text:
ELINOR JOSEPH (, ; born 1991 in Jish, Israel) is an Israeli-Arab soldier who has served with the Caracal Battalion of the Israel Defense Forces since 2010. She is the first Arab woman ever to serve in a combat role in the Israeli military.[1]

Background

Joseph was born into a Christian family from the Christian village of Jish (Gush Halav) in northern Israel. Her parents are Charbel and Warda Joseph and she has an older sister, Lauren.[2] Charbel served in the Israeli Paratroopers Brigade. The Joseph family relocated to the Arab neighborhood of Wadi Nisnas in Haifa when Elinor was young.[3]

Military service

Enlistment and training

When Elinor graduated high school, her father encouraged her to enlist in the IDF. Though initially opposed to the idea, she gradually cottoned to it and cultivated an ambition to serve as a combat medic. However, upon arriving at the recruitment base, she was informed that she had already been ordained to serve as an office clerk. Deeply disappointed, Elinor refused to be transported out to a new base, until finally, after several days, a meeting was arranged between her and a colonel from the Northern Command. The colonel made Elinor a singular proposal: undergo regular basic training and, on the condition of being selected as an outstanding trainee, go on to attempt the medic's training course.

Elinor agreed. She completed basic training, was the outstanding trainee of her platoon, and subsequently proceeded to the medic's training course. In an interview with Gadi Sukenik of Channel 2, Elinor described the course as “one of the most... amazing experiences I ever had.” At the completion ceremony, on account of her being an outstanding cadet, her commander awarded her her own medic's pin.[4]

Tours of duty

After successfully completing the medic's training course, Elinor Joseph was stationed in a military police base near the Palestinian city of Qalqilyah. In an interview with Chen Kotas Bar of _Ma'ariv_ she recounted how soldiers there would summon her whenever a problem arose with the local residents and there was need for an interpreter. She had some misgivings about serving at a border crossing, but in those moments she reminded herself of the Katyusha rockets that rained down on Haifa. “If someone would tell me that serving in the IDF means killing Arabs, I remind them that Arabs also kill Arabs,” she told Rotem Caro Weizman of the IDF Spokesperson's Unit.[5][6]

In response to a transfer request Elinor made, in 2010 she was reassigned to the Caracal battalion, which operates in the western Negev along Israel's border with Egypt. She thus became the first Arab woman ever to serve in the Israeli army in a combat role.[7]

Reactions

Elinor Joseph described the reactions of her friends and neighbors as mixed. While she encountered no overt hostility, walking around her neighborhood in the IDF uniform drew cross looks from some passersby. Some of Elinor's friends terminated contact with her, while with others she developed a closer relationship.[8]

Arab-Israeli journalist Suleiman al-Shafi has rejected that Elinor Joseph is the first Arab woman to serve in a combat role in the IDF. In his view, it is more accurate to describe her as the first to have done so publicly.[9]

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title: Elinor Joseph

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize everything related to Joseph's military career.

answer: Elinor Joseph is the first Arab woman to serve in a combat role in the Israeli military. She enlisted in the IDF in 2010 and completed basic training. In a military police base, she served as an interpreter whenever there were problems with local residents. She transferred to the Caracal battalion in 2010 and is currently serving there. Her friends and neighbors have been varied in their reactions to her military service.

text: The article does not state when Joseph enlisted in the IDF.

refinement: Elinor Joseph is the first Arab woman to serve in a combat role in the Israeli military. She enlisted in the IDF and completed basic training. In a military police base, she served as an interpreter whenever there were problems with local residents. She transferred to the Caracal battalion in 2010 and is currently serving there. Her friends and neighbors have been varied in their reactions to her military service.

answer: Elinor Joseph is an Israeli-Arab soldier who joined the IDF in 2010. She is the first Arab woman to serve in a combat role in the Israeli military, although she has received mixed reactions from both friends and neighbors. Following basic training and the medic's training course, Joseph was stationed in a military police base near Qalqilyah. In 2010, she joined the Caracal Battalion and became the first Arab woman to serve in a combat role in the IDF.

text: The article does not state when Joseph enlisted in the IDF.

refinement: Elinor Joseph is an Israeli-Arab soldier who joined the IDF after high school. She is the first Arab woman to serve in a combat role in the Israeli military, although she has received mixed reactions from both friends and neighbors. Following basic training and the medic's training course, Joseph was stationed in a military police base near Qalqilyah. In 2010, she joined the Caracal Battalion and became the first Arab woman to serve in a combat role in the IDF.

answer: Joseph served with the Caracal Battalion of the Israel Defense Forces since 2010. She is the first Arab woman to serve in a combat role in the Israeli military. When she initially arrived to the recruitment based, she was assigned to be an office clerk. However, after excelling at basic training, she proceeded to  the medic's training course. After completing this course, she was stationed in a military police base near the Palestinian city of Qalqilyah. Oftentimes, other soldiers would summon her in order to act as an interpreter for the local residents.

answer: Joseph began serving when she was eighteen. Her father encouraged her to enlist. She enlisted with the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), where her father served. At the recruitment base, she was told she would be trained as an office clerk, but after refusing that initially, she performed well in basic training, achieved selection as an outstanding trainee, and subsequently was trained as a combat medic.

answer: Joseph graduated high school, went on to enlist in the IDF. She was stationed in a military police base. Joseph was the outstanding trainee of her platoon and subsequently proceeded to the medic's training course. She was stationed in a military police base near the Palestinian city of Qalqilyah garnig an interview with Chen Kotas Bar of Ma'ariv she recounted how soldiers there would summon her whenever a problem arose with the local residents and there was need for an interpreter. After successfully completing the medic's training course, she was stationed to the Caracal battalion where she currently serves as a combat medic.

text: The response contains a typo.

refinement: Joseph graduated high school, went on to enlist in the IDF. She was stationed in a military police base. Joseph was the outstanding trainee of her platoon and subsequently proceeded to the medic's training course. She was stationed in a military police base near the Palestinian city of Qalqilyah. Durrnig an interview with Chen Kotas Bar of Ma'ariv she recounted how soldiers there would summon her whenever a problem arose with the local residents and there was need for an interpreter. After successfully completing the medic's training course, she was stationed to the Caracal battalion where she currently serves as a combat medic.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize Joseph's family history.

answer: Charbel served in the Israeli Paratroopers Brigade and was an active part of Joseph's life as a child,  so much so that he encouraged Joseph to enlist, which she did. Wardha, her mother, is from a Christian village called Jish, Northern Israel. Joseph's parents have an older daughter, Lauren.

text: The response does not state that Charbel is Elinor's father.

refinement: Elinor's father, Charbel, served in the Israeli Paratroopers Brigade and was an active part of Joseph's life as a child,  so much so that he encouraged Joseph to enlist, which she did. Wardha, her mother, is from a Christian village called Jish, Northern Israel. Joseph's parents have an older daughter, Lauren.

text: The article does not state where Elinor's mother is from.

refinement: Elinor's father, Charbel, served in the Israeli Paratroopers Brigade and was an active part of Joseph's life as a child,  so much so that he encouraged Joseph to enlist, which she did. Wardha is Elinor's mother, and Elinor was born in a Christian village called Jish in Northern Israel. Joseph's parents have an older daughter, Lauren.

answer: Elinor Joseph was born into a Christian family from the village of Jish in northern Israel. Her parents are Charbel and Warda Joseph, and she has an older sister Lauren. Her father encouraged her to enlist in the IDF. Though initially opposed to the idea, she gradually came around to it and developed an ambition to serve as a combat medic. After agreeing to go through regular basic training, she completed the medic's training course and was then assigned to serve at a military police base near Qalqilyah. In 2010, she became the first Arab woman to serve in a combat role in the Israeli military. Her family's history is one of encouragement and support, with some backlash and tension along the way.

text: The response contains lots of information not relevant to the question.

refinement: Elinor Joseph was born into a Christian family from the village of Jish in northern Israel. Her parents are Charbel and Warda Joseph, and she has an older sister Lauren. Her father encouraged her to enlist in the IDF. Though initially opposed to the idea, she gradually came around to it and developed an ambition to serve as a combat medic.

answer: Elinor Joseph is an Israeli-Arab who was born into a Christian family living in the Christian village of Jish in northern Israel. Her parents encouraged her to join the IDF and she underwent basic training, becoming the first Arab woman ever to serve in a combat role. Her friends and neighbors' reactions have been mixed.

text: The response could include more details on Elinor's family.

refinement: Elinor Joseph is an Israeli-Arab who was born into a Christian family living in the Christian village of Jish in northern Israel. Her parents are Charbel and Warda Joseph, and she has an older sister named Lauren. Her parents encouraged her to join the IDF and she underwent basic training, becoming the first Arab woman ever to serve in a combat role. Her friends and neighbors' reactions have been mixed.

text: The response includes inaccurate information.

refinement: Elinor Joseph is an Israeli-Arab who was born into a Christian family living in the Christian village of Jish in northern Israel. Her parents are Charbel and Warda Joseph, and she has an older sister named Lauren. Her father encouraged her to join the IDF and she underwent basic training, becoming the first Arab woman ever to serve in a combat role. Her friends and neighbors' reactions have been mixed.

answer: Joseph was born into a Christian family from the Christian village of Jish in northern Israel. When Joseph was young, her family relocated to the Arab neighborhood of Wadi Nisnas in Haifa. She has an older sister named Lauren.

text: The response could include more details on Elinor's family.

refinement: Joseph was born into a Christian family from the Christian village of Jish in northern Israel. When Joseph was young, her family relocated to the Arab neighborhood of Wadi Nisnas in Haifa. Her parents are Charbel and Warda Joseph, and she has an older sister named Lauren.

answer: Joseph was born into a Christian family from the Christian village of Jish (Gush Halav) in northern Israel. Her parents are Charbel and Warda Joseph and she has an older sister. Charbel served in the Israeli Paratroopers Brigade. The Joseph family relocated to the Arab neighborhood of Wadi Nisnas in Haifa when Elinor was young.


split: train

text:
MONTREAL – Transport Minister Marc Garneau said he would board “without hesitation” the type of aircraft that crashed in the Ethiopian Airlines tragedy on Sunday, stressing his confidence in the new plane.

