text:
Britain Football Soccer - England - Sam Allardyce Press Conference - St. George?s Park - 29/8/16 England manager Sam Allardyce during the press conference Action Images via Reuters / Carl Recine

(Reuters) - England manager Sam Allardyce is keen to the leave the door open for foreign-born players to enter the national team set-up and has told British media he would have no problem picking a player who qualified only through residency.

Allardyce had earlier revealed he had hoped to call up Steven N’Zonzi, who has lived in England for six years, but his attempts were thwarted by FIFA because the Sevilla midfielder is ineligible after featuring for the France under 21 side.

The Football Association has previously held discussions over possible call-ups for several players including goalkeeper Manuel Almunia, midfielder Mikel Arteta and winger Adnan Januzaj on residency grounds.

“Do you pick the best squad to win the World Cup, and if one or two of those are like N’Zonzi, do you do it? Or don’t you and then suffer the consequences of not getting to the quarter-final and failure?” Allardyce said.

“The percentage of English players in the Premier League is 31 percent. Surely if you’re going to win something and that player is of the calibre to force his way into that side then you give him an opportunity?

“If he goes out and scores the winner will it be quite that bad?... It’s not my department to find those. We have a department to look at the whole situation at all areas for every international team.”

Former Sunderland and Newcastle United manager Allardyce, who will lead England for the first time in their World Cup qualifier in Slovakia on Sunday, also said taking up the England job was likely to be “the final challenge of a long career”.

Reporting by Shravanth Vijayakumar in Bengaluru; Editing by Peter Rutherford

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question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is Sam Allardyce?

answer: He is the England manager

text: "He is the England manager" - improve sentence construction.

answer: Sam Allardyce is England's manager.

answer: Sam Allardyce is the current manager of the England National Football Team. He is keen to keep the door open for foreign-born players and would be willing to call up a player who qualifies only through residency.

text: "He is keen to keep the door open for foreign-born players and would be willing to call up a player who qualifies only through residency." - this can be viewed as optional information and can be deleted.

refinement: Sam Allardyce is the current manager of the England National Football Team.

answer: The England football manager.

text: The England football manager. - improve sentence construction

answer: a manager for the football/soccer team England's National Team

text: "football/soccer team England's National Team" - is redundant and should be revised.

refinement: a manager for England's National Football Team

text: "a manager for England's National Football Team" - improve sentence construction by capitalizing the "a" and adding a period to end the sentence.

refinement: A manager for England's National Football Team.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is Sam Allardyce keen on allowing?

answer: He is keen on allowing foreign-born players.

text: "He is keen on allowing foreign-born players." - is incomplete and needs to indicate what Allardyce is keen on allowing the foreign players to do, which is enter the national team, setup.

refinement: He is keen on allowing foreign-born players to enter the national team setup.

answer: He is willing to allow foreign-born players to enter the national team.

answer: Allardyce is keen on allowing foreign-born players to enter the national team set-up.

answer: Allardyce is keen to allow foreign-born players into the English national team set-up.

answer: Sam Allardyce is keen on allowing foreign-born players to enter the national team.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How many players in the Premier League are English?

answer: 31% of Premier League players are English.

answer: 31% of players in the Premier League are English.

answer: Only 31 percent.

answer: 31%.

answer: 31%

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Which teams did Allardyce manage before?

answer: Allardyce has managed Sunderland and Newcastle United.

answer: Sunderland and Newcastle United teams.

answer: Sunderland and Newcastle United.

answer: Sunderland and Newcastle United

answer: Allardyce has managed Sunderland and Newcastle United.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Reuters reports that during an English Football press conference, the England manager said he was willing to allow foreign-born players enter the national team.

text: "enter" - add "to"

refinement: Reuters reports that during an English Football press conference, the England manager said he was willing to allow foreign-born players to enter the national team.

text: "the England manager said" - needs to mention who this manager is by name, Sam Allardyce.

refinement: Reuters reports that during an English Football press conference, Sam Allardyce, the England manager said he was willing to allow foreign-born players to enter the national team.

text: "the England manager" - revise to improve flow. Change to "England's manager"

refinement: Reuters reports that during an English Football press conference, Sam Allardyce, England's manager said he was willing to allow foreign-born players to enter the national team.

answer: Someone is criticizing Sam Allardyce for trying to include foreign-born players in his squad.

text: "Someone is criticizing Sam Allardyce for trying to include foreign-born players in his squad." - there is no evidence to suggest someone is criticizing Sam Allardyce. Revise the summary.

refinement: Sam Allardyce is trying to include foreign-born players in his squad and has told British media he would have no problem picking a player who qualified only through residency.

text: "in his squad" - must mention that his squad is the England national football team.

refinement: Sam Allardyce is trying to include foreign-born players in his national team setup and has told British media he would have no problem picking a player who qualified only through residency.

answer: Soccer team manager Sam Allardyce advocates for the inclusion of foreign players in the English National team, using Steven N'Zonzi as an example.

answer: Sam Allardyce said that he would have no problem picking a non-English player for the English national team and is eagerly anticipating challenge of leading the team.

text: "non-English player" - replace with "foreign-born player" for better accuracy.

refinement: Sam Allardyce said that he would have no problem picking a foreign-born player for the English national team and is eagerly anticipating challenge of leading the team.

text: "challenge " - add "the"

refinement: Sam Allardyce said that he would have no problem picking a foreign-born player for the English national team and is eagerly anticipating the challenge of leading the team.

answer: England manager Sam Allardyce says he would be open to bringing in foreign-born players to the national team set-up. Allardyce said he would have no problem calling up a player who qualified through residency, and he hopes his successors will continue this practice.


split: train

text:
Several smartphone models introduced by LG Electronics between 2015 and 2016 were discovered by users to have manufacturing defects, all of which eventually cause the devices to become unstable, or stuck in a loop of reboots attempting to boot, rendering them effectively inoperable—an issue that had been nicknamed a BOOTLOOP. The LG G4 (2015) has been the most synonymous with these failures, with LG stating that the issues were the result of a “loose contact between components”. Similar issues have also been reported to a smaller extent with the G4's successors and sister models, including the Nexus 5X, LG V10 and LG G Flex 2.

In March 2017, a class-action lawsuit was filed against LG in regards to their handling of these hardware failures.

Cause

When officially acknowledging the bootloop issues with the G4, LG stated that it was caused by a “loose contact between components”; _Android Authority_ explained that “a loose connection between power supply or memory components could certainly cause a phone to fail to boot up properly, due to a lack of system stability or not being able to access vital memory. It's also possible that a faulty connection to other components, such as the camera or fingerprint scanner, could cause a similar problem. This could be down to important setup communications not being sent or received between peripherals correctly.”[1]

Affected devices

LG G4

Early reports of “bootloop” issues with the LG G4 occurred on forums such as Reddit as early as September 2015; LG was initially inconsistent in accepting warranty claims on affected devices, leading some users to go through their respective wireless carrier instead. A petition was issued calling upon LG to acknowledge the bootloop issues.[2]

In January 2016, LG officially acknowledged that some G4 models suffered from a manufacturing issue “resulting from a loose contact between components”, that caused them to experience symptoms such as failure to reboot. The company stated that it was unknown how many devices were affected by the defect, as when or whether it occurs depended on “usage behavior”. LG stated that it would replace or repair affected phones under warranty, and that it was committed to “providing the highest standards of product quality and customer service and apologizes for the inconvenience caused to some of our customers who initially received incorrect diagnoses”.[3][4]

Nexus 5X

In September 2016, reports began to circulate that similar failures were being encountered with the Nexus 5X manufactured for Google by LG, particularly whilst upgrading to Android 7.0 “Nougat”. Google stated that this was a hardware issue, and that it only impacted a small number of users. LG later stated that it would provide full refunds for affected devices, as the Nexus 5X was reaching the conclusion of its production run.[5][6][7]

LG V10 and V20

The LG V10's hardware is very similar to that of the G4; it was identified in a class-action lawsuit as suffering from nearly identical forms of hardware failure to the G4.[8]

In response to reports that a model of its successor, the LG V20, experienced a similar bootloop issue, LG claimed that the failure had been caused by the usage of a non-compliant third-party USB-C cable.[9]

LG G3 & G5

Isolated reports of bootloop issues occurring with the LG G3 & LG G5 have also been reported by users. However, they have not occurred to the same extent as the G4, and LG has not acknowledged any hardware defects with those models.[10]

LG Fiesta 2

Data has been collected from multiple sources (including user reports) that boot loops are normal. They have occurred, but not the extent of the LG V10 and V20 with different build models and part manufactures. Data is still being collected for this model.

