text:
     It's funny how people act in the coffee rooms at funeral homes. They're all sad or they act sad out of respect. They all drink coffee and eat the cookies that they put out on the table, and they talk about how the body looks for a while, then they start talking about politics or the weather or some damn boring thing. It happens at every viewing I've ever been to. I even do it. I sat there the other night at my great aunts viewing and I nodded my head when people talked about how natural she looked and all that, and I ate three big cookie, then I looked down at my gut and was disgusted because I'm a damn glutton.
	Anyways, two things happened when we all left the funeral home: the first thing was I offered to be a pallbearer. It was my great aunt Margret's viewing, like I said, and my grandma said that me or my brother ought to be pallbearers. My brother's real nervous about some things, one of them is being around dead people. He was afraid he'd drop the casket or something, so I offered to do it, but Margret's niece said no. She told my grandma later that the reason she said no was because I looked like a clown because of my hair. I have long shaggy hair that I dye blood red.
     The second thing is that I noticed the damn Christmas tree in the corner near the door in the lobby -- it's getting close to Christmas now. It was tall and green and decorated in bright white lights and silver tinsel and big red bulbs with the names of all the dead people who were shown there that year written on them with permanent marker. I saw Margret's name in the center.
	I thought it was sort of strange, decorating the tree with the dead. I think that funeral homes are strange altogether. When you die everybody you ever met practically comes and cries and get all sad at the site of your leftover meat.
	When I got back home I started over to my friend Darren's house.
	Darren and I have went to school together since fourth grade, but we just started hanging out this year because we've always ran with different crowds. His friends are the kind of guys that wear gym shorts all year long and lust after Air Jordans and Beats Headphones and try to punk out everybody so they can feel tough. Plus, we've never had any classes together or anything until this year, but Darren's probably my favorite friend.
      The only problem with us hanging out is that he smokes a lot of weed and he's got me smoking a lot too. Last weekend we blew fifteen bucks on weed, smoked it all and stayed up until four listening to The Beatles.
	He's never listened to much music outside of rap, so I've been trying to show him some good stuff. He always acts like he likes it, but he's probably just entertaining me. He's probably just telling me he likes it because we're friends and he's nice. Darren's a real nice sensitive guy under all that wanna-be-thug shit he's always doing. He's nicer than me in a lot of ways, like when he's listening to rap and I don't like it, I tell him and bitch until he turns it off, and when he turns it off, he isn't even mad about having to doing it because he's real considerate. I wish I was that considerate.
	Anyways, Darren and I ended up going down to the cemetery and smoking a fat joint. I told him about the funeral home Christmas tree and he said that the funeral home was retarded.
	"They won't be putting my name on some damn bulb," he said. Then he talked about the rapture through the rest of the cemetery. He told me that we weren't going to have to worry about funerals because we weren't really going to die because we  were going up in the rapture. Darren was always talking about the rapture. He never went to church, but he had all the faith
in the world that the rapture was going to happen at any minute and he had all the faith in the world that the two of us were going.
	He told me once that I'm the only friend he likes to talk to about the rapture. It was probably because I'm the only one
who will even listen. I don't believe in the Bible, but I don't mind talking about Bible stuff if I care about the person doing most of the talking.
	If Heaven exists, Darren will go because he's nice and sensitive. If there's a Heaven, Margret's there because she was a real sweet lady. It's a nice idea, the idea of Heaven, I mean. I guess I'd rather float up to a cloud kingdom than to get old and die and be buried in a boxes.
	Anyways, I'm not sure why he thinks I'm going to Heaven.
	Once we got out of the cemetery, we saw this old tin can in the middle of the street, and the street was empty because it was about nine at night or later and it was cold and everybody besides the two of us were inside around heater and wrap in blankets, probably. Anyways, we started kicking the can down this alley and we kept falling down and laughing because we were stoned.
	We kept on kicking the can down the alleys until I had to piss. I went behind this old white shed, unbuttoned my pants and
unzipped and started pissing. There was this Oldsmobile behind me, it was parked on the other side of the alley, I thought it was empty because it was dark and I couldn't see through the
windows. Well, somebody was in it, and halfway through my piss, whoever it was  beeped the horn and scared me half to death,
 and I ended up pissing down my leg. I zipped up my pants and Darren and I got the hell out of the alley as fast as we could. It was funny, though. I didn't even mind the piss on my leg that much.

title: [UR] Funeral Home Christmas Tree

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the story say about the type of person Darren is?

answer: The story portrays Darren as a sensitive, considerate person. He listens to music his friend finds meaningful, and he is always open to discussing matters of faith and the afterlife. By contrast, the protagonist also recognizes that Darren behaves differently from him: whereas the protagonist is easily irritated, Darren is patient and kind.

text: The question asks for information about Darren, not about the narrator.

refinement: The story portrays Darren as a sensitive, considerate person. He listens to music his friend finds meaningful, and he is always open to discussing matters of faith and the afterlife. Darren is patient and kind.

text: The response should include a description of Darren's physical appearance and the way he carries himself, as stated by the narrator in the passage.

refinement: The story portrays Darren as a sensitive, considerate person. He listens to music his friend finds meaningful, and he is always open to discussing matters of faith and the afterlife. Although Darren's friends, excluding the narrator, care about clothes and material positions, when Darren is with the narrator, he is patient and kind.

text: The response should include the fact that Darren believes in the rapture and speaks about it all the time.

refinement: The story portrays Darren as a sensitive, considerate person. He listens to music his friend finds meaningful, and he is always open to discussing matters of faith and the afterlife. Although Darren's friends, excluding the narrator, care about clothes and material positions, when Darren is with the narrator, he is patient and kind. Even though he does not attend church, Darren believes that the rapture will happen at any moment, and talks about this all the time.

answer: Darren is a nice guy who listens to his friend as they share their stories and viewpoints. He's a sensitive guy under all the thug talk, and he's considerate when it comes to his friend's opinions. Darren has all the faith in the world in the rapture, and he believes only those who have a pure heart, such as himself, will make it to heaven. It seems Darren has never tried to go against the temptations he was always exposed to on the streets.

text: The response should include some of the characteristics of Darren that the narrator details.

refinement: Darren is a nice guy who listens to his friend as they share their stories and viewpoints. Although he and his friends try to act tough and care about material things, he's a sensitive guy under all the thug talk, and he's considerate when it comes to his friend's opinions. Darren has all the faith in the world in the rapture, and he believes only those who have a pure heart, such as himself, will make it to heaven. It seems Darren has never tried to go against the temptations he was always exposed to on the streets.

text: The passage does not say anything about Darren going against the temptations that he is exposed to.

refinement: Darren is a nice guy who listens to his friend as they share their stories and viewpoints. Although he and his friends try to act tough and care about material things, he's a sensitive guy under all the thug talk, and he's considerate when it comes to his friend's opinions. Darren has all the faith in the world in the rapture, and he believes only those who have a pure heart, such as himself, will make it to heaven.

answer: Darren is a kind guy who is sensitive and considerate. He enjoys cannabis and would talk about the rapture. He lacks faith in the church and has strong faith in the Bible and in the rapture.

text: The response should say that on the surface, Darren acts differently around his friends than he does with the narrator.

refinement: Darren is a kind guy who is sensitive and considerate. Although Darren's friends are different from the narrator in how they act, the way they carry themselves, and the type of music they enjoy, around the narrator, Darren is kind and understanding. He enjoys cannabis and would talk about the rapture. He lacks faith in the church and has strong faith in the Bible and in the rapture.

text: The last sentence in the response is repetitive and unnecessary.

refinement: Darren is a kind guy who is sensitive and considerate. Although Darren's friends are different from the narrator in how they act, the way they carry themselves, and the type of music they enjoy, around the narrator, Darren is kind and understanding. He enjoys cannabis and would talk about the rapture.

answer: The story suggests that Darren is a considerate and sensitive person. Despite being of a different crowd and listening to different music, Darren is able to show compassion for others, even in times of hardship. Darren also sees the absurdity in the funeral home Christmas tree, and the two spend time having fun in the cemetery. It is clear that Darren is a kind, sweet person.

text: The response should mention that Darren speaks of and believes in the rapture.

refinement: The story suggests that Darren is a considerate and sensitive person. Despite being of a different crowd and listening to different music, Darren is able to show compassion for others, even in times of hardship. Darren also sees the absurdity in the funeral home Christmas tree, and the two spend time having fun in the cemetery. Darren believes that the rapture will happen, and that both he and the narrator will be brought to Heaven. It is clear that Darren is a kind, sweet person.

answer: Darren smokes a lot of weed. He pretends to like the narrator's music because they're friends and he's nice. He's a sensitive guy under his wannabe-thug persona. He turns off his rap music when the narrator says he doesn't like it, and isn't mad about it because he's considerate. He's always talking about the rapture, even though he never goes to church. The narrator believes that if Heaven exists, Darren would go.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize everything relating to the narrator's family.