Garneau’s remarks came minutes after a statement from the Air Canada Pilots Association that called on the minister “to take proactive action to ensure the safety of the Canadian travelling public.”

The crash, which killed all 157 aboard the Boeing 737 Max 8 — including 18 Canadians — has raised concerns over parallels to a Lion Air crash of the same model of aircraft in Indonesia last October, killing 189 people.

RELATED: CANADIAN AIRLINES TRY TO REASSURE FLYERS AFTER FATAL BOEING 737 PLANE CRASH

“I am confident that we are following up on this very, very carefully and with all of the priority that is necessary to ensure that we discover what the cause of the accident was. Then, I will not hesitate to take any action necessary, when we discover what that cause is,” Garneau said.

He says the cause “could be any one of dozens of different possibilities.”

“It was a sunny day, an experienced pilot, the plane was brand new. But we know little else,” he said, noting the black box has been recovered.

Garneau says flying is “extremely safe in this country”

“I understand that sometimes when something happens such as yesterday it draws a great deal of attention — and so it should — but flying is a very safe way to travel in this country. The statistics show that very, very clearly.”

A B.C. man and an Ontario family of six are among the 157 people — including 18 Canadians — who died.

RELATED: ONTARIO FAMILY OF SIX AMONG THOSE KILLED IN ETHIOPIAN AIRLINES PLANE CRASH

Garneau sent his condolences.

“I would like to extend my sympathies to all of the families and friends of those 157 — and of course, the 18 Canadians — who were part of the passenger list on that particular flight. I can assure you that we are deploying all of our efforts at the moment to discover the cause of this accident.”

Garneau said he has been in touch with U.S. Transportation Department Secretary Elaine Chao and is working with American aviation authorities to uncover the problem “and then take action.”

WESTJET, AIR CANADA QUESTIONED ABOUT SAFETY ON SOCIAL MEDIA

Canada’s major airlines have been inundated on social media with questions about the safety of their fleet in the wake of Sunday’s fatal crash, which occurred after takeoff from Addis Ababa Bole International Airport.

Angie Hung, scheduled to take a WestJet flight June 5 from Calgary to Halifax en route to Scotland for a Spice Girls concert, was one of scores of Canadians asking airlines if they planned to ground the Max 8, the plane listed on her flight.

“I am planning to tweet, ‘I love you Mom and Dad,”’ she said in an interview, “in case something bad happens.”

“If I could afford to cancel and change it, I would,” said Hung, 42.

Fernando Candido, an Edmonton-based elementary school teacher, said he flies up to 10 times per year.

“I’m kind of worried. I’m sure eventually I’ll have to use one of those planes,” said Candido, 58. “Maybe in Canada they should not fly those planes any more until they figure out those issues.”

The country’s two largest airlines said they are confident in the safety of the Boeing 737 Max 8 and will continue to fly them.

“These aircraft have performed excellently from a safety, reliability and customer satisfaction perspective,” Air Canada spokeswoman Isabelle Arthur said in an email. “We continue to operate our normal B737 schedule.”

Air Canada, which has fielded comments from more than 100 Twitter users in the past 24 hours, said it has 24 Max 8 aircraft on routes that include Vancouver to Montreal and Calgary to Vancouver.

WestJet Airlines Ltd. tweeted Monday that it is not grounding any of the 13 Max 8s in its fleet of 121 Boeing 737s.

  We are not grounding our planes at this time. We are monitoring the situation closely and working with Boeing to ensure the continued safe operation of our MAX fleet.

  — WestJet (@WestJet) March 11, 2019

“WestJet remains confident in the safety of our Boeing 737 fleet,” spokeswoman Morgan Bell said in an email. The airline is “working with Boeing to ensure the continued safe operation of our Max fleet,” she said.

The Calgary-based company has orders for 37 more Boeing 737s on the books.

Sunwing Airlines also has four 737 aircraft, according to civil aircraft registrations.

WestJet has flown five different models of the 737 since the airline was founded in 1996, and now operates about 450 daily departures of the plane series, according to the company.

The Boeing jetliner is relatively new, entering into service at both airlines in 2017.

Ethiopian Airlines as well as all Chinese and Indonesian airlines have grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes indefinitely in the wake of the crash.

The unions for Air Canada and WestJet flight crews declined to comment on the crash of Ethiopian Airlines flight 302.

Priya Pandit said her mom and sister are “nervous” about their scheduled return to Vancouver from Honolulu on a Max 8 operated by Air Canada. The family has been trying to reschedule to avoid the airplane model, she said.

“This is no joke…You can’t play with passenger safety,” said Pandit, 38.

“Our passengers’ safety is important to us,” Air Canada tweeted to Pandit on Monday. “We continue to monitor the situation, and based on current information and recommendations by government safety regulators, including Transport Canada, and the manufacturer, we continue to operate our normal B737 schedule.”

  Our passengers' safety is important to us. We continue to monitor the situation, and based on current information and recommendations by government safety regulators, including Transport Canada, and the manufacturer, we continue to operate our normal B737 schedule. /Chris

  — Air Canada (@AirCanada) March 11, 2019

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the corporate and political response to the Boeing 737 Max 8 crashes.

answer: In the aftermath of the Ethiopian Airlines crash of a Boeing 737 Max 8, major airlines in Canada have come under pressure from customers who are concerned about the safety of continuing to fly on the airplanes. While Air Canada and WestJet say that the aircraft is safe, several airlines around the world, including Ethiopian Airlines and Chinese airlines, have grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes indefinitely pending further investigation of the safety of the aircraft. Canadian authorities have also been in contact with U.S. transportation officials to investigate the cause of the crash. There appears to be a general consensus across the corporations and governing bodies that the situation is being monitored closely.

answer: There has been widespread concern expressed by Canadians about the safety of the Boeing 737 Max 8 after Sunday's crash, despite reassurance by the airlines and transport ministry that the aircraft is safe. Several airlines have decided not to cancel flights that use the aircraft, but all carriers are monitoring the situation and working with Boeing. Chinese and Indonesian airlines have grounded their 737 Max 8 planes, while Canada's major airlines say they remain confident in the aircraft's safety despite the public concern.

answer: Air Canada as well as WestJet (the two largest airlines in Canada) seem keen to continue using the plane. Transport Minister Marc Garneau echoes the sentiment. American aviation authorities (headed by U.S. Transportation Department Secretary Elaine Chao) are also working to uncover the problem. Canadian regulators (Transport Canada) as well as the manufacturer, Boeing, are also looking into the issue.

text: The response misses to mention that Ethiopian Airlines as well as all Chinese and Indonesian airlines have grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes indefinitely in the wake of the crash.

refinement: Air Canada as well as WestJet (the two largest airlines in Canada) seem keen to continue using the plane. Transport Minister Marc Garneau echoes the sentiment. American aviation authorities (headed by U.S. Transportation Department Secretary Elaine Chao) are also working to uncover the problem. Canadian regulators (Transport Canada) as well as the manufacturer, Boeing, are also looking into the issue. Ethiopian Airlines as well as all Chinese and Indonesian airlines have responded by grounding their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes indefinitely in the wake of the crash.

answer: Politicians, especially Transport Minister Marc Garneau and Air Canada, were quick to denounce the plane immediately after the Ethiopian Airlines crash. Air Canada and WestJet Airlines, the two Canadian operators that have some experience with the planes, maintained confidence in the planes' safety until Seemingly against their best interest. Ethiopian Airlines and all Chinese and Indonesian airlines quickly grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes after the crash.

text: The response inaccurately mentions that Marc Garneau and Air Canada denounced the plan after the crash. They've have stressed their confidence in the plane.

refinement: Politicians, especially Transport Minister Marc Garneau and Air Canada, were quick to express their confidence in the plane immediately after the Ethiopian Airlines crash. Air Canada and WestJet Airlines, the two Canadian operators that have some experience with the planes, maintained confidence in the planes' safety until Seemingly against their best interest. Ethiopian Airlines and all Chinese and Indonesian airlines quickly grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes after the crash.

text: There is no evidence in the passage to suggest that the Canadian operators no longer maintain confidence in the plane.

refinement: Politicians, especially Transport Minister Marc Garneau and Air Canada, were quick to express their confidence in the plane immediately after the Ethiopian Airlines crash. Air Canada and WestJet Airlines, the two Canadian operators that have some experience with the planes, maintained confidence in the planes. However, Ethiopian Airlines and all Chinese and Indonesian airlines quickly grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes after the crash.

