text:
The NATIONAL FEDERATION OF PROFESSIONAL WORKERS (NFPW) was a trade union federation in the United Kingdom.

History

The federation was founded on the initiative of G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot as the FEDERATION OF PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPERVISORY WORKERS.[1][2] It aimed to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join trade unions, and for those unions to co-operate where possible. This was principally through co-ordinated lobbying of Parliament, particularly on issues of pension rights and health and safety; and also through the co-ordinated production of relevant statistics.[3] While an earlier National Clerical and Administrative Workers' Joint Committee had filled a similar role, it had collapsed during World War I.[4]

In November 1919, Cole persuaded Alexander Walkden to organise a meeting at the Essex Hall in London, with representatives of all eligible unions invited. This was held on 7 February 1920, and established the federation.[5]

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership of any federation containing other organisations. Those unions therefore had to disaffiliate and focus on activity in the Civil Service Alliance and Civil Service Federation. The law was repealed in 1946, and total membership of affiliated unions soon doubled to 500,000.[6]

Most remaining unions which were eligible for membership joined in the 1960s, notably including the National Association of Local Government Officers, the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, the National Association of Schoolmasters and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions.[7] By the end of the 1970s, 41 unions were affiliated, representing more than 1,500,000 workers,[8] but the federation was in a very poor financial position. Its members were unwilling to increase their affiliation fees, most believing that the NFPW's services were now better provided by the Trades Union Congress, so the organisation dissolved in 1982.[9]

General Secretaries

    1920: William C. Keay
    1929: Stephen W. Smith
    1950: P. H. M. Hoey
    1962: John Fryd

Presidents

    1920: E. H. Walker
    1921: George Lathan[10]
    1937: George Walker Thomson
    1948: Anne Godwin
    1956: Jim Bradley
    1960: Jim Mortimer
    1962: Laurence Welsh
    1964: Arthur Palmer
    1966: John Dryden
    1969: Eric Winterbottom
    1971: Terry Casey
    1973: Geoffrey Drain
    1975:

Treasurers

    1947: Percy Heady[11]
    1949: James Haworth[12]
    1956: Ray Gunter[13]
    1960: Lord Lindgren[14]
    1963: Tom G. Bradley[15]
    1967: Walter Johnson[16]
    1979: Jim Mills[17]

[1] Jim Mortimer, _A History of the Association of Engineering and Shipbuilding Draughtsmen_, p.74

[2] Malcolm Wallace, _Single or Return?: The History of the Transport Salaried Staffs' Association_, pp.112-113

[3] University of Warwick, “National Federation of Professional Workers”

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7] Arthur Marsh and Victoria Ryan, _Historical Directory of Trade Unions_, vol.1, p.149

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

question: Why was the NFPW founded?

answer: The National Federation of Professional Workers was founded in 1920 as an effort to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate.

text: Minor: Add the abbreviation (NFPW) for the National Federation of Professional Workers

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was founded in 1920 as an effort to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate.

text: Minor: The year is irrelevant to the question and can be removed.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was founded as an effort to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate.

text: Add "where possible" after "cooperate"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was founded as an effort to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate where possible.

answer: The NFPW was founded to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions and for those unions to co-operate when possible.

text: Minor: Add "National Federation of Professional Workers" at the beginning of the sentence.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was founded to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions and for those unions to co-operate when possible.

answer: The National Federation of Professional Workers was founded on the initiative of G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot in order to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join for unions and for these unions to cooperate where possible.

text: Minor: Add the abbreviation (NFPW) for the National Federation of Professional Workers

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was founded on the initiative of G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot in order to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join for unions and for these unions to cooperate where possible.

text: Minor: "on the initiative of G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot" is irrelevant to the question and can be reomved.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was founded in order to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join for unions and for these unions to cooperate where possible.

text: "in order" can be deleted

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was founded to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join for unions and for these unions to cooperate where possible.

text: Delete "for"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was founded to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join unions and for these unions to cooperate where possible.

question: What did the Trades Disputes Act ban?

answer: The Act banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations.

answer: It banned civil service unions from membership of any federation containing other organizations.

text: Minor: Change preposition "of" to "in"

refinement: It banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations.

text: Minor: "It" doesn't describe anything. Replace with "The Act"

refinement: It banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations.

answer: The act banned civil service unions from membership of any federation containing other organisations.

text: American English: Change "organisations" to "organizations"

refinement: The act banned civil service unions from membership of any federation containing other organizations.

text: Minor: Change preposition "of" to "in"

refinement: The act banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations.

question: List the General Secretaries.

answer:
William C. Keay
Stephen W. Smith
P. H. M. Hoey
John Fryd

answer: William C. Keay, Stephen W. Smith, P.H.M. Hoey, John Fryd.

answer:
-William C. Keay
-Stephen W. Smith
-P.H.M. Hoey
-John Fryd

question: Which remaining unions joined later?

answer: The National Association of Local Government Officers, the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, the National Association of Schoolmasters, and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions.

answer: Some of the later joining unions included the National Association of Local Government Officers, the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, the National Association of Schoolmasters and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions.

text: Minor: Add a comma after "Schoolmasters"

refinement: Some of the later joining unions included the National Association of Local Government Officers, the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, the National Association of Schoolmasters, and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions.

answer: According to the passage, many unions affiliated to the National Federation of Professional Workers in the 1960s, notably including the National Association of Local Government Officers, the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, and the National Association of Schoolmasters.

text: "According to the passage, many unions affiliated to the National Federation of Professional Workers in the 1960s, notably including" - Doesn't add anything to answer the question and must be revised.

refinement: Most remaining unions which were eligible for membership include the National Association of Local Government Officers, the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, and the National Association of Schoolmasters.

text: Missing: the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions.

refinement: Most remaining unions which were eligible for membership include the National Association of Local Government Officers, the Institution of Professional Civil Servants, the National Association of Schoolmasters, and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions.

question: Write a ~6 sentence summary.

answer:
The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation dedicated to bringing professional, technical, administrative, and supervisory workers in Britain into unions. It was established as a result of a meeting convened by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot.
Under common law, unions were once declared barred from the federation due to a clause that prohibited unions from being affiliated with bodies representing other unions and federations. In 1919, the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers was born. The federation dissolved after the dissolution of the Trades Union Congress in 1982.

text: "professional, technical, administrative, and supervisory workers." - is too long and was only used as the initial name of the NFPW. Change to "professional, clerical, and government workers"

refinement:
The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation dedicated to bringing professional, clerical, and government workers in Britain into unions. It was established as a result of a meeting convened by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot.
Under common law, unions were once declared barred from the federation due to a clause that prohibited unions from being affiliated with bodies representing other unions and federations. In 1919, the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers was born. The federation dissolved after the dissolution of the Trades Union Congress in 1982.

text: Add "and for these unions to cooperate where possible after "unions"

refinement:
The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation dedicated to bringing professional, clerical, and government workers in Britain into unions. It was established as a result of a meeting convened by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot.
Under common law, unions were once declared barred from the federation due to a clause that prohibited unions from being affiliated with bodies representing other unions and federations. In 1919, the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers was born. The federation dissolved after the dissolution of the Trades Union Congress in 1982.

text: "Under common law" - is vague. Change it to "Under the Trades Disputes Act"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation dedicated to bringing professional, clerical, and government workers in Britain into unions. It was established as a result of a meeting convened by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. Under the Trades Disputes Act, unions were once declared barred from the federation due to a clause that prohibited unions from being affiliated with bodies representing other unions and federations. In 1919, the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers was born. The federation dissolved after the dissolution of the Trades Union Congress in 1982.

text: Minor: change "federation" to "NFPW"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation dedicated to bringing professional, clerical, and government workers in Britain into unions. It was established as a result of a meeting convened by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. Under the Trades Disputes Act, unions were once declared barred from the federation due to a clause that prohibited unions from being affiliated with bodies representing other unions and federations. In 1919, the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers was born. The federation dissolved after the dissolution of the Trades Union Congress in 1982.

