text:
[Scientists are trying to invent a blood test to diagnose cancer.]

 Andrew Lichtenstein/Getty Images

[Scientists are trying to invent a blood test to diagnose cancer.]

 Andrew Lichtenstein/Getty Images

Researchers say they have taken a step toward developing a blood test that would detect eight common cancers, possibly even before symptoms appear.

As they report Thursday in the journal _Science,_ they're hoping their idea would eventually lead to a $500 test that can screen for cancer and identify people with the disease when it's in its earliest stages and more treatable.

But they have a long way to go.

There have been many attempts over the decades to develop blood tests to screen for cancers. Some look for proteins in the blood that appear with cancer. Others more recently have focused on DNA from tumors. But these methods alone don't give reliable results.

So Nickolas Papadopoulos, a professor of oncology and pathology at the Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, collaborated with many colleagues at the medical school to develop a new approach. It combines two methods into one test.

Their experimental test, dubbed CancerSEEK, focuses on eight major cancers: lung, breast, colon, pancreas, liver, stomach, ovary and esophagus.

"We selected those eight cancers based on how frequent they are, also [because] a lot of them do not have any screening modality right now," Papadopoulos says.

The researchers looked at 1,005 people who had been diagnosed with these cancers. The blood test found signs of cancer in about 70 percent of them.

They also looked at 812 people without cancer diagnoses and found just seven of them — less than 1 percent — apparently had a false reading that found cancer. A low false-positive rate is critical for any test that could be used widely to screen people for cancer.

Of course, the ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in people who haven't already been diagnosed. And that percentage could well be lower than the 70 percent average. For example, the test was successful only about 40 percent of the time in the patients the researchers studied with the earliest stage 1 cancers.

Though 40 percent success would be far from ideal, "we still think this is a very important milestone in detecting cancers in asymptomatic people," Papadopoulos says. "That could save their life."

"I am incredibly excited by this new paper," says Joshua Schiffman, an oncologist and cancer researcher at the Huntsman Cancer Center at the University of Utah who was not involved in the study. "This is the paper that's going to set the field in motion."

But Schiffman points out that there are many issues to work out – even assuming the test proves reliable among people who have not been previously diagnosed with cancer. For instance, if the success rate is around 40 percent at detecting cancer, that means it misses cancers more often than it finds it.

"The thing we worry about quite often is ... if we have a test result that is negative we don't want to give false reassurance to the patient," he says. He is concerned that patients will think to themselves, "Even though I have this weird stomach pain that won't go away, I know it's not cancer. I'm not going to go to the doctor because the CancerSEEK test told me it was negative," Schiffman says. "And that would be a terrible thing."

Another problem is that the test results find signs of cancer, but often fail to pinpoint which part of the body is affected. "That's a tremendous problem that has to be overcome," he says.

"We've come about one step in a thousand-mile journey," says Vinay Prasad, an oncologist and cancer researcher at the Oregon Health and Science University who was not involved in the study.

First, he notes, the Hopkins team will need to demonstrate that the test will be useful in patients without symptoms. Then the researchers will need to show that the rate of false alarms remains very low, otherwise people will be sent on needless and expensive medical odysseys.

And for the test to be useful, "you've got to find cancer that's going to otherwise be lethal, and not cancer that would otherwise be destined to do nothing," Prasad says.

That's been a huge problem with previous cancer screening tests, especially for prostate cancer and breast cancer, and has led to pointless and potentially dangerous treatments, he says.

An effective screening test would hold lots of potential for cancer patients, Prasad says.

"We want this to be true, we hope that this is true, but we have learned through 30, 40, 50 years of cancer screening that we have to do the right studies at the outset to know that it's true," Prasad says.

The scientists at Hopkins have already launched their next study, which could involve tens of thousands of apparently healthy volunteers who are enrolled in the Geisinger Health Plan in Pennsylvania. Their experience will help answer the next big question, which is whether CancerSEEK will pick up cancer in people who don't have symptoms.

If that multiyear experiment succeeds, the researchers will still have to demonstrate that the test improves and extends the lives of cancer patients.

Papadopoulos is less concerned that the test could detect cancers that might not in fact benefit from treatment.

"In a personal level, I do want to know," he says. "That doesn't mean I have to go and have a surgery. However, I still think this is very useful information, knowing that something is happening and follow it up."

As for the cost of the test, Papadopoulos says the research team has tried hard to make it affordable. They're hoping to make it economical, so that each test could cost about $500. But he says Johns Hopkins holds the patent and has not licensed it as yet to a company that would ultimately set the price.

_You can contact Richard Harris:_ rharris@npr.org.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What have researchers invented?

answer: The researchers have invented a blood test that can detect eight common cancers.

text: The researches haven't invented the test yet, but have taken steps toward it. It's important to make this distinction.

refinement: The researchers are taking steps towards inventing a blood test that can detect eight common cancers.

answer: The researchers have invented a new blood test that is intended to help diagnose 8 common types of cancers.

text: The researches haven't invented the test yet, but have taken steps toward it. It's important to make this distinction.

refinement: The researchers are in the process of inventing a new blood test that is intended to help diagnose 8 common types of cancers.

answer: A blood test that detects eight common cancers.

text: The researches haven't invented the test yet, but have taken steps toward it. It's important to make this distinction.

refinement: They're in the process of inventing a blood test that detects eight common cancers.

answer: A blood test to detect cancer.

text: The researches haven't invented the test yet, but have taken steps toward it. It's important to make this distinction.

refinement: They're in the process of inventing a  blood test to detect cancer.

text: It's omitted that the test would detect eight common types of cancer.

refinement: They're in the process of inventing a  blood test to detect eight common types cancer.

answer: A blood test that may be able to diagnose eight common cancers.

text: The researches haven't invented the test yet, but have taken steps toward it. It's important to make this distinction.

refinement: They are in the process of inventing a blood test that may be able to diagnose eight common cancers.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the goal the doctors are working for?

answer: They are working to develop a blood test to detect eight common cancers before symptoms are apparent.

text: This is true, but it's stated that "the ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in people who haven't already been diagnosed".

refinement: They are working to develop a blood test to detect eight common cancers before symptoms are apparent with the ultimate goal of finding cancer in people who haven't already been diagnosed.

answer: A way to detect cancer in its early stages.

text: This is true, but it's stated that "the ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in people who haven't already been diagnosed".

refinement: A way to detect cancer in its early stages, but the ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in people who haven't already been diagnosed.

answer: The doctors are working to develop a blood test that would detect eight common cancers. Their goal is to create a reliable test that would screen for cancer in its earliest, most treatable stages.

text: This is true, but it's stated that "the ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in people who haven't already been diagnosed".

refinement: The doctors are working to develop a blood test that would detect eight common cancers. Their goal is to create a reliable test that would screen for cancer in its earliest, most treatable stages. The ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in people who haven't already been diagnosed.

answer: The doctors are trying to develop a blood test that would identify cancer in its earliest stages, so that treatments would be more effective and outcomes better for patients.

text: This is true, but it's stated that "the ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in people who haven't already been diagnosed".

refinement: The doctors are trying to develop a blood test that would identify cancer in its earliest stages, so that treatments would be more effective and outcomes better for patients. The ultimate goal is to find cancer in those who haven't been diagnosed already.

answer: To find cancer in people who don't have symptoms.

text: This is true, but it's stated that "the ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in people who haven't already been diagnosed".