answer: The Canadian Transport Minister Marc Garneau and various airlines in Canada, as well as Boeing itself, are all in support of keeping the planes in circulation. However, the Chinese, Ethiopian Airlines, and Indonesian airlines all grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8s indefinitely.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the public reaction to the Boeing 737 Max 8 crashes.

answer: The public was all concerned about the Boeing 737 Max 8 crashes and did not think the aircraft should be in use until the cause of the accidents was discovered.

answer: Many anxious airline customers are asking airlines, including Air Canada and WestJet, if they plan to ground the Max 8 planes, and also if they are monitoring the situation closely and working with Boeing to ensure the continued safe operation of their Max fleet.

text: Customers are not asking if they are monitoring the situation. Airlines are responding by saying they are monitoring the situation.

refinement: Many anxious airline customers are asking airlines, including Air Canada and WestJet, if they plan to ground the Max 8 planes. The airlines are responding, saying they are monitoring the situation closely and working with Boeing to ensure the continued safe operation of their Max fleet.

answer: Due to the recent crashes of the Boeing 737 Max 8, Canadians are worried about its safety. Many have taken to social media to ask airlines if they plan to ground the plane or change their travel plans. Air Canada and WestJet have reassured people that they remain confident in the safety of the Boeing 737 Max 8. However, airlines in other countries have grounded the aircraft due to concerns of its safety.

answer: The Canadian public is unhappy that the plane is allowed to fly. Man people express their worries, several of them noting that they would change their flights if they could afford it. The unions for Air Canada and WestJet flight crews refused to respond officially. However, the Air Canada Pilots Association called on the Transport Minister "to take proactive action".

answer: Many Canadians who have taken or plan to take flights that utilize the Boeing 737 Max 8 are concerned about safety following the crash of Ethiopian Airlines flight 302. Some asked carriers if they planned to ground the aircraft, while others worry about potential safety risks given past incidents. Unions for both Air Canada and WestJet said each airline remains confident in the safety of the Boeing 737 Max 8 and will continue to fly them. Other carriers in other countries have grounded the aircraft.

text: The response inaccurately mentions that Unions for the airlines have expressed their confidence. However it is the airlines that have expressed it and Unions have declined to comment.

refinement: Many Canadians who have taken or plan to take flights that utilize the Boeing 737 Max 8 are concerned about safety following the crash of Ethiopian Airlines flight 302. Some asked carriers if they planned to ground the aircraft, while others worry about potential safety risks given past incidents. Both Air Canada and WestJet airlines said they remain confident in the safety of the Boeing 737 Max 8 and will continue to fly them. Other carriers in other countries have grounded the aircraft.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the various airlines mentioned?

answer: The Ethiopian Airlines and Lion Air had one Boeing 737 Max 8 each that crashed, killing 157 and 189 people, respectively. Air Canada and WestJet both responded with reassuring statements about the safety of the plane. Sunwing Airlines is mentioned to have four Boeing 737 Max 8s. The Chinese and Indonesian airlines are noted to have grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8s.

answer: The article indicates that all three major Canadian airlines are confident in the safety of their Boeing 737 Max 8 fleet, despite the Ethiopian Airlines crash. They confirmed they will continue to operate flights during the investigation into the crash. Ethiopian Airlines and Chinese and Indonesian airlines have grounded their 737 Max 8 aircraft.

answer: Air Canada maintains that it flies a safe fleet and refuses to ground the Max 8 if recommended by government safety standards. WestJet says that their fleet of Boeing 737s remains safe. Sunwing Airlines has four 737 of that type in their fleet and says it won't ground them. Ethiopian Airlines and airlines in China, Indonesia have all grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes. The major unions for flight crews of Air Canada and WestJet refused to comment on the crash.

text: The response inaccurately mentions that Air Canada refuses to ground the plan if recommended. The passage only mentions that based on recommendations, they are continuing to operate.

refinement: Air Canada maintains that it flies a safe fleet and will continue to operate the Max 8 based on recommendations by government safety standards. WestJet says that their fleet of Boeing 737s remains safe. Sunwing Airlines has four 737 of that type in their fleet and says it won't ground them. Ethiopian Airlines and airlines in China, Indonesia have all grounded their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes. The major unions for flight crews of Air Canada and WestJet refused to comment on the crash.

answer: Air Canada notified their passengers that they will continue to operate their normal B737 schedule. However, they confirmed that some of the airlines operating Boeing 737 Max 8 aircraft opted to no longer fly them. These airlines included Ethiopian Airlines, Chinese and Indonesian airlines.

text: The response inaccurately mentions that Air Canada has confirmed some airlines have opted to no longer fly the plane. However, Air Canada has not confirmed it.

refinement: Air Canada notified their passengers that they will continue to operate their normal B737 schedule. However, other airlines operating Boeing 737 Max 8 aircraft opted to no longer fly them. These airlines included Ethiopian Airlines, Chinese and Indonesian airlines.

answer: The various airlines mentioned in the article are confident in the safety of their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes and intend to continue operating them. The unions for Air Canada and WestJet flight crews have declined to comment on the crash of Ethiopian Airlines flight 302. A number of people have expressed concern about the safety of the Boeing 737 Max 8 and have asked the airlines about their plans for flying the model of aircraft.

text: Includes extraneous information that is not useful to the task.

refinement: The various airlines mentioned in the article are confident in the safety of their Boeing 737 Max 8 planes and intend to continue operating them. The unions for Air Canada and WestJet flight crews have declined to comment on the crash of Ethiopian Airlines flight 302.


text:
My name is Gil Perez, and for the sake of my sanity I make this journal. If creation has not completely inverted itself, twisted itself into some unrecognizable form from which God hath turned his back on in disgust, it should be the 25th of October, 1593. Even if that knowledge is sound it still gets me nowhere, for all I know I’ve descended into hell and very soon all the outlandish hominoids surrounding me will morph into even fouler satanic beasts than they already are and throw me on a spit to roast for dinner. Maybe this is the treatment I’ve earned myself; perhaps God hath already cast his judgment on me, taken me before my day had even begun, and this is the form for which my eternal punishment takes; a blistering inferno of strange sounds, sights, and smells; of demons dressed as men and women, appearing at a glance to be kin, my brothers and sisters, but once in focus turning into something foreign, unknown, as if they were from another time or place altogether.

I must not dwell on these things, fear is beginning to overtake me; God would not cast out such a faithful servant before he had even lived to see the day, before his time had truly come. This must be the work of a demon; Beelzebub himself had a hand in this I’m sure of it. What has befallen me I wary explain; words fail to describe the absurdity of what I see unfolding before my eyes every passing second. All is wrong, all is different, nothing is as it should be; I know not how to explain this.

My name, as I’ve already stated, is Gil Perez; I am a Spanish soldier and a member of the Filipino Guardia Civil, the national constabulary of the great and ever-expanding Spanish nation. Not but a few minutes ago I was on guard duty at the governor’s palace in Manila acting as a sentry to keep order on the grounds. It had been a rough few days, especially with the Governor Don Gomez Perez Dasmarinas’ assassination only a few days before; the heresy took everyone by surprise, and to demonstrate solidarity and dissuade any other traitorous Chinese pirates from disturbing the palace grounds again all guards were required to work through the night on the 23rd and a good chunk into the 24th; until a new governor was named, no one could go home. After this I was truly exhausted, more so than I have ever been since I joined the guard many a year ago, and so, in the lull of the early morning and with the knowledge of the no doubt busy day of patrol to come, I decided to lean back against one of the outer walls of the palace and rest my bones for but a few moments, wholly intending to wake back to full awareness in no more than a minute or two. Well, to put it bluntly, I awoke much quicker than I expected, to an environment not at all the one I had taken rest from. I don’t know what drove me to open my eyes so soon, I knew I had time enough to lounge for but a few moments in light of working through the night, but after several seconds with my eye closed something changed. I noticed something…different; almost like the realization of a fly on my back or a tick crawling up my leg. But it was more than this, something far stranger, something I would never expect to experience in this life or the next. As if reality skipped a beat, existence stuttered for a second, just a second, almost imperceptibly so, but just enough for me to hear. I was loafing about at the time of the event so the sounds around me were not particularly distinct, but the change in sound, the sudden switch from one background uproar to the next, jarred me to awareness and I opened my eyes to a different world. In that moment, I either died and was sent to where the Holy Father judged me deserving, or Beelzebub, in a rare surge of worldly influence, grabbed me by the collar and whisked me away to some other part of creation; I assume as a demon he does whatever is in his power to do that he believes will shake and undermine the faithful. Shake, he did; undermine, he did not.

In coming to terms with this occurrence I realize this place I’ve ended up, by some divine joke as it seems, is not heaven or hell. I’m actually still within the Spanish Empire if I’m correct; judging by the suits of the guard I’ve seen walk by and the architecture of the surrounding buildings I believe I’m standing in proximity to the Plaza Mayor, the courtyard of the Mexican capital building in Mexico City. This, though still obviously quite startling, is a great relief; I truly thought my life had simply ceased, that my essence had simply been extinguished and that I was destined to wander aimlessly about a nonsensical landscape full of equally nonsensical and unnerving figures as a spirit among the land of the dead for the rest of eternity.

