text:
ZTERM is a shareware terminal emulator for Macintosh operating system. It was introduced in 1992 for System 7 and has been updated to run on macOS. Its name comes from its use of the ZModem file transfer protocol, which ZTerm implemented in a particularly high-performance package. In contrast to the built-in macOS Terminal app, which only communicates with other programs, ZTerm only communicates with hardware serial ports.

Description

When it was first introduced in 1992, ZTerm was one of the highest performing terminal emulators on the Mac, both in terms of basic text display as well as file transfer performance. ZTerm was widely regarded as the best terminal program on the Mac.[1][2][3]

Its hardware support included carrier detect (CD), hardware hangup (DTR) and hardware flow control, as well as speeds up to 119,200 bit/s on those machines that supported it. These features were not universally supported in Mac hardware, so many terminal emulators simply didn't bother to implement them at all. Even if these speeds were offered, most emulators of the era were so slow that they had trouble keeping up with faster modems, especially 9600 bit/s and faster.[4]

ZTerm supported one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac, including a full implementation of ZModem, YModem, YModem-G, almost all of the common varieties of XModem with different packet sizes and error correction methods,[5] and even the rare but useful B protocol (CIS-B) for use on Compuserve. ZTerm also supported auto-starting transfers from ZModem and CIS-B, where commands from the host triggered transfers from the client.

Additionally, ZTerm included a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes, including color. This made it one of the few terminals on the Mac that properly displayed ASCII art, and allowed full interaction with PC-based bulletin board systems (BBS) that used these features extensively. ZTerm added the ability to use the mouse to position the cursor, sending the correct stream of ANSI codes to move it from the current to the clicked location.

Finally, ZTerm included a 10-verb built-in scripting language that allowed it to automate basic tasks. In addition to be able to run these manually, when a service was dialed using an entry in the editable Dial menu, ZTerm would look for a script with the same name and run it automatically.[6]

Versions

The first public version of ZTerm was 0.9, which was released in 1992. Two major versions followed; 1.0 of April1994 was a major release that added 16-color ANSI support instead of 8-color, user-selected fonts including Shift JIS support, Kermit protocol support, and auto-opening of downloaded files. The later was useful when used with offline mail readers like Blue Wave. Version 1.0.1, released in October 1995, was mostly a bug-fix release.[7]

By the time that macOS was being released around 2002, the BBS world had largely disappeared. However, a number of devices (including some routers and lab equipment) still use serial ports to communicate, typically for diagnostic and debugging purposes. On 19 April 2001, Alverson released version 1.1b4 that ran on Mac OS X 10.0, Mac OS 8.6 and Mac OS 9 using Carbon.[8] Later a “Classic” version was released that did not require Carbon, allowing it to run on older machines that could not support Mac OS 8 or Mac OS 9. On 18 July 2011, Alverson released a Universal Binary version 1.2 that runs on Mac OS X 10.4 through Mac OS X 10.14. Because this version is not 64-bit, however, ZTerm will not run on Mac OS X 10.15 and above.

On modern machines without built-in serial ports, ZTerm can identify and use a wide variety of USB-based serial devices.[9] The list of supported hardware includes the standard Macintosh serial ports and Geoport on pre-PowerPC G3 CPU PowerPC Macintosh computers, the built-in Apple internal modem slot and the USB ports on PowerPC G3, PowerPC G4, PowerPC G5 and Intel-based Macintosh computers, and can be configured to work with adapters (including various USB port to serial port adaptors - such as those made by Keyspan,[10] and Apple internal modem slot to serial port adaptors - like the Stealth Serial Port[11] and the now discontinued Griffin Technology gPort, under OS X), giving it a unique use for BBSers and hardware tinkerers.

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title: ZTerm

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What made ZTerm such an advanced terminal emulator for Macintosh in the 90s?

answer: While many others programs only communicated with other programs, ZTerm could communicate with only hardware serial ports.

text: Zterm being one of the only programs that communicated with only hardware serial ports does not necessarily answer why Zterm is the most advanced terminal emulator.

text: This answer is empty.

refinement: ZTerm was considered one of the highest performing terminal emulators on the Mac due to its support of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac, and its advanced hardware support, like CD, DTR, and flow control. Zterm was able to keep up with faster modems unlike other emulators of the era with speeds up to 119,200/bit/s. ZTerm  had a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes also. Finally, the inclusion of a scripting language made it easy to automate commonly repeated tasks.

answer: ZTerm is a shareware terminal emulator introduced in 1992 to run on macOS. It implemented a high-performance file transfer protocol as well as support hardware control flow going up to 119,200/bit/s which was rare at the time as most fast modems were using 9600 bit/s. ZTerm supported different file transfer protocols on Mac and almost all varieties of XModem with different packet sizes. Also, it supported PC graphics and ANSI codes, making it one of the very few terminals to support color.

text: The text doesn't necessarily say that the support hardware control flow has high speeds, that seems unrelated. It would be better to separate those into two separate ideas, that Zterm has support hardware control flow and speeds that go up to 119,200/bit/s.

refinement: ZTerm is a shareware terminal emulator introduced in 1992 to run on macOS. It implemented a high-performance file transfer protocol as well as support hardware control flow and speeds that go up to 119,200/bit/s, which was faster than other emulators. ZTerm supported different file transfer protocols on Mac and almost all varieties of XModem with different packet sizes. Also, it supported PC graphics and ANSI codes, making it one of the very few terminals to support color.

text: Specify that Zterm had one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols, which includes almost all varieties of XModem.

refinement: ZTerm is a shareware terminal emulator introduced in 1992 to run on macOS. It implemented a high-performance file transfer protocol as well as support hardware control flow and speeds that go up to 119,200/bit/s, which was faster than other emulators. ZTerm supported one of the widest variety of file file transfer protocols on Mac, which includes almost all varieties of XModem. Also, it supported PC graphics and ANSI codes, making it one of the very few terminals to support color.

text: Specifiy that "PC graphics" is "a complete PC graphics character set"

refinement: ZTerm is a shareware terminal emulator introduced in 1992 to run on macOS. It implemented a high-performance file transfer protocol as well as support hardware control flow and speeds that go up to 119,200/bit/s, which was faster than other emulators. ZTerm supported one of the widest variety of file file transfer protocols on Mac, which includes almost all varieties of XModem. Also, it supported a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI codes, making it one of the very few terminals to support color.

text: It's omitted that ZTerm included a 10-verb built-in scripting language that allowed it to automate basic tasks

refinement: ZTerm is a shareware terminal emulator introduced in 1992 to run on macOS. It implemented a high-performance file transfer protocol as well as support hardware control flow and speeds that go up to 119,200/bit/s, which was faster than other emulators. ZTerm supported one of the widest variety of file file transfer protocols on Mac, which includes almost all varieties of XModem. It had a a 10-verb built-in scripting language that allowed it to automate basic tasks. Also, it supported a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI codes, making it one of the very few terminals to support color.

answer: It supported one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac, including a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes, allowing it to support different file transfer protocols, as well as provide a superior high-performance package.

text: These are separate features of Zterm, not necessarily all under the umbrella of the file transfer protocols. They should be separated.

refinement: It supported one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac. It also has a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes, allowing it to support different file transfer protocols, as well as provide a superior high-performance package.

text: The graphics character set and ANSI escape codes don't allow Zterm to support different file transfer protocols. This should be omitted.

refinement: It supported one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac. It also has a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes.

text: It's omitted that its hardware support included carrier detect (CD), hardware hangup (DTR) and hardware flow control, as well as speeds up to 119,200 bit/s on those machines that supported it.

refinement: It supported one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac. It also has a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes. Its hardware support included carrier detect (CD), hardware hangup (DTR) and hardware flow control, as well as speeds up to 119,200 bit/s on those machines that supported it.

text: It's omitted that ZTerm included a 10-verb built-in scripting language that allowed it to automate basic tasks

refinement: It supported one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac. It also has a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes. Its hardware support included carrier detect (CD), hardware hangup (DTR) and hardware flow control, as well as speeds up to 119,200 bit/s on those machines that supported it. ZTerm also included a 10-verb built-in scripting language that allowed it to automate basic tasks.

text: It's omitted that Zterm's speeds were faster than other emulators.