LG G7 ThinQ

On December 1, 2018, all of the European LG G710EM models using a T-Mobile or T-Mobile-based SIM card began suffering from a bootlooping issue.[11] A fix was released with Firmware Version V10p.

Reaction

In March 2017, a U.S. lawsuit was filed against LG Electronics in the state of California for unjust enrichment, unfair trade practices, and warranty law violations, seeking damages and for LG to repair all affected G4 and V10 devices. The lawsuit claimed that LG continued to produce and distribute LG G4 and V10 smartphones with the defect, even after it acknowledged the issue, and claimed that LG failed to recall or “offer an adequate remedy to consumers” who bought the two models, nor provide any remedy for devices that fell outside of the one-year warranty period. A party to the suit claimed that LG had issued them multiple warranty replacement phones that eventually suffered from the same hardware failure.[12] The lawsuit was expanded the following month to include the G5, Nexus 5X, and V20.[13] The lawsuit was never certified as a class action, and was sent to arbitration.[14] In January 2018, LG agreed to pay the participants in the lawsuit a $700 credit towards the purchase of a LG smartphone or $425.[15] Since the lawsuit was not certified as a class action, consumers not actually participating in the lawsuit do not get this payment.

In January 2018, due to stock shortages, Google's wireless network Project Fi began to offer the Moto X4 as an alternative replacement for bootloop affected Nexus 5X owners.[16]

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title: LG smartphone bootloop issues

question: What is a bootloop?

answer: Hard to answer; the above terms appear to be referring to a device exhibiting Boot Failure Loops

text: It's easy to answer, the new term is defined in the beginning.

refinement: A smartphone malfunction where the phone becomes stuck in a loop of reboots.

answer: Unclear what it is (device rebooting over and over again)

text: It is clear what it is.

refinement: An issue where the device is rebooting over and over again.

answer: a bootloop is when a device becomes stuck in a loop of reboots attempting to boot, rendering it effectively inoperable

text: Capitalization.

refinement: A bootloop is when a device becomes stuck in a loop of reboots attempting to boot, rendering it effectively inoperable

question: What LG phones bootloop?

answer: The LG G4, LG V10, and LG G6 were all discovered by users to have manufacturing defects and eventually experience inoperable.

text: Incomplete

refinement: LG G4, Nexus 5X, LG V10 and V20, LG G3 & G5, LG Fiesta 2, and LG G7 ThinQ.

answer: LG G4, Nexus 5X, LG V10 and V20, LG G3 & G5, LG Fiesta 2, and LG G7 ThinQ

text: Period.

refinement: LG G4, Nexus 5X, LG V10 and V20, LG G3 & G5, LG Fiesta 2, and LG G7 ThinQ.

answer: The LG G4, Nexus 5X, LG V10 and V20 bootloop.

text: Incomplete.

refinement: LG G4, Nexus 5X, LG V10 and V20, LG G3 & G5, LG Fiesta 2, and LG G7 ThinQ.

question: Why did LG get sued?

answer: Because of all the bootloop issues. The class-action lawsuit was filed in March 2017.

answer: The lawsuit was filed because of LG's inadequate replacement policy. The lawsuit said LG continued to produce and distribute LG G4 and V10 smartphones with the defect, even after the issue was acknowledged, and that LG mentioned no effort to recall or remedy the problem.

answer: The lawsuit against LG alleges that the company continued to sell phones even after it knew of a manufacturing defect within those phones.

question: When did the lawsuit against LG end?

answer: The lawsuit was never certified as a class action.

text: Incomplete.

refinement: When LG agreed to give the participants in the lawsuit credits towards the purchase of new phones in January 2018.

answer: January 2018

answer: LG agreed to pay the participants in the lawsuit a $700 credit towards the purchase of a LG smartphone or $425 in January 2018.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: LG smartphone models have had complaints about the devices experiencing a failure and becoming unable to boot properly. This has resulted in lawsuits about LG not providing appropriate remedies to customers, as well as a replacement offer from Google's Project Fi.

answer: Some LG smartphones have been experiencing a manufacturing defect that causes them to continuously reboot, rendering them inoperable; this issue, known as "bootloop" was previously the cause of complaints on online forums and one lawsuit was filed against LG Electronics for failing to address this issue.

answer: Some LG smartphone models from 2015 to 2016, including the LG G4 and Nexus 5X, have had difficulty booting because of manufacturing defects. LG publicly acknowledged these issues, and started providing replacements and refunds for affected phones, but a class-action lawsuit was filed in 2017 against LG demanding further solutions and damages.

answer: Several LG smartphones have been discovered to have defects causing them to get stuck in a 'bootloop' - where they will repeatedly restart to try and boot up, rendering them largely useless. LG has been criticized for their handling of the issue, including a class-action lawsuit against them, and recently Moto X4 devices were offered as a replacement for affected Nexus 5X owners.

answer: Between 2015 and 2018, a variety of phone models sold by LG have had a manufacturing defect rendering them inoperable, known colloquially as a "bootloop".

answer: LG has acknowledged issues with several of its smartphone models, which can eventually lead to a bootloop that renders the phone unusable. Several lawsuits have been filed against LG in response.


text:
[Apple Has Reportedly Forced Banks To Stop “Taxing” Mobile Payments]

When Apple reportedly struck deals with Visa, MasterCard, and American Express, I pointed out that those alone weren’t enough to put the iPhone maker in the retail payments business.

Now Tom Noyes, a former Citi executive, says that Apple has struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks—JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

Remarkably, Apple has not only gotten these banks to agree to accept iPhone-linked payments, but it has gotten them to offer rebates of up to 0.25% of the amount of a transaction on the credit- and debit-card fees, known as “interchange,” that Apple must pay. (Those rates vary widely, but you can think of them as averaging 1.5–1.75% of a transaction.)

  SEE ALSO: APPLE IS WALKING INTO PAYMENTS NAKED

In return, Apple will assume some of the risk of fraudulent transactions, using its TouchID biometric sensors, NFC, and geolocation data to assure itself and its bank partners that a customer really is the one conducting a transaction.

Apple Makes The Banks Cry Uncle

Apple has done a remarkable thing here: It has overturned a longtime tax on e-commerce transactions laid by the banks and shouldered by online merchants (and thus, ultimately, consumers).

Visa, MasterCard, and the rest of the financial establishment have long treated online purchases as “card not present” transactions, just because consumers type in their credit-card numbers rather than swipe the magnetic stripe. And those transactions carry higher interchange fees than regular retail transactions, ostensibly to cover a higher risk of credit-card fraud.

That system has persisted, even as e-commerce and mobile payments are increasingly showing themselves to be more resilient against fraud than traditional retail payments, as the massive hacks of Target and Home Depot stores have shown.