In any case, my momentary reprieve from reality it seems is coming to an end. Almost as soon as I arrived I was approached by a Mexican guard asking me what I was doing here and why I was dressed the way I was. I told him of my livelihood and my station, to which he promptly retorted in exactly the way I would expect any rational individual to react when told a tale such as mine, going from the middle of the Philippines all the way across the Atlantic Ocean and into the dead center of Mexico City in what seemed an instant. Strange though, upon further questioning not only the nature of my being here but also the time in which I’m here seems off, for the guard responded to my recounting of the date in the same sharp tone he expressed his disbelief of my point of origin, informing me it was only the 23rd of October. This it appears he has deemed enough to take me in for more intensive questioning, on suspicion of engaging in sorcery or being possessed no doubt, as he and a posse of 5 other men are now patrolling a little more ardently the grounds I previously occupied. After several minutes of rudimentary questioning when I first appeared the guard went on his way, unconvinced as he was, and I, suffering still from the shock of God’s divine hand or Satan’s devious scepter, wandered off to a small alley between buildings adjacent to the plaza, in hopes of gathering my thoughts and grasping hold of my sanity before it slipped away unto the abyss. This I achieved, but I doubt I have any recourse but to cooperate with my North American compatriots and allow myself to go through they’re investigative process at this point. I know no one in this land; no one will vouch for me here. My story is not very convincing in any case; more the stock of fairy tales than anything else. I will simply relinquish myself unto God once again and trust in his divine plan; for through his power or some derivation of it I was brought here, and through his power again must I go.

The guards come for me now; may all who find this tattered piece of paper trust in its words and know them not to be false. All I have said is recounted from memory and emotion alone, nothing more. May God bless you and keep you my friends.

-GP

title: Caught In a Cosmic Burp

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is the narrator?

answer: The narrator is Gil Perez.

answer: Gil Perez who is a Spanish soldier and a member of the Filipino Guardia Civil.

text: "My name, as I’ve already stated, is Gil Perez; I am a Spanish soldier and a member of the Filipino Guardia Civil" is evidence that he is a Spanish soldier and a member of the Filipino Guardia Civil.

answer: The narrator is Gil Perez, a Spanish soldier stationed in Manila.

text: "My name, as I’ve already stated, is Gil Perez; I am a Spanish soldier and a member of the Filipino Guardia Civil" is evidence that he is a Spanish soldier.

text: "Not but a few minutes ago I was on guard duty at the governor’s palace in Manila acting as a sentry to keep order on the grounds." is evidence that he was stationed in Manila.

answer: The narrator is Gil Perez, a Spanish soldier.

text: "My name, as I’ve already stated, is Gil Perez; I am a Spanish soldier and a member of the Filipino Guardia Civil" is evidence that he is a Spanish soldier.

answer: The narrator is named Gil Perez, and is a Spanish soldier and a member of the Filipino Guardia Civil. He was stationed in Manila but was transported to Mexico City.

text: "My name, as I’ve already stated, is Gil Perez; I am a Spanish soldier and a member of the Filipino Guardia Civil" is evidence that he is a Spanish soldier and a member of the Filipino Guardia Civil.

text: "Not but a few minutes ago I was on guard duty at the governor’s palace in Manila acting as a sentry to keep order on the grounds." is evidence that he was stationed in Manila.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What happened to the narrator?

answer: The narrator was transported to a different place in space where he was questioned by Mexican guards.

text: "Almost as soon as I arrived I was approached by a Mexican guard asking me what I was doing here and why I was dressed the way I was." is evidence of this answer.

answer: The narrator either died or was spirited away by a demon and awoke in the capital of Mexico, which is not where he was originally stationed. He now faces suspicion of necromancy and the guards are investigating him.

text: "I believe I’m standing in proximity to the Plaza Mayor, the courtyard of the Mexican capital building in Mexico City. " is evidence that the narrator was teleported somewhere in Mexico City.

text: "This it appears he has deemed enough to take me in for more intensive questioning, on suspicion of engaging in sorcery or being possessed no doubt" is evidence that the guards suspected him of necromancy.

answer: He traveled through time and went to Mexico City.

answer: The narrator teleported from the Philippines to Mexico City.

answer: He teleports from Manila to Mexico City.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What was the narrator doing before this happened?

answer: The narrator is a Spanish soldier guarding the governor's palace in Manila. Before this happened, he decided to rest for a few moments before resuming his shift.

text: "Not but a few minutes ago I was on guard duty at the governor’s palace in Manila" is evidence that he was in Manila when this took place.

answer: The narrator was on guard before he was teleported.

text: It should explain where he was guarding.

refinement: The narrator was on guard in Manila before he was teleported.

text: It should explain where he teleported for better context.

refinement: The narrator was on guard in Manila before he was teleported to Mexico.

answer: Working the night shift protecting the governor's palace in Manila.

answer: The narrator was on guard duty at the governor's palace in Manila, working through the night and intending to rest briefly. He then awoke to an unfamiliar environment and noticed a change in sound. A Mexican guard then questioned the narrator, and the narrator learns that the date is different than what he expected.

answer: He had taken guard duty at the governor's palace in Manila and was going to rest against the walls.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who does the narrator think is responsible for his predicament?

answer: The narrator believes that a demon kidnapped him and brought him to Mexico City.

text: "I must not dwell on these things, fear is beginning to overtake me; God would not cast out such a faithful servant before he had even lived to see the day before his time had truly come. This must be the work of a demon; Beelzebub himself" is evidence that he believes it was the devil's work.

answer: The narrator seems to think the story originated from Beelzebub.

text: Unsure why "story" is used in this context.

refinement: The narrator seems to think the idea from Beelzebub.

text: "I must not dwell on these things, fear is beginning to overtake me; God would not cast out such a faithful servant before he had even lived to see the day before his time had truly come. This must be the work of a demon; Beelzebub himself" is evidence that he believes it was the devil's work.

answer: The narrator believes that Beelzebub is responsible for his predicament.

text: "I must not dwell on these things, fear is beginning to overtake me; God would not cast out such a faithful servant before he had even lived to see the day before his time had truly come. This must be the work of a demon; Beelzebub himself" is evidence that he believes it was the devil's work.

answer: The narrator thinks Beezlebub is to blame for his predicament.

text: "I must not dwell on these things, fear is beginning to overtake me; God would not cast out such a faithful servant before he had even lived to see the day before his time had truly come. This must be the work of a demon; Beelzebub himself" is evidence that he believes it was the devil's work.

answer: He thinks Beelzebub might have something to do with it.

text: "I must not dwell on these things, fear is beginning to overtake me; God would not cast out such a faithful servant before he had even lived to see the day before his time had truly come. This must be the work of a demon; Beelzebub himself" is evidence that he believes it was the devil's work.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Gil Perez wakes up to find himself in a different place--Mexico City, instead of Manila, Philippines. The guards are suspicious and interrogate him, making him even more anxious and paranoid. Assuming he has travelled by some sort of sorcery or demonic power, the guards take him in for questioning. His story is hard to believe, but there's no one to vouch for him here. Now he fearfully awaits the outcome of the questioning.

text: This is not a two-sentence summary.

refinement: Gil Perez wakes up to find himself in a different place--Mexico City, instead of Manila, Philippines. His story is hard to believe, but there's no one to vouch for him here as he fearfully awaits the outcome of the questioning.

answer: This story begins with a soldier named Gil Perez getting whisked away to an unknown land in the blink of an eye. When the guards bring him in to question him, he tells them his name and says that he got here by teleportation.

answer: Gil Perez wakes up in an unfamiliar part of the Spanish Empire. He realizes that time is different here and the date is a day off. He is taken into custody by local guards, suspected of being a sorcerer or possessed. He hopes for divine protection while cooperating with the investigation.

text: This is not a two-sentence summary

refinement: Gil Perez wakes up in an unfamiliar part of the Spanish Empire where he realizes that time is different here and the date is a day off. He hopes for divine protection while cooperating with the investigation.

answer: The narrator finds himself in a situation strange beyond imagination and searches for an explanation. He prays and trusts in God's plan for him and is overwhelmed by the fact that no one will vouch for him.

answer: A Filipino Spanish Guard is on guard duty in Manila when he is whisked away to Mexico City. The guards there do not believe his story, and the narrator hopes everything will work out in the end.


text:
EL SOCIO is a census-designated place (CDP) in Starr County, Texas, United States. It is a new CDP formed from part of the old La Victoria CDP prior to the 2010 census with a population of 130.[1]

Geography

El Socio is located at (26.340454, -98.637097).[2]

[1]

[2]

title: El Socio, Texas

question: What is El Socio?

answer: El Socio is a census-designated place located in Starr County, Texas. It was created from a portion of the old La Victoria CDP prior to the 2010 census.

answer: a census-designated place in Starr County, Texas, United States

text: The sentence does not refer to the question.

refinement: El Socio is a census-designated place in Starr County, Texas, United States.

answer: El Socio is a census-designated place located in Starr County, Texas.

question: When was El Socio formed?

answer: El Socio was formed before the 2010 census.

answer: prior to the 2010 census

text: Incomplete sentence.

refinement: El Socio was formed prior to the 2010 census

answer: El Socio is a new CDP formed prior to the 2010 census.

question: What is the population of El Socio?

answer: 130

text: Incomplete sentence.

text: No answer.

answer: The population of El Socio is 130.

question: Where is El Socio located?

answer: 26.340454, -98.637097

text: Incomplete sentence.

text: Adding its country would help give readers a better understanding of the coordinates.

refinement: El Socio is located at (26.340454, -98.637097) in Texas, United States.

answer: El Socio is located in Starr County, Texas.

text: Specific coordinates would help readers get a better frame of reference of El Socio.

refinement: El Socio is located in Starr County, Texas (26.340454, -98.637097).

answer: El Socio is located in Starr County, Texas, USA.

text: Specific coordinates would help readers get a better frame of reference of El Socio.

refinement: El Socio is located in Starr County, Texas, USA at (26.340454, -98.637097).