refinement: To find cancer in people who don't have symptoms The ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in those who haven't already been diagnosed.

text: It's omitted that the goal is also to create a blood test to detect eight common cancers.

refinement: To make a blood test to detect eight common cancers, which would even include people who don't have symptoms The ultimate goal of this test is to find cancer in those who haven't already been diagnosed.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How close is the test to being truly effective?

answer: There is still a long way to go before researchers can say that the test is truly effective. The test has shown a success rate of around 70 percent in people who already have been diagnosed with cancer, but it has yet to prove effective with people who do not already have symptoms. Moreover, even if the test succeeds in its next round of research, it will need to be shown to improve and extend the lives of cancer patients before it can be deemed truly effective.

text: Everything past the first sentence is unnecessary, but it isn't irrelevant.

refinement: There is still a long way to go before researchers can say that the test is truly effective. The test has shown a success rate of around 70 percent in people who already have been diagnosed with cancer, but it has yet to prove effective with people who do not already have symptoms. Moreover, even if the test succeeds in its next round of research, it will need to be shown to improve and extend the lives of cancer patients before it can be deemed truly effective.

answer: It is just the beginning of a very long journey to effectiveness.

text: "'We've come about one step in a thousand-mile journey.'"

answer: It appears that the research team hasn't even touched on some crucial and essential issues, but once they are addressed by the team, the possibilities would be awesome as patients no longer have to wait until symptoms develop to initiate treatment.

text: This doesn't answer the question despite being true. The article states that they have only come one step in a thousand mile journey.

refinement: The article states that they have only come one step in a thousand mile journey.

answer: The experimental test has shown promise in detecting cancer, but there are many issues to work out before it can be truly effective. Areas of concern include the low success rate and the difficulty pinpointing which part of the body is affected. The researchers will need to demonstrate further that the test will improve and extend the lives of cancer patients before it can be used widely. The ultimate goal is to make the test economical so that each test could cost about $500.

text: Everything but the first sentence is irrelevant and not needed to answer the question.

refinement: The experimental test has shown promise in detecting cancer, but there are many issues to work out before it can be truly effective.

text: The article states that they have only come one step in a thousand mile journey.

refinement: The experimental test has shown promise in detecting cancer, but there are many issues to work out before it can be truly effective. They have only come one step in a thousand mile journey.

answer: That information is not known in the article.

text: The information is given in the text. This is misleading. "'We've come about one step in a thousand-mile journey.'"

refinement: They have only come one step in what is described as a "thousand-mile journey".

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How many people did the researchers look at who had been diagnosed with cancers?

answer: 1,005 people had been diagnosed with eight common cancers.

answer: 1,005.

answer: 1,005 people.

answer: 1,005

answer: The study analyzed 1,005 people who had been diagnosed with eight common cancers.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Researchers are attempting to develop a blood test that could diagnose eight common cancers before symptoms appear. There is still significant work left to be done before the efficacy and practicality of this test is established.

text: For further accuracy, past tense and "at the time of this article" should be used.

refinement: At the time of this article researchers were attempting to develop a blood test that could diagnose eight common cancers before symptoms appear. There was still significant work left to be done before the efficacy and practicality of this test would be established.

answer: Attempts have been made over the decades to develop methods to screen for cancers. Researchers at Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center and other colleagues are examining a new, improved blood test to check for eight kinds of cancer.

text: "Developing" would be more accurate than "examining".

refinement: Attempts have been made over the decades to develop methods to screen for cancers. Researchers at Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center and other colleagues are developing a new, improved blood test to check for eight kinds of cancer.

text: It would be more important to mention how this is only one step in a long journey instead of the first sentence.

refinement: Researchers at Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center and other colleagues are developing a new, improved blood test to check for eight kinds of cancer. Despite these advances, it is only one step in a very long journey.

text: For further accuracy, past tense and "at the time of this article" should be used.

refinement: At the time of this article, researchers at Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center and other colleagues were developing a new, improved blood test to check for eight kinds of cancer. Despite these advances, it was only one step in a very long journey.

answer: The article discusses a new blood test that screens for eight different kinds of cancer, called CancerSEEK. It discusses how much work researchers put into the test and how far they still have to go, and the difficulty of producing cancer screening that can detect the disease in its early stages.

text: For further accuracy, past tense should be used.

refinement: The article discusses when a new blood test that screens for eight different kinds of cancer, called CancerSEEK, was being developed. It discusses how much work researchers put into the test and how far they would still have to go, and the difficulty of producing cancer screening that can detect the disease in its early stages.

answer: Researchers are working to develop a blood test that would be able to detect eight common cancers. Although still in early development, the test had a success rate of 70% among patients with cancer, and less than 1% of non-cancer patients had a false diagnosis. There are still many problems to work out, but this prototype blood test shows promise for detecting cancer earlier and could save lives.

text: This summary calls for two sentences, not three. The second sentence is the least important of the three and could be deleted.

refinement: Researchers are working to develop a blood test that would be able to detect eight common cancers. There are still many problems to work out, but this prototype blood test shows promise for detecting cancer earlier and could save lives.

text: It would be more accurate to use past tense and "at the time of the article".

refinement: At the time of the article, researchers were working to develop a blood test that would be able to detect eight common cancers. There were still many problems to work out, but this prototype blood test showed promise for detecting cancer earlier and could save lives.

answer: The article discusses the scientific effort to develop a blood test that can diagnose a variety of cancers. It also discusses how the current progress of this idea.

text: Specify that the cancers are eight common ones and how there's hopes the test will discover the diseases in early stages.

refinement: The article discusses the scientific effort to develop a blood test that can diagnose eight common cancers in their early stages. It also discusses how the current progress of this idea.

text: The second sentence is underdeveloped and hard to understand. Rewrite it by mentioning that there has been lots of progress, but the journey ahead is still a long one.

refinement: The article discusses the scientific effort to develop a blood test that can diagnose eight common cancers in their early stages. there has been lots of progress, but the journey ahead is still a long one.

text: For better accuracy, use past tense.

refinement: The article discusses when there was scientific effort in developing a blood test that could diagnose eight common cancers in their early stages. There had been lots of progress, but the journey ahead would still be a long one.


split: train

text:
SCOTT COUNTY COURTHOUSE is a historic courthouse located at Benton, Scott County, Missouri. It was designed by architect Henry H. Hohenschild and built in 1912. It is a reinforced concrete Beaux Arts style building sheathed in brick. It has a “T”-plan consisting of a three-story, five bay, central block with two-story wings. Three bays of the central block are recessed behind colossal Ionic order columns that support a dentiled entablature. It features terra cotta and cast stone ornamentation.[1][2]

It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.[3]

[1]  (includes 11 photographs from 2003)

[2]

[3]

title: Scott County Courthouse (Missouri)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Where is the Scott County Courthouse located?

answer: At Benton, Scott County, Missouri.

answer: It is located in Benton, Scott County, Missouri.

answer: The article does not directly answer the question, but its location is indicated to be Benton, Scott County, Missouri.

text: Contrary to what the answer says, the article did answer the question.

answer: The Scott County Courthouse is located in Benton, Scott County, Missouri.

answer: The Scott County Courthouse is located in Benton, Scott County, Missouri.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who designed the Scott County Courthouse?

answer: The courthouse was designed by architect, Henry H. Hohenschild.

answer: The courthouse was designed by architect Henry H. Hohenschild.

answer: The courthouse was designed by architect Henry H. Hohenschild.