refinement: It supported one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac. It also has a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes. Its hardware support included carrier detect (CD), hardware hangup (DTR) and hardware flow control, as well as speeds up to 119,200 bit/s on those machines that supported it. This was faster than other emulators of the era. ZTerm also included a 10-verb built-in scripting language that allowed it to automate basic tasks.

answer: ZTerm's attention to detail and robust feature set enabled it to achieve the best text display, file transfer performance, character set support, and scripting abilities among terminal emulators on the Mac.

text: This answer is off base. Zterm's characteristics aren't all labeled as the best, but the sum of all the characteristics make Zterm the best.

text: Answer is blank

refinement: It supported one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac. It also has a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes. Its hardware support included carrier detect (CD), hardware hangup (DTR) and hardware flow control, as well as speeds up to 119,200 bit/s on those machines that supported it. This was faster than other emulators of the time. ZTerm also included a 10-verb built-in scripting language that allowed it to automate basic tasks.

answer: ZTerm was considered one of the highest performing terminal emulators on the Mac due to its support of various file transfer protocols and its advanced hardware support, like CD, DTR, and flow control. Other emulators at the time struggled with higher modem speeds, while ZTerm could easily keep up. ZTerm also supported numerous file transfer protocols, enabling it to work well in the BBS scene. Finally, the inclusion of a scripting language made it easy to automate commonly repeated tasks.

text: That Zterm supported numerous file transfer protocols is already stated in the answer. It should be omitted

refinement: ZTerm was considered one of the highest performing terminal emulators on the Mac due to its support of various file transfer protocols and its advanced hardware support, like CD, DTR, and flow control. Other emulators at the time struggled with higher modem speeds, while ZTerm could easily keep up. ZTerm enabling it to work well in the BBS scene. Finally, the inclusion of a scripting language made it easy to automate commonly repeated tasks.

text: It's omitted that it had a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes.

refinement: ZTerm was considered one of the highest performing terminal emulators on the Mac due to its support of various file transfer protocols and its advanced hardware support, like CD, DTR, and flow control. Other emulators at the time struggled with higher modem speeds, while ZTerm could easily keep up. ZTerm  had a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes, enabling it to work well in the BBS scene. Finally, the inclusion of a scripting language made it easy to automate commonly repeated tasks.

text: It's omitted that Zterm supported one of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac.

refinement: ZTerm was considered one of the highest performing terminal emulators on the Mac due to its support of the widest variety of file transfer protocols available on the Mac, and its advanced hardware support, like CD, DTR, and flow control. Other emulators at the time struggled with higher modem speeds, while ZTerm could easily keep up. ZTerm  had a complete PC graphics character set and ANSI escape codes, enabling it to work well in the BBS scene. Finally, the inclusion of a scripting language made it easy to automate commonly repeated tasks.


split: train

text:
_From the FanPosts -Joel_

Over the last day or two, a fan shot by JayhawksNChiefs and a fan post by juvatbull have sought to prove statistically that certain ideas about Alex Smith's play, particularly the comparisons to Matt Cassel, are demonstrably false. I think they proved rather definitively that Smith is a far more efficient quarterback than Cassel, but at the end of his post, juvatbull made the following statement:

  Alex Smith's future looks bright--at least as bright as Joe Flacco's.

Now, this type of statement makes my brow furrow, my eyes squint, and my brain say, "I wonder." After all, I have not been a fan of the trade for Smith. I preferred a simpler, more Maddenesque solution to the problem at quarterback. Andy Reid and John Dorsey did not consult me on this, however, and now we have Alex Smith. But, is he as good as Flacco? That's the question.

My problem with Alex Smith, is primarily that his numbers are inflated by very selective application of his skills in practical situations. In other words, his stats are only as good as they are because Harbaugh used him only in situations that he had a very good chance to be successful. That, if asked to pass more, his efficiency would be significantly worse than they have been over the last two seasons.

So, here was the basis of my meta-analysis of the stats of these two quarterbacks. First, I am only looking at the 24 games encompassing the regular season of 2011 and the first 8 games of 2012. This might make my analysis seem like cherry picking; selective to Smith's best years. As the data will show, though, this doesn't really matter, a point I will come back to later. Regardless, there is enough data from these games to form a basis for comparison.

I then broke down the quarterback ratings by either quarterbacks average number of attempts per game. The idea being, if we compare either players' games by the number of passes they attempted, it will tell us how efficient Alex Smith would be if he had a Joe Flacco work load and vice-versa. So my demarcations are 27 attempts per game and 34 attempts per game, Smith and Flacco's averages respectively.

Here is the result of my analysis (note that ratings for >27 pass attempts also include data from games with >34 pass attempts):

Smith:

Rating in games with <27 attempts: 109.4 (13 games)

Rating in games with >27 attempts: 81.8 (11 games)

Rating in games with >34 attempts: 75.0 (3 games)

Flacco:

Rating in games with <27 attempts: 88.9 (8 games)

Rating in games with >27 attempts: 76.9 (16 games)

Rating in games with >34 attempts: 73.3 (10 games)

Cassel:

Rating in games with <27 attempts: 103.2 (6 games)

Rating in games with >27 attempts: 92.6 (18 games)

Rating in games with >34 attempts: 94.5 (7 games)

From these breakdowns, it's clear that both quarterbacks are more efficient when they have fewer attempts in a game. When they pass more than 34 times in a game, both quarterbacks are significantly less efficient and, I would say, about equal in their relative efficiency at that level. When demarcating games by Smith's average of 27 passes per game, we likewise see greater efficiency as the number of attempts go down, and less efficiency as the numbers go up. Smith as compared to Flacco, is consistently more efficient regardless of the number of attempts, but has a far more precipitous decline when he exceeds his average of 27 passes per game. Flacco, though not as efficient overall, is more steady in his efficiency as his attempts increase.

With these data, I believe my initial belief, that Smith's extraordinary efficiency is a product of a highly-selective coach is true. In another circumstance, particularly one where he is expected to pass more, we would expect him to be significantly less-efficient. However, even in so doing, he would still be at a reasonably average-to-above-average level of efficiency. As such, I think juvatbull's claim that Smith's future is at least as bright as Flacco's is not only reasonable, it may even be understated a bit.

More to the point, though, there lies a significant question that has been asked multiple times since Alex Smith was traded for: Can Alex Smith lead the Chiefs to a Super Bowl? If Flacco can quarterback a Superbowl winning team, why shouldn't Smith also be able?

There were two other arguments against Alex Smith that I will bring up: his 3rd-down conversion percentage, and his performance before Harbaugh. Taking the second first, the reason why I didn't include previous data is I believe a game by game analysis will substantiate the above findings, that Smith's efficiency was hindered by the number of throws he was forced to make. While the assertion of JayhawksNChiefs and juvatbull, that Smith's stats trend up over the course of his career, is absolutely correct, we don't have to defend Smith on the basis of him improving over that time. He wasn't as bad as those stats suggest, even from the beginning, and has improved steadily in his performance over that time. His older numbers were as deflated as his recent numbers are inflated.

As far as the 3rd down efficiency percentage, an article from Inside the 49ers by PressDemocrat.com does a good job of comparing Smith to Flacco. While ostensibly it seems to suggest that Flacco is the much better quarterback on 3rd down, what's important to note about the article, is that it was written a year ago... a year before Joe Flacco both won the Super Bowl and had the _lowest 3rd-down efficiency percentage of his career, ranking 21st in the NFL._

Before I started doing this analysis, I was a doubter. Even now I wouldn't necessarily identify myself as a Smith Fan; not until he starts playing here up to his potential. But, what I have proven to my own satisfaction is that Smith is probably about middle-third NFL quarterback. How he performs this year will be tied to how much he is expected to throw. My prediction is his quarterback rating will be about 100 if he averages 25 attempts per game or less, and will drop by about 15 for every 5 more passes he averages above that. And ultimately, if he remains healthy, he can lead our team to a Super Bowl and win it.

AUTHOR'S EDIT:

I have added some numbers for Matt Cassel for comparison. What is important to note about these stats for Cassel: They are 15 games from Cassel's best season (2010) and 9 games from his second best season (2008). Also important to note is that in these games Cassel was playing in two different systems. The first group he was playing under Todd Haley/Charlie Weis, the second group he was playing under Belichick. All but one of the games he threw over 34 attempts were from the latter group.

Edit #2: just realized I messed the subtitle up.