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: El Socio is a census-designated place in Starr County, Texas, United States formed in 2010, with a population of 130.

text: There is no evidence supporting that it was formed in 2010. The passage states that it was formed prior to the 2010 census.

refinement: El Socio is a census-designated place in Starr County, Texas, United States, with a population of 130.

answer: El Socio is a small CDP located in Starr County, Texas with a population of 130.

text: CDP should be specified.

refinement: El Socio is a small census-designated place (CDP) located in Starr County, Texas with a population of 130.

answer: El Socio is a census designated place (CDP) in Texas, population 130.

answer: El Socio is a census-designated place in Starr County, Texas with a population of 130.

answer: El Socio is a small census-designated place located in Starr County, Texas. Its population is 130 people.

answer: El Socio is a small census-designated place in Starr County, Texas. Its population is 130.


text:
I woke up sweating. Not from fear, mind you. It was actually hot. This all seems normal, albeit annoying, until I remember having enlisted in the Defense. Let me clarify. The Defense is the people of earth's representative military. They fight earth's wars all across the galaxy. I'm surprised I didn't remember joining. After all, I went through seven years of training to get in! Enough of this. I shake my head. The heat means something is seriously wrong. Heat meant that the cold sleep chamber was malfunctioning. I was lucky, then. Cold sleep malfunction kills most people, dispensing too much anesthetic, flooding the chamber with emergency coolant at random, or skewing the temperature, literally roasting the inhabitant as they sleep.

I'm getting distracted again! I should check my system for chemicals. The monitor says everything normal. Good. "Disengage pod," I command. Nothing happens. "Disengage pod," I state again, louder. It responds this time. My pod slides out with a cool hiss, exposing me to the even warmer interior of the sleep bay. At least life support is working.

Inspecting the other pods, I seem to be the only one out of two hundred who managed to regain consciousness. It really hits me after I close the last pod. I'm alone, seventeen parsecs from te nearest colony.

I kick off from the far wall, and drift back to my pod. I slide back under the dark ceiling of the chamber silently. Then the last life form on the ship closes his eyes,

And dies.

title: Cold Sleep

question: Who dies?

text: No answer is given.

answer: The narrator

text: "Then the last life form on the ship closes his eyes, And dies" is evidence that the narrator dies, as the narrator is the last life form on the ship.

answer: The protagonist of the story dies.

text: "Then the last life form on the ship closes his eyes, And dies" is evidence that the protagonist dies, as the protagonist is the last life form on the ship.

answer: The narrator dies.

text: "Then the last life form on the ship closes his eyes, And dies" is evidence that the narrator dies, as the narrator is the last life form on the ship.

question: What genre is this story?

answer: Science fiction

text: "They fight earth's wars all across the galaxy" is evidence that the story is science fiction.

text: "I'm alone, seventeen parsecs from te nearest colony" is evidence that the story is science fiction.

answer: Science fiction

text: "They fight earth's wars all across the galaxy" is evidence that the story is science fiction.

text: "I'm alone, seventeen parsecs from te nearest colony" is evidence that the story is science fiction.

answer: This story is science fiction.

text: "They fight earth's wars all across the galaxy" is evidence that the story is science fiction.

text: "I'm alone, seventeen parsecs from te nearest colony" is evidence that the story is science fiction.

answer: the genre is science fiction

text: "They fight earth's wars all across the galaxy" is evidence that the story is science fiction.

text: "I'm alone, seventeen parsecs from te nearest colony" is evidence that the story is science fiction.

question: What is the narrator doing in the story?

answer: He is investigating his pod in his section of the ship

text: Omits mention that he also investigates "the other pods".

refinement: He is investigating his pod in his section of the ship. He also inspects the other pods in the sleep bay.

text: "I should check my system for chemicals" is evidence that the narrator is investigating his pod.

answer: The narrator is waking up from cold sleep.

text: While the narrator does wake up from cold sleep, this answer fails to capture the most important aspects of what he is doing--namely, investigating the malfuction.

refinement: The narrator is waking up from cold sleep. He is investigating the reason his cold sleep pod has malfunctioned.

text: "I woke up sweating" is evidence that the narrator wakes up.

text: "Heat meant that the cold sleep chamber was malfunctioning" is evidence that the narrator was in cold sleep.

answer: The narrator is in a sleep chamber.

text: This answer does not describe what the narrator is doing.

answer: The narrator is trying to figure out why his cold sleep chamber malfunctioned, and is inspecting the other pods to see if anyone else woke up.

question: Where is the narrator?

answer: They are in space, 17 parsecs from civilization

text: "I'm alone, seventeen parsecs from te nearest colony" is evidence that the narrator is in space, far from civilization.

answer: The narrator is in a cold sleep chamber.

text: This answer could be more specific.

refinement: The narrator is in a cold sleep chamber seventeen parsecs away from the nearest colong.

answer: The narrator is on a ship that is far away from any other colonies.

text: "I'm alone, seventeen parsecs from te nearest colony" is evidence that the narrator is far from other colonies.

text: "Then the last life form on the ship" is evidence that the narrator is on a ship.

answer: The narrator is on a ship, seventeen parsecs from the nearest colony.

text: "I'm alone, seventeen parsecs from te nearest colony" is evidence that the narrator is far from other colonies.

text: "Then the last life form on the ship" is evidence that the narrator is on a ship.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator wakes up when his section of the ship experiences a malfunction and overheats. They are a member of the Defense, Earth's interstellar military forces. He searches the other pods and all 199 other soldiers have died in the malfunction. He sits down and dies from the heat.

text: Could clarify that he is not waking up from regular sleep but rather from cold sleep.

refinement: The narrator wakes up from cold sleep when the pods in his section of the ship experience a malfunction and overheat. They are a member of the Defense, Earth's interstellar military forces. He searches the other pods and all 199 other soldiers have died in the malfunction. He sits down and dies from the heat.

text: "until I remember having enlisted in the Defense" is evidence that the narrator is a member of the Defense.

text: "I seem to be the only one out of two hundred who managed to regain consciousness" is evidence that 199 soldiers died in the malfunction.

text: "Then the last life form on the ship closes his eyes" is further evidence that all of the other soldiers died.

answer: The narrator wakes up from cold sleep to find that the chamber is malfunctioning. He is the only one to wake up. He is seventeen parsecs from the nearest colony. He dies.

text: Does not mention the Defense.

refinement: The narrator wakes up from cold sleep to find that the chamber is malfunctioning. He is a member of the Defense, the representative military for the people of earth. He is the only one to wake up. He is seventeen parsecs from the nearest colony. He dies.

text: Could clarify who the other soldiers are.

refinement: The narrator wakes up from cold sleep to find that the chamber is malfunctioning. He is a member of the Defense, the representative military for the people of earth. He is the only passenger on his ship to wake up. He is seventeen parsecs from the nearest colony. He dies.

answer: The protagonist wakes up from cold sleep to find that he is the only one who has awoken. He is seventeen parsecs from the nearest colony and he dies.

text: Does not mention the Defense.

refinement: The protagonist wakes up from cold sleep to find that he is the only one who has awoken. He is a member of the Defense, earth's representative military force. He is seventeen parsecs from the nearest colony and he dies.

text: Does not mention who the other people on the ship are.

refinement: The protagonist wakes up from cold sleep to find that he is the only passenger aboard his ship who has awoken. He is a member of the Defense, earth's representative military force. He is seventeen parsecs from the nearest colony and he dies.

answer: The main character wakes up to find that their cold sleep chamber has malfunctioned, leaving them as the only survivor on their ship. With no one else around, they must find a way to survive on their own.

text: The ending is misleading. The main character doesn't find a way to survive on his own; he dies.

refinement: The main character wakes up to find that their cold sleep chamber has malfunctioned, leaving them as the only survivor on their ship. With no one else around, the main character dies.


text: Let me tell you a story about my perilous and sometimes absurdly amazing journey to Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. So it begins with me setting off from my sleepy little town of -redacted- on a mission; a mission of dire importance to me. It begins on the wild roads of Suburbia that slowly melt from the lull of bustle and humanity to a hush that only comes with rural areas, a hush that creeps up on you slowly and before you know it, the somnolent hush almost puts you to sleep. But I was determined, I was eager to go to this glorious Fabled city of Old so I did not nod off. To keep complete composure, like anyone would, I needed sustenance, preferably in the form of my favorite country buffet. After a raucous feast and courtesies to the wait staff as is the custom, I was off again. The horizon was comprised of the mighty Catoctin mountain at a staggering 1900 feet and the scraggly beard of trees atop it; this mountain man shifting and moving with the ridges as if actual flesh and blood. The contrast of the soaring peaks and the farmland like slabs of concrete laid down flat made for quite a sight and I was struck with the urge to paint, but I was morally contracted to visit the light at the end of my tunnel vision, so I kept trekking. I was close and I could feel it. There is this buzz of excitement, like a small static shock, that flows like the electrons that make up a current through your body. This excitement tingles and slowly resonates stronger and stronger until you reach the generator of the buzz and then it's gone. I could see the gleaming gold buildings, of my destination but I kept my cool and held in the current until I was face to face with the crown jewel of the empire of Civil War history. The shadow of the Round Top hills overlooking the site led me right to the spot where my interest in history would grow exponentially to  point of no return. I departed my rusty steed and I was there, finally

title: Gettysburg (taken from my College entrance essay, please critique)

question: Had the narrator been to Gettysburg before this trip?