answer: The narrator attends the viewing for his great aunt Margret. His grandma said that he or his broughter ought to be pall bearers. Since his brother was afraid of dropping the casket, the narrator offered to do it, but Margret's niece declined. The narrator believes Margret is in Heaven because she was a real sweet lady.

answer: The narrator is related to Margret. He seems to live with their grandmother and brother. Their father lives separately, not being mentioned in this text.

text: The response should include that the narrator's brother was going to be the pallbearer for Margaret, but Margaret's niece said no.

refinement: The narrator is related to Margret. He seems to live with their grandmother and brother. The narrator suggested that he and his brother be the pallbearers for Margaret, but Margaret's niece declines. Their father lives separately, not being mentioned in this text.

text: The response should include that Margaret is the narrator's great aunt.

refinement: The narrator is related to Margret; she is his great aunt. He seems to live with their grandmother and brother. The narrator suggested that he and his brother be the pallbearers for Margaret, but Margaret's niece declines. Their father lives separately, not being mentioned in this text.

text: The passage does not mention who the narrator lives with.

refinement: The narrator is related to Margret; she is his great aunt. The narrator suggested that he and his brother be the pallbearers for Margaret, but Margaret's niece declines. Their father lives separately, not being mentioned in this text.

text: The narrator's father is not mentioned in the passage.

refinement: The narrator is related to Margret; she is his great aunt. The narrator suggested that he and his brother be the pallbearers for Margaret, but Margaret's niece declines.

text: The response should include the fact that the narrator believes Margaret is in Heaven if it exists.

refinement: The narrator is related to Margret; she is his great aunt. The narrator suggested that he and his brother be the pallbearers for Margaret, but Margaret's niece declines. The narrator believes that if Heaven exists, Margaret is there.

answer: The narrator's great aunt Margret died, and at her viewing the narrator volunteered to be a pallbearer. There was also a Christmas tree set up in the lobby of the funeral home with names of dead people written on the bulbs. The narrator and Darren went down to the cemetery to smoke a joint, and the oldsmobile parked there scared the narrator while he was urinating. The narrator's family seems to consist mostly of relatives who have passed away.

text: The highlighted sentences are unnecessary and do not answer the question.

refinement: The narrator's great aunt Margret died, and at her viewing the narrator volunteered to be a pallbearer. The narrator's family seems to consist mostly of relatives who have passed away.

text: The response should include that the narrator volunteered himself and his brother to be pallbearers for Margret, but Margret's niece decline the offer.

refinement: The narrator's great aunt Margret died, and at her viewing the narrator volunteered himself and his brother to be a pallbearer. However, Margaret's niece declines the offer. The narrator's family seems to consist mostly of relatives who have passed away.

text: The passage does not indicate that the narrator's family is mostly deceased.

refinement: The narrator's great aunt Margret died, and at her viewing the narrator volunteered himself and his brother to be a pallbearer. However, Margaret's niece declines the offer. The narrator believes that if Heaven exists, Margaret probably made it there because she was a very nice lady.

text: The passage should include the fact that the narrator believes that if Heaven does exist, Margaret probably made it there.

refinement: The narrator's great aunt Margret died, and at her viewing the narrator volunteered himself and his brother to be a pallbearer. However, Margaret's niece declines the offer.

answer: The narrator's grandma says she says either him or his brother ought to be pallbearers at her great aunt Margret's viewing. They went to the cemetery together to smoke pot and talk about the rapture where the narrator starts kicking a tin can. His friend Darren kept talking about the rapture and they kept talking until they got back and they got in the Olds near the white shed.

text: The highlighted sentences are both inaccurate and irrelevant to the question.

refinement: The narrator's grandma says she says either him or his brother ought to be pallbearers at her great aunt Margret's viewing.

text: The response should include that Margaret's niece does not want the narrator or their brother to be the pallbearers.

refinement: The narrator's grandma says she says either him or his brother ought to be pallbearers at her great aunt Margret's viewing. However, Margaret's niece refuses the offer.

text: The response should include that the narrator believes Margaret is in heaven, if it exists.

refinement: The narrator's grandma says she says either him or his brother ought to be pallbearers at her great aunt Margret's viewing. However, Margaret's niece refuses the offer. The narrator believes that if Heaven exists, Margaret would be there.

answer:
The narrator's great aunt Margret died, and the viewer attendees discussed the body and other mundane topics. The narrator then noticed the funeral home's Christmas tree and found the decorations morbid and strange.

The narrator's family consists of the narrator and their brother, as well as their great aunt Margret. The family is predominantly composed of older people and the narrator's brother is nervous around dead people. Though the narrator considers himself nice, Darren is even nicer. The narrator and Darren got stoned and observed a tin can in the street, and the narrator eventually urinated against a white shed, which caused someone to honk their car horn and scare the narrator. The narrator does not mind the resulting urine on their leg, which is indicative of their generally good-hearted nature.

text: There are several pieces of unnecessary information in the response, which are highlighted

refinement:
The narrator's great aunt Margret died, and the viewer attendees discussed the body and other mundane topics.

The narrator's family consists of the narrator and their brother, as well as their great aunt Margret. The family is predominantly composed of older people and the narrator's brother is nervous around dead people.

text: There are more family members mentioned in the passage, including the narrator's grandmother and niece. Margaret is also deceased.

refinement:
The narrator's great aunt Margret died, and the viewer attendees discussed the body and other mundane topics.

The narrator's family consists of their brother, grandmother, Margaret, and Margaret's niece. The narrator volunteers themselves and their brother to be pallbearers for Margaret.  The family is predominantly composed of older people and the narrator's brother is nervous around dead people.

text: The passage does not say anything about the narrator's family being comprised of mostly old people.

refinement:
The narrator's great aunt Margret died, and the viewer attendees discussed the body and other mundane topics.

The narrator's family consists of their brother, grandmother, Margaret, and Margaret's niece. The narrator volunteers themselves and their brother to be pallbearers for Margaret.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the narrator's movements after he meets up with Darren.

answer: After meeting up with his friend Darren, the narrator goes to the cemetery and smokes a joint, then goes for a walk afterward. While walking, the narrator finds a tin can in the street, and as he is peeing behind an empty car, the car's horn is accidentally blown, causing him to piss on himself.

text: The response should include that Darren and the narrator kick the can down the street.

refinement: After meeting up with his friend Darren, the narrator goes to the cemetery and smokes a joint, then goes for a walk afterward. While walking, the narrator finds a tin can in the street and begins kicking it, and as he is peeing behind an empty car, the car's horn is accidentally blown, causing him to piss on himself.

text: The highlighted sentence is a run-on.

refinement: After meeting up with his friend Darren, the narrator goes to the cemetery and smokes a joint, then goes for a walk afterward. While walking, the narrator finds a tin can in the street and begins kicking it. As the narrator is peeing behind an empty car, the car's horn is accidentally blown, causing him to piss on himself.

text: The gender of the narrator is not clearly stated; therefore, the pronoun in the last sentence must be changed.

refinement: After meeting up with his friend Darren, the narrator goes to the cemetery and smokes a joint, then goes for a walk afterward. While walking, the narrator finds a tin can in the street and begins kicking it. As the narrator is peeing behind an empty car, the car's horn is accidentally blown, causing them to piss on themselves.

answer: After the narrator and Darren meet, they meet up with his friend at the cemetery to smoke a joint. They walk a bit and when they leave the cemetery, go to kick a tin can back to Darren's place until the narrator needs to go to the bathroom.

text: The response should include that while the narrator uses the bathroom, a car honks at them and they run away.

refinement: After the narrator and Darren meet, they meet up with his friend at the cemetery to smoke a joint. They walk a bit and when they leave the cemetery, go to kick a tin can back to Darren's place until the narrator needs to go to the bathroom. While the narrator is relieving themselves, a car honks at them, and they both run away as fast as they can.

answer: The narrator meets with Darren at Darren's house. They go to the cemetery. Once they exit the cemetery, they kick a can down an alley. The narrator goes behind an old white shed to pee. When the narrator realizes there is someone in the car parked on the other side of the alley, he and Darren run away as fast as they can.

answer: The narrator went to Darren's house and smoked a joint together. While walking back from the cemetery, the narrator sees a funeral home Christmas tree and is disturbed by it. After kicking a tin can around an alley, the narrator ends up pissing down his leg when a car honks at him. Despite the pee, the narrator doesn't mind too much.

text: The last sentence of the response should be replaced with a sentence about the narrator and Darren running away from the alley.

refinement: The narrator went to Darren's house and smoked a joint together. While walking back from the cemetery, the narrator sees a funeral home Christmas tree and is disturbed by it. After kicking a tin can around an alley, the narrator ends up pissing down his leg when a car honks at him. Darren and the narrator run out of the alley as fast as they can.