text: Critical: "The federation dissolved after the dissolution of the Trades Union Congress in 1982." - This means that the NFPW dissolved after the Trades Union Act ended, which is false. Full revision needed.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation dedicated to bringing professional, clerical, and government workers in Britain into unions. It was established as a result of a meeting convened by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. Under the Trades Disputes Act, unions were once declared barred from the federation due to a clause that prohibited unions from being affiliated with bodies representing other unions and federations. In 1919, the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers was born. The NFPW dissolved in 1982 due to poor finances and unions believing that the NFPW's services were now better provided by the Trades Union Congress.

answer: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot in 1919. It sought to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and to co-operate amongst those unions. Although Civil Service unions lost their rights to be member to a federation of the National Federation of Professional Workers in 1927, the group could no longer function as civil servants would be forbidden to be a part of it. In the 1970s and 1980s, unions stopped joining NFPW as they felt that the services were better provided through the Tresure Union Congress and the federation dissolved by 1982.

text: "and to co-operate amongst those unions." - This reads like the professionals and clerks need to cooperate among the unions, but it's the unions that need to cooperate amongst themselves where possible.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot in 1919. It sought to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and for those unions to cooperate where possible. Although Civil Service unions lost their rights to be member to a federation of the National Federation of Professional Workers in 1927, the group could no longer function as civil servants would be forbidden to be a part of it. In the 1970s and 1980s, unions stopped joining NFPW as they felt that the services were better provided through the Tresure Union Congress and the federation dissolved by 1982.

text: "Although Civil Service unions lost their rights to be member to a federation of the National Federation of Professional Workers in 1927, the group could no longer function as civil servants would be forbidden to be a part of it." -  This sentence is hard to read and trips over itself. Revisions are needed.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot in 1919. It sought to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and for those unions to cooperate where possible. In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations, making these unions disaffiliate and focus their activities in the Civil Service Alliance and Civil Service Federation. In the 1970s and 1980s, unions stopped joining NFPW as they felt that the services were better provided through the Tresure Union Congress and the federation dissolved by 1982.

text: Change "Tresure" to "Trades"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot in 1919. It sought to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and for those unions to cooperate where possible. In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations, making these unions disaffiliate and focus their activities in the Civil Service Alliance and Civil Service Federation. In the 1970s and 1980s, unions stopped joining NFPW as they felt that the services were better provided through the Trades Union Congress and the federation dissolved by 1982.

text: "In the 1970s and 1980s, unions stopped joining NFPW as they felt that the services were better provided through the Trades Union Congress and the federation dissolved by 1982." - Delete "and" to separate the two sentences for better clarity.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot in 1919. It sought to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and for those unions to cooperate where possible. In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations, making these unions disaffiliate and focus their activities in the Civil Service Alliance and Civil Service Federation. In the 1970s and 1980s, unions stopped joining NFPW as they felt that the services were better provided through the Trades Union Congress. The federation dissolved by 1982.

text: "The federation dissolved by 1982."  - Change to "The NFPW dissolved in 1982."

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot in 1919. It sought to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and for those unions to cooperate where possible. In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations, making these unions disaffiliate and focus their activities in the Civil Service Alliance and Civil Service Federation. In the 1970s and 1980s, unions stopped joining NFPW as they felt that the services were better provided through the Trades Union Congress. The NFPW dissolved in 1982.

answer: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation in the United Kingdom. They hoped to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and those unions to cooperate. The organization was founded in 1919 by G. D. H. Cole. The Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from participating in federations. When that was repealed, more unions joined into the 1960s. The organization was dissolved over dwindling finances in 1982.

text: Add "for" before "those"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation in the United Kingdom. They hoped to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate. The organization was founded in 1919 by G. D. H. Cole. The Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from participating in federations. When that was repealed, more unions joined into the 1960s. The organization was dissolved over dwindling finances in 1982.

text: "The organization was founded in 1919 by G. D. H. Cole." -  add "and Robin Page Arnot"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation in the United Kingdom. They hoped to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate. The organization was founded in 1919 by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. The Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from participating in federations. When that was repealed, more unions joined into the 1960s. The organization was dissolved over dwindling finances in 1982.

text: "The Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from participating in federations. When that was repealed, more unions joined into the 1960s." - Not including the date of the Trades Disputes Act and when it was repealed weakens the statement. Add the dates.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation in the United Kingdom. They hoped to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate. The organization was founded in 1919 by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. The Trades Disputes Act of 1927 banned civil service unions from participating in federations. When that was repealed in 1946, more unions joined into the 1960s. The organization was dissolved over dwindling finances in 1982.

text: "When that was repealed in 1946" - replace "that" with "the law"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation in the United Kingdom. They hoped to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate. The organization was founded in 1919 by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. The Trades Disputes Act of 1927 banned civil service unions from participating in federations. When the law was repealed in 1946, more unions joined into the 1960s. The organization was dissolved over dwindling finances in 1982.

text: "When the law was repealed in 1946, more unions joined into the 1960s." - add "well" to "into" for better flow and add "and 1970s" at the end of the sentence.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation in the United Kingdom. They hoped to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate. The organization was founded in 1919 by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. The Trades Disputes Act of 1927 banned civil service unions from participating in federations. When the law was repealed in 1946, more unions joined well into the 1960s and 1970s. The organization was dissolved over dwindling finances in 1982.

text: Minor formatting: Add abbreviation NFPW

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union federation in the United Kingdom. They hoped to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join unions and for those unions to cooperate. The organization was founded in 1919 by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. The Trades Disputes Act of 1927 banned civil service unions from participating in federations. When the law was repealed in 1946, more unions joined well into the 1960s and 1970s. The organization was dissolved over dwindling finances in 1982.

answer:
In 1919, the NFPW was founded as the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers by George D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot.

The NFPW aims to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join trade unions, and the workers' unions to co-operate where possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership of any federation containing other organisations. Consequently, the law was repealed in 1946, leaving a gap of 9 years, and consequently doubling the memberships of the unions. It also made the administration of the NFPW difficult and hence dissolved in 1982.

text: "In 1919, the NFPW was founded as the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers by George D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot." - add that the name was later changed to the National Federation of Professional Workers.

refinement:
In 1919, the NFPW was initially founded as the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers by George D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It was later called the National Federation of Professional Workers or NFPW.

The NFPW aims to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join trade unions, and the workers' unions to co-operate where possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership of any federation containing other organisations. Consequently, the law was repealed in 1946, leaving a gap of 9 years, and consequently doubling the memberships of the unions. It also made the administration of the NFPW difficult and hence dissolved in 1982.

text: "Consequently, the law was repealed in 1946, leaving a gap of 9 years, and consequently doubling the memberships of the unions." - the 9-year gap serves no purpose and should be deleted.

refinement:
In 1919, the NFPW was initially founded as the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers by George D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It was later called the National Federation of Professional Workers or NFPW.

The NFPW aims to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join trade unions, and the workers' unions to co-operate where possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership of any federation containing other organisations. Consequently, the law was repealed in 1946, doubling the memberships of the unions. It also made the administration of the NFPW difficult and hence dissolved in 1982.

text: "It also made the administration of the NFPW difficult and hence dissolved in 1982." - This was never mentioned anywhere in the passage and should be revised. Highlight the federation's poor financial state and the rise of the Trades Union Congress.

refinement:
In 1919, the NFPW was initially founded as the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers by George D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It was later called the National Federation of Professional Workers or NFPW.

The NFPW aims to encourage professional, clerical and government workers to join trade unions, and the workers' unions to co-operate where possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership of any federation containing other organisations. Consequently, the law was repealed in 1946, doubling the memberships of the unions. The NFPW dissolved in 1982 due to the federation's poor financial position and the rise of the Trades Union Congress, which many believed provided better services.

text: Grammar and clarity: "clerical and government workers" - Add a comma after "clerical"

refinement:
In 1919, the NFPW was initially founded as the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers by George D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It was later called the National Federation of Professional Workers or NFPW.