This is a FanPost and does not necessarily reflect the views of Arrowhead Pride's writers or editors. It does reflect the views of this particular fan though, which is as important as the views of Arrowhead Pride writers or editors.

question: When was the article written?

answer: The article was written a year ago.

text: This is false and not said in the text. The latest date mentioned is 2012, so the article had to have been written after 2012.

refinement: The article was written some time after 2012.

answer: Sometime after 2012

text: Blank response.

answer: Sometime after 2012

question: What sport is the article about?

answer: (American) Football

text: Mentions of "quarterback" and "Superbowl" corroborate this answer.

answer: American football

text: Mentions of "quarterback" and "Superbowl" corroborate this answer.

text: Blank response.

answer: The article is about American football (specifically, quarterbacks).

text: Mentions of "quarterback" and "Superbowl" corroborate this answer.

question: What player is the author focused on?

answer: The author is focused on Alex Smith.

answer: Alex Smith

answer: Alex Smith

answer: Alex Smith

question: What is the author's main problem with Smith?

answer: The author believes Smith's stats are inflated by a selective application of his skills in practical situations.

answer: The author feels that Smith was only used in situations with a high chance of success, inflating his stats

answer: The author's main problem with Smith is that his numbers are inflated by selective application of his skills in practical situations.

answer: The author's main problem with Smith is that his efficiency is inflated because he is only used in situations where he is likely to be successful. If Smith were asked to pass more often, his efficiency would be significantly worse than it is now.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The author criticizes Alex Smith, a football player, by claiming his stats are inflated.

text: It's omitted that the author believes Smith has good efficiency if his passes are low, which could lead the Chiefs to the Super Bowl.

refinement: The author criticizes Alex Smith, a football player, by claiming his stats are inflated, but feels that he could possibly lead the Chiefs to the Superbowl if his passes remain low.

text: Specify that Smith is a quarterback for the Chiefs.

refinement: The author criticizes Alex Smith, a quarterback for the Chiefs, by claiming his stats are inflated, but feels that he could possibly lead the Chiefs to the Superbowl if his passes remain low.

text: Blank response.

refinement: The author criticizes Alex Smith, a quarterback for the Chiefs, by claiming his stats are inflated, but feels that he could possibly lead the Chiefs to the Superbowl if his passes remain low.

answer: The author argues that Alex Smith is a middle-of-the-pack NFL quarterback, and that he could lead the Chiefs to a Super Bowl victory if he is given a limited number of pass attempts.

answer: The author of the post is a fan of the Kansas City Chiefs and is not a fan of the trade for Alex Smith.

text: Answer is wrong. The point of the article is not that the author is a Chiefs fan. Replace this information by including that the author criticizes Smith for inflated stats.

refinement: The author criticizes Alex Smith for inflated stats about his pass efficiency and is not a fan of the trade for Alex Smith.

text: It's more important to include that the author believes with limited passes, Smith could possibly lead the team to the Superbowl.

refinement: The author criticizes Alex Smith for inflated stats about his pass efficiency, but believes Smith could possibly lead the Chiefs to the Superbowl if his passes are limited.

text: Include that Smith is a quarterback for the Chiefs.

refinement: The author criticizes Alex Smith, a quarterback for the Chiefs, for inflated stats about his pass efficiency, but believes Smith could possibly lead the Chiefs to the Superbowl if his passes are limited.


text:
Care

Weill Cornell Medicine faculty and staff put patients first. WCM physicians are among the top in the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies.

Discover

Weill Cornell Medicine researchers work to advance laboratory breakthroughs in common health challenges, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

Teach

Weill Cornell Medicine educational programs are among the most selective in the nation, with unique international partnerships and comprehensive student services.

Exceptional Patient Care is the Heart and Soul of our Mission

Weill Cornell Medicine faculty and staff put patients first. WCM physicians are among the top in the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies.

We Discover Innovative Cures and Treatments

Weill Cornell Medicine researchers work to advance laboratory breakthroughs in common health challenges, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

Training Future Healthcare and Scientific Leaders

Weill Cornell Medicine educational programs are among the most selective in the nation, with unique international partnerships and comprehensive student services.

Our Story

Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery and the education of future physicians in New York City and around the world. Since 1898, our doctors and scientists have been engaged in world-class clinical care and cutting-edge research that connect patients to the latest treatment innovations and prevention strategies. Weill Cornell Medicine's powerful network of collaborators extends to its parent university Cornell University; to Qatar, where Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar offers a Cornell University medical degree; and to programs in Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria and Turkey. Weill Cornell Medicine faculty provide comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens and NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital. Weill Cornell Medicine is also affiliated with Houston Methodist.

Read Our Story

-   Diversity
-   Global Health
-   Innovation
-   Mentorship

Diversity

Diversity is one of Weill Cornell Medicine’s core values and is essential to achieving excellence in patient care, research and education.

Global Health

Weill Cornell Medicine has a legacy of global engagement that is reflected in more than 20 global health programs spanning six continents.

Innovation

Entrepreneurship and innovation enable Weill Cornell Medicine to bring discoveries to patients faster.

Mentorship

Weill Cornell Medicine is fostering a vibrant and dynamic culture of mentorship to nurture the next generation of healthcare leaders.

[anti-racism sign]

Anti-Racism at Weill Cornell Medicine

Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to promoting social justice. As the country continues to confront its legacy of systemic racism, our institution has recently taken concrete steps to ensure greater equity, fairness and belonging within our community.

[Chalk drawing thanking doctors for all their hard work]

[illustration of coronavirus]

Latest News

[Genome map]

Upcoming Events

[Methods for the discovery of structural variants and predicting their impact]

Dec 07

[Cardiology Grand Rounds]

Dec 07

[Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Program]

Dec 07

[Virtual Brain Seminar - Everything You Need to Know About Chiari in Adults]

Dec 07

Faculty Honors & Awards

-   [a man posing for a photo]

    Zev Rosenwaks, MD

    Director and Physician-in-Chief of the Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and the Revlon Distinguished Professor of Reproductive Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology

    Dr. Zev Rosenwaks, director and physician-in-chief of the Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine and the Revlon Distinguished Professor of Reproductive Medicine in Obstetrics and Gynecology, has received a 2020 Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. The award is given to a member who has made exemplary contributions to the field of reproduction during their career and demonstrated innovation, leadership and other scholarly accomplishments that have a lasting impact on advancing clinical care, the frontiers of research in reproductive sciences, and the education of the scientific community.

-   [a]

    Gregory Sonnenberg, PhD

    Associate Professor of Microbiology and Immunology in Medicine

    Dr. Gregory Sonnenberg, an associate professor of microbiology and immunology in medicine, was awarded the inaugural ICIS-LUMINEX John R. Kettman Award for Excellence in Interferon & Cytokine Research from the international Cytokine & Interferon Society. The award, recognizes mid-level investigators who have made outstanding contributions to the field of interferon or cytokine biology. Dr. Sonnenberg was honored for his scientific contributions to the fields of immunology and microbiology, and for his success as an independent, extramurally funded investigator.

-   [a woman smiling for a portrait]

    Rache Simmons, MD

    Associate Dean for Diversity and Inclusion and the Anne K. and Edwin C. Weiskopf Professor of Surgical Oncology

    Dr. Rache Simmons, associate dean for diversity and inclusion and the Anne K. and Edwin C. Weiskopf Professor of Surgical Oncology, has been awarded a 2020 Women in Medicine Summit #SheforShe award. The awards are given to those who exemplify the qualities of perseverance, resilience, leadership and/or allyship in medicine. Dr. Simmons received her award at the summit, held virtually on Oct. 9-10.

[Dean Augustine Choi]

October 6, 2020

As New York City progresses on its path of recovery, slowly but surely, Weill Cornell Medicine is also moving forward in its mission to care, discover, and teach.  One area that we are emphasizing to an even greater extent now is anti-racism and social justice.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the quality of patient health care at Weill Cornell Medicine?

answer: The article doesn't say much about the quality of care at Weill Cornell Medicine.

text: The answer should mention that the physicians are among the top in the nation.

refinement: The physicians are WCM are among the top of the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care. Their physicians are among the top in the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies. They are also committed to the education of future physicians.

text: The last line is not related to patient health care.

refinement: Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care. Their physicians are among the top in the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine has among the top physicians in the nation. They take the initiative to stay on the cutting edge of new procedures and technologies every day. They even have doctors from other countries whose work is internationally accepted.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine has a legacy of high-quality patient care associated with the university since the 1900s. They take the initiative to stay on the cutting edge of new procedures and technologies every day. They even have doctors from other countries whose work is internationally accepted.

text: The institution has been around since 1898.

refinement: Weill Cornell Medicine has a legacy of high-quality patient care associated with the university since 1898. They take the initiative to stay on the cutting edge of new procedures and technologies every day. They even have doctors from other countries whose work is internationally accepted.

answer: The article states that Weill Cornell Medicine's faculty and staff put patients first. The physicians are among the top in the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies. They also provide comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens and NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the faculty and physicians at Weill Cornell Medicine?

