text:
Research Box Title

Astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have gone looking for water vapor in the atmospheres of three planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun – and have come up nearly dry.

The three planets, HD 189733b, HD 209458b, and WASP-12b, are between 60 and 900 light-years away. These giant gaseous worlds are so hot, with temperatures between 1,500 and 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, that they are ideal candidates for detecting water vapor in their atmospheres.

However, to the surprise of the researchers, the planets surveyed have only one-tenth to one one-thousandth the amount of water predicted by standard planet-formation theories.

"Our water measurement in one of the planets, HD 209458b, is the highest-precision measurement of any chemical compound in a planet outside the solar system, and we can now say with much greater certainty than ever before that we've found water in an exoplanet," said Dr. Nikku Madhusudhan of the Institute of Astronomy at the University of Cambridge, United Kingdom, who led the research. "However, the low water abundance we are finding is quite astonishing."

Madhusudhan said that this finding presents a major challenge to exoplanet theory. "It basically opens a whole can of worms in planet formation. We expected all these planets to have lots of water in them. We have to revisit planet formation and migration models of giant planets, especially 'hot Jupiters', and investigate how they're formed."

He emphasizes that these results, though found in these large hot planets close to their parent stars, may have major implications for the search for water in potentially habitable Earth-sized exoplanets. Instruments on future space telescopes may need to be designed with a higher sensitivity if target planets are drier than predicted. "We should be prepared for much lower water abundances than predicted when looking at super-Earths (rocky planets that are several times the mass of Earth)," Madhusudhan said.

Using near-infrared spectra of the planets observed with Hubble, Madhusudhan and his collaborators from the Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland; the University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland; the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and the Dunlap Institute at the University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, estimated the amount of water vapor in the planetary atmospheres based on sophisticated computer models and statistical techniques to explain the data.

The planets were selected because they orbit relatively bright stars that provide enough radiation for an infrared-light spectrum to be taken. Absorption features from the water vapor in the planet's atmosphere are superimposed on the small amount of starlight that glances through the planet's atmosphere.

Detecting water is almost impossible for transiting planets from the ground because Earth's atmosphere has a lot of water in it that contaminates the observation. "We really need the Hubble Space Telescope to make such observations," said Nicolas Crouzet of the Dunlap Institute at the University of Toronto and co-author of the study.

The currently accepted theory on how giant planets in our solar system formed is known as core accretion, in which a planet is formed around the young star in a protoplanetary disk made primarily of hydrogen, helium, and particles of ices and dust composed of other chemical elements. The dust particles stick to each other, eventually forming larger and larger grains. The gravitational forces of the disk draw in these grains and larger particles until a solid core forms. This core then leads to runaway accretion of both solids and gas to eventually form a giant planet.

This theory predicts that the proportions of the different elements in the planet are enhanced relative to those in their star, especially oxygen that is supposed to be the most enhanced. Once the giant planet forms, its atmospheric oxygen is expected to be largely encompassed within water molecules. The very low levels of water vapor found by this research raises a number of questions about the chemical ingredients that lead to planet formation, say researchers.

"There are so many things we still don't know about exoplanets, so this opens up a new chapter in understanding how planets and solar systems form," said Drake Deming of the University of Maryland, who led one of the precursor studies. "The problem is that we are assuming the water to be as abundant as in our own solar system. What our study has shown is that water features could be a lot weaker than our expectations."

The findings are being published on July 24 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

question: On what planets is Nasa looking for water vapor?

answer: On the three planets, HD 189733b, HD 209458b, and WASP-12b

text: Grammar (a comma shouldn't come before a list in this context; a period is missing)

refinement: On the three planets HD 189733b, HD 209458b, and WASP-12b.

text: "The three planets, HD 189733b, HD 209458b, and WASP-12b" in the context of water vapor

answer: NASA studies three planets for water vapor. These planets are orbiting stars similar to the sun. Their temperatures are so hot with temperatures between 1,500 and 4,000 degrees that they are ideal candidates for detecting water vapor in their atmospheres. 1) Venus 2) AU 70189 2006 b 3) Earth 4) HD 209458b 5) Mercury

text: Five planets are listed, of which only two are mentioned in the article (HD 209458b, Earth) and only one is correct (HD 209458b)

refinement: NASA studies three planets for water vapor. These planets are orbiting stars similar to the sun. Their temperatures are so hot with temperatures between 1,500 and 4,000 degrees that they are ideal candidates for detecting water vapor in their atmospheres. HD 209458b

text: The other two planets need to be named

refinement: NASA studies three planets for water vapor. These planets are orbiting stars similar to the sun. Their temperatures are so hot with temperatures between 1,500 and 4,000 degrees that they are ideal candidates for detecting water vapor in their atmospheres. They are HD 209458b, HD 189733b, and WASP-12b.

text: For flow: unnecessary repetition of 'temperatures'

refinement: NASA studies three planets for water vapor. These planets are orbiting stars similar to the sun. Their temperatures are so hot, between 1,500 and 4,000 degrees, that they are ideal candidates for detecting water vapor in their atmospheres. They are HD 209458b, HD 189733b, and WASP-12b.

text: Grammar: tense aspect should be present continuous because the studies are ongoing

refinement: NASA is stuyding three planets for water vapor. These planets are orbiting stars similar to the sun. Their temperatures are so hot, between 1,500 and 4,000 degrees, that they are ideal candidates for detecting water vapor in their atmospheres. They are HD 209458b, HD 189733b, and WASP-12b.

text:
"Astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have gone looking for water vapor in the atmospheres of three planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun – and have come up nearly dry.

The three planets, HD 189733b, HD 209458b, and WASP-12b, are between 60 and 900 light-years away. These giant gaseous worlds are so hot, with temperatures between 1,500 and 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, that they are ideal candidates for detecting water vapor in their atmospheres."

answer: They have been looking for water vapor in the atmospheres of three planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun.

text: The planets should be named.

refinement: They have been looking for water vapor in the atmospheres of three planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun: HD 189733b, HD 209458b, and WASP-12b.

question: What implications do these findings have?

answer: Space telescopes of future may need to be designed to have higher sensitivity as target planets may be drier than anticipated. There questions are raised on the chemical composition of the elements of the solar system as well.

text: Syntax for flow (missing 'the' and oddly ordered words)

refinement: Space telescopes of the future may need to be designed to have higher sensitivity as target planets may be drier than anticipated. There are questions raised on the chemical composition of the elements of the solar system as well.

text: For the first sentence: "Instruments on future space telescopes may need to be designed with a higher sensitivity if target planets are drier than predicted."

text: For the second sentence: "The very low levels of water vapor found by this research raises a number of questions about the chemical ingredients that lead to planet formation, say researchers."

answer: The findings present a major challenge to exoplanet theory, and will affect how scientists search for water in potentially habitable Earth-sized exoplanets.

text: For the first clause: "Madhusudhan said that this finding presents a major challenge to exoplanet theory."

text: For the second clause: "He emphasizes that these results ... may have major implications for the search for water in potentially habitable Earth-sized exoplanets."

answer: The findings will have major implications for the search for water on exoplanets. Instruments on future space telescopes may need to be designed with a higher sensitivity.

text: For the first sentence: "He emphasizes that these results ... may have major implications for the search for water in potentially habitable Earth-sized exoplanets."

text: For the second sentence: "Instruments on future space telescopes may need to be designed with a higher sensitivity if target planets are drier than predicted."

question: What is the currently accepted theory on how giant planets are formed?

answer: This theory is known as core accretion. A planet is formed around the young star in a protoplanetary disk made primarily of hydrogen, helium, and particles of ices and dust. Gravitational forces of the disk draw in these particles until a solid core forms.

text: "The currently accepted theory on how giant planets in our solar system formed is known as core accretion, in which a planet is formed around the young star in a protoplanetary disk made primarily of hydrogen, helium, and particles of ices and dust composed of other chemical elements. The dust particles stick to each other, eventually forming larger and larger grains. The gravitational forces of the disk draw in these grains and larger particles until a solid core forms."

answer: The currently accepted theory on how giant planets form is that they form from a "protoplanetary disk" around the young star, through the accumulation of dust and particles around a solid core. The theory predicts that the proportion of elements like oxygen and water are "enhanced" in the giant planet in relation to that of the star. The research mentioned in the passage has shown that the planets sampled have very low levels of water, contrary to what the theory predicts.

text: The latter part of the answer goes into details of the research in the article, which is not particularly relevant to the question.

refinement: The currently accepted theory on how giant planets form is that they form from a "protoplanetary disk" around the young star, through the accumulation of dust and particles around a solid core.

text: The name of the theory is missing - core accretion.

refinement: The currently accepted theory on how giant planets form is that they form from a "protoplanetary disk" around the young star, through the accumulation of dust and particles around a solid core. This is known as core accretion.

text: "The currently accepted theory on how giant planets in our solar system formed is known as core accretion, in which a planet is formed around the young star in a protoplanetary disk made primarily of hydrogen, helium, and particles of ices and dust composed of other chemical elements. The dust particles stick to each other, eventually forming larger and larger grains. The gravitational forces of the disk draw in these grains and larger particles until a solid core forms. This core then leads to runaway accretion of both solids and gas to eventually form a giant planet."

text: "This theory predicts that the proportions of the different elements in the planet are enhanced relative to those in their star, especially oxygen that is supposed to be the most enhanced. Once the giant planet forms, its atmospheric oxygen is expected to be largely encompassed within water molecules. The very low levels of water vapor found by this research raises a number of questions about the chemical ingredients that lead to planet formation, say researchers."

text: "to the surprise of the researchers, the planets surveyed have only one-tenth to one one-thousandth the amount of water predicted by standard planet-formation theories."

answer: The currently accepted theory on how giant planets are formed is known as core accretion, which suggests that planets are formed from a protoplanetary disk composed of hydrogen, helium and ice particles.

text: "The currently accepted theory on how giant planets in our solar system formed is known as core accretion, in which a planet is formed around the young star in a protoplanetary disk made primarily of hydrogen, helium, and particles of ices and dust composed of other chemical elements."

question: When are these findings being published?

answer: The findings are being published on July 24th.

text: "The findings are being published on July 24 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters."

answer: The research findings have already been published and are available here.

text: "Research Box Title" is formatting that would not be featured in an already published article, indicating it has not yet been published (officially).

refinement: The research findings are available here.

text: The article states, "The findings are being published on July 24"

refinement: The research findings available here are being published on July 24.

answer: The findings are being published on July 24 in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

text: "The findings are being published on July 24 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters."