answer: The two go to a cemetery directly after visiting the funeral home and smoking a joint. Darren convinces the narrator that his drug-use and bad behavior "isn't that bad" while encouraging him to follow in those footsteps. After visiting the cemetery, the two hang out kicking a tin can until the narrator pisses and causes it to fall, causing the narrator to pee himself.

text: Darren and the narrator smoke a joint while in the cemetery.

refinement: The two go to a cemetery directly after visiting the funeral home and smoke a joint there. Darren convinces the narrator that his drug-use and bad behavior "isn't that bad" while encouraging him to follow in those footsteps. After visiting the cemetery, the two hang out kicking a tin can until the narrator pisses and causes it to fall, causing the narrator to pee himself.

text: Darren does not speak about his drug use, nor does he encourage the narrator to follow in his footsteps.

refinement: The two go to a cemetery directly after visiting the funeral home and smoke a joint there. After visiting the cemetery, the two hang out kicking a tin can until the narrator pisses and causes it to fall, causing the narrator to pee himself.

text: The highlighted sentence is incoherent and blends together several plot points of the passage together.

refinement: The two go to a cemetery directly after visiting the funeral home and smoke a joint there. After hanging out at the cemetery for a while, they leave and the narrator goes to relieve themselves in an alleyway. A car honks at them while they are peeing, and they run away as fast as they can.


split: train

text:
[ShipbuildingPLMDifferent]
This last year I have been working with several of SSI’s clients helping them to implement a PLM tool. As per my recommendation in the blog post Looking at Investing in PLM? I suggest working with an experienced PLM consultant. PLM consultants that I have worked with have a great understanding of the PLM tool and how to align your business goals with the PLM tool selected. However, there is ALWAYS a learning curve for the PLM consultant to understand the shipbuilding industry. This is where I usually fit into the equation and why clients ask for me to be involved. I am the person who is in the intersection of shipbuilding knowledge, ShipConstructor (CAD/CAM), business goals and PLM feature set. I am definitely NOT an expert in all these but I would say that I know enough of each aspect to help facilitate communication between each party since in some cases they are at different wavelengths.

Shipbuilding is unique (but not as much as we think) compared to other industries. One concept which is usually new to PLM consultants is the idea that in the shipbuilding industry we do production engineering and not just engineering. The idea that a shipbuilder can “engineer” a ship but that it cannot be manufactured at any other shipyard is often a shock to these consultants. They are surprised by the fact that an ENGINEERED ship is specifically created to be manufactured at a specific shipyard to incorporate its manufacturing constraints and capabilities. This is why we say shipbuilders do production engineering.

Before I talk about the difference between production engineering vs. typical engineering I want to briefly discuss the _typical_ workflow for a ship.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Typical (at a very high level) Workflow

After the contract is signed and all initial design is complete, the shipyard starts to build a plan. In this plan they need to develop a manufacturing strategy of breaking the ship into blocks, assemblies, compartments, etc. This breaking of the project is done before the first 3D part is modeled (unless you used 3D in your basic design). There are a lot of factors involved in breaking the project such as size of raw plates available, facility constraints, plate forming techniques, bending capabilities, lifting capacity of cranes, transporters, work centers, storage, scheduling, workforce availability, and the list goes on.

At this stage they also determine the plate raw stock and equipment to be used for the ship and then they place an order for the material. This is because many of these items have long lead times which require placing the order to their suppliers, again before any 3D model is created.

These decisions totally affect the way the ship will be _engineered_ and will be optimized for the yard it will be built at. If the ship was to be built at another yard these decisions would be different and therefore it would change the end result of how the ship will be manufactured and _engineered._ The easiest example I use is that yards usually want to build the biggest blocks they possibly can but they need to make blocks with weight that does not exceed their crane(s)’ operating capacity. Another example is that some yards have the capability to bend plates to create flanges while other do not have this capability requiring them to use another method of strengthening the plate.

Once the plan is roughly laid out the engineers will start detailing the ship with the requirements decided in the previous phase. This will include standards and library items such as stock available, endcuts allowed, corner treatment, equipment, pipe fittings, valves, plate flange standards, bevel standards, penetration standards, etc. This library of catalogs and standards directly affect what items you can use in _engineering_.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Production Engineering in Shipbuilding

In a typical engineering phase, very little thought is usually given to the manufacturability of the item. This is changing in many industries but in shipbuilding, manufacturability has always been part of engineering. Engineers are constrained to use only the standards, catalog and rules pre-setup for the project. This limits the engineers to only design parts which can be manufactured.

This production focus on engineering also drives the way that parts are named and marked on the plate during CNC. Each part will have a name that any person on the production floor would be able to read and then know exactly where on the ship it belongs.

When a part is created in the 3D model the engineers assign the part to an assembly in the production product breakdown structure where the part will be installed. This assembly structure, as mentioned, was defined at the beginning of the project and will continue to get refined by the production planning team to a work center/station level. Additional properties are either inferred or added by the engineer to aid in the routing of the plate on the production floor. A simple example is if the plate requires a flange, the engineer will add an attribute so that it will get routed to the plate bending workstation after CNC. Edge preparation is another manufacturing feature added to the plate during engineering.

The engineering team then generates documentation and even CNC code based on the manufacturing build sequence which will be directly used without manipulation on the waterfront. By using the production project schedule the engineers will only generate the documentation required on the production floor using the Just In Time (JIT) lean principle. Documentation includes drawings used to fabricate, construct and CNC parts/assemblies.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Closing Remarks

Implementing PLM in any industry can be challenging and in many cases requires a PLM expert to oversee the implementation. One of the first steps in any PLM tool implementation is to understand how you do business despite the tool that you have selected. This will require your PLM consultant to better understand shipbuilding.

Shipbuilding is a different industry than most other large scale manufacturing industries such as aerospace and automotive. This has caused some PLM experts to fail at implementing a solution in a shipbuilding environment. The fact that shipbuilding does production engineering is only one of the areas which causes implementations to be unique from other integrations. In future posts I will talk about some of the other challenges commonly faced with PLM implementations.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Describe the author's views on shipbuilding and the manufacturing process.

answer: Shipbuilding is considered a unique industry as it is considered one that does production engineering. According to the author, the various steps in the process has a lot of set standards and formulae to abide by. There is very little if any deviation allowed and the authority is in the hands of production teams. The manufacturing promises a lot of consistency which according to the author is an implicit advantage because there are only few occasions wherein changes are allowed. The purpose of the variation changes is to get the completed ship finished on time and with sufficient leftovers to meet the planned schedule.

text: The author doesn't talk about an advantage due to the few changes involved at all.

refinement: Shipbuilding is considered a unique industry as it is considered one that does production engineering. According to the author, the various steps in the process has a lot of set standards and formulae to abide by. There is very little if any deviation allowed and the authority is in the hands of production teams. The purpose of the variation changes is to get the completed ship finished on time and with sufficient leftovers to meet the planned schedule.

text: There's no variation change or similar talked about in the article.

refinement: Shipbuilding is considered a unique industry as it is considered one that does production engineering. According to the author, the various steps in the process has a lot of set standards and formulae to abide by. There is very little if any deviation allowed and the authority is in the hands of production teams. The manufacturing promises a lot of consistency which according to the author is an implicit advantage because there are only few occasions wherein changes are allowed.

text: There's no mention of consistency in the article.

refinement: Shipbuilding is considered a unique industry as it is considered one that does production engineering. According to the author, the various steps in the process has a lot of set standards and formulae to abide by. There is very little if any deviation allowed and the authority is in the hands of production teams.

text: The author talks about how engineering is done within manufacturing constraints, not about authority being in the hands of production teams.

refinement: Shipbuilding is considered a unique industry as it is considered one that does production engineering. According to the author, the various steps in the process has a lot of set standards and formulae to abide by. The engineering of a ship is tailored to the production capabilities and tools available at a shipyard, which sets the standards.

answer: They feel that shipbuilding is a unique but not as much as people might think it is. Production engineering is the main focus for ship builders. In order for a PLM consultant to assist one with experience working with shipbuilder and shipbuilding.

text: The first sentence neither provides part of a direct answer or context for one.

refinement: Production engineering is the main focus for ship builders. In order for a PLM consultant to assist one with experience working with shipbuilder and shipbuilding.

text: PLM consultants aren't relevant to the question.

refinement: Production engineering is the main focus for ship builders.

text: Production engineering is a necessity for shipbuilding and one of the factors that make it unique. It's not necessarily the "main focus".

refinement: Production engineering is the aspect that differentiates shipbuilding from most other engineering tasks.

text: The answer should give more details about how the necessity of production engineering affects shipbuilding and what production engineering is.

refinement: Production engineering is the aspect that differentiates shipbuilding from most other engineering tasks. The manufacturing capabilities of shipyards differ from each other. Thus, the engineering of ships depends on what tools are available in a specific shipyard.