The NFPW aims to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and the workers' unions to co-operate where possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership of any federation containing other organisations. Consequently, the law was repealed in 1946, doubling the memberships of the unions. The NFPW dissolved in 1982 due to the federation's poor financial position and the rise of the Trades Union Congress, which many believed provided better services.

text: Grammar and clarity: "from membership of any federation" - Change preposition "of" to "in"

refinement:
In 1919, the NFPW was initially founded as the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers by George D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It was later called the National Federation of Professional Workers or NFPW.

The NFPW aims to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and the workers' unions to co-operate where possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organisations. Consequently, the law was repealed in 1946, doubling the memberships of the unions. The NFPW dissolved in 1982 due to the federation's poor financial position and the rise of the Trades Union Congress, which many believed provided better services.

text: "organisations." - Change the spelling to "organizations"

refinement:
In 1919, the NFPW was initially founded as the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers by George D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It was later called the National Federation of Professional Workers or NFPW.

The NFPW aims to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and the workers' unions to co-operate where possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations. Consequently, the law was repealed in 1946, doubling the memberships of the unions. The NFPW dissolved in 1982 due to the federation's poor financial position and the rise of the Trades Union Congress, which many believed provided better services.

text: "doubling the memberships of the unions." - Change to "causing union memberships to double"

refinement:
In 1919, the NFPW was initially founded as the Federation of Professional, Technical, Administrative, and Supervisory Workers by George D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It was later called the National Federation of Professional Workers or NFPW.

The NFPW aims to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions, and the workers' unions to co-operate where possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations. Consequently, the law was repealed in 1946, causing union memberships to double. The NFPW dissolved in 1982 due to the federation's poor financial position and the rise of the Trades Union Congress, which many believed provided better services.

answer: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation in the UK. It was founded in 1919. It represented professional, clerical and government workers. It was founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It dissolved in 1982 because union membership declined, unions believing the the NFPW services were better provided by the Trades Union Congress.

text: "It dissolved in 1982 because union membership declined, unions believing the the NFPW services were better provided by the Trades Union Congress." - Add that the federation also dissolved due to poor finances.

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers was a trade union federation in the UK. It was founded in 1919. It represented professional, clerical and government workers. It was founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It dissolved in 1982 because union membership declined due to poor finances and unions believing the the NFPW services were better provided by the Trades Union Congress.

text: "The National Federation of Professional Workers" - Add abbreviation NFPW

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union federation in the UK. It was founded in 1919. It represented professional, clerical and government workers. It was founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It dissolved in 1982 because union membership declined due to poor finances and unions believing the the NFPW services were better provided by the Trades Union Congress.

text: Grammar and clarity: "clerical and government" - Add a comma after "clerical"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union federation in the UK. It was founded in 1919. It represented professional, clerical, and government workers. It was founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It dissolved in 1982 because union membership declined due to poor finances and unions believing the the NFPW services were better provided by the Trades Union Congress.

text: Grammar and clarity: "the the NFPW" - Remove redundant "the"

refinement: The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union federation in the UK. It was founded in 1919. It represented professional, clerical, and government workers. It was founded by G. D. H. Cole and Robin Page Arnot. It dissolved in 1982 because union membership declined due to poor finances and unions believing the NFPW services were better provided by the Trades Union Congress.

answer:
The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It was founded to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions and for those unions to co-operate when possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act had banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations. The law was repealed in 1946 and the total membership of affiliate unions had doubled.

Unions including the National Association of Local Government Officers and the Institution of Professional Civil Servants joined in the 1960s.

The organization was dissolved in 1982.

text: Minor: change "co-operate" to "cooperate"

refinement:
The National Federation of Professional Workers (NFPW) was a trade union in the United Kingdom. It was founded to encourage professional, clerical, and government workers to join trade unions and for those unions to cooperate when possible.

In 1927, the Trades Disputes Act had banned civil service unions from membership in any federation containing other organizations. The law was repealed in 1946 and the total membership of affiliate unions had doubled.

Unions including the National Association of Local Government Officers and the Institution of Professional Civil Servants joined in the 1960s.

The organization was dissolved in 1982.


split: train

text:
[Image for post]

Source: MaxMetrics
[andrea saez]

_This is part two of my previous blog post:_ _So you want to be a product manager?_

Previously I wrote about some basics to get you started in the product management world, including some great resources and key points to follow. If you’ve covered elemental steps to get you into the exciting product management cosmos, what can you do to actually get hired?

You might think you’ve got all the chops, but unless you’re not visible to the public eye, how is anyone going to know who you even are? Blog about the things you like, write! Get out there! So not everyone may share your opinions, but at least you’re not afraid of getting out there. The more you write (and Tweet) about a specific subject(s) — the more visibility you will have, and the more you will start breaking into the network.

Speaking of network… network! Attending conferences and meetups are a great way to not only meet potential employees, but also inspiring minds. This will give you a chance to meet others, learn from them, and maybe even gain a little confidence about speaking in front of and to others — which you will be inevitably doing.

I was asked a little while ago about what to do to get hired as a product manager above anyone else, which is half the inspiration to this post. The other half lies in one simple statement: make yourself invaluable. Don’t ask for a job, tell them that_they_ _need you_. Remember, you will be part of a team that will give the product vision and direction; you are there to solve a problem, but how can you be a leader if you don’t show you’ve got the confidence to do so?

A great way to build up your confidence is to join your local Toastmasters meetup to work on your public speaking. Believe me, even until today I have a hard time with this, but the more you speak publicly, the easier it gets. You can then go onto speaking to clients, and give webinars and presentations about what you’re working on.

You’ve networked, you’ve put yourself out there — now don’t drop off the radar. Maintaining good relationships is the single most important thing you can do as you’re looking for a job. Even beyond that, you never know who may end up being your client, or will end up referring you to a potential client. Everyone wants to meet good people, right?

Maintaining relationships isn’t hard. Check in with them, Tweet, send an email — you’re not short on possibilities. If the other person has just released a new product, congratulate them! Maybe even ask them for some advice. Cultivate relationships like flowers and don’t let them die. This will also be an invaluable skill as you’re working with clients. Remember, everyone likes to be acknowledged.

And of course, last but not least, make sure you’re working with the right tools! ProdPad lets you improve and nurture those communication skills by allowing you to publish a public roadmap and keep track of all that great feedback you’ll be getting. From us to you, the best of luck!

question: Who is the target audience for this post?

answer: The target audience for this post is individuals interested in pursuing a career in product management.

answer: This post is targeted at someone who wants to become a product manager.

answer: People looking to become product managers or would like to improve their chances of being hired, as well as people who want help maintaining good relationships with possible employers and/or referral sources.

question: What does the author suggest doing to become a product manager?

answer: The author suggests writing about topics that interest you to increase visibility, attending conferences and meetups to network with fellow product managers, and cultivating relationships with others in the field. Additionally, being proactive with using product management tools can help with not only communication but also efficiency.

answer: The author suggests that people interested in product management should blog, attend conferences and meetups, cultivate relationships with others, and use the right tools.

answer: Make sure to be visible to the public eye, network-attend conferences and meetups, become invaluable, work on public speaking, and maintain relationships.

text: "Network-attend conferences and meetups" may be rephrased a bit for clarity.

refinement: Make sure to be visible to the public eye, attend conferences and meetups to expand one's network, become invaluable, work on public speaking, and maintain relationships.

question: What did the first blog post about this topic explain?

answer: The author previously wrote about some basics to help someone get started in the product management world.

answer: The first blog post explained how to go about becoming a product manager and achieving job success within the field. It advocated for networking, writing, attending conferences and meet-ups, and maintaining lasting relationships in order to increase visibility and confidence. Additionally, the blog post discussed the importance of continually maintaining a good working relationship with the right tools such as ProdPad in order to streamline communication and feedback.

text: Some of the things mentioned are already topics of the current blog post, not the first one.

refinement: The first blog post explained how to go about becoming a product manager and achieving job success within the field.