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Three hot gas giant planets with temperatures up to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit display atypically low amounts of water in their atmospheres.

text: The discovery is confirmation of the planets' typicality, which is contrary to previous expectations and predictions, so rephrasing 'atypically' would be more technically correct.

refinement: Three hot gas giant planets with temperatures up to 1000 degrees Fahrenheit display low amounts of water in their atmospheres, contrary to scientific prediction.

text: Temperature and its implications: "The three planets [are] giant gaseous worlds are so hot, with temperatures between 1,500 and 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, that they are ideal candidates for detecting water vapor"

text: The results being atypical (against implications): "However, the low water abundance we are finding is quite astonishing."

answer: The purpose of the article is to discuss the low water vapor amounts found in exoplanets and the low water vapor amounts' effect on future space telescopes.

text: Rephrase for clarity: the effect on future space telescopes is in their design, for sensitivity.

refinement: The purpose of the article is to discuss the low water vapor amounts found in exoplanets and the low water vapor amounts' effect on the design of future space telescopes, which will need to have increased sensitivity.

answer: Astronomers using NASA's Hubble Space Telescope have discovered that hotter planets than Earth only have one-tenth to one-thousandth the water predicted by exoplanet theories.

answer: NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has been analyzing the atmospheres of three planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun, but have found that they only have one-tenth to one one-thousandth the amount of water predicted by standard planet-formation theories.

answer: The astronomers used NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to look for water vapor in the atmospheres of three planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun, and they found 10% of that the planet-formation theories predicted was present.

text: The second clause is confusing and needs rephrasing with more accurate info, in particular using 'water' to make it clear that's what was predicted and then found.

refinement: The astronomers used NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to look for water vapor in the atmospheres of three planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun, and they found only one-tenth to one-thousandth the amount of water predicted by planet-formation theory.

answer: NASA's Hubble Space Telescope proves that the amount of water on planets similar to the Sun is significantly less than expected.

text: It's not 'planets similar to the Sun' but 'planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun' (the stars are similar)

refinement: NASA's Hubble Space Telescope proves that the amount of water on planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun is significantly less than expected.

text: For clarity: measurements taken by using the telescope are the proof, not the telescope itself.

refinement: Data from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope proves that the amount of water on planets orbiting stars similar to the Sun is significantly less than expected.


split: train

text:
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Image credit: Pexels.

Competent web designers know that there are several factors that should be taken into account when designing. There’s the need for easy navigation, the suitability of the design for the intended audience, compatibility with different browsers, and mobile-friendliness to name a few. There are lesser known factors, though, that also need to be carefully taken into account.

AP Signature (Local Identity and Contact)

The NAP signature is easily one of the things designers tend not to be concerned about. NAP stands for name, address, and phone. It’s something many might be more familiar with in emails, but it can also be used on websites. For designers, it’s important to find the right place for the NAP signature on a website. It doesn’t have to be positioned imposingly, but it shouldn’t also be relegated to some area where nobody will notice it. The NAP signature also has to be consistent (the same name, address, and phone number) in all of the online presence (from website to blogs and social media accounts) of a company or organization. This consistency is necessary for a solid presence on local search queries.

Web Host

In most cases, clients will already have an active provider for their web properties. And so, when working on an existing business, designers need to be mindful of the limitations and supported technologies of the current running web host. In some cases, it might even be necessary to migrate to a new host to make the design function as intended.

Nowadays, you can acquire an affordable web hosting setup quite easily. With the growth of online retailers, the last few years have seen increased recognition for the lucrative SMB sector amongst online tech solution providers, and you can get a fairly reliable small business web hosting package for as low as $2 a month.

Web design isn’t only about the aesthetic aspects of a website. It’s not only about the way a site looks, its intuitiveness, or its visual attractiveness either. The concept of ‘web design’ also covers the technical aspects of site architecture. If your setup cannot support your design – then you will soon have to address a nasty a bottleneck.

One good example for this case is the support for JSP, or the lack thereof. JSP allows you to create dynamic pages by integrating Java codes into HTML pages. In a case in which you have a client using a web host which doesn’t support Sun’s JSP technology – you’d have to be the one pushing for changes.

It is up to you to look for solutions which will enable the delivery of the promised design while accounting for possible technical limitations.

Legality of Images and Designs

Every experienced web designer already knows the need to use impactful and attractive images. However, not many may mind the legality of the images they use. It’s important to bear in mind the consequences of using images illegally or without the proper attribution. As much as possible, original images or graphics should be used.  If using stock photos, it’s important to be sure that they are good enough or if they are manipulated or used to create a composite, it’s important to review the terms of the stock image provider to avoid problems.

On the other hand, there are times when a designer creates a design that is similar to an already existing design. When this happens, it’s easy to be accused of plagiarism and be discredited. That’s why it’s advisable to have all everything used for the design process properly and completely compiled, to be able to quickly provide a defense against plagiarism accusations. If a designer notices that their work resembles another that has been online for some time, it would be best to proceed with the revisions immediately. It’s difficult to assert originally against something that has been in existence on the web.

Search Engine Optimization

Considering how big an industry search engine optimization or SEO is, it’s not surprising for many to believe that it’s separate from web design. It is mostly considered as part of the marketing or promotions strategy of websites. SEO, though, overlaps with web design in a number of ways. It is not just about optimizing content and injecting keywords and links here and there. SEO has its web design aspects. As such, it helps for web designers to be aware of and be able to implement SEO strategies or techniques.

It would be inefficient for a website to be designed by one company or freelance designer and search engine optimized later on by another. As much as possible, SEO should already be taken into account during the design process. Search engine optimization does not have to be strictly made a part of the web design process, but it would be hugely advantageous doing SEO strategies in web design where they are applicable.

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It’s worth noting that SEO is not some band aid solution that can be quickly and easily applied to a website that does not rank well in search engine results. Optimizing a website that does not integrate SEO techniques in its design is a difficult task.

THE INSIGNIFICANCE OF PRAISES AND AWARDS

Nowadays, success for a website rarely equates to its looks or superficial impressiveness. It’s a rarity for people or businesses who pay for the creation of websites to aim for praises from regular visitors over how great-looking their sites are. Additionally, many of the award-winning web designs don’t rank well on search engines. Search for “web design awards” to find the lists of winners of different award-giving organizations, and test them if they do well in search engine results for the keywords they are primarily related to. Only a few of them, if there are any, will top the results.

The overall success of a website is more important than the praises from certain groups or impressed ordinary website visitors. No one can argue with success, and this success is best demonstrated by the high traffic a site attracts its fast page loading time, it’s mobile-friendliness, its responsiveness, high conversion rates, and it’s being free from bugs or malfunctions.