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine faculty and physicians are among the top in the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies. They are committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians in New York City and around the world. Weill Cornell Medicine is also affiliated with Houston Methodist.

text: The affiliation with Houston Methodist does not need to be mentioned.

refinement: Weill Cornell Medicine faculty and physicians are among the top in the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies. They are committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians in New York City and around the world.

answer: The physicians and faculty of Weill Cornell Medicine are among the best in the nation. They stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies. They are committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery and the education of future physicians. The physicians and faculty work hard to advance laboratory breakthroughs in common health challenges, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. They also work to promote social justice.

answer: They are named as among the top in the nation, stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies, and provide comprehensive care to patients at Cornell University medical centers. They are also affiliated with other hospitals outside of New York.

answer: The physicians and faculty of Weill Cornell Medicine are among the best in the nation. They stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies. They are committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians. The physicians and faculty work hard to advance laboratory breakthroughs in common health challenges, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. They also work to promote social justice.

answer: The Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM) faculty and physicians put patients first and care collaboratively. They work on discovering and treating diseases in different research fields and have extensive collaborations around the world.

text: The phrase "care collaboratively" is confusing and redundant, as the second sentence touches upon collaborations.

refinement: The Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM) faculty and physicians put patients first. They work on discovering and treating diseases in different research fields and have extensive collaborations around the world.

text: The expertise of the physicians should be mentioned.

refinement: The Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM) faculty and physicians put patients first. They are among the top in the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies. They work on discovering and treating diseases in different research fields and have extensive collaborations around the world.

answer: The Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM) faculty are committed to caring for and training future health professionals. They work on discovering and treating diseases in different research fields and have extensive collaborations around the world.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about how Weill Cornell Medicine's story?

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians in New York City and around the world. Since 1898, its doctors and scientists have been engaged in world-class clinical care and cutting-edge research that connect patients to the latest treatment innovations and prevention strategies. Weill Cornell Medicine's powerful network of collaborators extends to its parent university Cornell University; to Qatar, where Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar offers a Cornell University medical degree; and to programs in Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria, and Turkey. Weill Cornell Medicine faculty provide comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens and NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital. Weill Cornell Medicine is also affiliated with Houston Methodist.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and education. They are involved in the education of physician in New York City and abroad, and provide comprehensive patient care at New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, New York-Presbyterian Queens and New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians in New York City and around the world. Since 1898, its doctors and scientists have been engaged in world-class clinical care and cutting-edge research that connect patients to the latest treatment innovations and prevention strategies. Weill Cornell Medicine's powerful network of collaborators extends to its parent university Cornell University; to Qatar, where Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar offers a Cornell University medical degree; and to programs in Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria, and Turkey. Weill Cornell Medicine faculty provide comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens and NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital. Weill Cornell Medicine is also affiliated with Houston Methodist.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine has a legacy of caring for patients and supporting young healthcare professionals for over 125 years. As New York City progresses on its path of recovery, slowly but surely, Weill Cornell Medicine is also moving forward in its mission to care, discover, and teach. The hospital, which is designed for patient care, research, and education, will take a step up in its mission. Starting in 1898, the physicians of the institution have been engaged in world-class patient care and cutting-edge research.

text: The answer does not accurately reflect the text in the "Our Story" section of the article.

refinement: WCM is committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians in New York City and worldwide. Since 1898, their doctors and scientists have been engaged in world-class clinical care and cutting-edge research. They have a powerful network of collaborators around the world.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians in New York City and around the world. They have been engaged in world-class clinical care and cutting-edge research for over a hundred years. They have a powerful network of collaborators, including their parent university, Cornell University, and programs in Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria, and Turkey. They are affiliated with Houston Methodist.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine has a legacy of caring for patients and supporting young healthcare professionals for over 125 years. The hospital, which is located in New York City and is designed for patient care, research, and education. Starting in 1898, the physicians of the institution have been engaged in world-class patient care and cutting-edge research.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians in New York City and around the world. They have been engaged in world-class clinical care and cutting-edge research for over a hundred years. They have a powerful network of collaborators, including their parent university, Cornell University, and programs in Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria, and Turkey. They are affiliated with Houston Methodist. They are also committed to promoting social justice.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about how Weill Cornell Medicine differ from other medical schools?

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine differs from other medical schools, firstly, because of the number of doctors and scientists it has in the country with their strong international network. It has the greatest network of collaborators among other medical schools in the country. Additionally, the school believes in the values of anti-racism and social justice. It is committed to helping and caring for the poor and marginalized members of the community.

text: The article does not discuss this.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine differs from other medical schools, firstly, because of the number of doctors and scientists it has in the country. It has the greatest network of collaborators among other medical schools in the country. Additionally, the school believes in the values of anti-racism and social justice. It is committed to helping and caring for the poor and marginalized members of the community.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians. Since 1898, its doctors and scientists have been engaged in world-class clinical care and cutting-edge research that connect patients to the latest treatment innovations and prevention strategies. Weill Cornell Medicine's powerful network of collaborators extends to its parent university Cornell University, to Qatar, where Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar offers a Cornell University medical degree, and to programs in Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria, and Turkey. Weill Cornell Medicine faculty provide comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, and NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital. Weill Cornell Medicine is also affiliated with Houston Methodist.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine is an academic medical center with a focus on patient care and research. It's faculty and staff put patients first. WCM physicians are among the top in the nation and stay on the leading edge of new procedures and technologies. WCM researchers work to advance laboratory breakthroughs in common health challenges, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.

answer: Weill Cornell Medicine is committed to excellence in patient care, scientific discovery, and the education of future physicians. Since 1898, its doctors and scientists have been engaged in world-class clinical care and cutting-edge research that connect patients to the latest treatment innovations and prevention strategies. Weill Cornell Medicine's powerful network of collaborators extends to its parent university Cornell University, to Qatar, where Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar offers a Cornell University medical degree, and to programs in Tanzania, Haiti, Brazil, Austria, and Turkey. Weill Cornell Medicine faculty provide comprehensive patient care at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, NewYork-Presbyterian Queens, and NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital. Weill Cornell Medicine is also affiliated with Houston Methodist.

answer: That information can't be found.


text:
Jack lay flat on his stomach not moving a muscle. Eyes widened and throat dry, his late night jog had now turned in to a terrifying ordeal.  The woods were dark , except for a few rays of light peering in from the moon above. Jack had ventured far from his regular path and was face to face with something fierce. Something unnatural. He had seen it when searching for a way back to the regular path. A thin, long figure, walking in between the trees. Its form mimicked that of the surrounding wood. Arms as long as light poles and legs as tall as cedars. When it spotted Jack it snapped to him immediately, emitting an unnerving bellow-like roar. It rang deep, shaking the very leaves from treetops. It's eye sockets glowed a dim yellow as if an old dusty lamp had been lit inside.

As Jack lay, he could hear it ambling towards him with a heavy step. Leaves and logs snapped with ease beneath its power. Jack's heart began to beat fast and he feared it would soon give out. Eventually it was upon him. He felt a warm air misting on to his neck from its' powerful labored breaths. Jack dare not look up. He hoped if he lay still it would walk away thinking he was dead. He was wrong. The thing shifted its' weight; its' body sounding like a moaning wooden bridge. His waist was grasped with a powerful grip and he was raised up high in the air to meet his pursuer. It's face was pasted with wooden bark and dried leaves. It ground, what appeared to be, its teeth back and forth; sap dripping out as if salivating over a fresh meal. Jack struggled to free himself but it was useless. He felt his waist cracking under the pressure of the tightening grip and felt he could take no more. "Help..Me!" he screamed gasping for air. This angered the creature and it clenched even tighter. Bones crunched and snapped somewhere in Jacks body but he couldn't exactly pinpoint where due to the immense pain and fear consuming him.Falling in and out of consciousness, Jack looked into the monsters stale gaze. There was no compassion or mercy in its' eyes. It was hungry and he was its' meal. Simple as that. His last thought before being consumed was short.