  SEE ALSO: HOME DEPOT’S MASSIVE CARD BREACH IS AN OPENING FOR PAYPAL, APPLE AND GOOGLE

Bill Ready, the CEO of Braintree, has long made the argument to me that banks should treat mobile transactions as more secure, not less secure, than retail payments. That’s particularly true given all the information you can gather about a consumer from his or her device. But that hasn’t gotten his company, now a subsidiary of eBay’s PayPal, a break on rates.

“We have a strong argument for why our rates should be lower, and the card networks have been a bit intransigent on that,” Ready recently told me.

By negotiating rebates with the big banks, as Noyes claims it has, Apple has essentially bypassed Visa and MasterCard. Or, put another way, it has found a way for Visa and MasterCard to save face and maintain the integrity of their rate structure, while cutting a side deal with their largest card issuers. (American Express, as both a bank and a payments network, has more freedom to maneuver with partners like Apple—though it usually sets even higher interchange rates.)

By getting a break on interchange, Apple at the very least won’t lose money on its payments business. It may be able to attract merchants by passing on these lower rates.

Breaking The Digital-Payments Logjam

And Apple could pull off something even bigger. By setting a precedent that the banks are willing to cut deals with mobile payments players, it may pave the way for PayPal, Google, and Amazon to strike similar rebate agreements—provided they’re willing to shoulder some of the costs of fraud, as Apple reportedly is. That may test those companies’ confidence in their fraud-detection algorithms and their software and hardware protections.

Apple may want to reflect a bit more on whether it’s really ready to shoulder that risk. Events over the past week have revealed security holes in its iCloud backup service. It may also have to take on some of the burden of customer service in exchange for the rebates it’s getting.

  SEE ALSO: HOW APPLE MADE ITS USERS VULNERABLE TO ICLOUD THEFT

Apple still has to persuade thousands of other banks to go along with its iPhone payments scheme. It must also sign up merchants—and sell lots of TouchID-enabled iPhones. On that last bit, at least, it has a proven track record of success.

_Photo by The Consumerist_

[]

question: Who did Apple reportedly strike deals with?

answer: Apple reportedly struck deals with Visa, MasterCard, and American Express

text: It has struck deals with more companies than the ones mentioned above.

refinement: Apple reportedly struck deals with Visa, MasterCard, JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

text: Tom Noyes, a former Citi executive, says Apple has struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks-JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

text: Apple has also persuaded the five banks to accept iPhone-linked payments as well as offer rebates up to 0.25% on any credit or debit card transaction fees.

answer: According to Tom Noyes, Visa, Mastercard, American Express and JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One and American Express.

text: The response is not related.

refinement: According to Tom Noyes, Apple has signed deals with Visa, Mastercard, American Express and JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One and American Express.

text: Tom Noyes, a former Citi executive, says Apple has struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks-JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

answer: Apple reportedly struck deals with Visa, MasterCard, and American Express.

text: Apple has struck deals with more companies than the ones mentioned above.

refinement: Apple reportedly struck deals with Visa, MasterCard, American Express, JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, and Capital One.

text: Tom Noyes, a former Citi executive, says Apple has struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks-JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

question: Which additional card-issuing banks did Apple strike deals with?

answer: JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express

text: Apple only signed deals with five card-issuing banks; there are no additional banks.

refinement: Apple has struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks-JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

text: Tom Noyes, a former Citi executive, says Apple has struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks-JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

answer: JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

text: Apple only signed deals with five card-issuing banks.

refinement: Apple has struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks-JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

text: Tom Noyes, a former Citi executive, says Apple has struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks-JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

answer: According to the passage, Apple has reportedly struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks: JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

text: Apple signed a deal with the five largest card-issuing banks. These five banks were not an addition. This was all the deals Apple made with card-issuing banks.

refinement: According to the passage, Apple has reportedly struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks: JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

text: Tom Noyes, a former Citi executive, says Apple has struck deals with the five largest card-issuing banks-JPMorgan Chase, Citibank, Bank of America, Capital One, and American Express.

question: How has Apple made it secure to avoid risk of fraudulent transactions?

answer: Apple is reportedly getting rebates for credit card fees on transactions that are conducted via their iPhones, and is utilizing their TouchID feature as well as NFC and geolocation data to authenticate that a customer is actually conducting the transaction. This way, Apple is able to avoid the risk of fraudulent transactions.

text: The rebate has little to do with reducing risk of fraudulent transactions.

refinement: Apple is reportedly utilizing their TouchID feature as well as NFC and geolocation data to authenticate that a customer is actually conducting the transaction. This way, Apple is able to avoid the risk of fraudulent transactions.

text: Apple is using its technology (TouchID) including NFC and geolocation data to minimize risk.

answer: Apple has included the use of TouchID, biometric sensors, NFC, and geolocation data to assure itself and its bank partners.

text: By using technology to verify the identity of the person conducting the transaction.

answer: According to the passage, Apple is securing its iPhone-linked payments by using biometric sensors like Touch ID, NFC, and geolocation data to assure itself and its bank partners that a customer is the one conducting a transaction.

text: NFC and geolocation data are not biometric sensors.

refinement: According to the passage, Apple is securing its iPhone-linked payments by using Touch ID biometric sensors, NFC, and geolocation data to assure itself and its bank partners that a customer is the one conducting a transaction.

text: Apple is using TouchID biometric sensors, NFC, and geolocation data to assure itself and its bank partners that a customer really is the one conducting a transaction.

question: What is the remarkable feat Apple has done in regards to banks?

answer: Apple has managed to convince banks to allow for iPhone-linked payment transactions and in return take on some of the fraud risk. This is a first for banks, and it will help save them face.

text: Apple has gotten the banks to offer rebates of up to 0.25% on credit and debit card transactions in return for assuming risk of fraudulent transactions, using its technology like TouchID, NFC and geolocation.

answer: Apple has overturned a longtime tax on e-commerce transactions laid by the banks and shouldered by online merchants.

text: Apple has managed to convince the banks to treat mobile transactions are risky as traditional transactions by taking on the e-commerce tax levied on online consumers.

answer: Apple has gotten banks to agree to accept iPhone linked payments and offered rebates of up to 0.25% off of the amount of a transaction.

text: The banks, though offering up to 0.25% rebate, are also making Apple take on the risk arising from those transactions.

refinement: Apple will assume some of the risk of the fraudulent transactions in return for up to 0.25% rebate on credit and debit card transaction fees.

text: Apple has persuaded banks to accept iPhone-linked payments in return for a rebate of up to 0.25% while allowing Apple to shoulder any risk arising from those transactions.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Apple has been able to convince five of the major card issuing banks, via rebates, to offer discounted rates for the financing fees Apple pays to the banks via credit-card transactions.

text: Apple did not convince solely by rebates. They had to offer assurances through the use of enhanced digital security checks.

refinement: Apple pledged to assume some of the risks of fraudulent transactions by using its TouchID, NFC, and geolocation data to assure itself and its banking partners of the identity of the customer conducting a transaction.

text: Apple has managed to convince the five largest card-issuing banks to accept iPhone-linked payments in return for offering up to 0.25% in rebates on credit and debit card transactions. Also, Apple has agreed to take on some of the risks of fraudulent transactions by using its TouchID, NFC, and geolocation data to assure itself and its banking partners of the identity of the customer conducting a transaction.

answer: Apple has reportedly managed to convince all five of the largest card-issuing banks to participate in their credit- and debit-card payments on iOS devices, by giving the banks rebates of up to $0.25 of the interchange fee Apple pays them for each transaction Apple handles for the banks. This is a groundbreaking development in the payments landscape which is sure to pave the way for PayPal, Google and Amazon to also be allowed to offer rebates on the interchange they pay banks for handling their transactions. One of the interesting upsides for Apple is that they not only minimize their losses if payments are fraudulent, but they also increase the psychological convenience for users as they know TouchID and NFC can assure them that the Touch One is the person authorized to complete the transaction. A possible drawback for Apple might be that they actually have to provide customer service to the end-users in order to handle the deputization process for clients.