answer: That there are some important steps to become a product manager, including networking, writing about subjects you're interested in, and maintaining good relationships with people.

text: Networking, writing, and maintaining good relationships are all discussed in the current blog post, not the first one.

refinement: That there are some important steps to become a product manager.

question: What tool does the author suggest using to improve and nurture communication skills?

answer: ProdPad

text: No answer is given.

answer: Prapad, Facebook

text: Prapad is a typo.

text: Facebook is not mentioned in the blog post.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The author highlights key points for succeeding in product management as communication skills. They annouce that you have to be both visible and maintain good relationships to be successful in being hired as a product manager. The author recommends using tools to enhance communication.

text: Typos need to be fixed.

refinement: The author highlights key points for succeeding in product management, such as communication skills. They announce that you have to be visible and maintain good relationships to be successful in being hired as a product manager. The author recommends using tools to enhance communication.

text: Third-person POV must be used.

refinement: The author highlights key points for succeeding in product management, such as communication skills. They announce that a person has to be visible and maintain good relationships to be successful in being hired as a product manager. The author recommends using tools to enhance communication.

answer: The author advises you to blog about things you like to make yourself visible. Attending conferences and hanging out with inspiring people will help your networking as well. Gaining the confidence to yourself an important skill you will hone when working with clients.

text: It is omitted that the author is giving advice on how to be a product manager.

refinement: The author advises you on how to be a product manager. One is to blog about things you like to make yourself visible. Attending conferences and hanging out with inspiring people will help your networking as well. Gaining the confidence to yourself an important skill you will hone when working with clients.

text: The last sentence needs to be rephrased for clarity.

refinement: The author advises you on how to be a product manager. One is to blog about things you like to make yourself visible. Attending conferences and hanging out with inspiring people will help your networking as well. Building self-confidence is an important skill you will hone when working with clients.

answer: The post suggests blogging about your likes/opinions, attending conferences and meetups, building confidence through public speaking, maintaining relationships, and working with the correct tools to all be essential in your search for a product manager position.

answer: This post is targeted at someone who wants to become a product manager, and is the second part of the the blog post. The author previously wrote about some basics to help someone get started in the product management world. This post suggests making sure to be visible to the public eye, network-attend conferences and meetups, become invaluable, work on public speaking, and maintain relationships.

answer:
- This post gives hints on how to be visible to the public eye when trying to land a job as a product manager. - First, bloggers should write about the things they love because that's how they naturally share their opinions.
- Second, they suggest attending conferences and meetups, because networking is important, and no one likes to meet good people.

text: "No one likes to meet good people" is inaccurate. The whole point of networking is to meet good people.

refinement:
- This post gives hints on how to be visible to the public eye when trying to land a job as a product manager. - First, bloggers should write about the things they love because that's how they naturally share their opinions.
- Second, they suggest attending conferences and meetups, because networking is important in order to meet good people.

text: Blogging is the author's advice on how to be visible to the public eye.

refinement:
- This post advises the reader to blog about their opinions and things they love to be visible to the public eye when trying to land a job as a product manager.
- Second, they suggest attending conferences and meetups, because networking is important in order to meet good people.

text: The bullet points are unnecessary.

refinement: This post advises the reader to blog about their opinions and things they love to be visible to the public eye when trying to land a job as a product manager. They also suggest attending conferences and meetups, because networking is important in order to meet good people.

answer: The narrator details the steps you need to be a good product manager, and outlines how to be visible. They assert that having confidence and being reliable and interesting are key. The narrator recommends using ProdPad, a navigable dashboard for managing products and user feedback.

text: Since this is a blog post, "author" is more appropriate than "narrator."

refinement: The author details the steps you need to be a good product manager, and outlines how to be visible. They assert that having confidence and being reliable and interesting are key. The author recommends using ProdPad, a navigable dashboard for managing products and user feedback.

text: Third-person POV must be used.

refinement: The narrator details the steps a person needs to be a good product manager, and outlines how to be visible. They assert that having confidence and being reliable and interesting are key. The narrator recommends using ProdPad, a navigable dashboard for managing products and user feedback.

text: The comma is unnecessary in the first sentence

refinement: The narrator details the steps a person needs to be a good product manager and outlines how to be visible. They assert that having confidence and being reliable and interesting are key. The narrator recommends using ProdPad, a navigable dashboard for managing products and user feedback.


text:
BOUDERIES is a settlement in Kasserine, Tunisia, in North Africa.[1]

The settlement is located on the Algerian border north of Fériana. It is the site of a natural spring,[2][3] and nearby Mount Jebel ech Chambi is, at 1,544 m, one of the highest points in Tunisia.

History

Ain Bou Dries is the site of Drua, a ruined Roman fort,[4] of the Roman province of Byzacena.

During late antiquity the town was seat of a Christian bishopric. [5][6] [7] In 411, the towns bishop, Antonianus, attended the Council of Carthage with the Donatist delegation. The town survived until at least the Arab–Byzantine wars of 698AD.

The 1st Armored Division of the United States Army passed through Bouderies during World War II.[8]

Today the bishopric of Drua survives as a titular bishopric[9] with the current bishop being John Joseph Jenik, auxiliary bishop of New York City.[10]

[1] Map of Aïne Bou Driès in Kasserine, Tunisia.

[2] Bouderies at mapcarta.com.

[3] Aïne Bou Driès at getamap.net.

[4] Gamal Mokhtar, _General History of Africa_ - Vol. II - Ancient Africa ( UNESCO, 2010) p553.

[5] Pius Bonifacius Gams, _Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae_, (Leipzig, 1931), p. 465.

[6] Stefano Antonio Morcelli, _Africa christiana_, Volume I, Brescia 1816, p. 152.

[7] J. Ferron, v. _Druensis_ in _Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques_, vol. IX, 1937, col. 821.

[8] George F Howe, _United States Army in World War 2 - The Mediterranean -Northwest Africa_. (Pickle Partners Publishing, 2014).

[9]

[10] diocese entry at www.gcatholic.org

title: Bouderies

question: Where is the settlement?

answer: Bouderies is located in the Kasserine region of Tunisia.

answer: Kasserine, Tunisia

answer: Bouderies is located in Kasserine, Tunisia.

question: What natural features does the site have?

answer: There is a natural spring at the site, and Mount Jebel ech Chambi is nearby

answer: It has water. It has a well for water.

text: Not enough information.

refinement: It has a natural spring, and nearby Mount Jebel ech Chambi, one of the highest mountains in Tunisia.

answer: There is a natural spring at the site.

text: not enough information

refinement: There is a natural spring at the site and Mount Jebel ech Chambi.

question: What Roman ruins are at the site?

answer: The site contains ruins from Roman times, called Drua.

answer: Ain Bou Dries is the site of Drua, a ruin of the Roman fort.

answer: Drua, a ruined Roman fort

question: Who is the current bishop of Drua?

answer: The current bishop of Drua is John Joseph Jenik.

answer: John Joseph Jenik, auxiliary bishop of New York City

answer: The current bishop of Drua is John Joseph Jenik.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Bouderies is a settlement in Kasserine, Tunisia. It is the site of a natural spring, and is close to Mount Jebel ech Chambi. It is the site of Drua, a ruined Roman fort, and was once the seat of a Christian bishopric. Today, Drua is still a titular bishopric, with the current bishop being John Joseph Jenik, auxiliary bishop of New York City.

answer: Bouderies is a small settlement in northeastern Tunisia that was once a strategically important site. Today, the remains of the ancient Roman fort can still be found, along with the remains of an early Christian bishopric. During World War II, American troops passed through Bouderies during their march to conquer Tunisia.

answer: Ain Bou Dries, also known as Bouderies, is a settlement near the Algerian border in Tunisia. The settlement is located near a natural spring and Mount Jebel ech Chambi, and was once the site of a Roman fort. Today, it remains the site of a bishopric founded in ancient times.

answer: Ain Bou Dries, or Bouderies, is a small town located within Kasserine, Tunisia. The town is notable for its natural spring and proximity to the mountain Jebel ech Chambi. Historically, the town has played host to a number of significant events, including a Roman fort and bishopric. During WWII, the 1st Armored Division of the U.S. Army travelled through Bouderies on their way to fight the Nazis.

answer: Bouderies is a Tunisian village located on the Algerian border. It contains a natural spring and is the site of a ruined Roman fort. During WWII it was part of the US Army's 1st Armored Division's path. Today, it still retains a titular bishopric as a remnant of its ancient past.

answer: Bouderies is a settlement located in Kasserine, Tunisia that was once home to a Roman fort. The settlement is now known as the site of a natural spring, and is within close proximity to Mount Jebel ech Chambi. Today, it is the home of a titular bishopric within the Church.


text:
John MacAndrew bent to the ground, picking up the last piece of wood, he placed it with the others.  John's wife sent him out to the woods to find firewood for the night.