answer: The courthouse was designed by architect Henry H. Hohenschild.

answer: The courthouse was designed by architect, Henry H. Hohenschild.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What significant milestone did the Scott County Courthouse achieve in 2004?

answer: In 2004, the courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

answer: The Scott County Courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

answer: It was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

answer: The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in that year.

answer: The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How would you describe the infrastructure of the courthouse?

answer: The infrastructure of the courthouse can be described as a three-story, five bay, central block with two-story wings.

answer: The courthouse is a reinforced concrete Beaux Arts style building with colossal Ionic order columns.

text: The answer does not cover enough infrastructural details.

refinement: The courthouse is a reinforced concrete Beaux Arts style building with a three-story, five bay, central block with two-story wings.

answer: It has "T"-plan consisting of a three-story, five bay, central block with two-story wings.

answer: A reinforced concrete Beaux Arts style building sheathed in brick with three bays of the central block recessed behind colossal Ionic order columns that support a dentiled entablature.

text: The answer could use a bit more detail on the infrastructure.

refinement: A reinforced concrete Beaux Arts style building sheathed in brick with a five bay, central block with two-story wings and three bays of the central block which are recessed behind three bays of the central block recessed behind colossal Ionic order columns that support a dentiled entablature.

answer: The courthouse is a reinforced concrete Beaux Arts style building.

text: The answer could use more detail.

refinement: The courthouse is a reinforced concrete Beaux Arts style building with a five bay, central block with two-story wings and three bays of the central block which are recessed behind three bays of the central block recessed behind colossal Ionic order columns.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This article includes a brief description of the Scott County Courthouse.

answer: A summary of the Scott County Courthouse (Missouri).

text: The answer is not clear and is light on details about the courthouse.

refinement: A summary of the Scott County Courthouse (Missouri), who built it, its infrastructure details and its induction into the National Register of Historic places in 2004.

answer: The Scott County Courthouse is a Beaux Arts style building in Benton, Missouri, built in 1912. It features concrete construction and Classical ornamentation. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.

answer: The Scott County Courthouse is a Beaux Arts style building in Benton, Missouri. The building contains Ionic order columns and terra cotta and cast stone ornamentation. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

answer: The Scott County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located in Holt, Scott County, Missouri.

text: The courthouse is not located in Holt.

refinement: The Scott County Courthouse is a historic courthouse located in Benson, Scott County, Missouri.


text:
The JERRY E. DICKERMAN HOUSE is an historic house at 36 Field Avenue in the city of Newport, Vermont. Built about 1875 for a prominent local lawyer and customs collector, it is a prominent regional example of residential Second Empire architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.[1]

Description and history

The Jerry E. Dickerman House is located in downtown Newport, just north of the Goodrich Memorial Library on the east side of Field Avenue. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a clapboarded exterior and dormered mansard roof, which provides a full third floor. The main facade is three bays wide, with the outer bays housing projecting polygonal window bays with bracketed roofs at each level. The central bay projects slightly, and is capped by a larger facade dormer with a bellcast roof outline surrounding a round-arch balcony door opening. The main entrance is at the ground level of this bay, sheltered by a porch with bracketed posts. The interior of the main section of the house retains much of its original woodwork, despite a mid-20th century conversion to apartments.[2]

The house was built about 1875, and was originally set facing Main Street, which was then lined by similarly fashionable houses of the community's upper class. It was moved to its present location about 1930 to make room for a commercial building, and was converted into apartments in the 1940s or 1950s. Maps of the period show about half a dozen or so Second Empire houses, of which only two are known to survive.[3]

[1]

[2]  with

[3]

title: Jerry E. Dickerman House

question: What is the address of the Jerry E. Dickerman House?

answer: 36 Field Avenue

text: Important to include city and state.

text: "The JERRY E. DICKERMAN HOUSE is an historic house at 36 Field Avenue in the city of Newport, Vermont."

answer: 36 Field Avenue, Newport, Vermont

answer: 36 Field Avenue.

text: Important to include city and state.

text: "The JERRY E. DICKERMAN HOUSE is an historic house at 36 Field Avenue in the city of Newport, Vermont."

answer: The Jerry E. Dickerman House is located at 36 Field Avenue in Newport, Vermont.

question: In which state is it located?

answer: The house is located in Vermont.

answer: Vermont.

answer: The Jerry E. Dickerman House is located in Vermont.

answer: Vermont.

question: What kind of roof does it have?

answer: A dormered mansard roof.

answer: The Jerry E. Dickerman House has a mansard roof.

text: The full name of the roof from the passage is "dormered mansard roof"

refinement: The Jerry E. Dickerman House has a dormered mansard roof.

answer: A dormered mansard roof.

answer: The Jerry E. Dickerman House has a mansard roof.

text: The full name of the roof from the passage is "dormered mansard roof".

refinement: The Jerry E. Dickerman House has a dormered mansard roof.

question: What year was it built?

answer: The house was built about 1875.

answer: 1875.

answer: 1875.

answer: The Jerry E. Dickerman House was built around 1875.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The Jerry E. Dickerman House is an historic house in Newport, Vermont. It was built in 1875 for a prominent local lawyer and customs collector. It is a prominent regional example of residential Second Empire architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

answer: The Jerry E. Dickerman House is an historic house in Newport, Vermont. It was built about 1875 for a prominent local lawyer and customs collector, and is a prominent regional example of residential Second Empire architecture.

answer: The Jerry E. Dickerman House is a historic house in Vermont. It was built in about 1875. It has moved locations once in the 1930s, and was converted into apartments in the 1940s or the 1950s. It is what is known as a "Second Empire house", of which only two are known to survive.

answer: The Jerry E. Dickerman House is a Second Empire-style house built in the late 19th century. It was originally located on Main Street, but was moved in the 1930s to make way for a commercial building. It was converted into apartments in the 1940s or 1950s, and is now a prominent example of residential architecture in Newport, Vermont.


text:
[Antonín Hudeček (1910s)] ANTONÍN HUDEČEK (14 January 1872, Ředhošť, near Mšené-lázně – 11 August 1941, Častolovice) was a Czech landscape painter.

Biography

After completing his primary education in Roudnice, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Prague, with Maximilian Pirner and Václav Brožík; devoting himself mostly to figure painting. From 1891 to 1893, he continued his studies in Munich with Otto Seitz. He opened a workshop in Prague in 1895.[1]

Shortly after, he joined a group of painters, led by Julius Mařák, that went for plein aire painting excursions; mostly in the area around Okoř. In 1898, he held his first major exhibition at the Mánes Union of Fine Arts, followed by a showing in Vienna in 1900.[2] He made a lengthy trip to Italy and Sicily with Jan Preisler in 1902, returning to Prague by way of Cologne.

After 1909, he worked in the areas near Police nad Metují and paid several visits to Rügen. From 1920, he was a regular visitor to Banská Bystrica in the Tatras. In 1927, he settled in the village of Častolovice, where he lived until his death. He was named a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1930, and received their award for lifetime achievement.[3] The following year, he and his son, Jiří (1910-1971), an aspiring artist, made an extended stay in Venice.