answer: It is not stated.

text: Though the information isn't overtly available, clues in the story suggest that the narrator is going for the first time.

answer: That information isn't available in the story.

text: Though the information isn't overtly available, clues in the story suggest that the narrator is going for the first time.

refinement: That information isn't available in the story.

answer: It is unclear from the passage whether or not the narrator had been to Gettysburg before this trip. However, it seems that they were eager to visit the battlefield, suggesting that they may not have been there before.

answer: The narrator has not been to Gettysburg before this trip.

question: Summarize the narrator's description of the transition from suburbia to a rural area?

answer: The narrator describes the transition from suburbia to a rural area as a "hush that creeps up on you slowly and before you know it, the somnolent hush almost puts you to sleep."

text: hush that creeps up on you slowly and before you know it, the somnolent hush almost puts you to sleep.

answer: The narrator describes the transition from suburbia to a rural area as a gradual one, with the bustle and noise of the city slowly fading away until all that is left is a quiet hush. The narrator also notes the striking contrast between the mountains and the flat farmland, which makes for a beautiful sight.

text: It begins on the wild roads of Suburbia that slowly melt from the lull of bustle and humanity to a hush that only comes with rural areas, a hush that creeps up on you slowly and before you know it, the somnolent hush almost puts you to sleep.

answer: The transition starts from a bustle of humanity to a quiet that lulls you to sleep.

text: slowly melt from the lull of bustle and humanity to a hush that only comes with rural areas, a hush that creeps up on you slowly and before you know it, the somnolent hush almost puts you to sleep.

answer: The narrator describes the transition as a slow transition from bustle and humanity to a hush that only comes with rural areas.

text: slowly melt from the lull of bustle and humanity to a hush that only comes with rural areas

question: Did the narrator learn anything on their journey to Gettysburg?

answer: It doesn't seem so, they only describe the journey itself.

text: The article describes how the journey ignited his interest in history

refinement: Visiting Gettysburg ignited the narrator's interest in history

answer: The narrator learned about the history of the Civil War.

answer: The narrator learned that Gettysburg is a place of great importance to the Civil War.

text: The narrator already knew that this was an area of great importance to the Civil War, but it ignited his interest in history

refinement: Visiting Gettysburg ignited the narrator's interest in history

answer: Yes, the narrator learns about the history of the Civil War and the importance of Gettysburg.

text: The narrator already knew that this was an area of great importance to the Civil War, but it ignited his interest in history

refinement: Visiting Gettysburg ignited the narrator's interest in history

question: What are the Round Top hills?

answer: The Round Top hills are a part of the Gettysburg Battlefield.

text: The shadow of the Round Top hills overlooking the site

answer: The Round Top hills are a series of hills that overlook the Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. They are significant because they played a key role in the Battle of Gettysburg.

answer: The narrator describes them as the empire of Civil War history.

text: The narrator describes the gleaming gold buildings as the empire of Civil War history.

refinement: The Round Top Hills are a series of hills that overlook the site.

answer: The Round Top hills are a series of hills in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The narrator details their journey from their suburban town to the Gettsyburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. When they finally reach the Round Top hills, the crown jewel of Civil War history, the narrator feels that they are finally there.

text: The last phrase means nothing

refinement: The narrator details their journey from their suburban town to the Gettsyburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. When they finally reach the Round Top hills, the crown jewel of Civil War history, the narrator finds their love of history.

answer: The author is describing their journey to Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. They describe the journey and the sights they see along the way.

text: The grammar isn't great

refinement: The author describes their journey to Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. They describe the journey and the sights they see along the way.

text: The second sentence is superfluous

refinement: The author describes their journey to Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. They are awed by the sight on arriving and their love of history is ignited forever.

answer: The author describes their journey to Gettysburg Battlefield, where they were awed by the history and scenery.

answer: The narrator describes their journey to Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. They describe the sights they see along the way and their excitement to arrive at their destination.

text: English grammar problem

refinement: The narrator describes their journey to Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. They describe the sights they see along the way and their excitement when arriving at their destination.

text: The igniting of the love of history is important

refinement: The narrator describes their journey to Gettysburg Battlefield in Pennsylvania. They describe the sights they see along the way and their excitement when arriving at a destination that ignited their love of history.


text:
ZHU LINFANG (simplified Chinese: 祝林芳; traditional Chinese: 祝林芳; Ping yin: Zhu Lin Fang, born September 25, 1982 in Henan, China), is an international referee for the World Taekwondo Federal, a former taekwondo athlete and world military champion.

Zhu Linfang claimed her first title in the First College Taekwondo Classic of China in 1998, the very first tournament in her taekwondo career. In May 1999, she won another title in the National Taekwondo Championships of China in the Women’s under 51 kg competition. Zhu missed the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 because of an injury to her ankle ligament. However, in 2000–2004, she successively achieved world champion four times, and three times was awarded “Female Best Player” in the World Military Taekwondo Championships.[1][2][3]

After retiring from her athletic career, Zhu Linfang started her current job as a college teacher in China since 2008 and as an international referee since 2009. As one of a few active international referees from China, Zhu has refereed in a series of international tournaments, including the World Taekwondo Championships (2015 Chelyabinsk),[4] World Taekwondo Grand Prix (2014 Manchester, 2015 Samsun and 2016 Suzhou), the World Cadet Taekwondo Championships (2015 Muju), the World Junior Taekwondo Championships (2016 Burnaby), the Military World Games (2015 Mungyeong), the Military Taekwondo Championships (2014 Tehran), 2011 Summer Universiade (Shenzhen), the World University Taekwondo Championship (2010 Vigo, 2014 Hohhot), East Asian Games (2013 Tianjin), the Korea Open International Taekwondo Championships (2015 Chuncheon and 2016 Gyeongju) and the U.S. Open Taekwondo Championships (2016 Reno), etc.

Zhu Linfang became a public figure in China since she devoted herself to the promotion of junior taekwondo in China. She coaches junior taekwondo clubs in Guangzhou, China and was recently served as an invited judge for the Guangzhou Junior Talents Competition held by IFENG.COM.[5][6][7]

Achievements

World Military Championships

-   2000 Seoul, 51 kg
-   2001 Woensdrecht, 51 kg
-   2003 Zagreb, 55 kg
-   2004 Warendorf, 55 kg

National Championships

-   1999 Zhengzhou, 51 kg
-   2000 Zhaoqing, 51 kg
-   The Ninth National Games of the People's Republic of China, 2001 Shenzhen, 49 kg

[1] Zhu Linfang was awarded the Champion of Female Taekwondo in the 12th World Military Taekwondo Championships. Year book of Guangzhou government, 2001. http://www.guangzhou.gov.cn/yearbook/2001/html/468087.htm

[2] List of the results of previous sessions (13th–20th) of the World Military Taekwondo Championships on the Official website. http://www.cism-milsport.org/eng/003_SPORTS/021_taekwondo/results.asp

[3] Information of Zhu Linfang in the World Taekwondo Database. http://www.taekwondodata.com/linfang-zhu.a62b.html#gegner

[4] List of the international referees of the 2015 WTF World Taekwondo Championships. http://www.worldtaekwondofederation.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/4.-List-of-International-Referees_2015-WTF-World-Taekwondo-Championships-chelyabinsk.pdf

[5] Zhu Linfang serves as a invited judge for the 2016 Guangzhou Junior Talents Competition. http://gz.ifeng.com/a/20160615/4651117_0.shtml

[6] The official website and the introduction of the 2016 Guangzhou Junior Talents Competition. http://gz.ifeng.com/special/fhzx2016/

[7] Introduction of Zhu Linfang on ifeng.com. http://gz.ifeng.com/a/20160913/4970006_0.shtml

title: Zhu Linfang

question: Who is Zhu Lin fang?

answer: Zhu Linfang is a former taekwondo athlete and current international referee.

answer: Zhu Lin Fang is a Chinese international referee for the World Taekwondo Federal, a former taekwondo athlete, and world military champion.

answer: She is an international referee for the World Taekwondo Federal, a former taekwondo athlete and world military champion.

answer: Zhu Linfang is an international referee for the World Taekwondo Federal, a former taekwondo athlete and world military champion.

question: What did Zhu Lin Fang achieve as a competitor?

answer: She won the First College Taekwondo Classic of China in 1998, the National Taekwondo Championships of China in the Women’s under 51 kg competition in 1999, and the World Military Taekwondo Championships four times.

answer: Zhu Linfang was a world champion four times and three times was awarded "Female Best Player" in the World Military Taekwondo Championships.

answer: She claimed her first title in the First College Taekwondo Classic of China in 1998, the first tournament of her career. She won the National Taekwondo Championships of China in 1999. She claimed four world champion titles in 2000-2004. She was awarded "Female Best Player" three times in the World Military Taekwondo Championships.