On his way back to the farm, John noticed three men in the woods, traveling down an animal made path.  John was expecting them.  Reivers who were sent out to find John and kill him.  Reivers were raiders along the Scottish/English border consisting of both nationalities.  John had earlier joined forces with the Ross clan who where pursuing a group of reivers who had stolen the cattle of the Ross Clan.  John was one archer of supreme skill and made a name for himself killing reivers with his bow.  At the end of the pursuit, John pulled out his bow and struck the Chief reiver in the eye.

As the men walked down the path they noticed a young man carrying a bundle of wood.  The young man was not a tall one, actually he was rather short in stature, and seemed to have trouble carrying the wood as he stumbled and dropped one piece after another.
"You there boy," the reiver said.  "Do you know a John MacAndrew?"
"I know him," John said.  "I'm the servant."
"I need you to show us where he lives."
"Not sure if I can do that, he doesn't like visitors."
What a surprise, thought the reivers.  John MacAndrew was known for his run-ins with border raiders and was constantly in danger from one seeking a vendetta.
"Tell you what," one of the reivers said.  "I will give you two shillings if you bring us to MacAndrew."
"Two shillings? I guess I could take you to his house."
They followed the boy up the path to a small farm and up to the farm house.  The house was not much to look at, at most it looked like it held two rooms.  Outside the house was an old oak tree, it looked as if it been there for centuries.

Claire MacAndrew placed the last log into the fireplace.  She sat at the large table at the center of the room, the table itself almost took up the entire room, leaving little space to walk.  Where is he?  John should be home by now, thought Claire.  It was a cold night and the fire would not last much longer.  There was a knock on the door.  Claire got up from her seat and opened the small wooden door.  Standing outside was her husband and three large men.  John took off his hat and held it with both hands.
"Excuse me Ms,"  John said.  "Is your husband around?"
"He ran off about an hour ago, but he should be around here somewhere."
Claire and her husband had many encounters with reivers.  She knew all about the dangers that seemed to follow John wherever he went.  Once again she would have to help John escape his troubles.  Where would he be without me?  Dead, perhaps, thought Claire.
"Would you like to come in?"
"Do you have food?" said one of the reivers.
"We always have food for guests, please sit down."
The reivers one by one walk in and sat down at the table.  John also walked it with his hat still in hand as he stood patently by the door.
"Samuel,"  Claire turned to John.  "Go fetch the master,  I think he went to check on the cows."
"Yes Ms."
With a smile John put his hat back on and ran out the door, closing the door behind him.

Once outside, John made his way to the barn located behind the house.  The barn was where the MacAndrew's kept farm equipment and newly slaughtered animals.  Inside there was a newly killed cow.  John placed the cow on his shoulder and carried it back to the house.  Placing the cow against the door, with the flesh side up, made it more of a challenge to open the door from the inside.  John turned around to face the old oak tree.  My favorite tree, thought John as he started to climb.  About six meters up, John reached into a hollow crevice within the tree.  He pulled out a bow and a quiver with a supply of arrows.

Placing three cups on the table, Claire poured water for each of the three men at the table.
"I thought you had food."
"I'm bringing you food, I thought you would want some water first."
At the far end of the house Claire opened the pantry where she stored a small provision of food.  She gathered a arm full of small whole wheel size of cheese.
"I hope you all like cheese."
"Cheese?" said one man.  "She has cheese!"
"A whole wheel of cheese." Claire said.  She made her way over to the men, still seated, eagerly awaiting the first meal in half a day of travel.  While walking to the reivers she slipped and fell onto the newly swept dirt floor.  The balls of cheese bounced and rolled away from her in every direction.  The three men all in a hurry flew from their seats and dived for the cheese, fighting each other for the food.  As if they where rodents, desperate for food, crammed the food into their own mouths as if there was no time to chew.  Suddenly the room was filled with the cry of the young man.
"MacAndrew is coming!"  the boy yelled.  "John MacAndrew is on his way!"
The men struggled to get to their feet.  One choked as he tried to spit a large piece of cheese from his mouth.  They rushed for the door, but there was something pressing against the small wooden door, slowing their escape.

John watched as if someone was struggling to open the door.  The fresh cow carcass was doing what he wished.  John pulled out an arrow from his quiver.  Pulled back on his bow, aimed at the door and waited.  The door slowly by little budged open more and more.  A large jut finally flew the door open as the carcass fell in front of the door with the skinned side facing upwards.  The first of the reivers rushed out.  He slipped on the skinned carcass and landed on his back.  John released his first arrow.  The arrow struck the man in the neck entering from the lower part of the neck and traveled upwards towards the skull.  Reiver number two emerged from the farm house, sword in hand.  He looked around, as if he was scanning his surroundings.  John released his second arrow.  The reiver looked upwards towards the oak tree.  The arrow struck the man in the head, killing him instantly.  The third and final reiver staggered out, still choking on his piece of cheese roll, sword in hand.  The third arrow left John MacAndrew's bow.  Striking the man in the spleen.  The man fell as he screamed in agony.  John released a fourth arrow.  Hitting the man in the stomach, followed by a fifth arrow to the chest.

John placed his quiver of arrows and bow back into the crevice of the old oak tree.  As the climbed back down his wife came out to see what had happened.
"You know they will send more men to find you."
"Let them come,"  John said.  "They are not the first, and they will not be the last raiders I kill."
"Don't you think it would be wise to move north?"  Claire said.  "I mean--away from the border, away from the cattle raiders?"
"Why?  John asked.  "This is our home.  If they want to steal my cattle and my way of living they will have to get past me first.  I'm not going to be chased away from my home."
"I'm just not sure how many times I can get you out of trouble John."
"Don't worry, I'm the best archer this place has ever seen.  I'm not going anywhere soon."

title: John MacAndrew and the Reivers

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about why John disguised himself as someone else when he encountered the reivers in the woods?

answer: The reason for John's disguise is so that John could lure the reivers to his house, where he could ambush them. John left his house to find a farm animal under which he could hide. The disguised John returned to his house with the rest of the herd.

text: John doesn't disguise himself as a cow. He uses the cow's corpse to block the door so that he can ambush the reivers in an advantageous situation. There's no herd at all.

refinement: The reason for John's disguise is so that John could lure the reivers to his house, where he could ambush them. John left his house to find the newly slaughtered cow's corpse. He used it to block the door so that he can ambush the reivers in an advantageous situation.

answer: The reivers in the woods meant to kill John since he is known to have had a lot of run-ins with them.  The most likely reason John chooses to avoid the encounter is that he does not want the reivers to know that he is aware of their plan to kill him, which may be why it was never achieved.

text: There's a clear reason for John's disguise, which can be seen as the story unfolds. There's no need to speculate.

refinement: The reivers in the woods meant to kill John since he is known to have had a lot of run-ins with them. John notices the reivers and disguises to avoid facing three men in open, fair combat. He lures them to his house to stage an ambush and kills them.

answer: While passing by the three men, John thinks of causing a distraction so he could escape. therefore, the story reveals he disguised himself as the servant when they approach the house.

text: John doesn't try to escape. He plans an ambush with his disguise.

refinement: John notices the reivers and disguises himself as a servant to avoid facing three men in open, fair combat. He lures them to his house to stage an ambush and kills them.

answer: No answer

text: The question can be answered.