____

Consider these lesser known factors for designing websites. They may not be as important as a website’s need for responsiveness, user-friendliness, and appeal, but they can create a significant impact on a website. Again, web design is not just about the looks of a site and how it works. It encompasses other important aspects that shouldn’t be disregarded.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why is NAP positioning and visibility so important to a website?

answer: It's important to find the right place for the NAP signature on a website. It doesn't have to be positioned imposingly, but it shouldn't also be relegated to some area where nobody will notice it.

answer: It's important to find the right place for the NAP signature on a website. It doesn't have to be positioned imposingly, but it shouldn't also be relegated to some area where nobody will notice it. The NAP signature also has to be consistent (the same name, address, and phone number) in all of the online presence (from website to blogs and social media accounts) of a company or organization. This consistency is necessary for a solid presence on local search queries.

answer: NAP is a name, address, and phone number. It is important because it is a way of establishing credibility and trust.

text: This fails to properly answer the question, as it does not mention the positioning.

refinement: It's important for the NAP signature to be in the right place. It doesn't need to be positioned imposingly but shouldn't be relegated to an area where no one will notice it.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What are the critical criteria a designer must fulfill to set up a functional, user-friendly, and successful website?

answer: The website must be easy to navigate, compatible with different browsers, and mobile-friendly. The website needs to have easy navigation, proper use of keywords, and an attractive design.

text: The second sentence does not reflect the elements listed in the article.

refinement: The website must be easy to navigate, compatible with different browsers, and mobile-friendly.

text: The article also mentions suitability of design.

refinement: The website must be easy to navigate, compatible with different browsers, and mobile-friendly. The design should also be suitable for the intended audience.

answer: The criteria are easy navigation, compatibility with different browsers, and mobile-friendliness.

answer: The designer must be mindful of the limitations and supported technologies of the current running web host. The designer must also be aware of the consequences of using images illegally or without the proper attribution. The designer must also be able to implement SEO strategies or techniques.

text: These are not the stated criteria.

refinement: The critical criteria listed are easy navigation, the suitability of the design for the intended audience, compatibility with different browsers, and mobile-friendliness.


text:
It's not often we see a Truckee River wedding, but when we do we know it is going to be gorgeous! I mean, how can it not be? The setting is stunning and with the inclusion of Summit Soiree, D�lish Catering and floral design by the lovely Jiosia Designs we are in Lake Tahoe wedding heaven. We are thrilled that Eric Asistin Photography was there to capture the day. [succulent and yellow bouquet-1] Designers and woodworkers themselves, Rebecca and Grant created completely unique decor for their wedding from their wood shop Six-72 Woodworks. The couple designed custom invitations, escort cards and wood planters for the succulent favors. [truckee river wedding-5] [lake tahoe wedding photographer] [truckee river wedding-4] [truckee river wedding-7] [mountain escort cards] [truckee river wedding-8] [truckee river wedding-10] [truckee river wedding-9] [truckee river wedding-6] [truckee river wedding 1] [truckee river wedding-12] [truckee river wedding-11] [lake tahoe wedding photography] [truckee river wedding-13] [truckee river wedding-14] [truckee river wedding-15] [corn hole wedding] [truckee river wedding-16] [truckee river wedding-17] From the photographer, Eric Asistin ~ _Rebecca & Grant are an adventurous couple who love everything that involves outdoors. Avid snowboarders, skiers, kite surfers, and pretty much everything else under the sun, Rebecca & Grant frequently recreate in Tahoe and decided that the Truckee River would be a great place to have their wedding. Besides their outdoor adventures, they also own and operate their own woodworking shop Six-72 in San Francisco CA. Using their design talents, they fused their woodworking passion into the theme of their day by designing and manufacturing their invitations, seating cards, signage, centerpieces, and photo booth backdrop. I have to say that their approach to a DIY wedding was very impressive and it really put a stamp of their personal touch to the day. The day was a huge success even with the threat of thunderstorms on the horizon. The rain stopped just in time for the ceremony and offered up some really beautiful photographic light. They partied and danced the night away and the dance floor was never empty. Grant was dancing so much that he even ripped his trousers on the dance floor! Big thumbs up to the gals from Summit Soiree and all those involved for making their day a huge success. Congrats Rebecca & Grant!_ Lake Tahoe Wedding Vendors: Photographer : Eric Asistin Photography | Wedding Coordinator : Summit Soiree | Band : AM Radio | Florist : Jiosia Designs | Caterer : D�lish Catering | Decor : Six-72 Woodworks

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question: Who was responsible for the party?

answer: The band, AM Radio, was responsible for the party.

text: The band AM Radio was not responsible

refinement: The party was due to the wedding of Grant and Rebecca.

answer: The band AM Radio.

text: The band was not responsible

refinement: The party was due to the wedding of Grant and Rebecca.

answer: The wedding coordinators were from Summit Soiree.

text: The wedding coordinators were not responsible, except in an organizational sense

refinement: The party was due to the wedding of Grant and Rebecca.

answer: The band

text: The band was not responsible

refinement: The party was due to the wedding of Grant and Rebecca.

question: Where did they get married?

answer: The Truckee River

answer: The couple got married on the Truckee River in Lake Tahoe.

answer: The Truckee River.

answer: Next to the Truckee River.

question: Who are Rebecca and Grant?

answer: Rebecca and Grant are the couple who had their wedding on the Truckee River.

answer: Rebecca and Grant are the happy couple who got married on the Truckee River in Lake Tahoe. They are adventurous individuals who enjoy outdoor activities like skiing and snowboarding. They also own and operate their own woodworking shop.

answer: Rebecca and Grant are the couple who got married.

answer: Operators of their own woodworking shop, rebecca and Grant also seem to be keen athletes. they designed a lot of the details of their wedding around their shared interests.

text: Capitalization

refinement: Operators of their own woodworking shop, Rebecca and Grant also seem to be keen athletes. They designed a lot of the details of their wedding around their shared interests.

text: They got married too

refinement: Rebecca and Grant are the couple who got married. Operators of their own woodworking shop, Rebecca and Grant also seem to be keen athletes. They designed a lot of the details of their wedding around their shared interests.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: A page describing the wedding of rant and Rebecca, describing the different aspects of the wedding's success and those involved.

text: Grant not rant

refinement: A page describing the wedding of Grant and Rebecca, describing the different aspects of the wedding's success and those involved.

answer: The text is a wedding article about a couple who had their wedding on the Truckee River in Lake Tahoe.

answer: Rebecca and Grant's wedding was a huge success, despite the threat of thunderstorms.

answer: This wedding took place on the scenic Truckee River in Lake Tahoe, and was filled with custom decor and DIY touches.


text:
THE BLACK TOWERS
================

The swirls of sharp orange dust etched their way across his eyes as they blew by.
The frayed edges of his tattered hood licked frantically into the air.
He was done with this life.
Done with everything.

&nbsp;

There was no help coming now, not from anyone. Not ever.
It had been months since the last drop of food had been created.
Rumours of hidden stashes, lifelines for another week, faded into memories.
We are all just scavengers now.

&nbsp;

He stood before one of the Black Towers.
Assembled as a last act of a government long crumbled.
It's pinnacle hidden from sight.
It's treasures untold.

&nbsp;

There where many of them.
One for every district rumours had said.
No one knew why they were built.
Just that they suddenly existed.

&nbsp;

They were long and towering.
Like a thinly stretched rectangle.
Jabbing their way up from the crusty earth.
And up through the heavy red pollution above.

&nbsp;

Thin metal rods protruded from all four sides of the Black Towers.
Disorganised and unsymmetrical.
Sharp and rough.
Edged for cutting and dissuading.

&nbsp;

He'd known a few climbers in his time.
Seeking a seat beside God.
Seeking an escape from the drainage.
From the burning famine.

&nbsp;

The moment his hand first touched the lowest rod he knew he was committed.
Their touch was rough and uninviting.
On every one, small strands of invisible metal needled outwards.
They burrowed deeply into soles of his worn bare feet and raw hands as he ascended.

&nbsp;

He didn't bother looking down.
There was nothing for him there any more.
The wind and searing heat had dissipated at this height.
He felt only the slick wetness of his blood as it leaked from him and trickled back down towards the ground.

&nbsp;

Above the clouds he climbed.
The silence of freedom at last.
At this level the rods where smooth and new.
The sky blue and clear.

&nbsp;

His hands slipped weakly on each rod above.
His feet slapped wetly on those below.
A crimson drip on each rung.
A testament to the unbound future.

&nbsp;

Eventually there were no more rods to grab.
A sharp flat edge lay above him.
One more heave and he would be on top.
One final push to glory and his questions would be answered.

&nbsp;

He stood on the flat sleek surface of the Black Tower.
The rats were far below. Oblivious.
In the centre of the floor was a large square hole.
That descended as far as he had climbed.

&nbsp;

No further way up.
No alternative route.
His hands and feet too badly damaged to return the way he came.
One final hope passed through his mind as he stepped gracefully into the hole.

&nbsp;

He never screamed as he descended into the darkness.
Never reached out for safety.
All roads had led to this.
Far below ground level, his death was instantaneous.