answer: The author of this document appears to have an intimate knowledge of the manufacturing process within this specific industry. Shipbuilding itself seems to be a unique industry not for being clustered around the production of ships rather than any other object. Engineering vessels is different from regular engineering as designers within the industry are constrained to pre-set standards and rules, unlike other types of engineering or industrial work practices. Designers are likely to eliminate what cannot be wrought machinery or other kinds of production machinery from a design before it is even rendered. As long as designers follow these guidlelines, their vessels can be manufactured at any facility, but the decision-making for this is done before the construction of any physical prototype is even attempted.

text: The entire answer is off-base and inaccurate. A news answer should be given.

refinement: Shipbuilding has a relatively unique focus on production engineering. Since the capabilities of each shipyard (like the carrying capacity of cranes, whether plate-bending machinery is available, etc.) differ, the engineering process of a ship has to be determined with manufacturing constraints in mind. This means that the entire design flows from the manufacturing capabilities instead of manufacturing lines getting created for an engineered product.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the difference between manufacturing and engineering?

answer: Whereas engineering is focused on performance and function, manufacturing focuses on the calculations one has to make to ensure that their product comes out working as planned.  One such example is transportation. Whereas in a normal car, if it's made according to the design specifications, its qualities should ensure that it can be transported without any hiccups. In other industries, this isn't necessarily an issue that is considered for. In traditional shipbuilding, manufacturing is about managing the way various productions are handled as a system. This is done according to the design, yet different design considerations must be made to account for building and operations constraints. This is mainly because of the sheer bulk of how large a ship can be and its various materials. Traditional manufacturing for a car is simplified, the core mechanical, electrical and crash standards are more straightforward, this is because the limiting factor is the input design, rather than the anticipated output from security systems. If the car is properly built, it should be easy to transport, comparatively.

text: The answer is just incoherent rambling.

text: The answer is empty.

refinement: Manufacturing is the process of producing the physical parts required for a design whereas engineering is the process of coming up with that design. The author talks about these concepts in relation to shipbuilding where engineering has to consider manufacturing constraints from the get-go, which is unusual for most engineering tasks.

answer: No answer

text: The question can be answered.

refinement: Manufacturing is the process of producing the physical parts required for a design whereas engineering is the process of coming up with that design. The author talks about these concepts in relation to shipbuilding where engineering has to consider manufacturing constraints from the get-go, which is unusual for most engineering tasks.

answer: Byproduct engineering is when you just create the item regardless of any limitations that come with the manufacturing process, output chain, etc. Shipbuilding is unique in that they necessitate manufacturing as an action. Fabrication has always been built into how engineers go about creating the item.

text: The answer doesn't make sense.

text: The answer is empty.

refinement: Manufacturing is the process of producing the physical parts required for a design whereas engineering is the process of coming up with that design. The author talks about these concepts in relation to shipbuilding where engineering has to consider manufacturing constraints from the get-go, which is unusual for most engineering tasks.

answer: In an engineering phase, very little thought is usually given to the manufacturability of the item. In shipbuilding, manufacturability has always been part of engineering. Engineers are constrained to use only the standards, catalog and rules pre-setup for the project.

text: Engineering constraints in shipbuilding aren't directly relevant.

refinement: In an engineering phase, very little thought is usually given to the manufacturability of the item. In shipbuilding, manufacturability has always been part of engineering.

text: The answer doesn't establish what manufacturing is.

refinement: Manufacturing is the process of producing physical items required for a product or project. In an engineering phase, very little thought is usually given to the manufacturability of the item. In shipbuilding, manufacturability has always been part of engineering.

text: "In an engineering phase" should be "in the..."

refinement: Manufacturing is the process of producing physical items required for a product or project. In the engineering phase, very little thought is usually given to the manufacturability of the item. In shipbuilding, manufacturability has always been part of engineering.

text: The question asks for differences between engineering and manufacturing, which should be expressed.

refinement: Manufacturing is the process of producing physical items required for a product or project. Engineering is the design process of that product or project. In the engineering phase, very little thought is usually given to the manufacturability of the item. In shipbuilding, manufacturability has always been part of engineering.

text: It's more useful to say manufacturing constraints are a necessary consideration in shipbuilding.

refinement: Manufacturing is the process of producing physical items required for a product or project. Engineering is the design process of that product or project. In the engineering phase, very little thought is usually given to the manufacturability of the item. In shipbuilding, manufacturing constraints are a necessary part of engineering the ship in the first place.

answer: Whereas engineering is focused on performance and function, manufacturing focuses on the calculations one has to make to ensure that their product comes out working as planned.  One such example is transportation. Whereas in a normal car, if it's made according to the design specifications, its qualities should ensure that it can be transported without any hiccups. In other industries, this isn't necessarily an issue that is considered for. In traditional shipbuilding, manufacturing is about managing the way various productions are handled as a system. This is done according to the design, yet different design considerations must be made to account for building and operations constraints. This is mainly because of the sheer bulk of how large a ship can be and its various materials. Traditional manufacturing for a car is simplified, the core mechanical, electrical and crash standards are more straightforward, this is because the limiting factor is the input design, rather than the anticipated output from security systems. If the car is properly built, it should be easy to transport, comparatively.

answer: Byproduct engineering is when you just create the item regardless of any limitations that come with the manufacturing process, output chain, etc. It is a primary purpose of discussion by the author. Shipbuilding is unique in that they necessitate manufacturing as an action. Fabrication has always been built into how engineers go about creating the item.


text:
Washington says it is Syrian President Assad’s regime that has undermined US efforts to cut off Islamic State’s funding. The terrorists remain well-heeled due to crude oil trade the sources of which the West studied in detail over a year ago.

_“We got all coalition members all taking efforts to strangle ISIS access to foreign markets, banking system, looking into what they need to produce and sell oil and cut all that off; it’s essential,”_ US State Department spokesman Mark Toner has said when asked by RT reporter Gayane Chichakyan for _“updates”_ on what the US is doing to curb ISIS financing.

However, Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) remains well-funded despite all these steps. The US blames its lack of progress in stemming IS funding on President Assad, claiming he “is a factor here.”

“The black market, and Assad relies on ISIL oil and is a factor here. It’s hard to eliminate that completely, but we’re working on it,” Toner has said.

Last year, the US Treasury estimated that IS earns as much as $1 million a day by selling oil to some of its biggest enemies, allegedly including Turkey, Iraq’s Kurdish community, and the regime of Bashar Assad. All three sides have denied the allegations, which were voiced in October 2014 by David Cohen, a US terrorism and financial intelligence chief.

The US considers taking out Islamic State’s sources of funding – primarily oil and gas – as well as its infrastructure as key _“in waging a successful campaign against ISIL,”_ Toner told journalists last week.

_“It’s a particular line of effort – one of those is about bombing its infrastructure. I don’t have airstrike stats on that, but it’s been a line of effort since day one – how do we cut off ISIL financing?”_ the State Department spokesman stressed again on Monday.

Read more

[Energy makes strange bedfellows in Syria]

However, though over a year has passed since the Treasury evaluated IS assets, the US is still working on curbing Syria’s oil transit routes to Turkey.

_“There’s an area in the border that we want to seal up – and trying to cut off major supply routes to Turkey. It’s a bit of an ongoing challenge,”_ Toner said on Monday.

The New York Times on Monday said a US airstrike had destroyed at least 116 trucks used by Islamic State to smuggle crude oil.

When asked to confirm that by RT’s Chichakyan, the State Department refused to comment, saying such a question was at _“a level of details to ask the DOD [Department of Defense].”_

_“Talked about it on Friday – how do we cut off ISIS financing is a big question, and we know they gain a chunk of financing that way. That’s always been a matter of targeting of these strikes, but I don’t know about the specific one you’re mentioning,”_ Toner said.

According to Chichakyan, the spokesman could not offer any explanation as to why strikes targeting IS’ oil convoys have only just begun. Incidentally, news of the first such strike broke the same day as Russian President Vladimir Putin showed his G20 counterparts satellite images that he said _“clearly demonstrate the scale of the illegal trade in oil and petroleum products”_ between ISIS and some 40 unspecified countries.

According to Putin, “the motorcade of refueling vehicles stretched for dozens of kilometers, so that from a height of 4,000 to 5,000 meters they stretch beyond the horizon.”