text: The banks are the ones offering rebates, not Apple.

refinement: Apple has reportedly managed to convince all five of the largest card-issuing banks to participate in their credit- and debit card payments on iOS devices, by persuading the banks to give up to $0.25 rebates in return for Apple taking on some of the risks of fraudulent payments. This is a groundbreaking development in the payments landscape which is sure to pave the way for PayPal, Google and Amazon to also be allowed to offer rebates on the interchange they pay banks for handling their transactions. One of the interesting upsides for Apple is that they not only minimize their losses if payments are fraudulent, but they also increase the psychological convenience for users as they know TouchID and NFC can assure them that the Touch One is the person authorized to complete the transaction. A possible drawback for Apple might be that they actually have to provide customer service to the end-users in order to handle the deputization process for clients.

text: Apple has managed to overturn a longtime e-commerce tax levied on consumers by offering strong digital security checks on all of the online transactions made via Apple Pay.

answer: With various card-issuing banks, Apple has struck a deal with them all. Apple has a secure system of transactions and has overturned a longtime tax on e-commerce transactions that were set by banks. Apple also takes most of the responsibility with risks and frauds, and incentivizes other companies and banks to join them.

text: Apple struck a deal with the five largest card-issuing banks, not all of the banks.

refinement: Apple has struck a deal with the five largest card-issuing banks. Apple has a secure system of transactions and has overturned a longtime tax on e-commerce transactions that were set by banks. Apple also takes most of the responsibility for risks and frauds, incentivizing other companies and banks to join them.

text: In return for the rebates offered by the banks (up to 0.25%), Apple will assume some of the risks of fraudulent transactions, using its TouchID biometric sensors, NFC, and geolocation data to assure itself and its bank partners that a customer really is the one conducting a transaction.

answer: Apple seems to have forced networks to reduce interchange fees on NFC transactions, taking on a fraction of banks' risk as result.

text: They did not make credit and debit card networks to reduce fees just on NFC transactions. This is for all payments done via iOS phones.

refinement: Apple has persuaded the five largest card-issuing banks to accept iPhone-linked payments while also offering rebates of up to 0.25%.

text: Apple has persuaded the five largest card-issuing banks to accept iPhone-linked payments while also offering rebates of up to 0.25%. This is as a result of Apply agreeing to take on some of the risks of fraudulent transactions.

answer: Apple is trying to change the long-standing taxes on e-commerce transactions by the banks by negotiating rebates of up to 0.25% of the amount of a transaction. In exchange, Apple will assume some of the risk of fraudulent transactions.

text: Apple has persuaded the five largest card-issuing banks to accept iPhone-linked payments as well as offer rebates of up to 0.25% of the amount of a transaction on the credit- and debit-card fees. In return, Apple will assume some of the risks of fraudulent transactions, using its TouchID biometric sensors, NFC, and geolocation data to assure itself and its bank partners that a customer really is the one conducting a transaction.

answer: Apple has reportedly talked with banks to negotiate deals that provide rebates and lowers fees for credit and debit cards on iPhone credit and debit card transactions in order to drive acceptance of their Apple Pay platform.

text: Apple has negotiated with the five largest card-issuing banks to accept iPhone-linked payments as well as offer rebates of up to 0.25% on credit and debit card transactions.


text:
KENNETH KING (born April 1, 1948) is an American post-modern dancer and choreographer who is best known for his experimentations with dance and multimedia. A second-generation Judson Dance Theatre choreographer, much of King's experimental dance repertoire combines different movements styles with dramatic material and technological advances, emphasizing the importance of the human body through expressionism and symbolism.[1]

Early life

King was born in Freeport, New York and became interested in theatre and the performing arts early in life after being cast as the lead in a musical production for his kindergarten class. As a child of the commonly referred to “TV Generation”, a period in American culture in which the television replaced the radio as the new household commodity, King became extremely fascinated with this new form of entertainment and was intrigued by theatrics behind popular television programs.[2] While in high school, King aspired to be an actor, and during college, although a philosophy major at Antioch College in Ohio, he acted in summer stock productions for three consecutive years starting in 1959. King soon became an apprentice actor at Adelphi College, and it wasn't until after attending a lecture by legendary American dancer and choreographer, Ruth St. Denis, that he became inspired to dance. King began his transformation from theater into dance by incorporating dance with speaking and props. By the early 1960s he was studying the art full-time. King studied with Sylvia Fort, The New Dance Group, Ballet Arts, Paul Sanasardo, and he also attended The Martha Graham School, while studying ballet with Mia Slavenska. By 1966, he was working with renowned dancers Merce Cunningham and Carolyn Brown.[3]

Choreography and Multimedia

Much of King's choreographic style is based on the idea of dance being a total theatrical experience.[4] King's work was both reflective and innovative in his time in that he developed choreography with generally non-technical based movement, unique to the 1960s post-modern era, but with the newfound technological approach - incorporating film, machinery, characters, text, speech, lighting, and costumes.[5] King emphasizes expressionism and symbolism through the use of the body, while experimenting with space and time, but eliminating the post-modern idea of point of view. King believed that a dance could still have content even without point of view, stress and emotion. His works are often considered to be very personal and an overall poetic experience.[6]

King began performing his own choreography as early as 1964. His first work was titled _cup/saucer/two dancers/radio_, and featured him and Phoebe Neville. _Cup/saucer/two dancers/radio_ incorporated these experimentations with multimedia and was heavily influenced by the subject matter of pop art.[7] King went on to present numerous works at a number of theaters including, The Bridge Theatre, Judson Memorial Church (in association with the Judson Dance Theater and the Judson group), the Gate Theatre, Clark Center for the Performing Arts, The New School, and Washington Square Galleries.[8]

Collaborations

King collaborated with a number of artists throughout the 1960s and 1970s. Before his dance career took off, King worked with filmmakers Andy Warhol, Gregory Markopoulos and Jonas Mekas in the early 1960s. Some major works include _m-o-o-n-b-r-a-i-n with SuperLecture_ (1966) and _PRINT-OUT_ (1967). Both of these works incorporate film and projections with dance. In addition to his _cup/saucer/two dancers/radio_ partner, Phoebe Neville, some of his colleagues included Meredith Monk, Gus Solomons Jr., Elizabeth Keen, Cliff Keuter, Steve Paxton, Laura Dean, Yvonne Rainer and Twyla Tharp.[9]

Philosophy

King's experimental dance repertoire is varied, combining a broad range of performance styles, theoretical and dramatic material and technological resources. He believes that dance doesn't necessarily require the performance of traditional technique. In a 1978 interview conducted by John Howell for the _Performing Arts Journal_, Howell asked King why his then recent choreographies, _RAdeoA.C.tiv(ID)ty_, _DANCE S(P)ELL_, and _The Telaxic Synapsulator_, performed at the Brooklyn Academy of Music contained more technical dancing in comparison to some of his older pieces. King replied, “ … in the dance field there are all kinds of ways bodies make signals, or signs.” He states that this is one of the reasons why he is so fond of dance.[10]

[1] Sally Banes, _Terpischore in Sneakers: Post-Modern Dance_ (Boston: Houghton Miflin, 1979), 168.

[2] Kenneth King, _Writing in Motion: body---language---technology_ (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2003), 148-149.

[3] Karen Raugust, “King, Kenneth,” in _The International Dictionary of Modern Dance_, ed. Taryn Benbow-Pfalzgraf (Detroit, MI: St. James Press, 1998), 434.

[4] Sally Banes, _Terpischore_, 168.

[5] Karen Raugust, “King, Kenneth”, 433.