answer: Zhu Linfang achieved world champion four times, and three times was awarded “Female Best Player” in the World Military Taekwondo Championships.

question: What did Zhu Lin Fang do after her professional career ended?

answer: She started a job as a college teacher in China in 2008, and began working as an international referee in 2009. She has refereed a series of international tournaments.

answer: After retiring from her athletic career, Zhu Linfang became an international referee for the World Taekwondo Federation. She has refereed in a number of international tournaments, including the World Taekwondo Championships, World Taekwondo Grand Prix, World Cadet Taekwondo Championships, World Junior Taekwondo Championships, Military World Games, Military Taekwondo Championships, and the East Asian Games.

answer: She became a college teacher in China.

text: She also became a referee

refinement: She became a college teacher in China, and an international referee for the World Taekwondo Federation.

answer: Zhu Linfang became a public figure in China since she devoted herself to the promotion of junior taekwondo in China.

text: It's more important to know about her career than her notoriety.

refinement: She became a college teacher in China, and an international referee for the World Taekwondo Federation.

question: What is her public reception?

answer: Zhu Linfang has become a public figure in China since she devoted herself to the promotion of junior taekwondo in China.

answer: Zhu Linfang is well-received in China, especially in the taekwondo community, as she has achieved a number of world champion titles and has served as an international referee in a number of international tournaments.

text: While it technically answers the question, I think her promotion of junior taekwondo needs to be mentioned

refinement: Zhu Linfang is well-received in China, especially in the taekwondo community, as she has achieved a number of world champion titles and has served as an international referee in a number of international tournaments. She is a public figure in China because she devoted herself to the promotion of junior taekwondo in China.

answer: Zhu Lin Fang is now a public figure in China for her devotion to the promotion of junior taekwondo in China. She now coaches junior clubs in Guangzhou.

answer: She is a public figure in China because she devoted herself to the promotion of junior taekwondo in China.

question: Write a ~7 sentence summary.

answer: Zhu Lin Fang is a former taekwondo athlete, world military champion, and referee for the World Taekwondo Federal. She claimed her first title as a competitor in the First College Taekwondo Classic of China in 1998, the first tournament of her career. She won the National Taekwondo Championships of China in 1999 and claimed four world champion titles in 2000-2004. She was also awarded "Female Best Player" three times in the World Military Taekwondo Championships. Once her competitive career ended, she began working as a college teacher in 2008, and an international referee in 2009. She in now a public figure in China for her devotion to the promotion of junior taekwondo in China. She now coaches junior clubs in Guangzhou.

answer: Zhu Linfang is a former taekwondo athlete and world military champion. She has won four world championships and was awarded "Female Best Player" in the World Military Taekwondo Championships. Zhu is currently a college teacher and international referee, and has refereed in a number of international tournaments, including the 2015 WTF World Taekwondo Championships.

answer: Zhu Linfang is an international referee for the World Taekwondo Federal, a former taekwondo athlete and world military champion. She became a public figure in China since she devoted herself to the promotion of junior taekwondo in China.

answer: Zhu Linfang is an international referee for the World Taekwondo Federal, a former taekwondo athlete and world military champion. She claimed her first title in the First College Taekwondo Classic of China in 1998, the very first tournament in her taekwondo career. In May 1999, she won another title in the National Taekwondo Championships of China in the Women’s under 51 kg competition. Zhu missed the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000 because of an injury to her ankle ligament. However, in 2000-2004, she successively achieved world champion four times, and three times was awarded “Female Best Player” in the World Military Taekwondo Championships. After retiring from her athletic career, Zhu Linfang started her current job as a college teacher in China since 2008 and as an international referee since 2009. She has refereed in a series of international tournaments, including the World Taekwondo Championships (2015 Chelyabinsk), World Taekwondo Grand Prix (2014 Manchester, 2015 Samsun and 2016 Suzhou), the World Cadet Taekwondo Championships (2015 Muju), the World Junior Taekwondo Championships (2016 Burnaby), the Military World Games (2015 Mungyeong), the Military Taekwondo Championships (2014 Tehran), 2011 Summer Universiade (Shenzhen), the World University Taekwondo Championship (2010 Vigo, 2014 Hohhot), East Asian Games (2013 Tianjin), the Korea Open International Taekwondo Championships (2015 Chuncheon and 2016 Gyeongju) and the U.S. Open Taekwondo Championships (2016 Reno), etc. Zhu Linfang became a public figure in China since she devoted herself to the promotion of junior taekwondo in China. She coaches junior taekwondo clubs in Guangzhou, China and was recently served as an invited judge for the Guangzhou Junior Talents Competition held by IFENG.COM.


text:
Beaten and broken, the man walked through the desert, without meaning, without purpose. He seemed, lost, confused, demented beyond repair. Surrounded by a shroud of emptiness, his whole world had been shattered, everything he knew consumed by the vile darkness that had somehow found its way to his planet.

He didn't know how long ago it had happened, the destruction of his world. It felt like mere moments ago in his mind, but the few pieces of sanity remaining within him reminded him that it could have been years for all he knew. With his sense of purpose gone, so was his sense of time.

The images were fresh in his mind, reliving the devastation time and time again. The thick darkness that over shadowed the world, a darkness so deep that even the 2 suns revolving around the planet could pierce. And from the darkness, the creatures that had descended upon them....fierce, mindless, fearless, countless hordes of vile abominations destroying anything in sight.

One such creature happened upon the mans family. The man, while powerful, was no match for the dark. The last image that his sanity allows him is fending off the creature....then a darkness, the taste of blood in his mouth....the cries of panic and dismembering of his family from the fiendish monster.

And the blood...everywhere blood....the screams....and then nothing.....

He then awoke in the strange place on his world that he wanders to this day and has wandered ever since that day. Where everything that he held dear....his meaning, his purpose was decimated by the nothingness.

Everyday was the same to him. He had not felt the mortal desires in the years or days or minutes it had been since that first day. He had not felt hunger, nor thirst or anything else resembling humanity. Nothing allowed him the peace of death, although something inside him seemed to tell him that on his world, there would be no peace in death.

Nor, oddly enough, he had not felt the pangs of loss that most people would have associated with losing absolutely everything. The man, wandering hopelessly, had no where to go, and had no idea why he was going there. Everyday was the same to him.

Everyday was the same, he felt nothing...everyday...save for today.

This day, unknown minutes, seconds, moments later, pain beset the man. Today, he felt as if he had not eaten in years, his stomach ached for nourishment, his throat felt dry and gasped for relief. His legs, after regaining feeling, could not carry the man through his wanderings any longer, gave way, causing the man to fall to the earth. Worst yet, as if to ail him further, his soul began to weigh him down, and he felt the cries and pain of an entire world besiege his being, as if the pain of the world cried from within him. His body filled with remorse for the untold millions of deaths that he felt, as non existent tears filled his eyes. His body could not produce any. His heart mourned for the souls lost within the dark purgatory that destroyed his home.

"I can make all your pain go away, mortal. Wash your desires and pain away, with but a nod of your head and your request, the anguish will be purged from your body...."

Startled by the forbodeing* voice, the mand tried to life his grief stricken head to confirm its source, but could not. Instead, he tried to ask with a dry mouth " Who...who is....this? What is....happening?" But nothing came to from his efforts.

"Think of me as your savior, the only one that can save you from the endless years of torment, knowing no peace without me, and knowing no light with me...."

The man barely understood what the voice was saying, other than that he wanted, no, needed, the pain to subside, and it seemed this was his only way out. To stop the pain, stop the greiving, stop feeling again....

And so, our champion tiredly lifted his head, looked dejectedly into the darkness surronding him, not at all realizing he no longer seemed to be on his own broken world, but instead what seemed to be nothingness. The man quietly whispered with heavy heart, his body beaten and broken " Take...the pain...away... I beg of y-you...."

He could feel the darkness pulse with a sense of satisfaction at his response while he waited for what would happen next. The man felt a dark hand reach deep within himself that started to pick away at his soul..... stripping away his memories, feeling them being plucked from his mind one at a time. His friends...his family...his children....everything, being purged from his mind, quite painfuly. He felt his very being being taken from his body, making him less and less human every second that went by since his response.

At the same time, during this painful transition, he felt a sense of reliefe, serinity of you will, of the greif being lifted up and out of his body, the cries of the millions being deafend just an iota at a time...his desire for food, sleep, water also being removed from his body. After who knows how long, the man allowed a brief smile to spread across his face....

...only for that smile to curl into a scowl of disatisfaction at the burning sensation began filling his body. His veins seemed to fill with knives flowing through his blood stream, cuting everything vein and nerve along the way. What felt like liquid fire filled his mind as it purged the final pieces of his memories from his being. He felt as if he could rip is own flesh off from his body just to relieve the pressure.

But no such relief came to the man. His mouth felt a thirst ten times than that felt mere seconds ago, his hunger grew in such a manner that he felt as if his stomach would eat its way out of him just to fill itself.

And even if that wasn't enough for the pain stricken man. He felt and grief and sorrow of the millions of deaths of his home decend upon him, as if all the creatures of this world were somehow bound to him and were slowly, just as his memory was, being ripped from his body one by one, each one more painful than the last.

As the pain worsened, silent screams of anguish began to escape his lips, the dark essence coursing throughout him, rapeing him from within of his humanity. A grim realization came over the man as he had realized what he had done.