Back in October, the Financial Times speculated that _“the importance of Isis oil to those living in rebel-held areas of Syria is one reason why the US-led coalition has been reluctant to target the group’s trade routes.”_

The US-led coalition has reportedly said that it is _“wary of alienating local populations by bombing fuel now critical for their daily lives.”_ It is not clear what developments prompted Washington to launch the long-overdue strike on Islamic State’s oil route, but The New York Times reported that the decision had been made _“well before the terrorist attacks in and around Paris on Friday.”_

question: On what does the article report?

answer: Syrian President Assad's regime has undermined the efforts of the US to cut off the Islamic State's funding. ISIS  (Islamic State) remains well-funded despite the coalition's efforts to strangle their access to foreign markets.

text: Blaming Assad: "Washington says it is Syrian President Assad’s regime that has undermined US efforts to cut off Islamic State’s funding."

text: IS remains well-funded: "However, Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) remains well-funded despite all these steps."

answer: The article reports on the US's efforts to cut off Islamic State's funding.

text: "The US considers taking out Islamic State’s sources of funding – primarily oil and gas – as well as its infrastructure as key"

answer: The article reports on the US's efforts to cut off Islamic State's funding, specifically by targeting its oil trade routes.

text: Cutting funding: "The US considers taking out Islamic State’s sources of funding – primarily oil and gas – as well as its infrastructure as key"

text: Attack on oil trade: "The New York Times on Monday said a US airstrike had destroyed at least 116 trucks used by Islamic State to smuggle crude oil."

answer: The article reports on the US's efforts to cut off Islamic State's funding.

text: "The US considers taking out Islamic State’s sources of funding – primarily oil and gas – as well as its infrastructure as key"

question: Who is quoted in the article?

answer: US State Department spokesperson Mark Toner is the main source of information.

text: "...US State Department spokesman Mark Toner has said..."

answer: David Cohen, a US terrorism and financial intelligence chief

text: David Cohen isn't quoted. He had written a report, which gets a mention. The person who's quoted throughout the article is Mark Toner.

refinement: Mark Toner, the US State Department spokesman.

answer: Mark Toner, US State Department spokesman

text: "...US State Department spokesman Mark Toner has said..."

answer: The quote comes from Mark Toner, the US State Department spokesman.

text: The answer implies that there's only one quote in the article, which isn't true. Toner is quoted multiple times.

refinement: The quotes come from Mark Toner, the US State Department spokesman.

text: "...US State Department spokesman Mark Toner has said..."

question: When was the article written/published?

answer: The article was written on December 1, 2015.

text: There's no publication date in the article.

refinement: The article's publication date isn't known.

answer: Possibly in or after 2014.

text: "...voiced in October 2014 by David Cohen..." This quote implies that the article is published in 2014 at the earliest.

answer: The article was published on November 16, 2015.

text: There's no publication date in the article.

answer: That information can't be found

text: It's possible to guess that the earliest potential publication would be in 2014 because a report from then is mentioned.

question: Is the article fact or opinion?

answer: The article is opinion.

text: The article quotes several officials to report on events. It's factual.

answer: It is a fact-based article.

text: The article quotes an official source.

answer: The article is presented as fact, based on statements from US officials.

answer: Fact

text: The article quotes an official.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: Despite US efforts to cut off Islamic State's funding, the terrorist group remains well-funded, with oil trade being one of its main sources of income. The US has recently begun targeting IS oil convoys, but it is unclear why this decision was made only recently.

text: Cut off funding: "Washington says it is Syrian President Assad’s regime that has undermined US efforts to cut off Islamic State’s funding."

text: Remains well-funded: "Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) remains well-funded"

text: Oil income: "The US considers taking out Islamic State’s sources of funding – primarily oil and gas – as well as its infrastructure as key"

text: Late convoy strikes: "According to Chichakyan, the spokesman could not offer any explanation as to why strikes targeting IS’ oil convoys have only just begun."

answer: The US is still working on curbing Syria’s oil transit routes to Turkey. The US-led coalition has reportedly said that it is wary of alienating local populations by bombing fuel now critical for their daily lives.

text: The article's main topic should be stated clearly.

refinement: The US efforts to curb the Islamic State's funding are progressing slowly due to Syrian President Assad, says the US officials. The US is still working on curbing Syria’s oil transit routes to Turkey. The US-led coalition has reportedly said that it is wary of alienating local populations by bombing fuel now critical for their daily lives.

text: It should be noted that the wariness is expressed after mentioning the strikes on oil convoys were late.

refinement: The US efforts to curb the Islamic State's funding are progressing slowly due to Syrian President Assad, says the US officials. The US is still working on curbing Syria’s oil transit routes to Turkey. The NYT reported on an airstrike that destroyed at least 116 trucks used by the Islamic State to transport crude oil, but the officials didn't offer an explanation as to why the strikes have only just begun. The US-led coalition has reportedly said that it is wary of alienating local populations by bombing fuel now critical for their daily lives.

text: Routes to Turkey: "However, though over a year has passed since the Treasury evaluated IS assets, the US is still working on curbing Syria’s oil transit routes to Turkey."

text: Wariness: "wary of alienating local populations by bombing fuel now critical for their daily lives."

answer: The article covers efforts to strangle ISIS funding. Syrian President Assad's regime has undermined the efforts of the US to cut off the Islamic State's funding. ISIS  (Islamic State) remains well-funded despite the coalition's efforts to strangle their access to foreign markets. The US State Department spokesperson, Mark Toner suggests that the US has considered taking out the Islamic State's source of funding, which is primarily oil and gas. Further investigation reveals speculation that the US-led coalition has been reluctant to target the oil and gas trade routes because doing so would alienate the local populations reliant on the gas.

text: Instead of the sentence starting with "ISIS..." The reported airstrike should be mentioned while noting that it was later than expected. It should be the second to last sentence.

refinement: The article covers efforts to strangle ISIS funding. Syrian President Assad's regime has undermined the efforts of the US to cut off the Islamic State's funding. The US State Department spokesperson, Mark Toner suggests that the US has considered taking out the Islamic State's source of funding, which is primarily oil and gas. The NYT reported on an airstrike that destroyed more than 116 Islamic State trucks carrying crude oil, but it's not known why the airstrikes have only begun recently. Further investigation reveals speculation that the US-led coalition has been reluctant to target the oil and gas trade routes because doing so would alienate the local populations reliant on the gas.

text: Cut off funding: "Washington says it is Syrian President Assad’s regime that has undermined US efforts to cut off Islamic State’s funding."

text: Remains well-funded: "Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) remains well-funded"

text: Oil income: "The US considers taking out Islamic State’s sources of funding – primarily oil and gas – as well as its infrastructure as key"

text: Blaming Assad: "Washington says it is Syrian President Assad’s regime that has undermined US efforts to cut off Islamic State’s funding."

answer: The US is blaming Syrian President Assad for undermining US efforts to cut off Islamic State's funding. The terrorists remain well-heeled due to crude oil trade the sources of which the West studied in detail over a year ago. The US considers taking out Islamic State's sources of funding - primarily oil and gas - as well as its infrastructure as key "in waging a successful campaign against ISIL." The US is still working on curbing Syria's oil transit routes to Turkey. The US-led coalition has reportedly said that it is "wary of alienating local populations by bombing fuel now critical for their daily lives."

text: Instead of the sentence about transit routes to Turkey, the reported airstrike should be mentioned while noting that it was later than expected. It should be the second to last sentence.

refinement: The US is blaming Syrian President Assad for undermining US efforts to cut off Islamic State's funding. The terrorists remain well-heeled due to crude oil trade the sources of which the West studied in detail over a year ago. The US considers taking out Islamic State's sources of funding - primarily oil and gas - as well as its infrastructure as key "in waging a successful campaign against ISIL." The NYT reported on an airstrike that destroyed more than 116 Islamic State trucks carrying crude oil, but it's not known why the airstrikes have only begun recently. The US-led coalition has reportedly said that it is "wary of alienating local populations by bombing fuel now critical for their daily lives."

text: Missing "the".

refinement: The US is blaming Syrian President Assad for undermining US efforts to cut off Islamic State's funding. The terrorists remain well-heeled due to crude oil trade the sources of which the West studied in detail over a year ago. The US considers taking out the Islamic State's sources of funding - primarily oil and gas - as well as its infrastructure as key "in waging a successful campaign against ISIL." The NYT reported on an airstrike that destroyed more than 116 Islamic State trucks carrying crude oil, but it's not known why the airstrikes have only begun recently. The US-led coalition has reportedly said that it is "wary of alienating local populations by bombing fuel now critical for their daily lives."

text: Cut off funding: "Washington says it is Syrian President Assad’s regime that has undermined US efforts to cut off Islamic State’s funding."

text: Remains well-funded: "Islamic State (IS, formerly ISIS/ISIL) remains well-funded"

text: Oil income: "The US considers taking out Islamic State’s sources of funding – primarily oil and gas – as well as its infrastructure as key"

text: Blaming Assad: "Washington says it is Syrian President Assad’s regime that has undermined US efforts to cut off Islamic State’s funding."


text:
LAGUNA BLANCA is an ecological and tourist location of Paraguay that comprehends an agricultural and cattle establishment, with a lake that is settled over calcareous sand, fact that makes the water completely transparent and apt for diving.