refinement: John notices the reivers and disguises himself as the servant to avoid facing three men in open, fair combat. He lures them to his house to stage an ambush and kills them.

answer: The reivers in the woods meant to kill John since he is known to have had a lot of run-ins with them. They saw him carrying firewood and tricked him into bringing them to John. The most likely reason John chooses to avoid the encounter is that he does not want the reivers to know that he is aware of their plan to kill him, which may be why it was never achieved.

answer: No answer

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize how John managed to outsmart and eliminate all the reivers.

answer: Much of the details about how John managed to outsmart and eliminate all the reivers come from the author's imagination, and should not be included.

text: The answer is an irrelevant, useless, and wrong meta-commentary.

text: The answer is empty.

refinement: John disguises himself as a servant. When the reivers ask him where John is, he lures them to his house. His wife offers them food and helps John's ploy by asking him (calling him "Samuel") to check the cows. John places a cow's carcass on the door. When a boy shouts that John is coming, the reivers can only get out one by one and slowly, which gives John enough time to shoot them all from his perched position high up on a tree.

answer: He saw them coming when out searching for firewood for his family. He established a subplot when he pretended to be a servant to the reivers, managed to get their guard down, and ultimately escaped the assault. He climbed up the tree, perching himself at the highest position, and waited for his time to fire off the arrows. The reivers never saw it coming, and according to psychology, they were so desperate for food they did not have the energy or focus to pay attention to their surroundings, much less figure out there was a killer on the loose.

text: The speculation about the reivers' psychology is irrelevant and nonsensical.

refinement: He saw them coming when out searching for firewood for his family. He established a subplot when he pretended to be a servant to the reivers, managed to get their guard down, and ultimately escaped the assault. He climbed up the tree, perching himself at the highest position, and waited for his time to fire off the arrows.

text: John didn't pretend to be the reivers' servant but of himself. Additionally, John didn't escape after disguising himself as the servant. He lured the reivers into his house.

refinement: He saw them coming when out searching for firewood for his family. He established a subplot when he pretended to be his servant, managed to get their guard down, and lured them into his house. He climbed up the tree, perching himself at the highest position, and waited for his time to fire off the arrows.

text: The answer omits the events between John luring the reivers and readying his arrows.

refinement: He saw them coming when out searching for firewood for his family. He established a subplot when he pretended to be his servant, managed to get their guard down, and lured them into his house. His wife helped him with the plot, offering the "guests" food while sending the servant to check the cows. John placed a cow carcass on the front door to make sure the reivers couldn't get out quickly. He climbed up the tree, perching himself at the highest position, and waited for his time to fire off the arrows.

text: The answer omits John killing the reivers at the end.

refinement: He saw them coming when out searching for firewood for his family. He established a subplot when he pretended to be his servant, managed to get their guard down, and lured them into his house. His wife helped him with the plot, offering the "guests" food while sending the servant to check the cows. John placed a cow carcass on the front door to make sure the reivers couldn't get out quickly. He climbed up the tree, perching himself at the highest position, and waited for his time to fire off the arrows. The reivers tried to rush out when a boy cried that John is coming, and he had ample time to kill them one by one.

answer: John found out the reivers were coming for him. He met them in the woods and pretended he was their target's servant. They guaranteed him two shillings for directions, so he tricked them into going to his home. Claire made cheese, so when she pretended to slip and throw the pieces, each reiver went for them. When they were counting their prizes, John shot them.

text: The answer grossly misrepresents John's trap for the reivers.

refinement: John found out the reivers were coming for him. He met them in the woods and pretended he was their target's servant. They guaranteed him two shillings for directions, so he tricked them into going to his home. His wife helped him with the plot, offering the "guests" food while sending the servant to check the cows. John placed a cow carcass on the front door to make sure the reivers couldn't get out quickly. He climbed up the tree, perching himself at the highest position, and waited for his time to fire off the arrows. The reivers tried to rush out when a boy cried that John is coming, and he had ample time to kill them one by one.

text: John didn't meet the reivers in the woods. It's more appropriate to say he encountered them and pretended to be the servant.

refinement: John noticed the reivers were coming for him. He encountered them in the woods and pretended he was their target's servant. They guaranteed him two shillings for directions, so he tricked them into going to his home. His wife helped him with the plot, offering the "guests" food while sending the servant to check the cows. John placed a cow carcass on the front door to make sure the reivers couldn't get out quickly. He climbed up the tree, perching himself at the highest position, and waited for his time to fire off the arrows. The reivers tried to rush out when a boy cried that John is coming, and he had ample time to kill them one by one.

answer: When they knocked on the door, John answered assuring that it was his proper duty. One of them asked John to guide them to John. He obliged, thinking of foul play, being his usual rather suspicious self. So he guided them to the house, and when one of them asked for food, his wife nodded and went inside to bring it. While she was distracted, John went to a barn which had food and killed a cow with it. He carried the cow to where his wife was seated, and placed it in front of the door. Keeping it's skin up, it would be able to stop them from opening the door. Then tossed it aside when he saw the reivers coming out to eat. The third reiver had his sword out, not by John's arrows. The other two were still choking on the cheese and were hit by them, dead on. After that he killed the third one, who fired back a few times towards him but was clearly overmatched. One of the arrows came into his mind, and that's all he remembered.

text: The answer is made-up nonsense interspersed with actual events that happened in the story. Overall, it's garbage.

refinement: John noticed the reivers were coming for him. He encountered them in the woods and pretended he was their target's servant. They guaranteed him two shillings for directions, so he tricked them into going to his home. His wife helped him with the plot, offering the "guests" food while sending the servant to check the cows. John placed a cow carcass on the front door to make sure the reivers couldn't get out quickly. He climbed up the tree, perching himself at the highest position, and waited for his time to fire off the arrows. The reivers tried to rush out when a boy cried that John is coming, and he had ample time to kill them one by one.

answer: John found out the reivers were coming for him. He met them in the woods and pretended he was their target's servant. They guaranteed him two shillings for directions, so he tricked them into going to his home. Claire made cheese, so when she pretended to slip and throw the pieces, each reiver went for them. When they were counting their prizes, John shot them. He then propped a cow carcass flat against his door, allowing the men to open up his house and make noise: enough for John to see where they were and shoot them.


text:
NICOLAS CARONE (June 4, 1917 – July 15, 2010) belonged to the early generation of New York School Abstract Expressionist artists. Their artistic innovation by the 1950s had been recognized internationally, including in London and Paris. New York School Abstract Expressionism, represented by Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline, Conrad Marca-Relli and others, became a leading art movement of the postwar era.

Biography

Carone was born June 4, 1917 into an Italian-American family in New York City. They moved to Hoboken, New Jersey, where he grew up. He began formal art studies at the age of eleven at the Leonardo da Vinci School located at St. Mark's Church on E. 10th St. He studied at the National Academy of Design under Leon Kroll, Art Students League of New York, Hans Hofmann School of Fine Arts, and the Rome Academy of Fine Arts.

In 1941 he won the Rome Prize and in 1949 a Fulbright Fellowship. Both gave him an opportunity to study art in Italy. During his time in Italy after World War II, he came into personal contact with important Italian painters, particularly Giorgio Morandi.

After returning to the US, Carone continued to paint and exhibited works in the 9th Street Art Exhibition in 1951. Along with other first generation abstract expressionists, he also showed his work at the Stable Gallery.[1] Carone was a part of the Abstract Expressionist movement, which relied heavily on Surrealism, poetry, and interpretations of Jungian psychology. He was a good friend of Jackson Pollock, a noted abstract painter. He was later interviewed by authors Steven Naifeh and Gregory White Smith for their biography, _Jackson Pollock: An American Saga_.