"I should..have bought a treadmill.."

title: Night Jog- ( this story wasn't "scaryshortstory "proof because of too many sentences in the second paragraph.)

question: Who is the main character of the story?

answer: Jack

answer: The main character of the story is Jack.

answer: Jack

answer: Jack

question: Where is Jack when he encounters something unnatural?

answer: Jack is in the woods when he encounters something unnatural.

answer: Jack had ventured far from his regular jogging path in the woods.

answer: Jack is in the woods.

answer: He is in the woods.

question: What was pursuing Jack in the woods?

answer: The creature that was pursuing Jack in the woods was likely some sort of monster or creature that feeds on humans.

text: While it does eat Jack, we do not have enough information to conclude that it regularly feeds on humans

text: Provide a physical description of the creature

refinement: It was an apparently-wooden creature with very long arms and legs and glowing eyes

answer: A creature with long arms and legs, glowing eyes, and a powerful grip.

text: Note that it seems to be made of wood

refinement: An apparently-wooden creature with long arms and legs, glowing eyes, and a powerful grip.

answer: A monster.

text: The question warrants a much more specific answer

refinement: It was an apparently-wooden creature with very long arms and legs and glowing eyes

answer: A giant, bone-crushing monster was after him.

text: While it can crush bones, it is possible to provide a physical description of the creature

refinement: A giant, apparently-wooden, bone-crushing monster with very long arms and legs and glowing eyes was after him.

question: What happens to Jack?

answer: Jack falls out of consciousness and is consumed by the monster.

answer: Jack is captured and presumably eaten by the creature.

text: The input says "his last thought before being consumed" which I think means he was eaten (but I suppose if the story continued, there could be some twist where Jack survives), so I'd remove the word "presumably"

refinement: Jack is captured and eaten by the creature.

answer: He is eaten by the monster.

answer: Jack is killed by the creature.

text: The creature also eats Jack

refinement: Jack is killed and eaten by the creature.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Jack is running through the woods at night when he comes across a creature. He is captured and eaten.

answer: Jack is running in the woods when he sees a monster.

text: The monster captures and eats Jack

refinement: Jack is running in the woods when he sees a monster which captures and eats him.

answer: Jack is attacked by a terrifying creature in the woods while on a late night jog. He is killed.

text: Jack is also eaten

refinement: Jack is attacked by a terrifying creature in the woods while on a late night jog. He is killed and eaten.

answer: Jack ventures away from his regular jogging path in the woods at night and is consumed by a bone-crushing monster.


text:
_THE NEW BACKWARDS_ is an album by Coil released on 18 April 2008. The album is reworked from the _Backwards_ demo, which was originally created for Nothing Records.

Background

_The New Backwards_ was produced by Peter Christopherson and Danny Hyde, and is reworked from the _Backwards_ demo, which was submitted to Torso Records in 1993 and then further recorded at Trent Reznor's Nothing Studios in New Orleans, Louisiana, in the mid-1990s for a planned release on Reznor's Nothing Records imprint on major label Interscope Records. The record was made in Bangkok in 2007.[1]

The album was originally released on 12" vinyl as part of a box set reissue of the album _The Ape of Naples_.[2] It is currently available on 12" vinyl, compact disc, and downloads in FLAC, aac, and mp3 formats.

Track listing

CD, FLAC, aac, mp3

1.  “Careful What You Wish For” - 9:06
2.  “AYOR” - 7:40
3.  “Nature Is a Language” - 8:00
4.  “Fire of the Green Dragon” - 7:54
5.  “Algerian Basses” - 5:02
6.  “Copacaballa” - 6:50
7.  “Paint Me as a Dead Soul” - 6:31
8.  “Backwards” - 5:22
9.  “Princess Margaret's Man in the D'jamalfna” - 8:45

12" vinyl

-   This is the fourth LP in the four record _The Ape of Naples_ box set.

SIDE G

1.  “Careful What You Wish For” - 9:07
2.  “Nature Is a Language” - 8:00
3.  “Algerian Basses” - 5:02

SIDE H

1.  “Copacabbala” - 6:49
2.  “Paint Me as a Dead Soul” - 6:29
3.  “Princess Margaret's Man in the D'Jamalfna” - 8:46

Backwards demo

_Backwards_ was a studio bootleg recording by Coil. The origin of the source of “Backwards” is believed to have been a leak of the studio demo, in the form of a cassette.[3] However, the entire demo was broadcast when Dutch Radio4, a radio station in Amsterdam, had Coil as in-studio guests to coincide with a live performance on 1 June 2001. The program was broadcast on 18 June 2001 and a four-disc CD-R set of the entire broadcast, made by the radio station, was released in an unknown quantity as _Dutch Radio4 Supplement_. Although part of the proposed album was eventually released as _The Ape of Naples_, the material is so augmented that there are very few recognizable samples.

The proposed release on Nothing Records was continuously put off. _The Ape of Naples_ is considered to be the reincarnation of a demo,[4] as it featured completely reworked versions of “Heaven's Blade”, “AYOR” and other songs that are believed to have been originally created around the time of _Backwards_.

“Bee Has Photos” and “Egyptian Basses” are not considered to be officially part of this bootleg as they were released as part of the _Songs of the Week_ download series and not on the supposed original demo.[5] However, the version from _Songs of the Week_ is an alternate version, much shorter in length.

On the live Coil album _Live Three_, a song called “Backwards” is performed. This song is an incarnation of the songs “Simenon” and “Bee Has Photos”.

This bootleg comprises the material for an album with several proposed titles, such as _International Dark Skies_,[6] _God Please Fuck My Mind for Good_, _Fire of the Mind_,[7] _The World Ended a Long Time Ago_[8] and _Backwards_.[9] Other proposed titles are also possibly referenced by this material.

Track listing

1.  “Heaven's Blade” – 7:23
2.  “Wir-Click-Wir” – 6:21
3.  “Elves” – 3:10
4.  “Simenon” – 3:49
5.  “In My Blood” – 3:52
6.  “Spastiche” – 3:09
7.  “Crumb Time” – 4:33
8.  “March of Time” – 6:03

Three extra tracks, “Bee Has the Photos”, “Egyptian Basses” and a different version of “Spastiche”, have been circulated with the demos.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4] 1

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

title: The New Backwards

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the production of The New Backwards album?

answer: The New Backwards album was produced by Peter Christopherson and Danny Hyde, and is reworked from the Backwards demo. This demo was originally created in 1993, submitted to Torso Records, then further recorded at Trent Reznor's Nothing Studios in the mid-1990s. The album was originally released in 2008 as part of a box set reissue of The Ape of Naples. The Backwards demo contains material for an album with several proposed titles.

text: It was also a leak of a studio album

refinement: The New Backwards album was produced by Peter Christopherson and Danny Hyde, and is reworked from the Backwards demo. This demo was originally created in 1993, submitted to Torso Records, then further recorded at Trent Reznor's Nothing Studios in the mid-1990s. The album was originally released in 2008 as part of a box set reissue of The Ape of Naples. The original material of the Backwards demo is a leak of a studio album, containing material for an album with several proposed titles.

answer: The New Backwards album was produced by Peter Christopherson and Danny Hyde, and is reworked from the Backwards demo submitted to Torso Records in 1993. The material for the album is a leak of a studio demo. The original demo was recorded at Nothing Studios in New Orleans and is based on material originally created around that time.

text: Add information about the new album

refinement: The New Backwards album was produced by Peter Christopherson and Danny Hyde, and is reworked from the Backwards demo submitted to Torso Records in 1993. The material for the album is a leak of a studio demo. The original demo was recorded at Nothing Studios in New Orleans and is based on material originally created around that time. The New Backwards was released in 2008 as part of a box set reissue of The Ape of Naples, and was made in Bangkok.

answer: The New Backwards album was produced in 2008. Then it was reworked from the Backwards demo that was created back in 1993. It was then recorded at Trent Reznor's Nothing Studios in New Orleans. The record was made in Bangkok.

text: Add information about the producers, as the question is about production.