Location

It is located in San Pedro Department, in the district Santa Rosa del Aguaray, about 28 kilometers east of the city of the same name.

Description

The surface of the lake is about 147 hectares. It is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country, because it does not have a thermostatic stratification, a depth of more than 7 meters or a source of its own. Because the lake is mostly spring-fed (the stream near the resort flows out, not in) its water is pure and drinkable without treatment.

There are private properties and a state reserve next to the lake. The private properties dedicate to agricultural and cattle activities. The state reserve, initially with a surface of 70 hectares, was occupied by rurals and even sold in parts to businessman of the region, so there is left just a small part of the surface that limits with the lake now.

[]

Ecological importance

It has been determined as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay, with IDEA, Instituto de Desarrollo y Economía Ambiental) as its sponsor. It would be the second natural resource in obtaining this declaration: the first one was the Jejuí River.

This is one of the most studied places by national modern ornithology, due to the presence of great variety of native species of birds. Until this moment have been registered 283 species in Laguna Blanca, which constitutes one of the most representative places of the ecosystem called Cerrado in Paraguay. It is only comparable with San Luis National Park and the Mbaracayú Forest Natural Reserve. The Cerrado in Laguna Blanca is excellent; the remaining forest is relatively speaking still complete and includes a good number of water sources.

For a more complete list of birds and a bit of information about the resort:[1]

About the fish species, there are fishes of small size such as pirañas, tare’yi and a variety of small piky.

According to the Mines and Energy Ministry of Paraguay, as well as the Environment Secretary, the entire area around the lake is area of reload of the Guaraní Aquifer, because the permeable soil allows filtering and feed the water reserve of this aquifer with the rain waters.

A Quick Ecological Evaluation was made of the place, concerning the age and kind of soil in the place, and also the fauna and flora, which are very interesting, with species such as the mboi yaguá (eunecters murinus) and drosera (a carnivorous plant). This study is in hands of the Natural Land Trust, entity that is working in the technical justification for the declaration of private reserve.

In addition, the organization Para la Tierra houses science interns who study the ecology of the region, particularly the animals. Contact them for further details.

Tourism

[Kayac en el muelle] In Laguna Blanca Ranch, property of Duarte family since 1997, rural tourism started to develop. The Laguna Blanca Ranch has been a member of APATUR (Asociación Paraguaya de Turismo Rural) since its foundation and develops interesting activities for tourists. Nowadays Laguna Blanca in the process of being declared a Private Natural Reserve with the support of nongovernmental organizations, the Paraguayan Network of Private Land Preservation, the special support of IDEA, Natural Land Trust and Guyrá Paraguay.

The publishing of the discoveries made in this beautiful place in Paraguay has given it an international status that attracted a great number of scientists and tourists in the latest years. The place has been declared internationally “Important Bird Area”, and assigned the code PY030 Laguna Blanca. The IBA’s international program is created by Birdlife International, a lieder organization in the world in the knowledge of birds and their preservation. Guyra Paraguay is their representing in Paraguay.

Activities for the visitors

There are many activities for visitors. Both camping sites and inns are available. Activities include outings, sports such as beach volleyball and soccer, horse rides, sailing boats and kayaks, underwater swimming, fishing, photographic safari, nautical sports and a stroll in the dunes.

Only activities that would not endanger the natural environment are allowed to be practiced and the activities that require specific professional guidance have to be booked previously.

Services

[Transparent water of Laguna Blanca] The place has a camping area with capacity for about 40 families, besides rustic inns that offer breakfast, lunch and dinner, with special emphasis in Paraguayan traditional foods.

Longer-term stays for science interns and volunteers can be arranged at Para la Tierra.

How to get to Laguna Blanca

The Laguna Blanca Ranch is in the northeast side of the San Pedro Department. From Asunción, the access is taking the North Access Route towards Arroyos y Esteros, then taking Route No. 3 and following until the crossroad Santa Rosa del Aguaray (270 kilometers from Asunción) and from there taking a 27 kilometers long pebbled road towards East. In dry weather the trip can be made in car; otherwise it should be made in high-clearance vehicles. There are also buses that go from Asunción to San Pedro or Pedro Juan Caballero that can take to Laguna Blanca, reaching Santa Rosa take another bus that goes to Santa Bárara (this bus is not of much circulation and it is not recommended to go on bus to the Ranch if had been done previously).

[1] http://www.birdingsiteguide.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=42&Itemid=54

title: Laguna Blanca (Paraguay)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the importance of Laguna Blanca in Paraguay?

answer: Laguna Blanca was designated as an Area of Life Protection on the National System of Protected Wild Areas. Then it became a state reserve in 1996. Now, it is in the process of being declared a Natural Heritage of Paraguay by a sponsorship of the Idea, Instituto De Desarrollo Y Economía Ambiental. The whole area around the lake is useful for storing aquifer water. it not only has the 283 species of birds but also a carnivore plant, the drosera.

text: Rather than attempt a translation, the answer can simply copy from the text.

refinement: Laguna Blanca was designated as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas. Then it became a state reserve in 1996. Now, it is in the process of being declared a Natural Heritage of Paraguay by a sponsorship of the Idea, Instituto De Desarrollo Y Economía Ambiental. The whole area around the lake is useful for storing aquifer water. it not only has the 283 species of birds but also a carnivore plant, the drosera.

text: The line about Laguna Blance becoming a state reserve is unattested.

refinement: Laguna Blanca was designated as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas. Now, it is in the process of being declared a Natural Heritage of Paraguay by a sponsorship of the Idea, Instituto De Desarrollo Y Economía Ambiental. The whole area around the lake is useful for storing aquifer water. it not only has the 283 species of birds but also a carnivore plant, the drosera.

text: The line about aquifers is difficult to compregend in the source text and should be omitted.

refinement: Laguna Blanca was designated as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas. Now, it is in the process of being declared a Natural Heritage of Paraguay by a sponsorship of the Idea, Instituto De Desarrollo Y Economía Ambiental. it not only has the 283 species of birds but also a carnivore plant, the drosera.

text: The phrasing of the last sentence could be clearer.

refinement: Laguna Blanca was designated as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas. Now, it is in the process of being declared a Natural Heritage of Paraguay by a sponsorship of the Idea, Instituto De Desarrollo Y Economía Ambiental. It is home to not only 283 species of birds but also a carnivore plant, the drosera.

answer: Laguna Blanca was designated as an Area of Life Protection on the National System of Protected Wild Areas. Then it became a state reserve in 1996. Before that, as of January 2018, it was in the process of being declared a Natural Heritage of Paraguay by a sponsorship of the Idea, Instituto De Desarrollo Y Economía Ambiental. The whole area around the lake is useful for storing aquifer water. it not only has the 283 species of birds but also a carnivore plant, the drosera.

answer: Laguna Blanca is an ecological and tourist location in Paraguay. It is one of the most studied places by national modern ornithology, due to the presence of great variety of native species of birds. It is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country, because it does not have a thermostatic stratification, a depth of more than 7 meters, or a source of its own. It is also considered as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay.

answer: Laguna Blanca is one of Paraguay's most important ecological locations. The area around it is being declared as a private natural reserve. The name of the reserve will be "Natural Patrimony of Paraguay". Laguna Blanca has some of the best bird species in the country. The Museo Regional del Litoral Norte in Arroyos y Esteros has declared Laguna Blanca a site that is important for birdwatchers.

text: The last line is unattested.

refinement: Laguna Blanca is one of Paraguay's most important ecological locations. The area around it is being declared as a private natural reserve. The name of the reserve will be "Natural Patrimony of Paraguay". Laguna Blanca has some of the best bird species in the country.

text: The line about Natural Patrimony is incorrect.

refinement: Laguna Blanca is one of Paraguay's most important ecological locations. The area around it is being declared as a private natural reserve. It is in the process of being declared natural Patrimony of Paraguay. Laguna Blanca has some of the best bird species in the country.

text: The answer should mention SINASIP.

refinement: Laguna Blanca is one of Paraguay's most important ecological locations. The area around it is being declared as a private natural reserve. It is in the process of being declared natural Patrimony of Paraguay. It has also been determined a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas. Laguna Blanca has some of the best bird species in the country.

text: The line about the bird species is not quite accurate either.

refinement: Laguna Blanca is one of Paraguay's most important ecological locations. The area around it is being declared as a private natural reserve. It is in the process of being declared natural Patrimony of Paraguay. It has also been determined a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas. Laguna Blanca is also home to at least 283 species of bird.

answer:
Laguna Blanca is one of Paraguay's most important ecological locations, so much so that it has been declared the only natural lake in Paraguay by environmentalists. The area around it is being declared as a private natural reserve. The name of the reserve will be "Natural Patrimony of Paraguay". Laguna Blanca has some of the best bird species in the country, so much so that specialists believe it to be important for bird watchers.
It is also an ecological and tourism location. The protected area is becoming larger, so that it can be declared a protected area that would cause its development opportunities to be limited, which will mean fewer such protected areas getting established.

answer: Laguna Blanca is an ecological and tourist location in Paraguay. It is one of the most studied places by national modern ornithology, due to the presence of great variety of native species of birds. It is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country, because it does not have a thermostatic stratification, a depth of more than 7 meters, or a source of its own. It is also considered as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay. It is one of the most studied places by national modern ornithology, due to the presence of great variety of native species of birds.

answer:
Laguna Blanca is an ecological and tourist location that is being considered as a Natural Patrimony of Paraguay. It has been determined as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay, with IDEA, Instituto de Desarrollo y Economía Ambiental) as its sponsor. It would be the second natural resource in obtaining this declaration: the first one was the Jejuí River.