Selected paintings

File:Antonín Hudecek Blick auf die Burg Okor c1900.jpg|View of Okoř File:Antonin Hudecek Im Waldesinneren.jpg|Heart of the Forest

File:Antonin Hudecek Blühender Apfelbaum.jpg|Blossoming Apple Tree

[1] Brief biography @ the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

[2]

[3]

title: Antonín Hudeček

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

When was Hudecek born?

answer: January 14, 1872

answer: January 14, 1872.

answer: 14 January 1872.

answer: Antonín Hudeček was born on 14 January 1872.

answer: January 14, 1872

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Where did Hudecek open his workshop?

answer: Hudecek opened his workshop in Prague

text: Period is missing.

answer: Hudecek opened his workshop in Prague.

answer: Hudecek opened his workshop in Prague.

answer: Prague

answer: In Prague.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Where did Hudecek settle in 1927?

answer: He settled in the village of Častolovice.

answer: Catziolovice.

answer: Hudecek settled in the village of Častolovice.

answer: Hudecek settled in the town of Častolovice.

answer: Castolovice

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who was Hudecek's son?

answer: Hudeček's son is Jiří.

answer: Jiri

answer: Hudecek's son was Jiří.

answer: Jiri

answer: Jiří Hudecek was Antonín Hudecek's son.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter active from 1870 to 1941. Selected paintings from Hudeček can be seen in this article.

text: Hudeček was born in 1872, so it is impossible that he became an active painter in 1870.

refinement: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter born in 1872. Selected paintings from Hudeček can be seen in this article.

answer: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter who studied with Otto Seitz in Munich in the 1890s. His works mostly depict areas around Okoř and the Tatras. He was named a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1930 and received their award for lifetime achievement.

text: Antonín did not just work around Okoř and the Tatras. There were also other places, such as the areas near Police nad Metují and Rügen.

refinement: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter who studied with Otto Seitz in Munich in the 1890s. Some of his works depict areas around Okoř and the Tatras. He was named a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1930 and received their award for lifetime achievement.

answer: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter. He lived between 1872 and 1941.

answer: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter who produced his work primarily in the early 1900s. He studied with Pirner and Seitz and worked prolifically. His pictures ranged from views of Okoř to blossoming apple trees in the forest. He was named to the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1930 and died in 1941.

text: It is not clearly stated in the last sentence that Antonín was a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

refinement: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter who produced his work primarily in the early 1900s. He studied with Pirner and Seitz and worked prolifically. His pictures ranged from views of Okoř to blossoming apple trees in the forest. He was named a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1930 and died in 1941.

text: The more appropriate term is "paintings," not "pictures."

refinement: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter who produced his work primarily in the early 1900s. He studied with Pirner and Seitz and worked prolifically. His paintings ranged from views of Okoř to blossoming apple trees in the forest. He was named a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1930 and died in 1941.

text: The article did not specify that the apple trees he painted are in the forest.

refinement: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter who produced his work primarily in the early 1900s. He studied with Pirner and Seitz and worked prolifically. His paintings ranged from views of Okoř to blossoming apple trees. He was named a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1930 and died in 1941.

text: "He studied with Pirner and Seitz and worked prolifically" is extraneous detail and may be removed.

refinement: Antonín Hudeček was a Czech landscape painter who produced his work primarily in the early 1900s. His paintings ranged from views of Okoř to blossoming apple trees. He was named a member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1930 and died in 1941.

answer: Antonin Hudecek was a Czech landscape painter. He was born in 1872, set up a workshop in Prague in 1895, settled in Castolovice in 1927, and died in 1941.


text:
Did you know you are a mere speck of sand on the vast beach of which is the world? A sliver of the smallest piece to the largest pie, one…, one out of 7.3 billion. This is the story of Eddy, which may seem like nothing at the beginning, but as like you, he is another one of those specks that makes up the beautiful beach the water washes up on, another sliver of the smallest piece which completes the largest pie, and another one out of that seven so billion that effect this thing we live on called Earth.

I been scared and battered.
My hopes the wind done scattered.
Snow has friz me,
Sun has baked me,

Looks like between 'em they done
Tried to make me

Stop laughin', stop lovin', stop livin'--
But I don't care!
I'm still here!

On a cold November morning Eddy is woken up by the yells of his parents, “Get Out” he hears as he lays awake in his bed, not sure whats going on, although the sounds of his parents screaming at each other isn't a sound new to his ears, today seems different. Being only four Eddy stays in bed as its scary to have your parents argue and it makes him upset so he lays in bed, scared as to what's going on, staring across the room at his toy chest and toy car carpet, in the hopes that and staring at these toys will be a long enough of a distraction hoping that soon it will stop. A knock on the door followed by more shouts and footsteps up the first floor stairs come moments later, Eddy’s pretends to be asleep as he hears his mother come to the door, the knob twists and she wakes him up. “Daddys leaving” she say’s as she's walking away. Confused as to why and with all the chaos going on, stumbling out of his car bed down out of his bedroom door Eddy sees a policeman with Daddy at the door. “Say goodbye little fella” the officer mutters from the bottom of the steps as he begins to escort his father out the door. Eddy in a state of shock to see his father with tears in his eyes, with a policeman not knowing what's going on, not knowing why daddy was with a policeman, only bad guys are supposed to be with policeman. He hears his father say “I love you son” as he walks out the door with a bag in his hand. Eddy runs down the stairs forgetting about the railing, almost tripping on every single step and rushes outside in his dinosaur pajamas with no shoes and snow on the ground. He see’s the policeman back out first but doesn't see his father anywhere in the car. He turns on the porch to see his father backing out of the snow covered driveway, while the neighbors look out their windows. Eddy clenches his blanket in his hand and escapes the grasp of his mother , and into the snow he ventured, running after his father in the driveway screaming “ Daddy why are you going, daddy don't leave, please daddy i love you im sorry” He stared at his father’s car as he began to head down the street, trying to stretch to gain every millimeter he could out of his kneecaps in order to pear over the city snowbanks while making his way onto the porch again. When Eddy got to the porch it was too late, he was only able to catch the smoke from the muffler of the car, it was as if everything in the world had lined up at that single moment, to make the light green,that was the last Eddy would see of his father for over a year. Confused and in fear, Eddy was grabbed inside by his mother, who unbeknownst to him was telling him the entire duration of the chaos to get inside the house. This was followed by a breakfast of cereal and cartoons as if nothing was wrong, as if nothing had changed, as if it was a normal day.

This is just the first bit i've written any comments/ feedback/ suggestions would be extremely helpful- Mind you this entire piece is un edited etc so far.

title: [RF] Eddy- Non Edit

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about why Eddy thought only bad guys were supposed to be with police officers?

answer: Eddy hears his parents arguing on that morning and sees his daddy taken by the police, which he finds scary and strange, thinking his dad did something bad to warrant the police taking him away. He sees and hears the officer say " Say goodbye little fella" but Eddy does not know what it means and he therefore thinks it translates as bad guys' farewell.

text: The story doesn't answer that question. This answer is unattested.

answer: Eddy believed that police officers are only associated with bad guys because he had never considered any other possibility. He believed this because he had witnessed his father being escorted out of their house by a police officer without explanation and had been subsequently told only that his father was leaving. Eddy had no understanding of the wider circumstances or possible explanations for why this was happening. For the purpose of this story, Eddy believed that the only reason people associated with police officers were bad because he has no other frame of reference.

answer: Eddy thought that only bad guys were supposed to be with police officers because his father was being escorted out of their home by a police officer one morning when he was four years old. He heard his father say "I love you son" before being taken away and from that moment on he associated police officers with being bad. Eddy was scared and confused by the chaos even though his mother tried to wrap up the events hurtfully into a normal breakfast. This event made Eddy afraid of police officers for the rest of his life.