Nicolas Carone's work is in the collections of museums including the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, the Baltimore Museum of Art, and the Mobile Museum of Art. Recent exhibits of his work were held at the Washburn Gallery in New York City from February 2 to March 31, 2012,[2] and the Watson MacRae Gallery in South Florida from March 2 to April 3, 2010.[3] His work was exhibited by a number of galleries, including at the Anita Shapolsky Gallery, Frumkin Gallery, Stable Gallery, and Staempfli Gallery.[4]

Carone taught at universities including Yale University, Columbia University, Brandeis University, Cornell University, Cooper Union, School of Visual Arts, and Skowhegan School. He was a founding faculty member of the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture, where he taught for 25 years. In 1988 he founded the International School of Art, located first in Todi, Italy and then in Nearby Montecastello. Carone was consulted by dealers, collectors and film makers regarding his expertise on Arshile Gorky and Pollock, including for the films _Pollock_, starring Ed Harris, and _Who the *$&% Is Jackson Pollock?_[5]

He died July 15, 2010 at the age of 93.[6][7][8]

[1] _New York School Abstract Expressionists Artists Choice by Artists,_ (New York School Press, 2000.) , pp.16, 19

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5] “Nicolas Carone: Jazz, Poetry, and Jackson Pollock”, Fine Art Investigations blog, 2 May 2012

[6] Lindsay Pollock News, _Painter Nicholas Carone 1917–2010_ Retrieved July 21, 2010

[7]

[8] https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/29/arts/design/29carone.html

title: Nicolas Carone

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Carone's education?

answer: Carone received a formal education at the Leonardo da Vinci School, the National Academy of Design, the Hans Hofmann School of Fine Arts, and the Rome Academy of Fine Arts. He also achieved success internationally as part of the New York School Abstract Expressionist movement.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant

refinement: Carone received a formal education at the Leonardo da Vinci School, the National Academy of Design, the Hans Hofmann School of Fine Arts, and the Rome Academy of Fine Arts.

answer: Carone studied at Leonardo da Vinci School in NYC for art education. He later got a Fulbright Fellowship. He attended the National Academy of Design, the Art Students League of NY, the Hans Hofmann School of Fine Arts, and the Rome Academy of Fine Arts.

answer: Carone studied for school at the Leonardo da Vinci School and continued to study art at several other schools in New York City. He won the Rome Prize, which took him to study in Italy. After his scholarship dried up, he returned to the U.S. and resumed painting. Carone received Fulbright Fellowship that allowed him to study in Italy.

text: Unify information about Carone's scholarships

refinement: Carone studied for school at the Leonardo da Vinci School and continued to study art at several other schools in New York City. He won the Rome Prize and a Fulbright Fellowship, which allowed him to study in Italy. After his scholarship dried up, he returned to the U.S. and resumed painting.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant

refinement: Carone studied for school at the Leonardo da Vinci School and continued to study art at several other schools in New York City. He won the Rome Prize and a Fulbright Fellowship, which allowed him to study in Italy.

text: State where Carone studied in Italy

refinement: Carone studied for school at the Leonardo da Vinci School and continued to study art at several other schools in New York City. He won the Rome Prize and a Fulbright Fellowship, which allowed him to study in Italy at the Rome Academy of Fine Arts.

text: List the other schools Carone studied at

refinement: Carone studied for school at the Leonardo da Vinci School and continued to study at the National Academy of Design, the Art Students League of New York, and the Hans Hofmann School of Fine Arts. He won the Rome Prize and a Fulbright Fellowship, which allowed him to study in Italy at the Rome Academy of Fine Arts.

answer: Carone began his formal art studies at the age of eleven at the Leonardo da Vinci School located at St. Mark's Church on E. 10th St. He studied at the National Academy of Design under Leon Kroll, Art Students League of New York, Hans Hofmann School of Fine Arts, and the Rome Academy of Fine Arts. In 1941, he won the Rome Prize and in 1949, he won a Fullbright Fellowship, which game him an opportunity to study art in Italy.

answer: Carone studied art at the Leonardo da Vinci School, the National Academy of Design, the Hans Hofmann School of Fine Arts, and the Rome Academy of Fine Arts. He received a Fulbright Fellowship and a Rome Prize. Carone was also an important member of the New York School Abstract Expressionist movement.

text: The last sentence is irrelevant

refinement: Carone studied art at the Leonardo da Vinci School, the National Academy of Design, the Hans Hofmann School of Fine Arts, and the Rome Academy of Fine Arts. He received a Fulbright Fellowship and a Rome Prize.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Carone's teaching?

answer: The text indicates that Carone taught at universities including Yale University, Columbia University, Brandeis University, Cornell University, and the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture.

text: Leaves out several schools

refinement: The text indicates that Carone taught at universities including Yale University, Columbia University, Brandeis University, Cornell University, Cooper Union, School of Visual Arts, Skowhegan School, and the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture. He also founded the International School of Art in Italy.

answer: Carone taught at universities including Yale University, Columbia University, Brandeis University, Cornell University, Cooper Union, School of Visual Arts, and Skowhegan School. He was a founding faculty member of the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture, where he taught for 25 years. And in 1988, he founded the International School of Art.

answer: Carone taught at universities including Yale University, Columbia University, Forme Debs University, Cornell University, Cooper Union, School of Visual Arts, and Skowhegan School. He was a founding faculty member of the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting, and Sculpture. In 1988, he founded the International School of Art in Todi, Italy, and then Montecastello.

answer: Carone taught at universities including Yale University, Columbia University, Brandeis University, Cornell University, Cooper Union, and the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture. He founded the International School of Art.

answer: Nicolas Carone taught at universities, schools and art academies. He was a founding faculty member of the New York Abstract Expressionists. Nicolas Carone went to the Rome Academy of Art for another degree and was inspired by Giorgio Morandi's work. When he returned to New York in 1948 he became a foundational artist behind Abstract Expressionism. Carone was a master at teaching others and had decades-long positions with teaching. In 1988 he founded the International School of Art in Italy, teaching there until his death.

text: Lots of inaccurate/irrelevant information

refinement: Nicolas Carone taught at universities, schools and art academies. In 1988 he founded the International School of Art in Italy.

text: List the other institutions Carone taught at

refinement: Nicolas Carone taught at universities, schools and art academies, including Yale University, Columbia University, Brandeis University, Cornell University, Cooper Union, School of Visual Arts, and Skowhegan School. He was also a founding member of the New York Studio School of Drawing, Painting and Sculpture, where he taught for 25 years. In 1988 he founded the International School of Art in Italy.


text:
After reporting this week on a Pentagon-created plan for interning activists at re-education camps, questions were asked about the US Army manual that allegedly outlines the resettling of US citizens. Can Americans be sent to propaganda prisons?

Now as more and more news organizations are investigating the recently unearthedmilitary manual_, FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations_, verification is coming in that the callous plans to populate military camps in the US and abroad are not only authentic, but indeed establishes blueprints for putting the country’s own citizens into guarded Army detainment centers.

_“They always tell the media that it’s for disasters — domestically — or foreign wars and putting people in camps like Abu Ghraib in Iraq or Camp X-Ray in Cuba, but now more and more documents are coming out confirming what I’ve already had from sources and my researching into this,”_ radio host Alex Jones tells RT. According to Jones, he has seen the Pentagon refit old military bases into camps through the Emergency Centers Establishment Act “_to prepare them for, quote, ‘emergencies,’”_ but there is way more than the government isn’t saying.

_“I’ve been to the drills and I noticed that they were training with the role players to put American political dissidents in them,”_ Jones says about sending US civilians into the camps.

_“I witnessed marines training to confiscate firearms on the West Coast and to put Americans both on the left and the right into camps and even segregate them according to their different political persuasions,”_ adds Jones.

Jones continues that Pentagon officials have informed him in the past about plans to re-educate political activists by armed enforcers, but the leaking of the elusive document confirms what he has been cautioned of in the past.

_“Now we have an Army document that dovetails with huge increased spending, hiring tens of thousands of people in the military to specifically be internment camp officers.”_

After combing through the 300-plus pages of _3-39.40_, the website Infowars also addresses questions over whether or not the manual would make it so that the US government could send its own citizens to reeducation camps. In their own analysis, the site singles out certain sections of the manual that specifically discuss not just “_The authority to approve resettlement such operations within US territories,_” but how, also_, “US citizens will be confined separately from detainees”_ by being booked and processed according to their Social Security number.