The tranistion, or, mutation rather, reached a painful climax, tearing into the man like a tempest of a thousand hells, ripping his soul asunder, pulling his flesh from his bones. As the final portion of the transformation began, the man was allowed to see who he had aggreed to save save him, and upon gazing into the darkness at the face of the purgatory he was in, the man was filled with utter horror.

"There is no turning back now my child....you are now apart of my darkness. My. Nothing."

And with that, a final surge of dark essence filled the man with a burning, emptyness greater than all the rest. With his final ounce of humanity, the man bellowed forth a blood letting scream, to the fill the ears of no one....and as the scream echoed through the darkness and faded away, the broken and beaten world was left in silence, devoid of all life, with no one left to wander its wastelands any longer......

title: End of a Life

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the narrator?

answer: The man is from the planet. A disaster made it to his planet and most of its people were killed or dying. The man wandered through the wasteland, the memories assaulting him time and time again. He wandered to a place he was familiar with and finally, after being beset by horrible pain and agonizing loss, he calls out for someone to take it all away.

text: The question is asking about the narrator, not the main character.

refinement: The story does not talk about the narrator.

answer: No answer

answer: The narrator is the last survivor of an invasion that destroys everyone on his entire planet. He starts roaming the world devoid of feeling. He loses his sense of time. One day the pain he didn't feel for a long time, the thirst, and hunger all come back. A voice of unknown origin offers to take the pain away, and he agrees out of desperation. However, the entity that talks to him lie to him and all the pain and agony subside for only a moment before coming back much stronger. He realizes too late that the voice of nothingness deceived him.

text: Narrator, not the man

answer: The narrator has lost everything he holds dear and allows his sorrow and pain to consume his being. He has become lost in the darkness and allows a mysterious creature to take everything he has left, including his memories, by entering into its darkness. The creature makes him feel pain while purging his memories. The narrator ends up becoming part of the darkness, or the void, seeing a void creature in all its horror. He screams while all his humanity slips away.

text: discuss the narrator, not the main character

answer: The narrator has lost everything and is wandering the desert in misery. He has given up on finding any happiness or purpose in his life. The creatures from the dark ravaged the planet, causing great pain and loss, and the narrator allows himself to be drawn into the darkness in an attempt to spare himself further misery. This transition happens with great pain and fear, as the darkness within him picks away at his memories, his thoughts, his very being. This transformation allows him to feel little again, and he passingly smiles at the temporary comfort of the darkness. However, he quickly comes to realise that he has in fact given up his very humanity in the process and expressed horror at what he has become.

text: Narrator, not main character

refinement: The story does not discuss the narrator.


text:
[microMathematics Plus on Android displaying a formula for a popular Wi-Fi password challenge. The formula is entered first, and requires operator precedence — multiplications and divisions precede additions and subtractions.] A FORMULA CALCULATOR is a software calculator that can perform a calculation in two steps:

1.  Enter the calculation by typing it in from the keyboard.
2.  Press a single button or key to see the final result.

This is unlike button-operated calculators, such as the Windows calculator or the Mac OS X calculator, which require the user to perform one step for each operation, by pressing buttons to calculate all the intermediate values, before the final result is shown.

In this context, a formula is also known as an expression, and so formula calculators may be called _expression_ calculators. Also in this context, calculation is known as _evaluation_, and so they may be called formula _evaluators_, rather than _calculators_.

How they work

Formulas as they are commonly written use infix notation for binary operators, such as addition, multiplication, division and subtraction. This notation also uses:

-   Parentheses to enclose parts of a formula that must be calculated first.
-   In the absence of parentheses, operator precedence, so that higher precedence operators, such as multiplication, must be applied before lower precedence operators, such as addition. For example, in 2 + 3*4, the multiplication, 3*4, is done first.
-   Among operators with the same precedence, associativity, so that the left-most operator must be applied first. For example, in 2 - 3 + 4, the subtraction, 2 - 3, is done first.

Also, formulas may contain:

-   Non-commutative operators that must be applied to numbers in the correct order, such as subtraction and division.
-   The same symbol used for more than one purpose, such as - for negative numbers and subtraction.

Once a formula is entered, a formula calculator follows the above rules to produce the final result by automatically:

-   Analysing the formula and breaking it down into its constituent parts, such as operators, numbers and parentheses.
-   Finding both operands of each binary operator.
-   Working out the values of these operands.
-   Applying the operator to these values, in the correct order so as to allow for non-commutative operators.
-   Evaluating the parts of a formula in parentheses first.
-   Taking operator precedence and associativity into account.
-   Distinguishing between different uses of the same symbol.

Types of calculator

The formula calculator concept can be applied to all types of calculator, including arithmetic, scientific, statistics, financial and conversion calculators.

The calculation can be typed or pasted into an edit box of:

-   A software package that runs on a computer, for example as a dialog box.
-   An on-line formula calculator hosted on a web site.

It can also be entered on the command line of a programming language.

Related software packages

Although they are not calculators in themselves, because they have a much broader feature set, many software tools have a formula-calculation capability, in that a formula can be typed in and evaluated. These include:

-   Spreadsheets, where a formula can be entered to calculate a cell’s content.
-   Databases, where a formula can be used to define the value of a calculated field in a record.

Declarative and imperative tools

Button-operated calculators are imperative, because the user must provide details of how the calculation has to be performed.[1]

On the other hand, formula calculators are more declarative, because the entered formula specifies what to do, and the user does not have to provide any details of the step-by-step order in which the calculation has to be performed.

Declarative solutions are easier to understand than imperative solutions,[2][3] and so there has been a long-term trend from imperative to declarative methods.[4][5] Formula calculators are part of this trend.

Many software tools for the general user, such as spreadsheets, are declarative. Formula calculators are examples of such tools.

Hybrid calculators

There are hybrid calculators that combine typed-in formulae and button-operated calculation. For example:

-   Calculations can be entered entirely from the keyboard, or operations can be applied to typed-in numbers or formulas using buttons, in the same calculator.
-   Formulas can be constructed using buttons, rather than being entered from the keyboard.
-   Formula copies of button-operated calculations can be created, saved and re-loaded for application to different numbers.

[1] Harold Thimbleby. A new calculator and why it is necessary, Computing Science, Middlesex University, London, UK, September 1998. Available from: http://www.uclic.ucl.ac.uk/harold/srf/allcalcs.pdf Archived at: web.archive.org

[2]

[3] Roy E. Furman. Declarative Programming - Strategies for Solving Software Problems, http://www.articlesalley.com , July 2006. Available from:

[4] David A. Watt. Programming language concepts and paradigms, Prentice Hall, 1990 (citation 13 at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/context/14802/0)

[5] Tatsuru Matsushita. Expressive Power of Declarative Programming Languages, PhD thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of York, October 1998 (citation 13 at http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/context/14802/0)

title: Formula calculator

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the capabilities of a formula calculator?

answer: A formula calculator accepts calculations entered with a keyboard. The calculator utilizes parentheses, operator precedence, and associativity. Since the calculation is entered once, step-by-step instructions aren't necessary like regular button-based calculators. This kind of solution tends to be easier to understand too.

answer: A formula calculator can automatically analyse a formula and apply the necessary calculations to produce an accurate result. The calculations are performed according to operator precedence and associativity rules. Formula calculators are declarative in nature, because their input is a formula specifying what should be done. Hybrid calculators can include button-operated calculation and formula entry.

answer: A formula calculator is able to automatically break down an entered formula into its constituent parts and apply the necessary operations. This is done in a declarative way that is easier to understand than imperative solutions. There are also hybrid calculators that combine typed-in formulae and button-operated calculations.

answer: The article doesn't go into detail about what the formula calculator is, but it discusses its general use. You enter an expression into the calculator and press a button to get an answer. Unlike button-operated calculators, a formula calculator doesn't require you to type out every operation, it will calculate all the intermediate values automatically from the formulas you add.

text: The response inaccurately says that the text doesn't go into detail about the formula calculator, however there is sufficient information to describe its function.

refinement: You enter an expression into the calculator and press a button to get an answer. Unlike button-operated calculators, a formula calculator doesn't require you to type out every operation, it will calculate all the intermediate values automatically from the formulas you add.

answer:
A formula calculator or expression calculator works in two steps:
1. Enter the calculation from the keyboard.
2. Presses a button to see the final result.
Formulas as they are commonly written use infix notation for binary operators, such as addition, multiplication, division and subtraction.
Calculations are typed or pasted into an edit box of an:
- Software package that runs on a computer,
- On-line formula calculator hosted on a web site, or
- Programming language.
Software tools that contain formula calculation capabilities include:
- Spreadsheets,
- Databases, and
- Programming languages.
Calculators and other software tools that have only formula calculation capabilities include:
- Databases, and
- Programming languages.

text: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

refinement:
A formula calculator or expression calculator works in two steps:
1. Enter the calculation from the keyboard.
2. Presses a button to see the final result.
Formulas as they are commonly written use infix notation for binary operators, such as addition, multiplication, division and subtraction.
Calculations are typed or pasted into an edit box of an:
- Software package that runs on a computer,
- On-line formula calculator hosted on a web site, or
- Programming language.
Software tools that contain formula calculation capabilities include:
- Spreadsheets,
- Databases, and
- Programming languages.