Laguna Blanca is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country. It is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country. The lake is mostly spring-fed (the stream near the resort flows out, not in) its water is pure and drinkable without treatment.

There are private properties and a state reserve next to the lake. The private properties dedicate to agricultural and cattle activities. The state reserve, initially with a surface of 70 hectares, was occupied by rurals and even sold in parts to businessman of the region, so there is left just a small part of the surface that limits with the lake now.

The place has been declared internationally “Important Bird Area”, and assigned the code PY030 Laguna Blanca. The IBA’s international program is created by Birdlife International, a lieder organization in the world in the knowledge of birds and their preservation. Guyra Paraguay is their representing in Paraguay.

text: Redundant to mention the Natural Patrimony of Paraguay twice.

refinement:
Laguna Blanca is an ecological and tourist location. It has been determined as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay, with IDEA, Instituto de Desarrollo y Economía Ambiental) as its sponsor. It would be the second natural resource in obtaining this declaration: the first one was the Jejuí River.

Laguna Blanca is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country. It is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country. The lake is mostly spring-fed (the stream near the resort flows out, not in) its water is pure and drinkable without treatment.

There are private properties and a state reserve next to the lake. The private properties dedicate to agricultural and cattle activities. The state reserve, initially with a surface of 70 hectares, was occupied by rurals and even sold in parts to businessman of the region, so there is left just a small part of the surface that limits with the lake now.

The place has been declared internationally “Important Bird Area”, and assigned the code PY030 Laguna Blanca. The IBA’s international program is created by Birdlife International, a lieder organization in the world in the knowledge of birds and their preservation. Guyra Paraguay is their representing in Paraguay.

text: The answer doesn't need to mention Jejui River.

refinement:
Laguna Blanca is an ecological and tourist location. It has been determined as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay, with IDEA, Instituto de Desarrollo y Economía Ambiental) as its sponsor.

Laguna Blanca is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country. It is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country. The lake is mostly spring-fed (the stream near the resort flows out, not in) its water is pure and drinkable without treatment.

There are private properties and a state reserve next to the lake. The private properties dedicate to agricultural and cattle activities. The state reserve, initially with a surface of 70 hectares, was occupied by rurals and even sold in parts to businessman of the region, so there is left just a small part of the surface that limits with the lake now.

The place has been declared internationally “Important Bird Area”, and assigned the code PY030 Laguna Blanca. The IBA’s international program is created by Birdlife International, a lieder organization in the world in the knowledge of birds and their preservation. Guyra Paraguay is their representing in Paraguay.

text: The details about the natural lake could be trimmed to just the first sentence.

refinement:
Laguna Blanca is an ecological and tourist location. It has been determined as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay, with IDEA, Instituto de Desarrollo y Economía Ambiental) as its sponsor.

Laguna Blanca is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country.

There are private properties and a state reserve next to the lake. The private properties dedicate to agricultural and cattle activities. The state reserve, initially with a surface of 70 hectares, was occupied by rurals and even sold in parts to businessman of the region, so there is left just a small part of the surface that limits with the lake now.

The place has been declared internationally “Important Bird Area”, and assigned the code PY030 Laguna Blanca. The IBA’s international program is created by Birdlife International, a lieder organization in the world in the knowledge of birds and their preservation. Guyra Paraguay is their representing in Paraguay.

text: The paragraph about private properties is not needed.

refinement:
Laguna Blanca is an ecological and tourist location. It has been determined as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay, with IDEA, Instituto de Desarrollo y Economía Ambiental) as its sponsor.

Laguna Blanca is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country.

The place has been declared internationally “Important Bird Area”, and assigned the code PY030 Laguna Blanca. The IBA’s international program is created by Birdlife International, a lieder organization in the world in the knowledge of birds and their preservation. Guyra Paraguay is their representing in Paraguay.

text: Much of the last paragraph is unnecessary.

refinement:
Laguna Blanca is an ecological and tourist location. It has been determined as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay, with IDEA, Instituto de Desarrollo y Economía Ambiental) as its sponsor.

Laguna Blanca is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country.

The place has been declared internationally “Important Bird Area”, and assigned the code PY030 Laguna Blanca.

answer:
Laguna Blanca is an ecological and tourist location that is being considered as a Natural Patrimony of Paraguay. It has been determined as a priority area for conservation in the Plan Estratégico del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas (SINASIP) (Law 352/94). Nowadays it is in process of being declared Natural Patrimony of Paraguay, with IDEA, Instituto de Desarrollo y Economía Ambiental) as its sponsor. It would be the second natural resource in obtaining this declaration: the first one was the Jejuí River.

Laguna Blanca is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country. It is considered by specialists to be the only natural lake of the country. The lake is mostly spring-fed (the stream near the resort flows out, not in) its water is pure and drinkable without treatment.

There are private properties and a state reserve next to the lake. The private properties dedicate to agricultural and cattle activities. The state reserve, initially with a surface of 70 hectares, was occupied by rurals and even sold in parts to businessman of the region, so there is left just a small part of the surface that limits with the lake now.

The place has been declared internationally “Important Bird Area”, and assigned the code PY030 Laguna Blanca. The IBA’s international program is created by Birdlife International, a lied


text:
JOYCE “FENDERELLA” IRBY is an American singer, songwriter, bass guitarist and producer. She was the co-lead vocalist of the all-female band Klymaxx. Irby has also worked with artists such as Lloyd, Troop, Sammie, The SOS Band and Shalamar.[1][2]

Career

Irby in her teenage years, used to stand outside concert arenas in the south with her bass around her neck, playing on the loading ramp. There she was first noticed by George Clinton. He used to make her sit with him after concerts, encouraged her by listening to her play.[3]

Solo Artist

She originally signed on with George Clinton's P-Funk crew as “Fenderella”. In 1989, she scored a solo deal with Motown Records and had 3 charted Billboard singles, most notable “Mr. DJ” with Doug E. Fresh which peaked at #2.

Irby relocated from Los Angeles to Atlanta in the late 1980s and since 1986 began attempting to engineer the rise of Atlanta as an urban music center by soliciting major record labels and producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and L.A. Reid & Babyface to form regional offices in the Atlanta area.

Klymaxx

Dick Griffey, president of Solar Records, saw Irby perform at Loading Ramp and he asked Leon Sylvers, the producer, if he could contact her. They were in search of a female bass player for their new group Klymaxx.

Jimmy Jam heard her singing while he was playing piano in the studio with the girls which led her to the opportunity to lead Klymaxx songs. She was the lead singer on 3 of Klymaxx’s 4 biggest records, including their biggest hit “I Miss You.” She also penned and recorded the group’s first hit, “The Men All Pause."

Diva One Productions

Irby relocated to Atlanta where she founded Diva One Productions,a production and publishing company. She signed a 16-year-old writer/producer, Dallas Austin. Her greater impact may have been the result of her signing a young Dallas Austin as a songwriter and producer in 1988. Dallas produced the first TLC and Boyz II Men projects while still signed to Irby's company Diva One Entertainment.

As an artist developer she signed child star Sammie Bush, and made a deal with Dallas and Capitol Records which launched Sammie's career when he was 12 years old. Irby also signed Lloyd (The Inc) as an 11-year-old and developed and guided his career through four major record deals (Warner, DreamWorks, Magic Johnson Music/MCA, The Inc/Universal). Irby gave multi platinum writer/producer Jasper Cameron his first songwriting deal. In 2012 Irby scored a top 5 Billboard hit as a co-writer with the Fat Joe/Chris Brown song, “Another Round”.

Joyce had early success as a writer/producer with Klymaxx, Shalamar, The Boys, Braxtons, Ricca, Sammie, Lloyd, and Carrie Lucas & Troop.

Honors and awards

Irby won an ASCAP songwriter award in 2012 for co-penning one of the most played Urban records in the US, a top 5 single, “Another Round”, by Fat Joe, Chris Brown, & Mary J Blige.