[6] Sally Banes, _Terpischore_, 169-170.

[7] Sally Banes, _Terpischore_, 170.

[8] Karen Raugust, “King, Kenneth”, 434.

[9] John Howell, “Interview: Dance Plus: ...”, in _Performing Arts Journal_, vol. 3, no. 2 (1978), 16.

[10] Kenneth King quoted in, John Howell, “Interview:”, 16-17.

title: Kenneth King (dancer)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize what the text says about Kenneth King's life as a dancer.

answer: Kenneth King was born in 1948 and became fascinated with the performing arts. He was cast as the lead in a musical production by his kindergarten class, and he aspired to be an actor while in high school. At Antioch College in Ohio, he was asked to partake in summer stock performances. It was after watching a lecture by Ruth St. Denis that he became interested in dance. He studied with many people, attended several different workshops, and finally made his dance debut with a piece titled cup/saucer/two dancers/radio

answer: Kenneth King is an American post-modern dancer and choreographer known for his experimentation with dance and multimedia. King studied with West Coast artists in the later 1960s when there was a vibrant creative exchange between New York and the West Coast (including the Judson Dance Theater in New York and the San Francisco-based groups Viola Farber, John Butler and Meredith Monk). He credits the inspiration for this cross-pollination to the connections made between artists via the then-new internet. Some footage of King's work provided by the Dance Heritage Coalition shows that he became an adept manipulator of video and projections. He used video projections and robotics to move an actual curtain, replete with sliding bolts and other surfaces. King was also adept in choreographic technique. He once choreographed a dance piece in which the performers literally dialed telephone numbers on a corded handset, deep-toned horn, and tilted casters. {The prompter was named The Telaxic Synapsulator. King was also an effective teacher who passed his knowledge onto Stephanie Wood, Gregory Paolini and Meredith Monk among others.} King is also credited with "Cup/Saucer/Two Dancers/Radio" (1964), considered the first multimedia sculpture in dance.

text: This isn't a summary

refinement: King started off as a theater actor, but in 1960, he was inspired by a lecture by a legendary American dancer and choreographer called Ruth St. Dennis. King began his transformation from theater into dance. Within a year, he was studying dance full-time and by 1966, he was working with established dancers like Merce Cunningham and Carolyn Brown. King became so skilled in dance and multimedia that he started his own company where he performed many of his choreographies.

answer: King first got interested in the performing arts after being cast as the lead in a kindergarten musical production. As a child of the "TV Generation," he was intrigued by the theatrics behind television programs. When he was still in high school, he aspired to be an actor, but in college he became an apprentice actor. Inspired by Ruth St. Denis, King studied dance by incorporating dance with speaking and props. He studied with Sylvia Fort, The New Dance Group, Ballet Arts, Paul Sanasardo and attended The Martha Graham School. By the 1960s, he was studying dance full-time and was working and Merce Cunningham and Carolyn Brown.

answer: Kenneth King was born in 1948 and became fascinated with the performing arts. He was cast as the lead in a musical production by his kindergarten class, and he aspired to be an actor while in high school. At Antioch College in Ohio, he was asked to partake in summer stock performances. It was after watching a lecture by Ruth St. Denis that he became interested in dance and transitioned from acting to dance. He studied with many people, attended several different workshops, and finally made his dance debut with a piece titled cup/saucer/two dancers/radio in 1964.

answer: King first got interested in the performing arts after being cast as the lead in a kindergarten musical production. As a child of the "TV Generation," he was intrigued by the theatrics behind television programs. When he was still in high school, he aspired to be an actor, but in college had a brief stint as a philosophy major at Antioch College in Ohio. Inspired by Ruth St. Denis, King studied dance by incorporating dance with speaking and props. He studied with Sylvia Fort, The New Dance Group, Ballet Arts, Paul Sanasardo and attended The Martha Graham School. By the 1960s, he was studying dance full-time and was working and Merce Cunningham and Carolyn Brown.

answer: King started off as a theater actor, but in 1960, he was inspired by a lecture by a legendary American dancer and choreographer called Ruth St. Dennis. King began his transformation from theater into dance. Within a year, he was studying dance full-time and by 1966, he was working with established dancers like Merce Cunningham and Carolyn Brown. King became so skilled in dance and multimedia that he started his own company where he performed many of his choreographies.


text:
As the Senate debates tax cuts this week, wavering Republicans face three fundamental realities about President Donald Trump's top legislative priority.

It would only modestly boost economic growth.

It would significantly increase the national debt.

It would give the most money to the richest Americans.

A flurry of published analyses in recent days has obscured their agreement on these core conclusions about the House and Senate tax bills. Economists from different points on the political spectrum disagree only about the magnitude of those changes.

Start with economic growth, the linchpin of arguments by the White House and Republican leaders.

The most generous estimate comes from the conservative Tax Foundation, which uses an aggressive form of "dynamic scoring" to measure the effect of tax changes on economic activity. Compared with other analyses, it assumes a stronger business response to lower taxes and a weaker drag on growth from higher debt.

Even so, the foundation's forecasts fall far below White House claims of 3 percent or more annual growth. Under the House bill, it projects the economy won't reach 3 percent growth in even a single year by 2027; under the Senate bill, only in 2018.

Overall, the foundation projects the economy in 2027 would be larger by 3 percent under the House bill and 3.7 percent under the Senate bill. Other forecasters envision much smaller boosts.

The Penn-Wharton model, directed by a former Bush administration economist, says the economy would be less than 1 percentage point larger by 2027 under either bill. The Tax Policy Center, whose staff includes some veterans of Democratic administrations, says the House bill would boost the economy by just one-third of a percentage point.

That matches the tempered expectations of Wall Street forecasters. In a survey of top economists by the University of Chicago's business school, only 2 percent agreed that the GOP tax cuts would substantially boost the economy by 2027; 51 percent disagreed.

The White House insists tax cuts will generate so much growth and tax revenue that deficits won't rise at all. But the consensus from others that they will rise makes the administration's claim sound like a late-night infomercial.

Penn-Wharton's dynamic analysis pegs higher 10-year deficits under the House bill of at least $1.5 trillion; the Tax Policy Center estimates $1.2 trillion. The Tax Foundation's dynamic analysis says the House and Senate bills will hike debt by $1 trillion and $516 billion, respectively.

Congress' Joint Committee on Taxation, the official bipartisan scorekeeper that did not employ dynamic analysis, says each would increase deficits by $1.4 trillion. In the University of Chicago survey, 88 percent of economists agreed that federal debt would be substantially higher as a share of the economy by 2027.

Such broad agreement poses a particular problem in the Senate. One potential swing vote, Sen. Bob Corker of Tennessee, has vowed to oppose tax cuts if he believes they increase debt after accounting for growth.

Nor do analysts disagree on who benefits most. The White House and GOP leaders insist they designed a middle-class tax cut, but economists agree the richest would benefit most.

Under the Senate bill, the Tax Policy Center finds the top-earning 1 percent of Americans would receive 61.8 percent of reduced taxes by 2027. Two-thirds of middle-income Americans, and half of taxpayers overall, would face a tax hike.

Under the House bill, Penn-Wharton projects the top 1 percent would reap 53 percent of all tax cuts by then. The Joint Tax Committee says $1 million earners would see their effective tax rates fall the most under both bills.

The Tax Foundation's "static" analysis yields similar findings. It uses a conventional assumption that 75 percent of corporate tax cuts go to business owners, while 25 percent go to workers.

The foundation's "dynamic" estimates flip those proportions, stipulating that workers get 70 percent and owners just 30 percent. Using that assumption, the Tax Foundation finds that under both bills after-tax incomes for the richest 1 percent would rise by a slightly smaller percentage than for Americans overall by 2027.