refinement: The New Backwards album was produced by Peter Christopherson and Danny Hyde, and is reworked from the Backwards demo submitted to Torso Records in 1993. The material for the album is a leak of a studio demo. The original demo was recorded at Nothing Studios in New Orleans and is based on material originally created around that time. The New Backwards was released in 2008 as part of a box set reissue of The Ape of Naples, and was made in Bangkok.

answer: No answer

answer: The New Backwards was produced by Peter Christopherson and Danny Hyde and is a rework of the Backwards demo. The Backwards demo was recorded in Trent Reznor's Nothing Studios in New Orleans. While the demo was recorded in the mid 1990s, the New Backwards was made in Bangkok in 2007.

text: Add in the Ape of Naples box set for more detail

refinement: The New Backwards was produced by Peter Christopherson and Danny Hyde and is a rework of the Backwards demo. The Backwards demo was recorded in Trent Reznor's Nothing Studios in New Orleans. While the demo was recorded in the mid 1990s, the New Backwards was made in Bangkok in 2007. It was released in 2008 as part of a box set of the Ape of Naples.


text:
Thinking of Hawaii typically brings to mind pristine white-sand beaches and crystal-clear seas. In contrast to these picturesque scenes, however, is the Kilauea Volcano, situated on the state’s Big Island, which saw a major explosion this week and has some reports warning of a volcanic smog (or “vog”).

Since it started continuously erupting in 1983, Kilauea has each day pumped out at least 300 metric tons of sulfur dioxide gas, a pollutant also produced by power plants and industrial manufacturing operations. Over the course of a year, Kilauea’s sulfur dioxide production is equivalent to somewhere between 5% and 10% of that emitted by all of China, according to a 2016 paper published in _Environment International_. And after a major eruption like the one that occurred last week, production kicks into overdrive.

Geologists near the volcano are currently measuring sulfur dioxide levels above 100 parts per million — levels that are dangerous and perhaps even deadly, says Dr. Elizabeth Tam, a professor of medicine and respiratory health at the University of Hawaii’s John A. Burns School of Medicine and the lead author of the _Environment International_ paper.

“These are really high levels, and that’s why [people near the volcano had to] evacuate,” Tam says. “But I have to say that, periodically, many places on the Big Island actually see levels that are way over what [the Environmental Protection Agency] considers safe.”

Sulfur dioxide is toxic on its own, but it also reacts with moisture, oxygen, dust and sunlight in the atmosphere to create volcanic smog, or “vog,” according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Vog, which is a constant reality on the Big Island, can exacerbate asthma and other respiratory conditions; irritate the eyes, nose, throat and lungs; and cause symptoms ranging from flu- and pneumonia-like illness to headaches and extreme fatigue.

When there’s lots of moisture in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide emissions can also result in acid rain, which can damage property and taint drinking water — and with rain in the forecast for Thursday and Friday, that possibility looks likely on the Big Island, CNN reports.

Public health officials have ordered people who live in the immediate vicinity of Kilauea, such as the nearby Leilani Estates area, to evacuate because of the immediate threat posed by eruptions and heightened sulfur dioxide levels. Tam also points out that, as lava burns homes and property, other pollutants are likely to appear in the air, alongside sulfur dioxide and vog.

But, according to real-time data from the Hawaii Department of Public Health, air quality elsewhere on the Big Island is currently considered either “good” or “moderate.” That’s because, while concentrations of sulfur dioxide are dangerously high around Kilauea and its fissures, trade winds disperse the gas, mainly to the backside of the island. “Wherever the vents are, yes, it’s bad right there,” Tam says. “But it’s usually blown away by these prevailing trade winds.”

Those winds do disperse pollution, keeping air quality largely acceptable, but Victoria Avery, an associate program coordinator at the USGS’ Volcano Hazards Program, says that means it can sometimes affect residents who live off the Big Island. “The wind can disperse it even to other islands, like Oahu, and cause people respiratory distress,” Avery says. “Vog is something that can be a pretty far-flung health hazard in the Hawaiian islands.”

Still, while high levels of sulfur dioxide and vog are concerning enough to require an evacuation of the Leilani Estates area, Tam says evidence suggests that residents’ day-to-day exposure to vog actually isn’t as harmful as breathing in other types of pollution, such as that created by cars. Man-made air pollution has been linked to everything from worsened cardiovascular and respiratory health to premature death, and a January 2018 report from Yale University researchers even called air quality the “leading environmental threat to public health.” The side effects of vog exposure, however, are not as clear.

“There are a number of studies that seem to indicate that, compared to the respiratory and cardiovascular effects of traffic-related air pollution, the effects of pure vog that hasn’t mixed with burning houses and cars and car exhaust is relatively mild,” Tam says. Her study, for one, found that, while vog can worsen asthma symptoms for current sufferers, it didn’t seem to cause new cases of asthma among children living near Kilauea. Hawaii does, however, have higher-than-average asthma rates.

So while sulfur dioxide is present in man-made sources of air pollution, other substances that make up smog and fumes — such as byproducts from burning coal and gasoline — may be to blame for its health hazards, Tam says.

Some people are also simply more susceptible to vog than others, Tam says, adding that everything from the shape of an individual’s upper airway to his or her levels of congestion could influence reactions to vog. People with asthma and other respiratory conditions should steer clear, but others may be able to breathe vog in with few noticeable symptoms. “If you take 100 people, there’s going to be a range of susceptibility,” she says. “Some will be very symptomatic, and some will not.”

All in all, Tam says, vog is something to avoid if possible, but likely not a cause for significant alarm.

“We certainly shouldn’t go wallow in it,” Tam says, “but there are worse things.”

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WRITE TO Jamie Ducharme at jamie.ducharme@time.com.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What negative effects has the continual eruption of the Kilauea Volcano had on the locals with regards to the tourism industry?

answer: The continual eruption of the Kilauea Volcano has resulted in an increase in sulfur dioxide emissions. This pollutant is toxic and can be dangerous, potentially causing asthma and other respiratory conditions. It also produces vog, which can irritate the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. Both of these factors could have a negative effect on the tourism industry in the region both in the short- and long-term.

text: "and" - add a comma.

refinement: The continual eruption of the Kilauea Volcano has resulted in an increase in sulfur dioxide emissions. This pollutant is toxic and can be dangerous, potentially causing asthma and other respiratory conditions. It also produces vog, which can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Both of these factors could have a negative effect on the tourism industry in the region both in the short- and long-term.

text: "short- and long-term" - replace with "short and long term"

refinement: The continual eruption of the Kilauea Volcano has resulted in an increase in sulfur dioxide emissions. This pollutant is toxic and can be dangerous, potentially causing asthma and other respiratory conditions. It also produces vog, which can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Both of these factors could have a negative effect on the tourism industry in the region both in the short and long term.

answer: While there are other detrimental effects from the eruption in terms of health and infrastructure, there are also negative effects that the economy has to deal with. Any person who owned property near the volcano evacuated for their safety reasons, as the volcano could potentially destroy their home at any moment. This included the famous Leilani Estates. Numerous roads have been shut down. While the roads are being repaired and home owners and residents from the Leilani Estates return to their homes, it will still take some time for the tourism industry to recover and restore those who lost volcano-backpackers or those who were only near the volcano.

text: The response is speculative and doesn't really answer the question. Most of the information isn't in the text. It needs to be rewritten.

refinement: The continuous eruption of the Kilauea Volcano releases sulfur dioxide, which is toxic on its own, but becomes volcanic smog, or "vog" when it mixes with moisture, oxygen, dust, and sunlight in the atmosphere. Vog can exacerbate asthma and other respiratory conditions, irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Vog can also cause flu and pneumonia-like symptoms, headaches, and extreme fatigue. Sulfur dioxide emissions can also result in acid rain when there's a lot of moisture in the air. Acid rain can damage property and taint drinking water.

answer: The continual eruption of the Kilauea Volcano has resulted in dangerously high levels of sulfur dioxide gas and volcanic smog (or "vog"), which have led to the area around the volcano being evacuated. This has likely had negative effects on the tourism industry given the harmful health effects associated with sulfur dioxide and vog, potentially leading to fewer visitors to the state and harming the economy.

answer: Hawaii's Big Island has a number of postcard-perfect locations, but occasional volcanic activity may deter potential holidaymakers. The Leilani Estates housing development, which is close to the volcano, has been evacuated; some people have also been closing up their businesses while they wait in the hopes they can recover their stock or initial loss of profits.