&nbsp;

In this civilised society.
It doesn't take long to process the offerings from above.
All you had to do was debone and wash the meat.
And there were always offerings from above.

title: [SF] The Black Towers

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the protagonist?

answer: The protagonist was in deep distress and on the verge of giving up when he climbed one of the Black Towers. He never made it to the top of the Black Tower because he climbed down to a hole on the floor and never ascended it again.

text: The response inaccurately mentions that the protagonist never made it to the top and climbed down, however he did make it to the top and leaped to his death.

refinement: The protagonist was in deep distress and on the verge of giving up when he climbed one of the Black Towers. He made it to the top of the Black Tower and leaped into a hole on the floor. His death was instantaneous.

answer: The protagonist is a man who is tired of the famine. He wants to climb a Black Tower and escape the famine. They were rumors of a seat next to God, which certainly draws man's attention. The protagonist is thin, roughened and wears a tattered hoodie.

text: The response misses to mention that the man climbed to the top and leaped into the hole where his death was instantaneous.

refinement: The protagonist is a man who is tired of the famine. He wants to climb a Black Tower and escape the famine. They were rumors of a seat next to God, which certainly draws man's attention. The protagonist is thin, roughened and wears a tattered hoodie. The man climbs to the top of the tower and leaps into the hole. His death was instantaneous.

text: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

refinement: The protagonist is a man who is tired of the famine. He wants to climb a Black Tower and escape the famine. They were rumors of a seat next to God, which certainly draws man's attention. The man climbs to the top of the tower and leaps into the hole. His death was instantaneous.

answer: The male protagonist was done with his life and done with everything. The world he lives in was heavily polluted and ridden with famine. All of them were scavengers now, relying on food created and dropped from above. The protagonist climbs one of the Black Towers that stretched all the way up the clouds. He reaches the top but finds nothing but a square hole that descended as far as he had climbed. Too tired and injured from the climb up to climb back down, he steps into the hole and into freefall, his death instantaneous at that height.

answer: The protagonist is desperate with no hope in sight. He climbs one of the Black Towers with the sole purpose of escaping his afterlife. Once he reaches the top, the floor beneath him opens up into a large square hole, killing him. The protagonist tragically sacrifices himself in exchange for a new chance at life. He is bold and brave, driven by nothing but desperation.

text: The man climb to the top to escape the famine and his life, not the afterlife.

refinement: The protagonist is desperate with no hope in sight. He climbs one of the Black Towers with the sole purpose of escaping his life and the famine below. Once he reaches the top, the floor beneath him opens up into a large square hole, killing him. The protagonist tragically sacrifices himself in exchange for a new chance at life. He is bold and brave, driven by nothing but desperation.

text: The response misses to mention that leaping into the hole is what kills him.

refinement: The protagonist is desperate with no hope in sight. He climbs one of the Black Towers with the sole purpose of escaping his life and the famine below. Once he reaches the top, the floor beneath him opens up into a large square hole, the leap in kills him instantly. The protagonist tragically sacrifices himself in exchange for a new chance at life. He is bold and brave, driven by nothing but desperation.

text: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

refinement: The protagonist is desperate with no hope in sight. He climbs one of the Black Towers with the sole purpose of escaping his life and the famine below. Once he reaches the top, the floor beneath him opens up into a large square hole, the leap in kills him instantly. The protagonist tragically sacrifices himself in exchange for a new chance at life.

answer: The protagonist is someone who accepts his fate with resignation and grace. The Black Towers represent freedom and escape for him, though in the end his climb results in inevitable death. For the protagonist, climbing to the top is more important than what awaits him there.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the Black Towers?

answer: There are many Black Towers. They are a last act of a long-ruined government. They are long and tall, rising from the crust. Metal rods jut out from the sides of the towers. The narrator climbed a few of the towers.

text: There is no evidence in the text that suggest that the narrator climbed a few of the towers. The protagonist climbed one.

refinement: There are many Black Towers. They are a last act of a long-ruined government. They are long and tall, rising from the crust. Metal rods jut out from the sides of the towers. The protagonist climbed one of the towers.

answer: The Black Towers are tall structures meant to be climbed with metal rods that often hurt people who climb them. The towers supposedly lead down to some sort of underground space where meat is processed after being delivered from above. The Black Towers are associated with danger and escape from both hunger and the dying society above. They are thus likely ominous structures meant to keep people down below where they cannot cause trouble.

text: The response inaccurately mentions that the structures were meant to be climbed with metal rods. The rods were there to dissuade from being climbed.

refinement: The Black Towers are tall structures with metal rods were meant to dissuade from being climbed and that often hurt people who climb them. The towers supposedly lead down to some sort of underground space where meat is processed after being delivered from above. The Black Towers are associated with danger and escape from both hunger and the dying society above. They are thus likely ominous structures meant to keep people down below where they cannot cause trouble.

answer: No one knows why they were built, they just appeared overnight. The city's districts had one tower each, and they protruded from the crusty earth and through the heavy red pollution. Thin rods protruded in a disorderly manner. The towers had disorganized and uneven edges sharp and rough enough to cut through.

answer: The Black Towers were assembled by a government that crumbled long ago. Many towers were created (one for each district) but no one knows why they were built. The Black Towers stretch high above the clouds, its pinnacle is hidden from sight. Many thought that the towers hid treasures because thin metal rods protruded from all four sides in a disorganized and non-symmetrical manner. The rods were sharp and rough, meant to dissuade anyone from climbing them. Above the clouds, the metal rods became smooth and new. The top of the tower was flat and had a large square hole in the center of the floor that descended all the way down to ground level.

answer: The Black Towers are structures made from metal rods that rise into the sky. The structures are pointless and dangerous, but can offer a way to escape the famine and unrest that have overtaken the land. The story tells of one person who climbs to the top of the tower, only to fall to his death inside. The Black Towers are thus deathtraps and forbidden places.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the significance of the square hole in the center of the tower?

answer: The square hole appears to be the only way to climb the tower apart from the sides, and the death and blood of all previous climbers shows that the fastest way out is to descend and not ascend. The man in the story also sees the hole as a last hope.

text: The response inaccurately mentions that hole is the only way to climb apart from the sides, however the hole cannot be climbed, only descended by death.

refinement: The square hole appears to be the only way to descend the tower apart from the sides, and the death and blood of all previous climbers shows that the fastest way out is to descend and not ascend. The man in the story also sees the hole as a last hope.

answer: The square hole in the center of the tower is likely where food is processed and collected. The hole is deep, meaning the food is likely collected below ground level. The hole is at the highest point of the tower, suggesting that its purpose is to attract the attention of those who can find their way up to the top.

answer: The devious square hole in the center was built for climbers who have nowhere else to go but down, hoping that they'll end up someplace else, but meet death instead. The hole goes all the way down to ground level and climbers become minced meat when they reach the ground. The builders knew that after governments crumble, people will starve. They built the towers knowing that people will try to climb up, so they made the center hollow to make sure people coming down will die and be converted into food. In the case of the protagonist, he becomes the food created and dropped from above to feed the scavengers below.

answer: The hole in the center of the tower probably indicates some kind of offering from above. This means that the tower likely has supplies below ground level--in other words, it would be a useful place to scavenge for food.

answer: No answer

text: The response misses to provide an answer to the task.

refinement: The significance of the square hole is to have a way to receive food offerings from above. Those that climbed to the top of the tower had nowhere else to go but into the hole and meeting their deadly fate.


text:
NORWOOD — FBI agents searched a single-family house on a busy street in this South Shore town for several hours Tuesday, a search that ended around 1 p.m. when about 10 agents climbed into five cars and drove off.

The agents were in control of the building in the 100 block of Washington Street throughout the day and at one point were seen removing a tall, black device that appeared to be computer-related storage equipment.

The home targeted by the FBI during their investigation has solar panels on the roof, a greenhouse and a three-car detached garage. No one answered the door after the agents left.

A neighbor, Donald DeSantis, said the couple living there are “lovely people” and that he couldn’t imagine what had drawn the attention of federal investigators.

“I’m befuddled,” he said. “That would be the last house I would think of.”

A law enforcement official briefed on the case said the search was not related to any terrorism investigation.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Peter Schworm can be reached at schworm@globe.com. Follow him on Twitter @globepete.

question: What did FBI agents search?

answer: A single-family house.

answer: The FBI agents searched a single-family house.

answer: A single-family home.

answer: From the passage, it is clear that the FBI agents searched a single-family house.

question: How many cars did they have?

answer: The agents were in control of the building in the 100 block of Washington Street throughout the day and at one point were seen removing a tall, black device that appeared to be computer-related storage equipment.

text: This response is unrelated

text: Provide a response

answer: Ten

text: There were ten agents, but five cars

answer: 5.

answer: 5

question: How many agents were there?

answer: There were 10 agents.

text: There were "about 10 agents"

answer: There were approximately 10 agents involved in the search.

answer: 10.

text: There were "about 10 agents"

answer: 10

text: There were "about 10 agents"

question: What did the home targeted by the FBI have on the roof?

answer: Solar panels.

answer: Solar panels

answer: The home targeted by the FBI had solar panels on the roof.

answer: Solar panels.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: FBI agents searched a home in Norwood for several hours on Tuesday, and removed computer-related equipment. It is not known why the home was targeted, but it is not believed to be related to any terrorism investigation.

text: The item removed "appeared to be computer-related storage equipment"

refinement: FBI agents searched a home in Norwood for several hours on Tuesday, and removed what appeared to be computer-related equipment. It is not known why the home was targeted, but it is not believed to be related to any terrorism investigation.

answer: FBI agents searched a single-family house on a busy street in this South Shore town for several hours Tuesday, a search that ended around 1 p.m. when about 10 agents climbed into five cars and drove off. The agents were in control of the building in the 100 block of Washington Street throughout the day and at one point were seen removing a tall, black device that appeared to be computer-related storage equipment.

answer: FBI agents searched a single-family house on a busy street in South Shore town for several hours. The agents were in control of the building throughout the day and at one point were seen removing a tall, black device that appeared to be computer-related storage equipment. The home targeted by the FBI during their investigation has solar panels on the roof, a greenhouse, and a three-car detached garage.

text: The description of the home is a bit unnecessary

refinement: FBI agents searched a single-family house on a busy street in South Shore town for several hours. The agents were in control of the building throughout the day and at one point were seen removing a tall, black device that appeared to be computer-related storage equipment.

answer: The article discusses how the FBI raided a single family home in South Shore. It is unclear why they raided and neighbors were flummoxed. The family who lived there are known as "lovely people" and the FBI stated the raid had nothing to do with terrorism.

text: Fix the grammar/clarify of "why they raided"

refinement: The article discusses how the FBI raided a single family home in South Shore. It is unclear why the home was raided and neighbors were flummoxed. The family who lived there are known as "lovely people" and the FBI stated the raid had nothing to do with terrorism.

text: Note the item that was removed

refinement: The article discusses how the FBI raided a single family home in South Shore. It is unclear why the home was raided and neighbors were flummoxed. At one point, a tall, black device that appeared to be computer-related equipment was removed from the home. The family who lived there are known as "lovely people" and the FBI stated the raid had nothing to do with terrorism.


text:
After 28-year-old Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's stunning upset against congressman Joe Crowley in the New York Democratic congressional primary on Tuesday, the word "socialist" was repeatedly used to describe her. But what does it mean to be socialist or democratic socialist – and is there even a difference?