Yet even under that estimate, the most affluent make out best. Under both bills, the foundation says, the richest 1 percent would receive 15 percent of all reduced taxes by 2027; the most affluent 20 percent would get more than the bottom 80 percent combined.

Pitted against these realities, and polls showing public resistance, are warnings from GOP leaders and donors that failure on tax cuts guarantees calamity in 2018 elections. On the Senate floor, a half-dozen undecided Republicans have to decide which forces matter most.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who would benefit most from these tax cuts?

answer: The richest 1% of Americans, and the most affluent 20% would receive more than the rest of the population would combined.

answer: The rich would benefit most.

answer: The most affluent would benefit most from these tax cuts. Roughly 60% of the tax cuts would go to the top 1% of earners by 2027 under the Senate bill.

answer: The White House insists they designed a middle-class tax cut, but economists agree the richest would benefit most.

answer: The richest Americans would benefit most from these tax cuts. The top 1 percent will receive 61.8 percent of reduced taxes under the Senate bill and 53 percent of all tax cuts under the House bill under Penn-Wharton's analysis. Overall, the richest 20 percent would receive more than the bottom 80 percent combined under both bills.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does Penn-Wharton say about the economic boost the country will get from the tax cuts?

answer: Penn-Wharton's dynamic analysis pegs higher 10-year deficits under the House bill of at least $1.5 trillion.

text: It is omitted that the model suggests that the economy would be less than 1 percentage point larger by 2027 under either bill.

refinement: Penn-Wharton model claims that the economy would be less than 1 percentage point larger by 2027 under either bill. The model's dynamic analysis pegs higher 10-year deficits under the House bill of at least $1.5 trillion.

answer: That depends on which models are used, but overall, what the models show is that the boosted is lower than that which President Trump claims will be inked.

answer: According to the passage, Penn-Wharton calculates that the tax cuts would increase the economy by only 1/3 of a percentage point.

text: It is incorrect that the Penn-Wharton model calculates tax cuts would increase the economy by only 1/3 of a percentage point, it is the Tax Policy Center that calculates this.

refinement: According to the passage, Penn-Wharton calculates that the economy would be less than 1 percentage point larger by 2027 under either bill.

answer: The Penn-Wharton model expects the economy to be just 1 percent larger by 2027 under either the House or Senate bill. Other forecasters envision a smaller boost.

answer: He said the economy would be less than 1 percentage point larger by 2027 under either bill.

text: The Penn-Wharton is an institution and not a person, hence the use of the word "he" is incorrect.

refinement: The model suggests that the economy would be less than 1 percentage point larger by 2027 under either bill.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What are the three fundamental realities about the House Bill or Senate bill on tax cuts?

answer: They would modestly boost economic growth moderately increase the national debt dramatically give the most money to the richest Americans

text: Missing commas.

refinement: They would modestly boost economic growth, moderately increase the national debt, and dramatically give the most money to the richest Americans

text: It is incorrect that the bill will only moderately increase the national debt.

refinement: They would modestly boost economic growth, significantly increase the national debt, and dramatically give the most money to the richest Americans

answer: The fundamental realities of the House or Senate bill regarding tax cuts are that it would only modestly boost economic growth, increase the national debt, and give the most money to the richest Americans.

answer:
1. They would only modestly boost economic growth.

2. They would significantly increase the national debt.

3. They would give the most money to the richest Americans.

answer: They will boost economy only modestly, would significantly increase the national debt, and give the most money to the richest Americans.

answer: They would modestly boost economic growth, they would significantly increase the national debt, and they would give more money to the richest Americans.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What has senator Bob Corker vowed to do?

answer: Senator Bob Corker has vowed to oppose tax cuts if he believes they increase debt after accounting for growth.

answer: Sen. Corker has vowed to oppose tax cuts if he believes they increase debt after accounting for growth.

answer: He vowed to oppose tax cuts if he believes they increase debt after accounting for growth.

answer: Senator Bob Corker has vowed to oppose tax cuts if he believes they increase debt after accounting for growth.

answer: His stance on tax cuts is that, 'he will be an opponent of the tax cuts if he feels it increases debt.'

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The article details a Republican tax proposals, discussing their plans and their effects on the economy.

answer: This article is a summary of an in-depth explanation of the state of the U.S. Republican Party tax bill at the time of the article.

answer: The article enumerates the realities of the tax cut bill and exposes all the different opinions on it.

answer: Despite claims by President Trump and Republican leaders, tax cuts would modestly boost economic growth, significantly increase the national debt, and primarily benefit the wealthiest Americans. A number of important Republican swing votes need to decide which factors matter most.

text: "A number of important Republican swing votes need to decide which factors matter most." This can be omitted to fit the 1-sentence summary.

refinement: Despite claims by President Trump and Republican leaders, tax cuts would modestly boost economic growth, significantly increase the national debt, and primarily benefit the wealthiest Americans.

answer: Despite White House claims of robust economic growth, most economic analyses conclude the tax cuts would modestly boost the economy while significantly increasing the national debt. The majority of tax savings would go to the wealthiest Americans. These realities pose challenges for wavering Republicans as they debate tax cuts this week.

text: "These realities pose challenges for wavering Republicans as they debate tax cuts this week." This can be omitted to fit the 1-sentence summary.

refinement: Despite White House claims of robust economic growth, most economic analyses conclude the tax cuts would modestly boost the economy while significantly increasing the national debt. The majority of tax savings would go to the wealthiest Americans.

text: "The majority of tax savings would go to the wealthiest Americans." This statement can be clubbed into the previous sentence.

refinement: Despite White House claims of robust economic growth, most economic analyses conclude the tax cuts would modestly boost the economy while significantly increasing the national debt, and would give a majority of tax savings to the wealthiest Americans.


text:
the pitfighter's guide to the galaxy

*Things were different in my day, thought Buster Knuckles, glancing up at the impressive array of Silverware on the shelf of his study. He took a gulp from the coffee mug, dwarved inside his right hand and jabbed at London's unluckiest 'touchscreen' computer with his left, scanning through the exhaustive roster of athletes. He keyed over to another page, glaring at the five empty fields on the Intergalactic Fight Federation entry form. "Thank God for that."*

In hindsight, it is quite amusing to consider the people of Earth's reactions when the news of iminent first contact filtered through. Scientists stood expectantly, revellers readied for revelry, religious figures piously prayed or wailed hysterically, linguists got out their phrase books, businessmen got busy and amabassadors amassed. Nobody thought to pack their sports kit.

First 'contact' was actually a misnomer, being that it was, as always, mediated and facilitated by the digital-ether class beings. Forms of life that had, by device or design, transcended our physical world and existed as immortal, barely fathomable clusters of consciousness. Communication was made via holographic display in which all manner of spacey things were explained (in what many felt was a slightly cursory manner) until the subject of sports was broached. The real 'first contact' came in the form of a swift left hook.

It is now known the rules of galactic engagement, when a civilisation is developed in technology and philosophy and deemed to be moderately peaceable or merely 'a bit feisty', the digital-ether give invitation to join the intergalactic federation. This enables civilisations to share knowledge, philosophy, ideas and insults. Trade and physical interaction is nigh on impossible given the massive physical distances between worlds that can only be traversed by the digital-ethers, and they don't much like the idea of ferrying round lumps of dirt for inferior species to squabble over, furthermore they refuse to be responsible for genetic contamination and subsequent annhilation of worlds (after the B-3633 incident).

 More importantly, it gives them the opportunity to watch creatures sportingly knock the crap out of each other.