_“Last time I checked, the United States Social Security Administration was not responsible for handing out social security numbers to people in Afghanistan or Iraq,”_ explains Infowar’s Paul Joseph Watson.

As if the text of the paper wasn’t enough, Watson breaks it down for those that are still skeptic that the American military would want to imprison its own citizens and install in them _an “appreciation of US policies and actions.”_

_“The time for denial is over. People spent weeks arguing over the ‘indefinite detention’ provisions of the National Defense Authorization Act, ignoring assertions by top scholars and legal experts that the kidnapping provisions did apply to U.S. citizens,”_ writes Watson. Sure enough, when US President Barack Obama signed the NDAA into law on December 31, he acknowledged that he had his own reservations about the provisions that provide for the indefinite detention of his own citizens without charge.

Now coupled with a leaked copy of the Internment and Resettlement Operations guide, it looks as if not only can the US imprison its own citizens that disagree with the government — but it has already laid out the rules.

_“This isn’t just some contingency plan,”_ Alex Jones tells RT. “_This is the manual.”_

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What kinds of American are being pushed for interning at re-education camps?

answer: Run-of-the-mill activists are being threatened with internment, and there is evidence that this is supposed to happen to anyone who promotes rebellion against what the government says against their policies and actions.

text: The sentence needs to be rephrased for clarity.

refinement: Run-of-the-mill activists are being threatened with internment, and there is evidence that this is supposed to happen to anyone who promotes rebellion against the government and its policies and actions.

answer: American political dissidents

answer: According to the passage, US citizens are those who will be confined separately from detainees according to their Social Security number. The plans discussed are for those who are considered political dissidents.

text: "US citizens are those who will be confined separately from detainees according to their Social Security number" is unnecessary information as it does not answer the question. This may be removed.

refinement: According to the passage, the plans discussed are for those who are considered political dissidents.

answer: According to the passage, Americans planning protest or differing political opinion are being targeted for internment at military detention camps.

answer: Mainly activists and political dissidents.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

According to Alex Jones (a radio host), what excuse is the government giving for creating these re-education camps?

answer: They are saying that they are for domestic and foreign wars providing internment camps.

answer: For disasters domestically and when a soldier goes into war, they can imprison people in these camps.

text: The phrase "when a soldier goes into war" is a bit unclear and needs to be recast.

refinement: The camps are for disasters domestically and foreign wars. They can imprison people in these camps.

text: The pronoun "they" doesn't have a clear antecedent.

refinement: The camps are for disasters domestically and foreign wars. The military can imprison people in these camps.

answer: The government says these camps are mainly for disasters.

text: It is omitted that these camps are also for foreign wars.

refinement: The government says these camps are mainly for disasters or foreign wars.

answer: The government is creating these re-education camps in order to train citizens on US policies and actions.

text: This is inaccurate. Training citizens on US policies and actions is the main objective of these camps.

text: Their excuse for creating these re-education camps is that they will be used during disasters and foreign wars. As quoted in the passage, "They always tell the media that it’s for disasters — domestically — or foreign wars and putting people in camps like Abu Ghraib in Iraq or Camp X-Ray in Cuba."

refinement: The government's excuse for creating these re-education camps is that they will be used during disasters and foreign wars.

answer: The government is creating the re-education camps in order to resettle American political activists.

text: This is inaccurate. Resettling American political activists is the main objective of these camps.

text: Their excuse for creating these re-education camps is that they will be used during disasters and foreign wars. As quoted in the passage, "They always tell the media that it’s for disasters — domestically — or foreign wars and putting people in camps like Abu Ghraib in Iraq or Camp X-Ray in Cuba."

refinement: The government's excuse for creating these re-education camps is that they will be used during disasters and foreign wars.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What other information does Alex Jones have about these camps?

answer: He's been to drills. He states that marines had been training to incarcerate American political dissidents.

answer: He tells of a massive recruitment drive for internment camp officers in the military.

answer: Jones says the marines were training to put US civilians in camps at drills.

answer: Jones has witnessed drills of the military training to confiscate firearms and detain American political dissidents. Additionally, he has been informed by Pentagon officials of plans to re-educate these activists. The leaked US Army manual confirms these suspicions, outlining plans to imprison citizens and process them according to their social security numbers.

answer: Alex Jones has seen exercises involving the confiscation of firearms and the detainment of US dissidents, and he has spoken to Pentagon officials who have told him of plans to re-educate political activists. Based on this information, it appears likely that the military intends to establish detainment centers which would house US citizens who are deemed a potential threat to government policies.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Alex Jones of InfoWars tells of a plot by the United States military to open re-education camps in other to silence activists and political dissidents. He says the military is hiring lots of personnel for internment camps officers.

text: It is omitted that there is a recently unearthed military manual, FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations, which reveals this plan to the public.

refinement: Alex Jones of InfoWars tells of a plot by the United States military to open re-education camps in other to silence activists and political dissidents, as revealed in a leaked military manual, FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations. He says the military is hiring lots of personnel for internment camps officers.

text: "American military would want to imprison its own citizens and install in them _an 'appreciation of US policies and actions'" is evidence that the military wants to silence activists and political dissidents.

answer: Alex Jones a radio show host on "RT" speaks about a leaked document that has come to light regarding Internment and Resettlement Operations. Authoritatively informing listeners that this is a project to train and deploy armed forces to oppose political activists and other groups to perpetuate the US Military's interest and control of civilians.

text: It is omitted that name of the manual is FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations.

refinement: Alex Jones a radio show host on "RT" speaks about a leaked military manual that has come to light: the FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations.

text: The second sentence does not accurately explains what the military is planning to do with political activists.

refinement: Alex Jones a radio show host on "RT" speaks about a leaked military manual that has come to light: the FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations.

text: It does not mention anything about the re-education camps, the controversial thing discussed in the military manual. "Now as more and more news organizations are investigating the recently unearthedmilitary manual_, FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations_, verification is coming in that the callous plans to populate military camps in the US and abroad are not only authentic, but indeed establishes blueprints for putting the country’s own citizens into guarded Army detainment centers" is evidence of what the manual contains.

refinement: Alex Jones a radio show host on "RT" speaks about a leaked military manual that has come to light: the FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations. A section of the manual discusses how  American political dissidents may be sent to propaganda prisons.

answer: The recently leaked military manual FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations shows that the United States government has plans to detain its own citizens if they disagree with the government. The manual also makes it clear that citizens would be processed separately from detainees, and likely confined at camps.

text: “I’ve been to the drills and I noticed that they were training with the role players to put American political dissidents in them" is evidence that the United States government has plans to detain its own citizens if they disagree with the government.

answer: This article discusses Pentagon-created plans for interning activists at re-education camps, and includes relevant government officials' opinions on the subject. It also talks about other ways the government is found to be able to place American nationals in internment camps.

text: The article does not include relevant government officials' opinions on the subject.

refinement: This article discusses Pentagon-created plans for interning activists at re-education camps. It also talks about other ways the government is found to be able to place American nationals in internment camps.

text: The article does not talk about other other ways the government is found to be able to place American nationals in internment camps.

refinement: This article discusses Pentagon-created plans for interning activists at re-education camps.

text: It is omitted that the ones being put to re-education camps are American political activists.

refinement: This article discusses Pentagon-created plans for interning American political activists at re-education camps.

text: It is omitted that the plan is revealed in a leaked copy of the Internment and Resettlement Operations guide. "Now coupled with a leaked copy of the Internment and Resettlement Operations guide, it looks as if not only can the US imprison its own citizens that disagree with the government — but it has already laid out the rules" is evidence of what the military is planning to do with political activists as revealed in the leaked manual.

refinement: This article discusses Pentagon-created plans for interning American political activists at re-education camps. This plan is discussed in the leaked military manual, FM 3-39.40 Internment and Resettlement Operations.

answer: A leaked Army manual reveals that the US government can and will use military camps to detain citizens in the event of a national emergency. This report confirms the fears of radio host Alex Jones, who has been told by Pentagon officials in the past about plans to re-educate political activists.