Personal life

An avid animal lover, Irby started her own charity “Jams For Animals”, to raise consciousness and promote kindness to animals through music and video.[4]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Joyce Irby

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize what the text says about Joyce Irby's career and rise to fame.

answer: Joyce Irby's rise to fame started when she was first noticed by George Clinton when she used to stand outside concerts, playing her bass guitar. George Clinton would make her sit with him after concerts, encouraging her to play. Joyce then signed on with George Clinton's P-Funk crew and later scored a solo deal with Motown Records. She had early success as a writer and producer for multiple bands and won many awards along the way.

answer: Joyce Irby originally signed on with George Clinton's P-Funk crew and had 3 charted Billboard singles. After moving to Atlanta in the late 1980s, Irby began to engineer the rise of Atlanta as an urban music center by soliciting major record labels and producers. This led her to the opportunity to lead Klymaxx songs, which included writing and recording the group's first hit, "The Men All Pause." Irby also signed Lloyd and developed and guided his career. In addition to these achievements, Irby won an ASCAP songwriter award in 2012 for co-penning one of the most played Urban records, "Another Round" by Fat Joe, Chris Brown, and Mary J Blige. Overall, the text explains that Irby has had a successful career as both a songwriter and producer.

answer: Joyce "Fenderella" Irby has worked with a variety of musicians in her career as a singer, songwriter, and bass guitarist. She first found success with George Clinton and the band Klymaxx. As an artist developer, Irby signed child star Sammie Bush and developed Lloyd's career. She won an ASCAP songwriter award for co-writing the hit song "Another Round" with Fat Joe, Chris Brown, and Mary J Blige.

answer: Irby used to stand outside concert arenas in the south with her bass around her neck and played everywhere. George Clinton (producer) noticed her, became friends with her and encouraged her to play in major gigs. Irby became the lead singer of the Klymaxx, which was the all-female band. Since then Irby's career had been rising and so was her fame.

text: Grammatical errors

refinement: Irby used to stand outside concert arenas in the south with her bass around her neck and played everywhere. George Clinton (producer) noticed her, became friends with her and encouraged her to play in major gigs. Irby became the lead singer of the Klymaxx, which was the all-female band. Since then Irby's popularity has been on the rise and so has her fame.

text: She played on the loading ramp.

refinement: Irby used to stand outside concert arenas in the south with her bass around her neck and played on the loading ramps. George Clinton (producer) noticed her, became friends with her and encouraged her to play in major gigs. Irby became the lead singer of the Klymaxx, which was the all-female band. Since then Irby's popularity has been on the rise and so has her fame.

answer: Joyce Irby was first noticed by George Clinton when she was a teenager. George encouraged her to keep playing and influenced her decision to found Diva One Productions in Atlanta. She signed a contract with Motown Records and scored three Billboard hits. When she relocated to Atlanta, she began recruiting Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis. Together, they formed regional offices for Atlanta. Her biggest success has been Dallas Austin, a producer who she signed when he was sixteen. At that time, Austin co-wrote a top 5 Billboard hit.


text:
There was a glitter in her eyes.  Whether it was the tumult of emotions and attraction in those emerald oceans or the calculated, callous expression of a mercenary succubus, it made no difference to Mark.  This is because Mark was smitten.  It had been weeks—enough weeks to start counting them as months—since he had kissed a girl.  Longer, still, if he went as far back as to think of his last bedroom encounter.

Encounter, however, is the apt word as his last time was with a prostitute.  Consumed by the specific loneliness of lying on a never-christened mattress while watching glowing snowflakes through a frosted window, Mark willed his pencil legs out of bed and into a pair of discarded jeans and went off to the west side of town.  It wasn’t long before he found a girl on the street, fumbled through the approach, and brought her back.  She laughed all the way.  A few times in that fake way, calling him “baby” and “Daddy”, but then a few honest laughs at the meekness of this customer who knew only how to be kind and not how to be attractive.  She didn’t even charge him, feeling that she had done a public service for a good but unlucky man.  Then she went back out to the curb to dip her head under a half-dozen dashboards before dawn and Mark showered for three hours.

But, tonight, at this bar, the green eyes of one Telulah Lawson glittered in front of Mark.  Despite Telulah’s name, she was as white as paste.  The awkward combination of this girl plus this name is as awkward as the giver of the name plus why it was given. “Telulah” was a premonition that wormed its way into the acid-washed ex-hippie brain of her now-institutionalized mother, given to her “as a sign” (her mother’s words) as Telulah crowned.  Her mother, unashamedly, had both an extraordinary orgasm and a resurgent acid peak at that expulsive moment, diving back into her memory of her daughter’s conception nine months earlier: the Grateful Dead had given their fans the best show ever, even better than the last, and surely to only be the best until the next hit of acid at the next mossy field where the rock and roll gypsies and their coven bumbled to.  Telulah’s mother had found her star mate in a man whose name he didn’t even know—he changed it every few months to reflect his new zodiac that he should have been born under—and it wasn’t long before Telulah Rainchild Persephone Lawson screamed her way into her tripping mother’s arms.

Fast forward a few decades, give or take some years in change, and she sat at a bar in front of Mark Reeter, an account manager at a local credit union whose job was handled so adeptly by a computer that he was an avid poster on a paper airplane forum for under-worked office professionals.  His skill at folding just the right glider to hit anywhere in his office was unparalleled in three states, not that anyone would dispute it.

Earlier that night, he found himself lying again on that pristine mattress, again looking out that frosted window, and again recollecting his pity prostitute.  So, he again willed his pencil legs into a pair of discarded jeans, but this time, those jeans marched to a local bar to prove to himself he could do better than to go driving around looking for her again.  Not that he’d thought about it, nope, especially not while trying to make a plane that did two flips before wedging itself between the file cabinet and the wall.  And, upon going to this bar and downing three of those juniper truth sauces, it was then that he was not served a fourth gin, but a vodka and club soda.

The bartender shrugged at the wrong order, quipping that “someone ordered it”, and Mark found it his off-balance mission to get this unknown drink-less soul their libation.  Luckily, it was a pasty-white girl with an odd name sitting equally alone at the same bar.

Her reasons for sitting there that night, however, dip more into the excess of human contact than Mark’s lack.  She had recently found herself unknowingly in a love triangle with a pair of twins.  She knew that they were twins, as it always was a point of conversation on their date nights.  They double dated frequently and the other twin brought in a rotating cast of women, ranging from exotics to necrotics.  Telulah’s chosen twin, Samuel, often made it known to his foil, Sander, that he needed to find a good girl like Telulah, at which point a good laugh was always shared.

One of these double dates began right after Samuel and Telulah had ended another one of their shower romps.  The combination of steam, the smells of fragrant shampoos, and watching the water run down Samuel’s body always tended to lead to these events, but this particular time ended not with their usual sighs and tight grips as her body tingled and the sound of the water filled Telulah’s mind, but as Samuel bled.  She had grabbed onto the shower curtain while Samuel was behind her and the rod came out of the wall with a tremendous splatter of plaster and ripped down Samuel’s cheek.  He was quick to shrug it off and wear it bravely, but she had lost her nerve of things, so they got out and prepared for yet another one of Sander’s double dates.

That night’s guest star was barely above the drinking age, which made things very quickly become fun—with increasingly oddly named shots being delivered—and then very quickly become ugly, as the girl exploded into theatrics on the street corner, punched Sander with a roll of quarters from her purse, and stormed off.  The ensuing emergency room visit made two things clear: Samuel's nose was broken.

While both men followed her out—one pleading with a scabbed cheek and the other an owl set of black eyes, both professing love to her —it became necessary for her to have another drink.

And upon Mark’s moment of charity and honesty, Telulah’s eyes sparkled.  And, eventually, Mark christened that mattress.  Lying in bed after, with the sounds of Jerry Garcia filling Mark’s room and their nude limbs betwixt, Telulah made a perfect paper airplane out of their bar tab receipt and got it—hole in one—between Mark’s wall and shelf.  So he kissed her again.

title: An Orphan Drink [1065]

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What made the prostitute sleep with Mark without charging him any fees?

answer: She came to the conclusion that she had done a favor for a man who deserved it.

answer: He seemed very meek.

text: "He seemed very meek" - this is incorrect. She didn't charge Mark because he was kind to her and she felt that she was doing public service for a good but unlucky man.

refinement: He seemed very meek. She didn't charge Mark because he was kind to her and she felt that she was doing public service for a good but unlucky man.

answer: She didn't want to take advantage of Mark

text: The response lacks the real reason the prostitute didn't charge Mark.

refinement: She didn't want to take advantage of Mark because he was kind to her and she felt that she was doing public service for a good but unlucky man.

answer: Asked and answered in the text in the second paragraph.

text: The response failed to answer the question and needs to be rewritten.

refinement: She didn't charge Mark because he was kind to her and she felt that she was doing public service for a good but unlucky man.

answer: He seemed very meek and neglected due to his loneliness and desperation.