By coincedence of his hollywood retirement and the interception of our day to day doings by these other worlds, buster was hailed as the benchmark. It was decreed by the folks of planet Earth that buster was the man to represent the lads to represent our entire planet in this galactic punch-up.

title: teaser for an idea, pursue or abandon?

question: Who is the main character?

answer: Buster Knuckles

answer: Buster Knuckles is the main character in this story. He is a retired pitfighter who is now representing Earth in the Intergalactic Fight Federation.

answer: Buster Knuckles

answer: Buster Knuckles, a Hollywood retiree who now represents Earth in the intergalactic fighting match.

question: What is the main conflict of the story?

answer: The main conflict of the story is that Buster is representing Earth in the Intergalactic Fight Federation, but he's not a fighter and has no idea what he's doing.

answer: Buster is the man to represent the lads to represent our entire planet in this galactic punch-up.

text: That's more the solution than the conflict.

refinement: The conflict is galactic engagement, which seems to consist of Earth's running into other planets and other life forms besides humans.

text: No answer.

refinement: The conflict is galactic engagement, which seems to consist of Earth's running into other planets and other life forms besides humans.

answer: There isn't a narrative conflict; the story is exposition of Earth's involvement in an intergalactic sports competition.

question: What is the story's genre?

answer: Science fiction.

text: No answer.

refinement: The galaxy setting seems to indicate it is science fiction.

answer: Science fiction.

answer: The story's genre would be science fiction, with elements of humour and adventure.

question: Characterize the relationship between humans and aliens.

answer: Humans are not able to physically interact with aliens, but they are able to communicate with them.

text: I added the detail about holograms.

refinement: Humans are not able to physically interact with aliens, but they are able to communicate with them through holograms. That is how they fight.

answer: It is an exchange of ideas and competition.

text: I added the physical dimensions.

refinement: It is an exchange of ideas and competition, mostly through holograms.

text: No answer.

refinement: They communicate from a great distance with the technology of holograms.

answer: Humans and aliens seem to have a competitive relationship, with the aliens watching humans fight each other for sport.

text: I added the bit about the hologram as the only tool of communication.

refinement: Humans and aliens seem to have a competitive relationship, with the aliens watching humans fight each other for sport. Their tool for communication as well as for these fights is the hologram, as they are physically very distant from each other.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Buster Knuckles is Earth's representative in an intergalactic sports fighting match. Sports are the main form of social interaction across the intergalactic federation.

text: No answer.

refinement: Buster Knuckles is Earth's representative in an intergalactic sports fighting match. Sports are the main form of social interaction across the intergalactic federation. They communicate and fight via holograms.

answer: The book is about a man who is chosen to represent Earth in the Intergalactic Fight Federation, where different planets compete in combat sports. It sounds like a fun and exciting read for anyone who enjoys a good fight.

text: I don't think this should have elements of a review.

refinement: The book is about a man who is chosen to represent Earth in the Intergalactic Fight Federation, where different planets compete in combat sports.

text: The man has a name that is featured prominently throughout the story.

refinement: The book is about Buster Knuckles, who is chosen to represent Earth in the Intergalactic Fight Federation, where different planets compete in combat sports.

text: I don't think you need "this book is about" especially since we don't even know that this is a book.

refinement: Buster Knuckles is chosen to represent Earth in the Intergalactic Fight Federation, where different planets compete in combat sports.

text: I have added that the fight will be via hologram.

refinement: Buster Knuckles is chosen to represent Earth in the Intergalactic Fight Federation, where different planets compete in combat sports. They will fight as they communicate-via hologram.

answer: The narrator is a pitfighter who is being hailed as the benchmark for representing the lads of planet Earth in a galactic punch-up. The narrator is being hailed as the benchmark because he is the man who represents the lads of planet Earth in a galactic punch-up.

text: There's no narrator. You can just tell the story.

refinement: A pitfighter who is being hailed as the benchmark for representing the lads of planet Earth in a galactic punch-up. The narrator is being hailed as the benchmark because he is the man who represents the lads of planet Earth in a galactic punch-up.

text: The second sentence is a repeat.

refinement: A pitfighter who is being hailed as the benchmark for representing the lads of planet Earth in a galactic punch-up. The fights are conducted as they do all of their interactions: via hologram.

text: This pitfighter has a name that is featured prominently in the story.

refinement: Buster Knuckles is a who is being hailed as the benchmark for representing the lads of planet Earth in a galactic punch-up.

text: I added how they communicate.

refinement: Buster Knuckles is a who is being hailed as the benchmark for representing the lads of planet Earth in a galactic punch-up.


text:
“GIRLFRIEND” is a song by English rock band Wings, from their 1978 album _London Town_. It was written by Wings frontman Paul McCartney, who originally intended it to be sung by Michael Jackson. Jackson then covered the song the following year on his 1979 album _Off the Wall_, and in 1980 it was released (in the UK only) as the 5th and final single of that album.

Background

McCartney thought of “Girlfriend” as a song that Michael Jackson might like to record, and mentioned this to Jackson at a party in Hollywood. Jackson had stated in interviews with the music press in the 1970s that he was a fan of the Beatles and the chance to record a McCartney original helped to inspire his next project. However, McCartney ended up recording it himself with his band Wings, and it was issued in 1978 on the album _London Town_. Michael always said that he wrote the song for a platonic love “Paul and me... well... we wrote this song for my crush, she is a gorgeous singer, foreign and it is even better, you know?, because she has no idea of my feelings, and you don't know how I long to do what I say... I will never say her name, would be a crime”...

_Kingsport Times-News_ critic Michael Clark regarded the song as the better of the two Bee Gees' sendups on _London Town_, “With a Little Luck” being the other.[1] He also regarded it as one of the two best songs on the album, along with “I've Had Enough,” praising the “light, bouncy melody” and the falsetto singing added to the “sweet backing harmonies” whenever the word “girlfriend” is sung.[2] On the other hand, _Hartford Courant_ critic Henry McNulty regarded it as one of the Wings' weakest songs since “Wild Life”, criticising its harmonies and lyrics, and finding only the “mildly exciting guitar line” to be worthy of even faint praise.[3]

Quincy Jones heard the song and suggested it as a possible track for Jackson to record for his 1979 album _Off the Wall_, not aware that the song had been written for Jackson in the first place. Jackson's recording omitted the middle eight heard in McCartney's version. It was issued exclusively in the UK in 1980, as the fifth and final single from the _Off the Wall_ album. This proved to be another hit single for Jackson and one of his first recordings of a Paul McCartney song.

McCartney and Jackson subsequently worked together on “The Girl Is Mine” from Jackson's _Thriller_, as well as “Say Say Say” and “The Man”, from McCartney's _Pipes of Peace_. In 1985, Jackson acquired the ATV Music Publishing catalog (which held the rights to nearly every Beatles song) uncontested by McCartney.[4][5][6] According to McCartney, they “drifted apart” after he talked to Jackson about getting a “raise” and Jackson did not act on it.[7]

Personnel

-   Paul McCartney – vocals, bass, acoustic and electric guitars, drums, electric piano, synthesizers, possible piano
-   Linda McCartney – keyboards, backing vocals
-   Denny Laine – acoustic and electric guitars, backing vocals, possible piano

Michael Jackson version

-   Produced by Quincy Jones
-   Recorded and Mixed by Bruce Swedien
-   Lead and background vocals: Michael Jackson
-   Bass: Louis Johnson
-   Drums: John Robinson
-   Electric piano: Greg Phillinganes
-   Synthesizer: David Foster, George Duke
-   Synthesizer programming: Steve Porcaro and George Duke
-   Guitar: Wah Wah Watson and Marlo Henderson
-   Horns arranged by Jerry Hey and performed by The Seawind Horns:
    -   Trumpet and flugelhorn: Jerry Hey
    -   Tenor, alto saxophones and flute: Larry Williams
    -   Baritone, tenor saxophones and flute: Kim Hutchcroft
    -   Trombone: William Reichenbach
    -   Trumpet: Gary Grant
-   Alto sax solo: Larry Williams
-   Rhythm arrangement by Quincy Jones, Tom Bahler and Greg Phillinganes
-   Vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson and Quincy Jones