Ms Ocasio-Cortez is a registered member of the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) and is a self-described socialist.

"Socialist" remains a dirty – and often misunderstood – term in the realm of US politics. The Cold War, in which animosity and paranoia toward the Soviet Union was widespread across the US, is largely to thank for that.

A socialist, in the traditional sense, is an adherent of socialism.

Socialism can be defined as "a system of social organization in which private property and the distribution of income are subject to social control."

In other words, it's a state-controlled economy in which the state controls the means of production: factories, offices, resources, and firms. There are also forms of socialism in which the means of production are controlled and owned by workers.

From an academic standpoint, there's an ongoing debate about what socialism really is.

"The academic debates about socialism’s 'meaning' are huge and arcane and rife with disagreements, but what all definitions have in common is either the elimination of the market or its strict containment," Frances Fox Piven, a political scientist at the City University of New York and a former DSA board member, told Vox.

In general, socialists believe the government should provide a range of basic services to the public, such as health care and education, for free or at a significant discount.

In the present day, "democratic socialist" and "socialist" are often treated as interchangeable terms, which can be confusing given democratic socialists don't necessarily think the government should immediately take control of all aspects of the economy.

They do, however, generally believe the government should help provide for people's most basic needs and help all people have an equal chance at achieving success.

Donald Trump receives laughs in the UN chamber after talk of socialism

Ms Ocasio-Cortez's platform, for example, calls for universal healthcare, tuition-free college, and treats housing as a common right.

Democratic socialists also believe strongly in democracy and democratic principles. They are by no means proponents of authoritarian government systems many Americans associate socialism with.

As the DSA's website states: "At the root of our socialism is a profound commitment to democracy, as means and end. As we are unlikely to see an immediate end to capitalism tomorrow, DSA fights for reforms today that will weaken the power of corporations and increase the power of working people."

To put it another way, they don't feel socialism should be forced on people, but they are fundamentally anti-capitalist and believe the government should urge privately owned businesses toward granting workers as much control as possible.

The DSA and Democratic socialists like Ms Ocasio-Cortez place a great deal of emphasis on social justice in conjunction with pushing for an economy that's largely controlled by workers.

 Left to their own devices: New Liverpool exhibition examines effect of socialism on art

Show all 5

The DSA supports reforms that would decrease the influence of money in politics, empower ordinary people in workplaces and the economy, and restructure gender and cultural relationships to be more equitable, according to its website.

To put this into context, Ms Ocasio-Cortez's platform calls for an end to the war on drugs, the demilitarization of police departments, and the abolishment of for-profit prisons.

Here's how Senator Bernie Sanders, a self-declared democratic socialist, defined it in a 2006 interview: "I think [democratic socialism] means the government has got to play a very important role in making sure that as a right of citizenship all of our people have healthcare; that as a right, all of our kids, regardless of income, have quality childcare, are able to go to college without going deeply into debt; that it means we do not allow large corporations and moneyed interests to destroy our environment; that we create a government in which it is not dominated by big money interest."

"I mean, to me, it means democracy, frankly," Senator Sanders added. "That's all it means."

_Business Insider_

question: In what state did Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez run for congress?

answer: New York

answer: New York.

answer: New York.

answer: New York

question: What is a socialist?

answer: A socialist is someone who believes that the government should control the means of production, or at least play a large role in the economy. Democratic socialists believe that the government should provide basic services to the public for free or at a discount, and that democracy should be prioritized.

text: Note that the first definition given is referred to as "the traditional sense" in the input

refinement: Traditionally, a socialist is someone who believes that the government should control the means of production, or at least play a large role in the economy. Democratic socialists believe that the government should provide basic services to the public for free or at a discount, and that democracy should be prioritized.

answer: According to this article, an adherent of socialism.

text: True, but the question warrants expanding the definition of socialism too

refinement: Traditionally, an adherent of socialism, which is a state-controlled economy in which the state controls the means of production.

answer: A socialist is an adherent of socialism.

text: True, but the question warrants expanding on the definition of socialism

refinement: Traditionally, a socialist is an adherent of socialism, which is a state-controlled economy in which the state controls the means of production.

answer: A socialist is someone who believes the government should control the means of production.

text: Note that the article calls this "the traditional sense"

refinement: Traditionally, a socialist is someone who believes the government should control the means of production.

question: What is the source of this article?

answer: Business Insider

answer: The source of this article is _Business Insider_.

text: Remove the underscores around the name

refinement: The source of this article is Business Insider.

answer: It might be Business Insider.

answer:
A. The New York Times
B. The Washington Post
C. The Wall Street Journal
D. The Guardian

text: The response is unrelated

text: Provide a response

question: What is Bernie Sanders' political affiliation?

answer: Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that Bernie Sanders is a democratic socialist.

text: We need not infer this; he is "a self-declared democratic socialist"

refinement: Bernie Sanders is a democratic socialist.

answer:
A. Democratic socialist

B. Republican

C. Independent

D. Democrat

text: The response is unrelated

text: Provide a response

answer: According to the text, he is a self-declared democratic socialist.

answer: He is a self-declared democratic socialist.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Democratic socialism is a form of socialism that believes in democracy and democratic principles. Democratic socialists also believe strongly in democracy and democratic principles. They are by no means proponents of authoritarian government systems many Americans associate socialism with.

text: Fails to capture the goal of the article

text: Provide a response

refinement: Following self-described socialist Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's primary win, the article seeks to define the terms "socialist" and "democratic socialist."

answer: In this article, it appears that self-proclaimed socialist Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's NY congressional primary win prompted the writer to explore and explain socialism and its core tenets.

answer: Democratic socialists believe that the government should provide basic services such as healthcare and education to the public, and that large corporations should be kept in check.

text: Fails to capture the goal of the article

text: Provide a response

refinement: Following self-described socialist Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's primary win, the article seeks to define the terms "socialist" and "democratic socialist."

answer: The article is about socialism and what it means to be a socialist.

text: Note that it is in response to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's primary win

refinement: The article is in response to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's primary win, and is about socialism and what it means to be a socialist.


text:
Edit: this is going to be a running story!

Below my running feet pieces of earth lift. I look behind to watch the stir settle, and instead trip on a branch that came down during the last big storm. Well, if I was trying to catch a glimpse of myself, then getting as close to the bottom of my gravity is about right. So there I am with my nose huffing away ants and my fingertips using dirt and pebble as an exfoliant. I puff out any air left in my lungs. More earth lifts and now settles upon my face. With my eyes closed I turn on my back and sob until tears path their way down my face and neck. I take a deep breath and turn on my stomach and puff up some more earth that now stick to my tears. These dirt trails look like roots found below the lowest point I can hit with my face.

My lips pucker and some wet dirt collects in the creases. I press my face to the ground and settle. My hands are stretched out hugging the horizontal space around me. My fingers pulse like I'm slow playing a piano and the music exists only in thought.

Like the beautiful stars lining the sky above me, an energy below resists flight.

title: tracking myself

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why did the narrator cry?

answer: The narrator cried because she tripped on a branch and fell, feeling helpless and overwhelmed. She further cried out of a feeling of disconnection with the earth which, in its messiness, mirrors her feelings at the moment.

answer: That information can't be found.

text: The fact the narrator tripped does appear to be the catalyst to them crying.

refinement: It appears the narrator tripping is their reason for crying.

answer: The narrator was crying because she tripped on a branch and fell onto the ground. This brought her head and hands down close to the ground, and seeing the earth and the natural patterns in it made her cry. The dirt trails on her face and tears she cried created an aesthetic image of her connected to the ground. The feeling of connection to the earth she felt brought up emotions of pain and sadness, and led to her crying.

answer: Because they tripped.

answer: Perhaps an emotional moment when the narrator realizes how low they got. One author's note seems to indicate there is a big storm coming.

text: The answer doesn't make sense in the context of the question.

refinement: The narrator cries once they have tripped.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the narrator running from?

answer: It may be implied they are running from something inside themselves; their sorrow may be clouding their view.

text: The supposition is fair in the context of the piece, however there is no clear indication in the text that the narrator is running from anything.

refinement: It may be implied they are running from something inside themselves; their sorrow may be clouding their view.

text:
Quotes such as:
'Well, if I was trying to catch a glimpse of myself, then getting as close to the bottom of my gravity is about right'
'My hands are stretched out hugging the horizontal space around me.'