answer: Eddy was not used to seeing police officers come knocking on their door. However, one of them came calling for his father on this particular morning, and his mother had to call him to inform him his father was leaving. Seeing his father with a police officer frightened and bothered him, and no explanation was given to him by either of the adults in the house as to why the officer was there in the first place to take his father away. He believed that whenever a person is with a police officer, he or she might be a bad person. This notion might be because he may have seen officers arrest people. Furthermore, when Eddy's father bade him goodbye, the reality of his dad leaving him further exasperated him.

answer: No answer


text:
On desolate hill above a small town there stands a house. It is old and disheveled, with shingles missing from the roof, and the white paint is faded. As one approaches the house, they must first walk up a paved stoned path, made of river-rock taken from a small creek several miles west. The path is not completely even, though it is even enough to not cause trouble for the inhabitant of the house. There is no road connection to the small, lonely building, as the owner never cared for the hustle and bustle of the post-war society. No, he preferred instead to use the legs his maker had given him, taking a pleasant half-mile or so walk down to the town below.

Once one is on the stone path, and at the top of the hill, they come across a waist high dry stone wall, with a plain brown picket fence style gate. Past the gate, there is a space for a large garden, one that has not existed for some time. Now all that remains is a jungle of dandelions and chickweed and clovers. In the tangle of green lie patches of yellow celandine and white daisies. Slow worms can be seen slithering in the high grass, though they keep to themselves.

Once one is through the garden, one will find themselves at the front door of the house. Upon rapping on the door with a small brass knocker, one will find themselves facing an old man wearing a tan woolen sweater with gray tweed pants and jacket. He is hunched over slightly, and in his left hand is a dark-stained birch derby cane. He smiles warmly, crooked, yellow teeth visible. He has thin, wire-framed glasses over his kind blue eyes. His name is Thomas Evans, and this is the story of his end.

* * *

It was a warm summer's afternoon when it happened. The sun was nearing the end of its arc through the sky, as Apollo prepared to end his day of labour. Warblers and larks could be heard chirping away happily, minding their own business. In his house, Thomas Evans is making tea. He takes his pot of boiling water off of the stove, and begins to pour it into a small teacup. A sharp pain in the chest strikes Thomas, and he sets the pot down. He stands there, doubled over in his kitchen, clutching his chest. Then, there comes a series of raps at the door.

Thud.

Thud.

Thud.

Still hunched over, Thomas makes his way over to the front door, opening it. As he did, all of the lights in his house went out, like the flame of a candle blown out at night. At his door is a tall, skinny man dressed in an all black suit. His skin is pale, and the only color he has is a single red rose in the breast pocket of his jacket. He carries a candle lantern in one hand, and in the other he holds a black pocket-watch inlaid with gold in the shape of skull. On his shoulder is perched a jet-black raven, which calmly stares at Thomas.

“Who are you?”

“I am Michael.”

“How can I help you Michael?”

Michael grins, “Oh Thomas Evans, I am not here for your help. I am here to help you. Come, let us walk together.”

Thomas trusted this stranger, though he did not know why. He felt as if Michael was a good person, and that he meant no ill will. Closing his door, Thomas followed Michael into his garden, through the brown picket-fence like gate, and down the paved stone road. The trail made its way into a small wood that bordered the town below Thomas' house. They were about halfway down the trail when Michael turned onto a dirt path, one that Thomas had never seen before. But he followed the man in black anyway. There was just something about the man, something that compelled Thomas to follow him.

Finally, after many twists and turns, they came to a large stone wall at the wood's edge. The wall was of the same dry stone that he had at his home, though it was several heads taller than he. In the center of the wall was a large iron gate, which Michael opened. Beyond the gate was the blinding light of the sun. It was so bright that Thomas could not see beyond the wall. Michael gestured for him to continue. Bowing his head slightly, he thanked Michael, stepping into the light.

* * *

Several days later, when people in the town noticed that Thomas had not been down for a good while, a constable was dispatched to check on him. They found him lying on his kitchen floor, teapot fallen, its contents strewn over the floor. They tore down his home, replacing it with a cemetery, where they buried him. While they built a new road to service it, the city kept the old stone road. More often than not, you can still see the people of the town walking up the weathered stone road to visit the cemetery to this day, bringing flowers for the departed.

title: [MF] The Old Man on the Hill

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the old man on the hill?

answer: The old man on the hill was a rather solitary individual who preferred to walk to town instead of using the road. He had an unfortunate and sudden heart attack and died, though he was escorted to the afterlife by a mysterious man in all black. After his death, people in the town began making the trek up the old stone road to visit his grave, remembering him fondly.

text: "Walk to town instead of using the road" is a confusing statement since one can walk on a road. The old man's house didn't have a road connection for cars since he liked to walk.

refinement: The old man on the hill was a rather solitary individual who preferred to walk to town. He had an unfortunate and sudden heart attack and died, though he was escorted to the afterlife by a mysterious man in all black. After his death, people in the town began making the trek up the old stone road to visit his grave, remembering him fondly.

text: The answer should mention the old man's name.

refinement: The old man on the hill was a rather solitary individual who preferred to walk to town. His name was Thomas Evans. He had an unfortunate and sudden heart attack and died, though he was escorted to the afterlife by a mysterious man in all black. After his death, people in the town began making the trek up the old stone road to visit his grave, remembering him fondly.

answer: On top of a hill lives an old man who wears a tan woolen sweater with gray tweed pants and a jacket. He is hunched over slightly, and in his left hand is a dark-stained birch derby cane. His name is Thomas Evans. A man named Michael knocks on his door and he opens it. He follows Michael who leads him into heaven.

text: The answer should mention that the townspeople liked the old man, and they remembered him fondly after his passing.

refinement: On top of a hill lives an old man who wears a tan woolen sweater with gray tweed pants and a jacket. He is hunched over slightly, and in his left hand is a dark-stained birch derby cane. His name is Thomas Evans. A man named Michael knocks on his door and he opens it. He follows Michael who leads him into heaven. The townspeople remember him fondly after his passing.

answer: One starts off by walking up a country made of river-rock from a small hill. Then, there is a gate that leads to the garden, where weeds and flowers lay. Just before entering one can see an old man waiting for them at the front door. Thomas Evans seems oddly familiar with the man, as if he is an acquaintance.

text: The entire answer is misleading with a few details taken from the story. It should be re-written.

refinement: The old man, Thomas Evans, lives in an old house with shingles missing from the roof, the white paint faded. There's a stone path leading to his house, which is OK with him because he prefers to walk to the town. He dies of a heart attack, and Michael accompanies him to Heaven. The townspeople remember him fondly after his death and visit his grave.

answer: The hills are west of a small town. The old man lives on it alone, and he cherishes his privacy. The man's hous and gardens are nice and clean. The house is a place with a troubling history. The owner died on a warm summer's afternoon, after walking through his garden to get to his home.

answer: The story depicts the old man on the hill as kindly, though lonely. The old man is also trusting, allowing a stranger into his home and down the path to the bright light beyond the wall.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the hill?

answer: An old man lives in an isolated house on the hill. His name is Thomas Evans. This is the story of how he died.

text: The story is Evans' death, but that's irrelevant to the question.

refinement: An old man lives in an isolated house on the hill. His name is Thomas Evans.