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

title: Girlfriend (Paul McCartney song)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the reception of the song?

answer: The song has been received positively, with critics praising its light, bouncy melody and falsetto singing. Much of the praise for this song is directed primarily towards Paul McCartney, though Michael Jackson's recording of the song has also received some positive reception.

text: The response does not mention McNulty's reaction.

refinement: The song has been received positively, with critics praising its light, bouncy melody and falsetto singing. Much of the praise for this song is directed primarily towards Paul McCartney, though Michael Jackson's recording of the song has also received some positive reception. Critic Henry McNulty regarded it as one of the Wings' weakest songs since “Wild Life”.

answer: The reception to McCartney's version varied from critic to critic. However, Michael Clark thought that “Girlfriend” was the better of the two Bee Gees' sendups on “London Town”, the other being “With a Little Luck.” The "Hartford Courant" critic Henry McNulty, however, only found the mildly exciting guitar line worthy of faint praise, and also criticized its harmonies and lyrics. Quincy Jones heard the song and suggested it to Michael Jackson, unaware that the song had been written for Jackson's potential recording at first. Michael, however, omitted the middle eight and was an instant hit on the charts, being another one of his first recordings of a Paul McCartney song.

answer: The song was originally supposed to be sung by Michael Jackson, but he didn't end up recording it because Paul McCartney ended up recording it with his band, Wings. It was well received by British critic Michael Clark, who thought it was the best song on London City album. On the other hand, Fred McNulty, a Hartford Courant critic, thought it was one of their weakest songs since Wild Life. Quincy Jones was going to record it for Jackson's album, but Michael thought to record it for the album. The song received a recording from Jackson and boosted his previously planned solo career.

answer: The song received generally positive reviews, with one critic praising its "light, bouncy melody" and "sweet backing harmonies" whenever the word "girlfriend" is sung. Another critic found the harmonies and lyrics to be less than impressive. One critic thought it was one of the two best songs on the album, while another thought it was one of the weakest. The song proved to be a hit for Michael Jackson, who recorded it for his 1979 album. Jackson and McCartney worked together after on several other songs.

answer: Michael Clark of Kingsport Times-News regarded the song as the better of the two Bee Gees' sendups on London Town, and he also regarded it as one of the two best songs on the album. On the other hand, Henry McNulty regarded it as one of the Wings' weakest songs, finding only the "mildly exciting guitar line" to be worthy of faint praise.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the song's authorship?

answer: The song was written by Paul McCartney and originally intended to be sung by Michael Jackson. Jackson later covered the song and released it on his 1979 album _Off the Wall_. McCartney wrote the song originally and also played all instruments on the version that was released on _London Town_.

answer: The song was written by Paul McCartney, who originally intended it to be sung by Michael Jackson. Nonetheless, McCartney ended up recording the song himself, and Michael Jackson covered it in 1979.

answer: McCartney initially wrote it for Michael Jackson. Jackson is described as a “fan of the Beatles”. They recorded the song on the Wings' studio album titled London Town in 1978, and Jackson covered it for his 1979 album Off the Wall. Both versions made it as singles, but McCartney's version came out as the "5th and final" single from the Off the Wall album in 1980.

answer: Paul McCartney wrote the song, but originally intended it to be sung by a different singer named Michael Jackson. Jackson recorded a cover of the song a year after McCartney released it. He changed the verses, cutting out a stanza.

answer: The song was written by Paul McCartney, who intended for it to be sung by Michael Jackson. However, Jackson claimed that he wrote the song with Paul McCartney about someone Jackson had a crush on.


text:
_KHUKDUKLESTES_ is a genus of extinct mammal of uncertain affinities from the Late Cretaceous of China. It is rather similar to the also carnivorous and taxonomically uncertain _Oxlestes_, being slightly smaller.[1]

Description

_Khuduklestes_ is currently represented by a single specimen, a vertebral axis, known from Cenomanian deposits in the Gansu Province of China. It is rather similar to _Oxlestes_ and is among the largest vertebral mammalian remains from the Mesozoic, indicating a cat-sized animal.

Classification

_Khuduklestes_ was initially placed in Deltatheroida on the basis of its similarity to _Oxlestes_. However, much as _Oxlestes_, its identity as a deltatheroidean has also been questioned, and it has periodically also been considered a member of the eutherian clade of mammals.[2]

[1] Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, Zhe-Xi Luo (2004). “Chapter 12: Metatherians”. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: origins, evolution, and structure. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 425–262. .

[2] Guillermo Rougier, New specimen of Deltatheroides cretacicus (Metatheria, Deltatheroida) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia, BULLETIN OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 36(DEC 2004):245-266 · SEPTEMBER 2009

title: Khuduklestes

question: What is the Khukduklestes classified as?

answer: It was initially placed in Deltatheroida, because it is so similar to Oxlestes. However, this identity has been questioned and it has periodically been considered a member of the eutherian clade of mammals.

answer: The Khukduklestes is classified as a mammal.

text: It is omitted that they were initially deltatheroidean.

refinement: The Khukduklestes were initially deltatheroideans but their identity has been questioned and they are now periodically classified as a mammal.

text: It is omitted that they are considered a member of the "eutherian clade"

refinement: The Khukduklestes were initially deltatheroideans but their identity has been questioned and they are now periodically classified as a member of the eutherian clade of mammals.

answer: It was initially placed in Deltatheroida on the basis of its similarity to Oxlestes. However, much as Oxlestes, its identity as a deltatheroidean has also been questioned, and it has periodically also been considered a member of the eutherian clade of mammals.

answer: According to the passage, Khuduklestes is classified as a member of the deltatheroidean group of mammals.

text: It is omitted that they are also periodically considered a member of the eutherian clade of mammals.

refinement: According to the passage, Khuduklestes is classified as a member of the deltatheroidean group of mammals. But their identity has been questioned and they are periodically considered as members of the eutherian clade of mammals.

question: What is the relationship between Khukduklestes and Oxlestes?

answer: Khuduklestes and Oxlestes are both members of the deltatheroidean group of mammals.

answer: Khukduklestes and Oxlestes are both carnivorous mammals of uncertain affinities.

answer: They are similar in appearance and are both carnivorous.

answer: Khukduklestes is similar to Oxlestes, although slightly smaller. Both are carnivorous and taxonomically uncertain.

question: How many specimens of Khukduklestes have been discovered?

answer: Only one specimen, a vertebral axis.

answer: There is currently only one known specimen of Khuduklestes.

answer: One.

answer: One

question: Where was the specimen discovered?

answer: The specimen was discovered in the Gansu Province of China.

answer: The specimen was discovered in the Gansu Province of China.

answer: The specimen was discovered in the Gansu Province of China.

answer: It is known from Cenomanian deposits in the Gansu Province of China.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Khukduklestes is a genus of extinct mammal of uncertain affinities from the Late Cretaceous of China. It is represented by a single specimen, a vertebral axis.

answer: Khuduklestes is a genus of extinct mammal of uncertain affinities from the Late Cretaceous of China. It is rather similar to the also carnivorous and taxonomically uncertain Oxlestes, being slightly smaller.

answer: _Khuduklestes_ is a cat-sized mammal from the Late Cretaceous of China that is currently only known from a single vertebral axis. Its classification is uncertain, but it has been placed in the deltatheroidean group and also considered a member of the eutherian clade.

text: " is among the largest vertebral mammalian remains from the Mesozoic, indicating a cat-sized animal." This is evidence that it a cat-sized mammal.

answer: Khukduklestes, and its relationship with the Oxlestes, is discussed. Its taxology is uncertain, although it can be said that it was a cat-like animal.