answer is incorrect

refinement: One anna is equivalent to 16 paise, which means that one 25 paisa coin is worth 1/16th of a rupee.

question: When was the 25 paisa demonetized?

answer: The 25 paisa coin was demonetized on June 30, 2011.

text: On June 30, 2011, the 25 paisa and all lower denomination coins were officially demonetized.

answer: The 25 paisa coin was officially demonetized on June 30, 2011.

text: On June 30, 2011, the 25 paisa and all lower denomination coins were officially demonetized.

answer: June 30, 2011

text: On June 30, 2011, the 25 paisa and all lower denomination coins were officially demonetized.

answer: It was demonetized on June 30, 2011.

text: On June 30, 2011, the 25 paisa and all lower denomination coins were officially demonetized.

question: What material was the 25 paisa coin made from?

answer: Ferritic Stainless Steel

text: It was initially minted from Ferritic Stainless steel but it changed

refinement: Ferritic Stainless Steel but from 1964 to 1983 it was minted in copper-nickel

text: Ferritic Stainless Steel was used to mint the 25 paisa coin.

answer: Ferritic Stainless Steel

text: It was initially minted from Ferritic Stainless steel but it changed

refinement: Ferritic Stainless Steel but from 1964 to 1983 it was minted in copper-nickel

text: Ferritic Stainless Steel was used to mint the 25 paisa coin.

answer: It was minted with Ferritic Stainless Steel; however, from 1964-1983, the coin was minted in copper-nickel.

text: Ferritic Stainless Steel was used to mint the 25 paisa coin.

text: In 1964-1983 the 25 paisa coin was minted in Copper-Nickel.

answer: The 25 paisa coin was made from ferritic stainless steel.

text: It was initially minted from Ferritic Stainless steel but it changed

refinement: The 25 paisa coin was made from ferritic stainless steel. In 1964-1983 the 25 paisa coin was minted in Copper-Nickel.

text: Ferritic Stainless Steel was used to mint the 25 paisa coin

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: This article is about the 25 paisa coin, a former denomination of the Indian rupee. The 25 paisa coin was a quarter of a rupee.

text: The second sentence is incorrect

refinement: This article is about the 25 paisa coin, a former denomination of the Indian rupee. The 25 paisa coin was one-hundredth of a rupee.

answer: The Indian 25-paisa coin is a former denomination of the Indian rupee. The 25 paisa coin is worth of a rupee (1 rupee = 100 paise).

text: Although copied from the text, the second sentence contains a confusing error.

refinement: The Indian 25-paisa coin is a former denomination of the Indian rupee. The 25 paisa coin is worth one hundredth of a rupee (1 rupee = 100 paise).

answer: The Indian 25 paisa coin was once a denomination of the Indian rupee, but was demonetized in 2011. The coin is made of ferritic stainless steel and has a diameter of 19 mm. It weighs 2.83 g.

text: Change to past tense since it is no longer in circulation

refinement: The Indian 25 paisa coin was once a denomination of the Indian rupee but was demonetized in 2011. The coin was made of ferritic stainless steel and had a diameter of 19 mm. It weighed 2.83 g.

answer: The Indian 25 paisa coin, popularly called Chawanni, is a former denomination of the Indian rupee. It was introduced in 1957 and demonetized in 2011.