Could be indicative of a more metaphysical reason for them to be running.

answer: The narrator is running from their emotions and depression. They feel stuck on the ground, and hugging the earth around them offers some comfort in a difficult time.

text: This can be inferred from the story, but there is nothing so concrete in the text that this can be plainly states as a fact.

refinement: It can be inferred from the text that the narrator is running from their emotions and depression. They feel stuck on the ground, and hugging the earth around them offers some comfort in a difficult time.

text: Tere are certainly metaphors in the story that would indicate the runner is at their lowest ebb. The fact they fall and hug the space around them, seeking comfort also lends itself to the conclusion the answer comes to.

answer: The narrator is running from some internal pain or turmoil.

text: The answer should indicate this is an inference.

refinement: The story infers that the narrator is running from some internal pain or turmoil.

answer: We don't know, and there isn't even an indication of them being in any conflict

answer: Information can't be found.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is the narrator?

answer: This information is not known.

answer: Information can't be found.

answer: The narrator is the individual tracking herself on the ground.

text: The answer could suggest that the narrator is a runner, but this answer does not make sense.

answer: The narrator is the author.

text: Incorrect. The narrator is the runner who trips, not 'the author'.

answer: Unclear. The narrator is on the ground next to dirt.

text: The first part of the answer is accurate, 'The narrator is on the ground next to dirt.' confuses matters.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What happened after the storm?

answer: A big branch fell down, breaking a part of the original ground and changing everything as it goes on.

text: '...breaking a part of the original ground and changing everything as it goes on.' is confusing an unnecessary.

answer: After the storm, the protagonist tripped on a branch and landed on her face in the dirt. She wept and pressed her face into the ground, connecting with the earth beneath her. She experiences a sense of calm and connection with the natural world.

text: The answer is too detailed. The story made a direct reference to what happened after the storm in the form of: '...a branch that came down during the last big storm.'

refinement: the protagonist tripped on a branch that fell down during the last big storm.

answer: The author tripped over a branch.

text: The answer should specify that the branch fell down after the last big storm.

refinement: The author tripped over a branch that fell down after the last big storm.

answer: After the storm, the protagonist tripped on a branch that had fallen, which left them sobbing on their stomach with tears of dirt collecting in the creases of their lips. This illustrates that the protagonist experienced a moment of sadness in the aftermath of the storm.

text: 'which left them sobbing on their stomach with tears of dirt collecting in the creases of their lips. This illustrates that' in unnecessary detail that can be removed for accuracy and clarity.

refinement: After the storm, the protagonist tripped on a branch that had fallen,and the protagonist experienced a moment of sadness in the aftermath of the storm.

text: This answer justifies mentioning the runner and what happened to them as part of the aftermath of the storm. 'This illustrates that the protagonist experienced a moment of sadness in the aftermath of the storm.'

answer: Information can't be found.

text: Incorrect. A branch was felt on the ground after the last big storm.

refinement: A branch was left of the ground after the last big storm.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The protagonist collapses to the ground and sobs while connecting with the earth beneath their face. They use their hands to feel energy and rhythm within the earth.

answer: In the wilderness, a person sits outside in a storm, crying massive tears.

text: Incorrect summary, the story revolves around a runner who trips and lands on their face. they are never sat, and when they cry, their tears are not described as 'massive'.

refinement: In the wilderness, a person sits outside in a storm, crying massive tears.

answer: This piece explores the physical act of getting close to the ground and feeling in touch with the earth. The narrator describes her journey to the bottom of gravity and reflects on the beauty of feeling connected to her surroundings

text: The summary should make a reference to the runner struggling with their internal emotions.

refinement: This piece explores the physical act of getting close to the ground and feeling in touch with the earth, after a runner trips and feels sad about it. The narrator describes her journey to the bottom of gravity and reflects on the beauty of feeling connected to her surroundings whilst

text: Removal of the second sentence still makes for an acceptable summary.

refinement: This piece explores the physical act of getting close to the ground and feeling in touch with the earth, after a runner trips and feels sad about it.

answer: This short story shows a fighter who squats to puff dirt from the ground with his face and celebrate life at the lowest point he can hit with his face.

text: This answer is incredibly misleading, as it suggests a completely different narrative to the one presented.

refinement: This short story shows a runner who trips and inhales dirt from the ground reacting to their internalised emotions as they feel the space around them.

answer: The narrator runs through the rubble that was caused by the last big storm then drops to rest and admires the stars.

text: The narrator does not 'drop', they 'trip'. They also end up on their back staring at the sky, they do not decide to 'rest'.

refinement: The narrator runs through the rubble that was caused by the last big storm then trips over a branch, coming to lie on their back and admire the stars.


text: they go to the store. When they get there, Ally is there and she gives them a big, cheesy grin, “Hey guys! Nice to see you two here ”. “Yeah... okay.” they said. Ally was mean to them, so they ignored her. In the back of the store, they casually browsed the section with toy cars. Ally was staring at them; she had a mean glare when she wanted one. She was also a hooker, they suspected. They left after five minutes, the shop was uncool. Outside, the clouds were high in the sky and a line of smog lay lazily on the horizon. “Man, this day... shit’s crazy dude.” “I know man. Love it here, aye.” They walked down the street. The sun was like their friend: it gazed happily down at them. They were glad to be rid of Ally. “Dude, Mary Jane is waiting for us inside.” “Yeah man, okay”. They jacked some bikes and rode home quickly. The ghetto was thriving with little kids; it really was a gorgeous day. As they pushed the door open, they were greeted with a comforting smell of old leather, mould and dirty clothes. They liked living there. Life is good, man.

title: So I wrote this story

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How was Ally "mean to them"?

answer: We are not told.

answer: The story doesn't say, but it includes a creepy cowboy, which suggests physical violence was involved.

text: There is no evidence of a creepy cowboy in the story.

answer: Ally was mean to them by staring at them with a mean glare, suspecting her of being a hooker, and leaving the store after only five minutes due to a lack of interest.

text: There is no evidence explaining why Ally was mean to them.

answer: Ally glared at them and she was also suspected by them to be a hooker.

text: There is no evidence explaininh why Ally was mean to them.

answer: This information is not in the text.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why do they suspect she's a sex worker?

answer: This is not revealed.

answer: The protagonist suspects that Ally is a sex worker because she glared at them with mean intentions, plus she was hanging out near the section of the store with toy cars. They also suspected Ally was a hooker because she was staring at them and she had an unpleasant demeanor.

text: There is no evidence explaining why they thought she was a sex worker.

answer: Because she was 'a hooker' but unfortunately, this tells us zilch about why they suspect that.

answer: From the way she's looking at them flirtatiously with her naughty grin.

text: There is no evidence explaining why they suspected she was a sex worker.

answer: The protagonist suspects that Ally is a sex worker because she had a mean glare, she was staring at them intently, and it was suggested outside that she is a hooker. This suspicion is further strongly supported by the fact that she was mean to them and the fact that they suspect she works in the back of the store.

text: There is no evidence in the passage explaining why they suspected Ally was a sex worker.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Where do they live?

answer: The characters live in the ghetto.

answer: That information is not mentioned.

text: It is omitted that they live in the ghetto.

answer: The characters live in the ghetto.

answer: Somewhere that smells like leather.

text: It is omitted that they live in the ghetto.

refinement: They live in the ghetto that smells like leather.

answer: The street.

text: It is omitted that they live in the ghetto.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Does Ally work at the shop?

answer: Yes, Ally works at the shop.

text: There is no evidence suggesting that she works at the shop but it may be assumed.

refinement: There is no evidence that Ally works at the shop but it seems like she does.

answer: It is assumed that she does.

answer: Information not found.

answer: Yes, the passage suggests that Ally works at the shop as a hooker.

text: It is incorrectly stated that the passage suggests she works as a hooker at the shop.

refinement: The passage does not explicitly state whether Ally works at the shop or not.

answer: In the context of the story it is unclear.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Ally and the narrator are in a shop. Ally is a mean girl. The narrator and his friend doesn't want to associate with her, but they find the shop quite cool. The narrator and his friend go home and are welcomed with a comforting smell of old leather, mould and dirty clothes.

text: It is incorrectly stated that they find the shop cool.

refinement: Ally and the narrator are in a shop. Ally is a mean girl. The narrator and his friend doesn't want to associate with her, they find the shop uncool. The narrator and his friend go home and are welcomed with a comforting smell of old leather, mould and dirty clothes.

text: It is omitted that they go to the ghetto.

refinement: Ally and the narrator are in a shop. Ally is a mean girl. The narrator and his friend doesn't want to associate with her, they find the shop uncool. The narrator and his friend go home to the ghetto where they are welcomed with a comforting smell of old leather, mould and dirty clothes.

answer: Two people enter a shop where Ally is nice to them, but they ignore her because apparently she was mean in the past. They decide the store is uncool, and leave. They share that life is good and enter another building where they live. It smells comfortingly like leather and mold.

answer: Ally, an unpleasant old acquaintance the two men meet in a store, stares at them while they shop. They leave after a few minutes. They ride bikes through the ghetto, leaving Ally behind them, happy to be coming home to the smell of leather, mould, and dirty clothes in their home. Life is good.