text: "some people have also been closing up their businesses while they wait in the hopes they can recover their stock or initial loss of profits." - this was never mentioned anywhere in the text.

refinement: Hawaii's Big Island has a number of postcard-perfect locations, but occasional volcanic activity may deter potential holidaymakers. The Leilani Estates housing development, which is close to the volcano, has been evacuated.

text: Missing the negative effects the eruption brings.

refinement: Hawaii's Big Island has a number of postcard-perfect locations, but occasional volcanic activity may deter potential holidaymakers. The Leilani Estates housing development, which is close to the volcano, has been evacuated. The continuous eruption of the Kilauea Volcano releases sulfur dioxide, which is toxic on its own, but becomes volcanic smog, or "vog" when it mixes with moisture, oxygen, dust, and sunlight in the atmosphere. Vog can exacerbate asthma and other respiratory conditions, irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Sulfur dioxide emissions can also result in acid rain when there's a lot of moisture in the air. Acid rain can damage property and taint drinking water.

answer: One unsavory possibility is that because locals had to evacuate, they are left to seek housing in areas in which the prices are hiked because of the tourist flow. Another possible way in which they have been affected is that local businesses that garner a revenue flow from tourist-adjacent products and services have been rendered functionally obsolete due to their proximity to the volcanic areas. An additional possibility is that the prices of imports may rise, making some foods and goods such as milk and petrol beyond reach of your average person.

text: "One unsavory possibility is that because locals had to evacuate, they are left to seek housing in areas in which the prices are hiked because of the tourist flow. Another possible way in which they have been affected is that local businesses that garner a revenue flow from tourist-adjacent products and services have been rendered functionally obsolete due to their proximity to the volcanic areas. An additional possibility is that the prices of imports may rise, making some foods and goods such as milk and petrol beyond reach of your average person." -  this is all pure speculation that doesn't really cover any ground. A full rewrite is needed.

refinement: The continuous eruption of the Kilauea Volcano releases sulfur dioxide that becomes volcanic smog, or "vog" when it mixes with moisture, oxygen, dust, and sunlight in the atmosphere. Vog can exacerbate asthma and other respiratory conditions, irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Sulfur dioxide emissions that mix with moisture in the atmosphere also become acid rain that can damage property and taint drinking water. The dangerous conditions have resulted in the evacuation of places near the volcano, which affects tourism on the island.


text:
The first thing you do is butter the bun. Then you drop it down the toaster. The toaster takes approximately eighteen seconds to toast. You then put the top and bottom together, place them on a red tray and then cover the twelve buns that fit on the tray, 4x3,  with another tray and place them to the side. Once you are ready to make the sandwich you place two pickles on the bottom, no more than a quarter inch over lapping. Then you place the chicken filet with the smooth, round side facing up and then place the crown of the bun on top. Finally open up the sandwich bag allowing enough room for the sandwich to easily slide in, then fold the bag over twice and place it in the warming drawer for five minutes. Any sandwich that sits there for longer than five minutes gets trashed. If you would like a deluxe sandwich then place either a slice of American, provolone, or pepper jack cheese on top of the filet, then put two, whole, tomato slices on top of the cheese and two pieces of lettuce, shiny side up, that frame the bun on top of the tomatoes. Then repeat until your soul has been crushed, pissed on, and every dream and fire that has ever existed in you has been stomped out by the ceaseless, monotonous work you subject yourself to in order to not even get by.

They, being the people who don’t work with you, will remind you that you chose to be there, just be thankful to have a job, or that it is just temporary. You know that isn’t true though. You can’t find a better job because you are working 50 hours a week and you are too tired to do anything else. You can barely even find the energy or will power to get out of bed in the morning. Every once in a while you feel like you have enough energy and fortitude to say enough is enough and move on but then you realize your life revolves around this job. All of your friends are there. They are the people that deal with all of the shitty customers who think they are the Queen of god damn England, the ones who think they own you because you stand behind a register. Your coworkers are the ones that after all the shit you put up with tell to forget the customer, he is an asshole, you didn’t do anything wrong, people like that just happen. You have a bond with your coworkers, like brother in arms who are united by their common misery. So the cycle repeats, week after week after week after week after week after week as if your days are manufactured on an assembly line.

Then you find yourself waking up in the tiny room you call an apartment. You shower and head to work and start your day off like you have the past, seemingly, five thousand days. You clock in, take your slip that shows the time you clocked in and put it your wallet. Then you say high to everyone. Then you either go to the kitchen or the front counter depending on what you are assigned that day. Then you spend the next ten hours slaving away like the robot you are. You listen to the exact same orders, make the exact same food and you have the exact same routine to live by. Then you watch your boss drive up in his new, gas guzzling behemoth of a truck and say “Hi!” to everyone as if he wouldn’t want to be anywhere else in the world. It is as if he has no idea what the people he employs put up with on a daily basis. It is as if he hopes his friendly disposition will be contagious but what does he do besides sit in that office of his in the back while you are the one who gets burned at the fryers and the one who has to choose if it is worth turning the heat on at night. You are the one that has to decide whether or not to fix your car or just walk the five miles or so. The one who should just deal with the tooth ache or dish out the three thousand dollars for a root canal because god forbid giving his employees health insurance would just decimate his profits. No one likes the boss.

Between the shitty boss, shitty job, and shitty house and lifestyle what can you find to be joyous about? You are simply a tiny little speck. In fact you aren’t even speck in the scheme of things. You are less than a pixel, you are less than even the red, blue, and green lights that make up a pixel. You are nonexistent and utterly replaceable and no one will notice if you go. Just like no one has noticed the billions of stars that have existed and perished and no one ever will. Just like no one ever notices the trillions of bacteria that are beneath our feet. That is what you amount to. At some point we have all been there. The thing is though that not all of us end there. That is the saving grace. There is a glimmer of a hope that one day you can escape the cycle of the daily grind. Get a degree if you are young enough, have a support system while you find a better job, or maybe you are stronger than most and do it all alone.

Not everyone is lucky though. Sometimes the grind wears you down and grinds you to you are so thin that you become a part of the walls there. You are an everlasting stone that will be a part of where you are stuck, just like the walls. Bills add up and sooner than you know it you are living out on the streets and left with nothing but free time. Maybe you cope with a steady dose of drugs. Maybe you cope with a healthier method. Either way it leads to the same thing. If you aren’t apart of the club, the haves, then you better get used to meaningless, mindless tasks that ask nothing of you but obedience.  The boss, the haves, will tell you that working at these crummy soul devouring jobs is fine. What would they know about what you do though? It is not a matter of them being any less hard working but it is a matter of having something to show for it. If you work at a restaurant and you can’t even afford to eat there they pay you so little then what is the point?

It gets to the point where thinking physically hurts. It breaks you just as bad as your job does. You think of all the things that you gave up, that you let slip by and you think never again will I let that happen, but it is too late. You have already buttered the buns. You have dropped them in the toaster. You have placed them on the tray. Put the two pickles on the bun, then the filet, and then the top part of the bun. You have wrapped the sandwich and placed it in the warming drawer until you throw it up for the next customer to devour or for it to get thrown away because it has been the warmer to long and has grown hard and unpleasant and unwanted.

title: A Man's Thoughts on Never Getting His Slice of the Pie in a Southern Town with Nothing Left to Live For.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is the narrator of this story?

answer: That information can't be found.

answer: There is not enough information to answer this.

answer: The narrator is the person working in a fast-food restaurant.

answer: The narrator is the person working at one of the many low-paying jobs in a Southern town.

answer: It is unclear who the narrator is

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the narrator do for work?

answer: He's a fast food worker, assembling sandwiches and serving food.

text: "fast food" - add a hyphen

refinement: He's a fast-food worker, assembling sandwiches and serving food.

answer: The narrator is employed at a restaurant and spends ten hours each day slaving away behind the counter.

text: "slaving away behind the counter" - add that the narrator also assembles sandwiches

refinement: The narrator is employed at a restaurant and spends ten hours each day slaving away either behind the counter or in the kitchen assembling sandwiches.

text: Add "fast-food" to restaurant

refinement: The narrator is employed at a fast-food restaurant and spends ten hours each day slaving away either behind the counter or in the kitchen assembling sandwiches.