text: The answer omits lots of details about the hill. There wasn't any road to the hill when Evans was alive, only a stone path because he liked to walk. A road was laid nearby after his death, and people visited the hill where Evans' grave is, remembering him fondly.

refinement: An old man lives in an isolated house on the hill. His name is Thomas Evans. There wasn't any road to the hill when Evans was alive, only a stone path because he liked to walk. A road was laid nearby after his death, and people visited the hill where Evans' grave is, remembering him fondly.

text: Since the story takes place after the death of Thomas Evans, it's more appropriate to use past tense in the first two sentences.

refinement: An old man lived in an isolated house on the hill. His name was Thomas Evans. There wasn't any road to the hill when Evans was alive, only a stone path because he liked to walk. A road was laid nearby after his death, and people visited the hill where Evans' grave is, remembering him fondly.

answer: The hill is a desolate and lonely place, standing empty on the outskirts of a small town. The house is rundown and unimpressive, but the path itself is even and inviting. Beyond the garden, there is a gate that leads to the blinding light of the sun.

text: The entire answer is made up or misleading. It should be re-written.

refinement: An old man lived in an isolated house on the hill. His name was Thomas Evans. There wasn't any road to the hill when Evans was alive, only a stone path because he liked to walk. A road was laid nearby after his death, and people visited the hill where Evans' grave is, remembering him fondly.

answer: The hill is totally isolated from the surrounding environment, with no roads that connect it to the town. The footpath, made of river-rocks, is uneven enough that the path is not even but not uneven to cause trouble for the inhabitant of the house. The house is dilapidated, with faded and missing white paint, and there is an old man tending a garden. A patch of yellow Celandine and white Daisies lie in the green tangle of weeds.

text: The unevenness of the stone path is repeated awkwardly. That sentence also uses a misplaced hyphen for "river rocks".

refinement: The hill is totally isolated from the surrounding environment, with no roads that connect it to the town. The footpath, made of river rocks, is uneven but not enough to cause trouble for the inhabitant of the house. The house is dilapidated, with faded and missing white paint, and there is an old man tending a garden. A patch of yellow Celandine and white Daisies lie in the green tangle of weeds.

text: There's a road now that the old man is dead. It just doesn't lead all the way to the house.

refinement: There's a graveyard on the hill where an old man's house used to be, with a road coming nearby, connecting to the house with a footpath. The footpath, made of river rocks, is uneven but not enough to cause trouble for the inhabitant of the house. The house is dilapidated, with faded and missing white paint, and there is an old man tending a garden. A patch of yellow Celandine and white Daisies lie in the green tangle of weeds.

text: Since Evans is dead, there's a graveyard there, not a house. The stone path didn't bother Evans. The celandines and daisies are in front of the graveyard.

refinement: There's a graveyard on the hill where an old man's house used to be, with a road coming nearby, connecting to the house with a footpath. The footpath, made of river rocks, is uneven but not enough to cause trouble for the ex-inhabitant of the house. A patch of yellow Celandine and white Daisies lie in the green tangle of weeds.

answer: The hill is on a hill above a small town. Thomas doesn't want anything to do with the hustle and bustle. He could've used a road but he prefers to walk about half a mile down to the town.

answer: The hill is desolate and offers a quiet respite away from the noise and hustle of everyday life.


text:
The BULLOCH COUNTY COURTHOUSE is a historic courthouse that is located in downtown Statesboro, Georgia. It was built in 1894 to house the county government.[1][2] On September 18, 1980, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.[3]

History

[Confederate Monument at courthouse]

18th century

Bulloch County was officially established on February 8, 1796. Bryan and Screven counties were the two counties that Bulloch County was created from by an act of the Georgia General Assembly. Bulloch County was named after Archibald Bulloch, who was Georgia's first provisional governor from 1776 to 1777.[4] In 1796 three men were appointed to be commissioners: Drury Jones, John Mikell and Israel Bird. They were in charge of finding a proper place to build the courthouse and the jail.[5] In May 1797 the first Superior Court was held in Bulloch County at Stephen Mills’ home and continued to be held there until the courthouse was built.[6][7][8] The fourth Mondays in April and October were the only two days that the superior court met each year. The inferior court, however, met every first Monday of the month. When Bulloch County first started having court, there were no local lawyers or judges. Bulloch County obtained its first lawyers and judges after the Civil War.[9]

The justices of the inferior court that were appointed by the legislature in 1796 were Israel Bird, John Rawls, and James Bird. The justices of the peace included John Douglas, John Everett, Robert Scott, William McCall, and Mark Pridgeon.[10]

19th century

Benjamin Richardson, Drury Jones, Joseph Rogers, and John Everett, and Stephen Denmark are the justices of the inferior court that were appointed through 1800. Jarvis Jackson, Hardeman Richardson, and John O’Neil were the ones that succeed them in 1802. The justices would now be compensated for their services in 1802 because of an act that was passed. Bridger Jones was appointed in 1808 as justice. S. Williams and Jonathon Roberts were appointed as justices in 1810.[11]

In 1803, in exchange for receiving of land to build the courthouse, jail, and other public buildings, the Georgia General Assembly was to name the new county seat “Statesborough.”[12] Bulloch County did not have a courthouse until 1806.[13] All of the court proceedings before 1806 were held in private homes or under the Old Walnut Tree. Statesboro did not grown any in the fifty years that it had been developed. It was just considered the place where court took place.[14] On December 5, 1864 the 15th Corps of General William Sherman's army burned the courthouse.[15][16] “Statesborough” was officially incorporated by the legislature on December 20, 1866. The name changed from “Statesborough” to “Statesboro.” [17]

The second courthouse was built shortly after the first courthouse was burned. It was a two-story wood frame structure on Courthouse Square.[18][19]

The Bulloch Grand Jury decided in spring of 1894 to build a new courthouse. The two-story building was sold after the Grand Jury decided to build a new courthouse. By December 1894 the new courthouse was built. The total cost of the courthouse was twenty thousand dollars, which included furnishings.[20][21]

In 1897, the Bulloch County community came together to buy and get a clock installed at the courthouse.[22] It is also thought that the courthouse at one time had an open-flame system at the top of the building that was used in the hopes of raising the warm air out of the building up to the roof. The open flame system is thought to have been used for some years before being dismantled with no record as to its success in helping to cool the building.

20th century

On April 26, 1909 the Confederate monument was dedicated. The Confederate monument is in memory of the Confederate soldiers who served from 1861 to 1865. The United Daughters of the Confederacy raised the money for the monument that presides on Court House Square.[23]

The Bulloch County Courthouse and its square appear in the film _1969_. In several scenes, the “B” in Bulloch County is changed on the courthouse to a “C” for the film's “Culloch County.” The former bank building now housing the Averitt Center for the Arts appeared in “1969” as a bus station. The courthouse square is also prominent in the film's ending scene.