answer: The narrator goes to the store and runs into Ally, who stares at them with a mean glare. They browse the toy car section, but decide the shop is uncool and leave. Outside, the clouds are high in the sky and smog lays on the horizon. They feel glad to escape Ally and ride their bikes home, where they are greeted by a comforting smell of old leather, mould and dirty clothes. Life is good.

answer: The main character goes to the store where they encounter a mean girl named Ally. They ignore her and instead look at toys in the back of the store, but decide the store is uninteresting. Outside, they enjoy the sunny day and are glad to be rid of Ally. They go home where they enjoy a comfortable smell and lots of kids. Overall, life is good.

text: It is omitted that the main character going to the store with someone.

refinement: The main character goes to the store with someone who seems to be his friend, they encounter a mean girl named Ally. They ignore her and instead look at toys in the back of the store, but decide the store is uninteresting. Outside, they enjoy the sunny day and are glad to be rid of Ally. They go home where they enjoy a comfortable smell and lots of kids. Overall, life is good.


text:
[De Nieuwe Molen in 2012] DE NIEUWE MOLEN is the oldest and the largest extant mill in South Africa and was built in 1782 near the Black River. The mill is situated in the Alexandra Hospital in Maitland, Cape Town and was declared a National Monument in 1978.[1]

In 1780, master mason Johan Gottfried Mocke was employed to build the new mill.[2] It was built of imported Dutch baked bricks that were used by sailing ships as ballast material. The mill stood 42m high (including sails) with a diameter of about 10m at the base, and the blades had a flight of 23m. Around 1870, the sails of the windmill were torn off by a storm. The damage was not repaired and the mill became obsolete. The machinery and other woodwork were removed around the year 1920. In 1906, the Alexandra Institute for the disabled was opened near the mill and after 1928, the mill was included in the premises of this institution. The mill was renovated and used as a chapel. The most recent renovation of the mill was in 1996.

[1]

[2]

title: De Nieuwe Molen

question: What is De Nieuwe Molen?

answer: De Nieuwe Molen is the oldest and the largest extant mill in South Africa.

answer: De Nieuwe Molen is a windmill located in Maitland, Cape Town that was built in 1782. It was declared a National Monument in 1978.

answer: The oldest and largest extant mill in South Africa.

answer: De Nieuwe Molen is the oldest and the largest extant mill in South Africa and was built in 1782 near the Black River.

question: When was De Nieuwe Molen built?

answer: De Nieuwe Molen was built in 1782.

answer: De Nieuwe Molen was built in 1782.

answer: 1782

answer: De Nieuwe Molen was built in 1782.

question: When was the most recent renovation of De Nieuwe Molen?

answer: The most recent renovation of De Nieuwe Molen was in 1996.

answer: The most recent renovation of De Nieuwe Molen was in 1996.

answer: 1996

answer: The most recent renovation of De Nieuwe Molen was in 1996.

question: Who built De Nieuwe Molen?

answer: Master mason Johan Gottfried Mocke

text: "master mason Johan Gottfried Mocke was employed to build the new mill" is evidence that the mill was built by Johan Gottfried Mocke.

answer: Master mason Johan Gottfried Mocke built De Nieuwe Molen.

text: "master mason Johan Gottfried Mocke was employed to build the new mill" is evidence that the mill was built by Johan Gottfried Mocke.

answer: Johan Gottfried Mocke

text: "master mason Johan Gottfried Mocke was employed to build the new mill" is evidence that the mill was built by Johan Gottfried Mocke.

answer: The mill was built by master mason Johan Gottfried Mocke in 1782.

text: The date the mill was built is not relevant to the question being asked.

refinement: The mill was built by master mason Johan Gottfried Mocke.

text: "master mason Johan Gottfried Mocke was employed to build the new mill" is evidence that the mill was built by Johan Gottfried Mocke.

question: Why did De Nieuwe Molen become obsolete?

answer: Because the sails of the windmill were torn off by a storm and the damage has never been repaired.

text: "Around 1870, the sails of the windmill were torn off by a storm. The damage was not repaired and the mill became obsolete" is evidence that the mill became obsolete due to damage sustained during a storm.

answer: The sails of the windmill were torn off by a storm.

text: "Around 1870, the sails of the windmill were torn off by a storm. The damage was not repaired and the mill became obsolete" is evidence that the mill became obsolete due to damage sustained during a storm.

answer: The mill became obsolete because the sails were torn off by a storm.

text: "Around 1870, the sails of the windmill were torn off by a storm. The damage was not repaired and the mill became obsolete" is evidence that the mill became obsolete due to damage sustained during a storm.

answer: The sails of the windmill were torn off by a storm.

text: "Around 1870, the sails of the windmill were torn off by a storm. The damage was not repaired and the mill became obsolete" is evidence that the mill became obsolete due to damage sustained during a storm.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The De Nieuwe Molen is the oldest and largest extant mill in South Africa. It was built in 1782 near the Black River. The mill was declared a National Monument in 1978. It was built of imported Dutch baked bricks that were used by sailing ships as ballast material.

text: The materials out of which the mill was built are not as important as the fact that it became obsolete in 1870.

refinement: The De Nieuwe Molen is the oldest and largest extant mill in South Africa. It was built in 1782 near the Black River. The mill was declared a National Monument in 1978. It became obsolete in 1870 after its sails were damaged in a storm.

answer: The De Nieuwe Molen is the oldest windmill in South Africa, dating back to 1782. It was declared a National Monument in 1978, but was damaged in a storm in the 1870s and was later converted into a chapel for the Alexandra Institute for the disabled. It was recently renovated in 1996.

answer: De Nieuwe Molen is the oldest and the largest extant mill in South Africa. It was built by master mason Johan Gottfried in 1782. The mill is located in the Alexandra Hospital in Maitland, Cape Town. The mill is not in use today because the sails of the windmill were torn off around 1870 by a storm, and the damage has never been repaired.

answer: De Nieuwe Molen is the oldest and the largest extant mill in South Africa and was built in 1782 near the Black River. The mill is situated in the Alexandra Hospital in Maitland, Cape Town and was declared a National Monument in 1978.

text: Does not mention that the mill became obsolete.

refinement: De Nieuwe Molen is the oldest and the largest extant mill in South Africa and was built in 1782 near the Black River. The mill is situated in the Alexandra Hospital in Maitland, Cape Town and was declared a National Monument in 1978. The mill became obsolete around 1870 due to damage sustained during a storm.


text:
On 25 December 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria. All 92 passengers and crew on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, were killed. The aircraft had flown from Chkalovsky Airport and had landed at Sochi to refuel.

Aircraft

The aircraft involved was a Tupolev 154B-2,[1] tail number RA-85572, msn 83A-572,[2] which had been in operation since 1983,[3][4] and had flown for about 7,000 hours before the crash.[5][6]

Crash

The Tupolev had taken off at 05:27 local time () from the Black Sea resort city of Sochi, Russia, where it had landed to refuel, bound for Syria.[7] Two minutes after takeoff, the aircraft crashed into the Black Sea, from the coast. Wreckage was found at a depth of .[8][9] All 92 people on board were killed.[10]

Passengers and crew

Of the 92 passengers and crew on board, 64 were members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir, the official choir of the Russian Armed Forces, including its director Valery Khalilov.[11] The members of the Ensemble were travelling from Moscow to the Russian military base at Khmeimim near Latakia, Syria, to take part in New Year celebrations.[12]

Among the passengers was Russian humanitarian worker Elizaveta Glinka,[13] the Director of the Department of Culture for the Russian Ministry of Defence Anton Gubankov,[14] seven soldiers (besides Khalilov), nine journalists (three each from Channel One Russia, NTV, and Zvezda), and two civilian officials.

Investigation

[Map of crash site released by the Russian Ministry of Defence] Immediately after the crash, the Investigative Committee of Russia launched a criminal case to probe the cause.

By 27 December, the cockpit voice and flight data recorders had been located, and both were later recovered and sent to Moscow for analysis.[15][16][17] By 28 December, the bodies of 18 people had been recovered from the sea.[18] On 29 December, a third recorder, which backs up data from the CVR and FDR, was found, which, despite being damaged, revealed more information.[19]

One Russian official downplayed the possibility of a terrorist attack as the cause of the crash, focusing more on the possibility of mechanical or human error.[20] After the crash, all Tupolev Tu-154 aircraft in Russia were grounded.[21]

A bright flash was purportedly caught on surveillance cameras along the Sochi coastline before the crash.[22] Witnesses told reporters the plane appeared to experience trouble in gaining altitude, turned 180 degrees, started descending and crashed into the sea.[23][24]

On 27 December it was reported that an investigative source had told the Interfax news agency that Russian investigators believed a fault with the aircraft flaps had caused the crash. The Life.ru news portal was reported to have obtained a recording of the last words of one of the pilots: “Commander, we are going down.” There was no official confirmation.[25][26]

On 29 December it was announced by the Flight Safety Service of the Russian Ministry that a preliminary analysis of data from the cockpit voice recorder showed that no explosion had occurred on board.[27]

On 16 January the Interstate Aviation Committee, the civil authority in aviation accident investigation, announced that its representative would participate in the investigation.[28]

On 19 January Interfax reported that, during the underwater search, remains had also been found of a Soviet Douglas A-20 Havoc/DB-7 Boston bomber, supplied from the U.S. through the Lend-Lease agreement, which crashed on 15 November 1942.[29]