answer: The narrator works in an assembly line of a fast food shop

text: "The narrator works in an assembly line of a fast food shop" - odd word combination. Add "kitchen" to "assembly line" and change "fast food shop" to "fast-food restaurant"

refinement: The narrator works in the kitchen assembly line of a fast-food restaurant.

text: "The narrator works in the kitchen assembly line of a fast-food restaurant." - mention that the narrator makes sandwiches.

refinement: The narrator works in the kitchen assembly line of a fast-food restaurant making sandwiches.

answer: The narrator works at a restaurant producing sandwiches.

answer: They make sandwiches

text: "They make sandwiches" - is too general and needs to be more specific.

refinement: They make sandwiches at a fast-food restaurant.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How does the narrator feel about their job?

answer: The narrator feels stagnant and drained by their job. They feel unimportant and insignificant, like they just exist to work and do mindless tasks day in and day out and they see no hope for themselves in the future. The job grinds them down every day and seems never ending.

text: "insignificant," - remove the comma

refinement: The narrator feels stagnant and drained by their job. They feel unimportant and insignificant like they just exist to work and do mindless tasks day in and day out and they see no hope for themselves in the future. The job grinds them down every day and seems never ending.

text: "never-ending" - add a hyphen

refinement: The narrator feels stagnant and drained by their job. They feel unimportant and insignificant like they just exist to work and do mindless tasks day in and day out and they see no hope for themselves in the future. The job grinds them down every day and seems never-ending.

answer: Not good

text: Could use more details.

refinement: Not good. He feels his job is soul-crushing, soul-devouring, and monotonous.

answer: They have no liking for their job, which is like placing their soul at stake

text: "They have no liking for their job, which is like placing their soul at stake" - It reads that their soul is at stake because they don't like their jobs. Needs a rewrite.

refinement: They are sick and tired of their job and think they're stuck. They feel the job is soul-crushing, soul-devouring, and monotonous.

answer: They are tired of it

text: "They are tired of it" -  needs more details.

refinement: They are sick and tired of their job and think they're stuck. They feel the job is soul-crushing, soul-devouring, and monotonous.

answer: The narrator feels trapped, exhausted, and depressed about their job. They feel deeply unfulfilled by the mundane tasks they are tasked with each day and consider themselves replaceable. They are frustrated by the lack of respect they receive for what they do and what they feel amounts to nothing.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Will the narrator quit?

answer: It does not appear that this will happen.

answer: No, the narrator seems determined to stick it out even though the job is soul-crushing. He sees no realistic escape other than getting a better job.

answer: It's not described.

text: "It's not described." - is incorrect. The narrator talks about trying to quit multiple times: "You can’t find a better job because you are working 50 hours a week and you are too tired to do anything else."; "Every once in a while you feel like you have enough energy and fortitude to say enough is enough and move on but then you realize your life revolves around this job."; "You think of all the things that you gave up, that you let slip by and you think never again will I let that happen, but it is too late." - the answer is no.

refinement: No, the narrator is too tired to look for new work and feels his whole life revolves around his job. He thinks it's too late for him.

answer: It is unlikely that they will quit

text: "they" - the narrator is male. Change this to "he" and add a period to end the sentence.

answer: It is likely that the narrator is too exhausted and overwhelmed by the experience to consider quitting.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The speaker reflects on working a dead-end job with little hope for the future. They lament their insurmountable situation and the monotony and emptiness it brings. Ever day they go to work knowing there is no point. Eventually all their dreams and passion is ground out by work until they are just a tiny pixel. There is no joy in this life.

text: "Ever day" - correct the spelling to "Every day"

refinement: The speaker reflects on working a dead-end job with little hope for the future. They lament their insurmountable situation and the monotony and emptiness it brings. Every day they go to work knowing there is no point. Eventually all their dreams and passion is ground out by work until they are just a tiny pixel. There is no joy in this life.

text: "Eventually" - add a comma

refinement: The speaker reflects on working a dead-end job with little hope for the future. They lament their insurmountable situation and the monotony and emptiness it brings. Every day they go to work knowing there is no point. Eventually, all their dreams and passion is ground out by work until they are just a tiny pixel. There is no joy in this life.

text: "passion is ground" - change "is" to "are"

refinement: The speaker reflects on working a dead-end job with little hope for the future. They lament their insurmountable situation and the monotony and emptiness it brings. Every day they go to work knowing there is no point. Eventually, all their dreams and passion are ground out by work until they are just a tiny pixel. There is no joy in this life.

text: Went over the 4-sentence summary requirement. Delete the last sentence.

refinement: The speaker reflects on working a dead-end job with little hope for the future. They lament their insurmountable situation and the monotony and emptiness it brings. Every day they go to work knowing there is no point. Eventually, all their dreams and passion are ground out by work until they are just a tiny pixel.

answer: The narrator describes the mundane life of making sandwiches. They describe how tiring it is to deal with the customers. They feel trapped in the job, with nowhere else to go. They continue the job anyway.

answer: The narrator works at a minimum-wage job at a fast food restaurant. Working a job like this was clearly chosen by their poor economic choices, but on a deeper level the narrator realizes they feel needed in working this job. They see themselves as replaceable due to the nature of a capitalist society. They wonder if they were stronger would they be happier?

text: Delete the pronoun "at"

refinement:
The narrator works a minimum-wage job at a fast food restaurant.
Working a job like this was clearly chosen by their poor economic choices, but on a deeper level the narrator realizes they feel needed in working this job.
They see themselves as replaceable due to the nature of a capitalist society.
They wonder if they were stronger would they be happier?

text: "fast food" - add a hyphen

refinement:
The narrator works a minimum-wage job at a fast-food restaurant.
Working a job like this was clearly chosen by their poor economic choices, but on a deeper level the narrator realizes they feel needed in working this job.
They see themselves as replaceable due to the nature of a capitalist society.
They wonder if they were stronger would they be happier?

text: "level" - add a comma

refinement:
The narrator works a minimum-wage job at a fast-food restaurant.
Working a job like this was clearly chosen by their poor economic choices, but on a deeper level, the narrator realizes they feel needed in working this job.
They see themselves as replaceable due to the nature of a capitalist society.
They wonder if they were stronger would they be happier?

answer:
This story compares the narrator's life to assembling sandwich buns where you first must butter all of the buns before putting condiments on them one at a time. The narrator sees him or herself as a robot.

The narrator goes on to draw allegorical parallels with the sandwich crafting to other people's lives in a similar way.

text: "This story compares the narrator's life to assembling sandwich buns where you first must butter all of the buns before putting condiments on them one at a time. The narrator sees him or herself as a robot. The narrator goes on to draw allegorical parallels with the sandwich crafting to other people's lives in a similar way." - this statement is incorrect. The narrator was simply trying to show how soul-crushing the job of assembling sandwiches really is and he's stuck with the job. He doesn't view himself as a robot, and there are no parallels between working in sandwich crafting and real life. The entire summary needs to be revised.

refinement:
The narrator describes his job working in the kitchen of a fast-food restaurant, a job so soul-crushing and tiring, he hates every minute of it.
It is a dead-end job that he can't quit because he's working 50-hours a week and has no time and energy to search for a better job.
He feels trapped and stuck where he is because all his friends work in the fast-food restaurant and his world revolves around his job.
He barely makes enough money to get by, and every time he decides to quit, he finds himself back in the kitchen assembling sandwiches.

answer: The protagonist of this essay worked in a menial job with nothing left to live for. They resent the people with power and wealth because they think they have an easier life. Every day consists of mindless tasks and the protagonist can't help but feel worn down. They are left scratching their head trying to make sense of their life. They can't escape the monotony and there is little hope for change.

text: "worked in a menial job" -  he still works there. Indicate what his job is.

refinement:
The protagonist of this essay works at a fast-food restaurant making sandwiches and has nothing left to live for.
They resent the people with power and wealth because they think they have an easier life.
Every day consists of mindless tasks and the protagonist can't help but feel worn down.
They are left scratching their head trying to make sense of their life.
They can't escape the monotony and there is little hope for change.

text: Went over the 4-sentence summary requirement. Delete the least important entry.

refinement:
The protagonist of this essay works at a fast-food restaurant making sandwiches and has nothing left to live for.
They resent the people with power and wealth because they think they have an easier life.
Every day consists of mindless tasks and the protagonist can't help but feel worn down.
They can't escape the monotony and there is little hope for change.