Architecture

The courthouse was designed by Bruce and Morgan in 1894.[24] It was renovated in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles by Edward Columbus Hosford, who is noted for the courthouses and other buildings that he designed in Florida, Georgia and Texas.[25][26] Columned porticoes and the large corner brick masses were added in 1914.[27] Throughout the years, the courthouse went through many renovations that utilized different colors of brick, which might be why the exterior of the courthouse was coated with white plaster. By the 1990s, the county commission decided to restore the courthouse to its original condition. The restoration began in 1998. Some of the white plaster was professionally removed because the plaster contained asbestos, which posed a health risk. The rest of the white plaster that was not removed was just painted a red brick color. The restoration was completed in 2000.[28] Martin, Rule and Associates, of Statesboro were the architects for this renovation in 1998 to 2000.[29]

Today

The courthouse is still in use. In the 1990s, the courthouse no longer had enough space for all of the functions that it normally provided; therefore, it expanded into the adjacent buildings around the courthouse. Also in the 1990s, Bulloch County built a judicial annex, which is located across the street from the courthouse.[30] The county officers are now located in the former Statesboro First Federal Savings and Loan Association Building, and the courts and judges’ offices are located in the new annex.[31]

[1] Seel, Robert M, _Bulloch County, Georgia: Spirit of a People, Celebrating 200 Years of Bulloch County History, 1796-1996_, Statesboro Publishing Company,1996, p.153.

[2] Coleman, Leodel and Coleman, G. C. Jr., _Statesboro A Century of Progress 1866–1966_, The Bulloch Herald Publishing Company,1969, p.91-96.

[3]

[4]

[5] Brannen, Dorothy, _Life in Old Bulloch_, The Statesboro Regional Library,1992, p.6-7.

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13] Parrish, Beth C, _Historically First…_, Douglas Printing Company, 1977, p.1.

[14] Brannen, Dorothy, _Life in Old Bulloch_, The Statesboro Regional Library,1992, p.47.

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23] Presley, Delma E and Banks, Smith C, _Images of America: Bulloch County_, Arcadia Publishing,1997, p.59-63.

[24] See New Georgia Encyclopedia article on _Thomas Henry Morgan: Bruce and Morgan_

[25] Caldwell, Wilber W, _The Courthouse and the Depot: The Architecture of Hope in an Age of Despair: A Narrative Guide to Railroad Expansion and Its Impact on Public Architecture in Georgia, 1833-1910_, Macon: Mercer University Press, 2001, p.252.

[26] National Register listings for Bulloch County

[27]

[28]

[29] Martin, Rule & Associates website

[30]

[31]

title: Bulloch County Courthouse

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the context in which the Bulloch County Courthouse was constructed.

answer: The Bulloch County Courthouse was built in 1894 to house the county government. The courthouse was designed in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles by Edward Columbus Hosford. The courthouse underwent renovations in the 20th century, which restored it to its original design. The courthouse is still in use today by various county organizations and courts.

text: The designers of the building were Bruce and Morgan. Edward Columbus Hosford was responsible for the renovations in 1914, which were in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was built in 1894 to house the county government. The courthouse was designed by Bruce and Morgan. It was renovated in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles by Edward Columbus Hosford. The courthouse is still in use today by various county organizations and courts.

text: The courthouse's current use is irrelevant to the question.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was built in 1894 to house the county government. The courthouse was designed by Bruce and Morgan. It was renovated in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles by Edward Columbus Hosford.

text: The answer omits that the courthouse was built to replace the two-story building of the previous courthouse.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was built in 1894 to house the county government. It replaced the two-story wooden building used as a courthouse. The courthouse was designed by Bruce and Morgan. It was renovated in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles by Edward Columbus Hosford.

answer: The Bulloch County Courthouse was built in 1894 to house the county government after the courthouse was burned during the Civil War in 1864. It was named after Archibald Bulloch, Georgia's first provisional governor in 1776. Statesboro was left undeveloped for the first 50 years of its existence, but caught the attention of William Sherman's 15th Army Corps, who burned the courthouse to the ground in 1864. It then derived the name Statesboro.

text: Everything except the first sentence is irrelevant to the question.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was built in 1894 to house the county government after the courthouse was burned during the Civil War in 1864.

text: The courthouse was replaced in 1864. The new building constructed in 1894 replaced that one.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was built in 1894 to replace the previous two-story wooden building.

text: The answer omits the architectural details of the building.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was built in 1894 to replace the previous two-story wooden building. It was designed by Bruce and Morgan. Edward Columbus Hosford renovated it in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles.

answer: The courthouse was constructed in the late 1700s, and named after Georgia's first provisional governor. Three commissioners were appointed to oversee its construction. The county obtained its first lawyers and judges after the civil war. There are confederate monuments built around it suggesting what kind of opinions the litigators held at this place of justice.

text: The answer is either wrong or irrelevant entirely. It needs a re-write.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was built in 1894 to house the county government. It replaced the two-story wooden building used as a courthouse. The courthouse was designed by Bruce and Morgan. It was renovated in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles by Edward Columbus Hosford.

answer: It was constructed in 1894 to house the county government. It replaced an original courthouse that had previously been burned down. It was sold in 1893 to a private buyer.

text: The burned building was already replaced. The current courthouse replaced that one.

refinement: It was constructed in 1894 to house the county government. It replaced a two-story wooden building. It was sold in 1893 to a private buyer.

text: The old building was sold, not the new one, which is irrelevant to the question.

refinement: It was constructed in 1894 to house the county government. It replaced a two-story wooden building.

text: The answer omits the architectural details.

refinement: It was constructed in 1894 to house the county government. It replaced a two-story wooden building. It was designed by Bruce and Morgan. Edward Columbus Hosford renovated it in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles.

answer: The Bulloch County Courthouse was constructed in 1894 to house the county government. The courthouse was built in keeping with Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles. The restoration of the courthouse began in 1998 to strip away some of the white plaster that contained asbestos and paint the red brick color remainder. The courthouse is still in use today, with county officers located in an adjacent building and the courts and judges' offices located in a new annex.

text: The restoration and current use are irrelevant to the question.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was constructed in 1894 to house the county government. The courthouse was built in keeping with Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles.

text: The answer gives wrong details about the architecture of the courthouse.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was constructed in 1894 to house the county government. It was designed by Bruce and Morgan. Edward Columbus Hosford renovated it in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles.

text: The answer omits the replaced building.

refinement: The Bulloch County Courthouse was constructed in 1894 to house the county government. It was designed by Bruce and Morgan. Edward Columbus Hosford renovated it in 1914 in the Classical Revival and Queen Anne styles. It replaced the previous courthouse building, which was a two-story wooden building.


text:
SYDENHAM was a New Zealand parliamentary electorate, from 1881 to 1890 and again from 1946 to 1996. It had notable politicians representing it like Mabel Howard (the first female cabinet minister in New Zealand), Norman Kirk (who became Prime Minister while holding Sydenham) and Jim Anderton (the former Father of the House, who started his parliamentary career in Sydenham).

Population centres

The previous electoral redistribution was undertaken in 1875 for the 1875–1876 election. In the six years since, New Zealand's European population had increased by 65%. In the 1881 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–76 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, which led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Sydenham, and two electorates that had previously been abolished to be recreated. This necessitated a major disruption to existing boundaries.

The 1941 New Zealand census had been postponed due to World War II, so the 1946 electoral redistribution had to take ten years of population growth and movements into account. The North Island gained a further two electorates from the South Island due to faster population growth. The abolition of the country quota through the _Electoral Amendment Act, 1945_ reduced the number and increased the size of rural electorates. None of the existing electorates remained unchanged, 27 electorates were abolished, 19 electorates were created for the first time, and eight former electorates were re-established, including Sydenham.

This suburban electorate is in the southern suburbs of Christchurch including Sydenham.

History

The electorate existed from 1881 to 1890 and then from the 1946 election to the 1996 election, the first mixed-member proportional (MMP) election.