On 31 May 2017, Russia's _Kommersant_ said all the evidence pointed to the pilot, Maj Roman Volkov having suffered from somatogravic illusion. Analysis of the flight data suggested that the pilot had “lost his bearings and ignored his instruments, believing that the jet was climbing too sharply.” Tiredness was thought to be a factor. Experts said that he was already feeling unwell on the ground and had trouble getting the plane on to the correct runway.[30][31][32]

Reactions

Russia observed a national day of mourning on 26 December, at the declaration of President Vladimir Putin.[33][34] Lieutenant Colonel Igor Shevernyov, director of the Military Band Service of the Moscow Military District and inspector general of the band service commented to _RT_ on Khalilov's by noting that it was “an irreparable loss.” “It will be very difficult for us”, said Shevernyov. The NYPD Police Band, which had previously worked with the ensemble in Quebec, also expressed its condolences. The victims were buried in the Federal Military Memorial Cemetery in Mytishchinsky District in Moscow Oblast. Russian Defence Minister Sergey Shoigu ordered that the Moscow Military Music College be given the honorific _Valery Khalilov_.[35]

On 28 December, French satirical weekly magazine _Charlie Hebdo_ published several cartoons mocking the tragedy.[36] In response, a Russian Defense Ministry spokesman said: “If such, I dare say, 'artistry' is the real manifestation of 'Western values', then those who hold and support them are doomed”.[37]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36] “French Satirists at Charlie Hebdo Infuriate Russians With Mockery of Dec. 25 Plane Crash”. _The Moscow Times._ 28 December 2016.

[37] “Charlie Hebdo Cover: Russia Angered By Cartoon Of Tu-154 Plane Crash”. _International Business Times._ 28 December 2016.

title: 2016 Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev Tu-154 crash

question: What happened to a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner on 25 December 2016?

answer: The aircraft crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria. All 92 passengers and crew on board were killed.

text: "On 25 December 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea" is evidence that the plane crashed into the Black Sra.

text: "All 92 passengers and crew on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, were killed" is evidence that all 92 passengers aboard were killed.

answer: The aircraft crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria.

text: "On 25 December 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia" is evidence that the plane crashed into the Black Sea shortly after takeoff.

text: "while en route to Khmeimim Air Base" is evidence that the plan was en route to Khmeimim Air Base.

answer: It crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport.

text: "On 25 December 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia" is evidence that the plane crashed into the Black Sea shortly after takeoff.

answer: It crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria.

text: "On 25 December 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia" is evidence that the plane crashed into the Black Sea shortly after takeoff.

text: "while en route to Khmeimim Air Base" is evidence that the plan was en route to Khmeimim Air Base.

question: What is the make of the aircraft?

answer: The aircraft involved was a Tupolev 154B-2.

text: "The aircraft involved was a Tupolev 154B-2" is evidence that the stated make of the aircraft is correct

answer: The aircraft was a Tupolev 154B-2 and has been in operation since 1983.

text: How long the aircraft has been in operation is not relevant.

text: "The aircraft involved was a Tupolev 154B-2" is evidence that the stated make of the aircraft is correct

answer: Tupolev Tu-154

text: Does not list the specific make of the aircraft.

answer: The aircraft involved was a Tupolev 154B-2, tail number RA-85572, msn 83A-572.

text: The specific tail number is not relevant to the question being asked.

refinement: The aircraft involved was a Tupolev 154B-2.

text: "The aircraft involved was a Tupolev 154B-2" is evidence that the stated make of the aircraft is correct

question: Who were the people in the Tupolev?

answer: The Tupolev was carrying 92 passengers and crew, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, bound for Syria to take part in New Year celebrations.

text: Does not list any specific passengers.

refinement: The Tupolev was carrying 92 passengers and crew, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, bound for Syria to take part in New Year celebrations. Specific passengers included Elizaveta Glinka (a Russian humanitarian worker), Anton Gubankov (the Director of the Department of Culture for the Russian Ministry of Defense), seven soldiers, nine journalists, and two civilian officials.

text: "All 92 passengers and crew on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces" is evidence that the plane was carrying 92 passengers and crew, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir.

answer: They were Elizaveta Glinka, a Russian humanitarian worker, Anton Gubankov, the Director of the Department of Culture for the Russian Ministry of Defence, nine journalists, among others.

text: Does not mention the choir.

refinement: They were Elizaveta Glinka, a Russian humanitarian worker, Anton Gubankov, the Director of the Department of Culture for the Russian Ministry of Defence, nine journalists, among others. Also aboard were 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir, including its director, Valery Khalilov.

text: "Among the passengers was Russian humanitarian worker Elizaveta Glinka,[13] the Director of the Department of Culture for the Russian Ministry of Defence Anton Gubankov,[14] seven soldiers (besides Khalilov), nine journalists (three each from Channel One Russia, NTV, and Zvezda), and two civilian officials" is evidence that supports the passengers listed.

answer: The passengers and crew on board the Tupolev Tu-154 were mostly members of the Alexandrov Ensemble, including its director Valery Khalilov.

text: Does not mention the other specific passengers aboard.

refinement: The passengers and crew on board the Tupolev Tu-154 were mostly members of the Alexandrov Ensemble, including its director Valery Khalilov. Also aboard were Elizaveta Glinka (a Russian humanitarian worker), Anton Gubankov (the Director of the Department of Culture for the Russian Ministry of Defense), seven soldiers, nine journalists, and two civilian officials.

answer: The people in the Tupolev were members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir, the official choir of the Russian Armed Forces, including its director Valery Khalilov.

text: Does not mention the other named passengers.

refinement: The people in the Tupolev were members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir, the official choir of the Russian Armed Forces, including its director Valery Khalilov. Also aboard were Elizaveta Glinka (a Russian humanitarian worker), Anton Gubankov (the Director of the Department of Culture for the Russian Ministry of Defense), seven soldiers, nine journalists, and two civilian officials.

question: What was said to be the cause of the crash?

answer: The cause of the crash was said to be a fault with the aircraft flaps.

text: Does not mention somatogravic illusion.

refinement: The cause of the crash was said to be a fault with the aircraft flaps. The pilot was also believed to have been suffering from somatogravic illusion.

answer: The major evidence points to the pilot, Maj Roman Volkov who was suffering from somatogravic illusion, which caused him to ignore his flight instruments.

text: "On 31 May 2017, Russia's _Kommersant_ said all the evidence pointed to the pilot, Maj Roman Volkov having suffered from somatogravic illusion" is evidence that the pilot was suffering from somatogravic illusion.

answer: According to the passage, the cause of the crash is believed to be a fault with the aircraft flaps.

text: Does not mention the pilot suffering from somatogravic illusion.

refinement: According to the passage, the cause of the crash is believed to be a fault with the aircraft flaps. Later, evidence came to light that suggested the pilot was suffering from somatogravic illusion.

answer: The cause of the crash was said to be a fault with the aircraft flaps.

text: Does not mention somatogravic illusion.

refinement: The cause of the crash was said to be a fault with the aircraft flaps. The pilot was also believed to have been suffering from somatogravic illusion.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: On 25 December 2016, a Russian Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, killing all 92 passengers and crew on board. The cause of the crash is still under investigation, but early indications suggest that pilot error may have been a factor.

text: That the investigation is still ongoing is unattested.

refinement: On 25 December 2016, a Russian Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, killing all 92 passengers and crew on board. There is evidence that pilot error may have been a factor.

text: "On 25 December 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea" is evidence that the plane crashed into the Black Sea.

text: "all the evidence pointed to the pilot, Maj Roman Volkov having suffered from somatogravic illusion" is evidence that pilot error may have been to blame for the crash.

answer: On December 25, 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defense Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria. All 92 passengers and crew on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, were killed. The aircraft had flown from Chkalovsky Airport and had landed at Sochi to refuel.

text: The aircraft landing to refuel is not that relevant.

refinement: On December 25, 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defense Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria. All 92 passengers and crew on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, were killed.

text: Does not mention the believed cause of the crash.

refinement: On December 25, 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defense Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria. All 92 passengers and crew on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, were killed. It is believed that the pilot suffered from somatogravic illusion.

answer: On 25 December 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria. All 92 passengers and crew on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, were killed. The aircraft had flown from Chkalovsky Airport and had landed at Sochi to refuel.

text: The aircraft landing to refuel is not that relevant.

refinement: On 25 December 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria. All 92 passengers and crew on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, were killed.

text: Does not mention the believed cause of the crash.

refinement: On 25 December 2016, a Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Defence Ministry crashed into the Black Sea shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia, while en route to Khmeimim Air Base, Syria. All 92 passengers and crew on board, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble choir of the Russian Armed Forces, were killed. It is believed that the pilot suffered from somatogravic illusion.

answer:
A Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner of the Russian Ministry crashed into the Black Sea on 25 December 2016 shortly after taking off from Sochi International Airport, Russia.

There were 92 passengers and crew members, most of which were members of the official choir of the Russian Armed Forces.

The cause of the crash was attributed to human error, mainly that of Major Roman Volkov, a pilot suffering from somatogravic illusion.