The first MP for Sydenham was William White from 1881 to 1886. He resigned upon receiving medical advice.[1]

From 1886 to 1890, it was represented by Richard Molesworth Taylor.[2][3]

From 1946 to 1996, the electorate was always left leaning. In 1946, Mabel Howard was elected. She held the electorate until 1969, when the Labour Party introduced rules that forced her to retire. In 1947 she became New Zealand's first woman cabinet minister when she was made Minister of Health and Minister in charge of Child Welfare. She is remembered for waving two large pairs of bloomers in parliament in support of her successful campaign to have clothing sizes standardised.[4]

Howard was succeeded by Norman Kirk, who in 1969 shifted from the Lyttelton electorate to the safer Labour electorate of Sydenham. During his representation of Sydenham, he became Prime Minister. He died in office on 31 August 1974.[5]

John Kirk succeeded his father in a 1974 by-election. Kirk Jr. held the electorate for ten years until 1984. In July 1983, John Kirk announced that he would not seek the Labour Party's nomination for Sydenham in the . In his place Labour selected Jim Anderton, the party president, whereupon Kirk (a strong David Lange supporter) declared that he would stand against the official Labour candidate as an independent. His continuing opposition to Anderton's selection resulted in the Labour Party's New Zealand Council suspending him from membership of the Labour Party. Kirk served out the remainder of his parliamentary career as an Independent MP. John Kirk left New Zealand in 1984 while still an MP for Sydenham, as he owed more than $280,000. He was arrested in the US and imprisoned, and then extradited to New Zealand, where he was charged under the Insolvency Act 1985. He was sentenced to four months' periodic detention.[6]

Anderton was successful in Sydenham in 1969 and started his long parliamentary career. He held the seat until the abolition of the electorate in 1996 then transferring to , and from 29 April 2009 until his retirement at the he was Father of the House. While holding Sydenham, Anderton defected from the Labour Party to found the NewLabour Party in 1989, and was re-elected in the electorate in 1990. In 1991, NewLabour and several other parties formed the Alliance, a broad left-wing coalition. Anderton was elected for the Alliance in 1993.

Sydenham was abolished in 1996 and replaced by the Wigram electorate.

Members of Parliament

KEY

  Election                               Winner
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  (Electorate abolished in 1996; see )

¹ John Kirk became an independent in 1983.
² Jim Anderton defected to New Labour in 1989, and co-founded the Alliance in 1991.

Election results

1993 election

1990 election

1987 election

1984 election

1981 election

1978 election

1975 election

1974 by-election

1972 election

1969 election

1966 election

1963 election

1960 election

1957 election

1954 election

1951 election

1949 election

1946 election

1886 by-election

Notes

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

title: Sydenham (New Zealand electorate)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What events led to the creation of the Sydenham electorate?

answer: The 1881 electoral redistirbution saw the number of European representatives rise to 91, up from 84 five years ago. Due to the increased number of European representatives, a major shift in the established boundaries was needed. This was back when electorates were not allowed to have more than one representative each. The 1941 New Zealand census was postponed due to WWII, so the 1945 electoral redistirbution had to take 10 years of population growth and shifts into account. There were many closures, mutations and creations for electorates - Sydenham was one of those.

text: The response inaccurately mention there were many closures, mutations and creations for electorates, however this is not evidenced in the text.

refinement: The 1881 electoral redistirbution saw the number of European representatives rise to 91, up from 84 five years ago. Due to the increased number of European representatives, a major shift in the established boundaries was needed. This was back when electorates were not allowed to have more than one representative each. The 1941 New Zealand census was postponed due to WWII, so the 1945 electoral redistirbution had to take 10 years of population growth and shifts into account.

text: The response misses to mention that because The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, this led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Sydenham

refinement: The 1881 electoral redistirbution saw the number of European representatives rise to 91, up from 84 five years ago. Due to the increased number of European representatives, a major shift in the established boundaries was needed. This was back when electorates were not allowed to have more than one representative each, this led to 35 new electorates being formed- including Sydenham. The 1941 New Zealand census was postponed due to WWII, so the 1945 electoral redistirbution had to take 10 years of population growth and shifts into account.

text: incorrect spelling of redistribution.

refinement: The 1881 electoral redistribution saw the number of European representatives rise to 91, up from 84 five years ago. Due to the increased number of European representatives, a major shift in the established boundaries was needed. This was back when electorates were not allowed to have more than one representative each, this led to 35 new electorates being formed- including Sydenham. The 1941 New Zealand census was postponed due to WWII, so the 1945 electoral redistribution had to take 10 years of population growth and shifts into account.

answer: The increase of the European population in New Zealand led to the increase of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875-76 election). The House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91. The number of Māori electorates was held at four. This led to the creation of the Sydenham electorate.

text: The response misses to mention that The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, this led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Sydenham

refinement: The increase of the European population in New Zealand led to the increase of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875-76 election). The House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91. The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, this led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Sydenham.

answer: The 18th century 1875-1876 election saw New Zealand's European population increase by 65%. The 1881 electoral redistirbution saw the number of European representatives rise to 91, up from 84 five years ago. Due to the increased number of European representatives, a major shift in the established boundaries is needed. This was back when electorates were not allowed to have more than one representative each. The 1941 New Zealand census was postponed due to WWII, so the 1945 electoral redistirbution had to take 10 years of population growth and shifts into account. There were many closures, mutations and creations for electorates - Sydenham was one of those.

text: The response inaccurately mention there were many closures, mutations and creations for electorates, however this is not evidenced in the text.

refinement: The 18th century 1875-1876 election saw New Zealand's European population increase by 65%. The 1881 electoral redistirbution saw the number of European representatives rise to 91, up from 84 five years ago. Due to the increased number of European representatives, a major shift in the established boundaries is needed. This was back when electorates were not allowed to have more than one representative each. The 1941 New Zealand census was postponed due to WWII, so the 1945 electoral redistirbution had to take 10 years of population growth and shifts into account.

text: The response misses to mention that because The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, this led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Sydenham

refinement: The 18th century 1875-1876 election saw New Zealand's European population increase by 65%. The 1881 electoral redistirbution saw the number of European representatives rise to 91, up from 84 five years ago. Due to the increased number of European representatives, a major shift in the established boundaries is needed. This was back when electorates were not allowed to have more than one representative each, this led to 35 new electorates being formed- including Sydenham. The 1941 New Zealand census was postponed due to WWII, so the 1945 electoral redistirbution had to take 10 years of population growth and shifts into account.

text: incorrect spelling of redistribution.

refinement: The 18th century 1875-1876 election saw New Zealand's European population increase by 65%. The 1881 electoral redistribution saw the number of European representatives rise to 91, up from 84 five years ago. Due to the increased number of European representatives, a major shift in the established boundaries is needed. This was back when electorates were not allowed to have more than one representative each, this led to 35 new electorates being formed- including Sydenham. The 1941 New Zealand census was postponed due to WWII, so the 1945 electoral redistribution had to take 10 years of population growth and shifts into account.

answer: The House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–76 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative, which led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Sydenham, and two electorates that had previously been abolished to be recreated.

answer: In the 1881 electoral redistribution, the House of Representatives increased the number of European representatives to 91 (up from 84 since the 1875–1876 election). The number of Māori electorates was held at four. The House further decided that electorates should not have more than one representative. This led to 35 new electorates being formed, including Sydenham.