text:
GRAPHICAL SOUND or DRAWN SOUND (Fr. _son dessiné_, Ger. _graphische Tonerzeugung_,; It. _suono disegnato_) is a sound recording created from images drawn directly onto film or paper that were then played back using a sound system. There are several different techniques depending on the technology employed, but all are a consequence of the sound-on-film technology and based on the creation of artificial optical polyphonic sound tracks on transparent film.

History

The first practical sound-on-film systems were created almost simultaneously in the USSR, USA and Germany. In Soviet Russia Pavel Tager initiated the first developments in 1926 in Moscow.

In 1927, just over a few months later, Alexander Shorin started his research in Leningrad. The popular version of his “Shorinophone”, widely used for field and studio sound recording, was based on a mechanical reproduction of gramophone-like longitudinal grooves along the filmstrip. Another version of Shorin’s system – “Kinap”, mainly used for sound-on-film production, was based on a variable area optical recording on film – “transversal” recoding as it was called in Russia.

As far back as 1916, in the article “Upcoming Science of Music and the New Era in the History of Music”, Arseny Avraamov proclaimed his view on the future of the Art of Music: “By knowing the way to record the most complex sound textures by means of a phonograph, after analysis of the curve structure of the sound groove, directing the needle of the resonating membrane, one can create synthetically any, even most fantastic sound by making a groove with a proper structure of shape and depth".

In October 1929 the first film-roll of _Piatiletka. Plan velikih rabot_ (“Plan of Great Works”) movie by A. Room was developed. The group working on this film included the painter, book illustrator and animator Mikhail Tsekhanovsky as well as talented inventor and engineer Evgeny Sholpo. But the most outstanding participant in the project was Arseny Avraamov - composer, journalist, music theorist, inventor, one of the most adventurous people of his time, performance instigator, irreconcilable foe of the classical twelve tone system (based on well-tempered scale), promoter of the ultrachromatic “Welttonsystem”, developer of experimental musical instruments and tools, and author of the storied _Symphony of Factory Sirens_.

The crew members were amazed with the view of the first sound track they ever saw and Mikhail Tsekhanovsky had voiced the idea: “what if we take some Egyptian or ancient Greek ornaments as a sound track, perhaps we will hear some unknown archaic music?”. Each crew member immediately recognized in the new optical film sound process a means to effectively realize their long-standing ideas: Arseny Avraamov - to develop further his concept of ultrachromatic “Welttonsystem” and to explore the sonic qualities of new ornamental sound; Evgeny Sholpo – to develop his “performer-less” musical tools. The next day they were already furiously at work on experiments in what they referred to variously as “ornamental”, “drawn,” “paper”, “graphical”, “artificial” or “synthetic” sound.

On the 20th of February, 1930, just a few months later, Arseny Avraamov mentioned a new trend in his lecture for the sound-on-film group at ARRK (Avraamov 1930). In October, 1930 a new technique was described in the article “Multiplikacia Zvuka” (the Animation of Sound) by E. Veisenberg (Veisenberg 1930).

At exactly the same time similar efforts were being undertaken in Germany by Rudolf Pfenninger in Munich and, c. 1931-32, by Oskar Fischinger in Berlin. According to Oskar Fischinger’s statements from his article “Sounding Ornaments”, first published in German in 1932 and distributed worldwide, “Between ornament and music persist direct connections, which means that Ornaments are Music. If you look at a strip of film from my experiments with synthetic sound, you will see along one edge a thin stripe of jagged ornamental patterns. These ornaments are drawn music - they are sound: when run through a projector, these graphic sounds broadcast tones of a hitherto unheard of purity, and thus, quite obviously, fantastic possibilities open up for the composition of music in the future”.[1]

According to an article published in 1931, Avraamov’s approach was similar: “Composer Arseny Avraamov at the scientific-research institute conducts the interesting experiments on a creation of the hand-drawn music. Instead of common sound recording on film by means of microphone and photocell, he simply draws on paper geometrical figures, then photographing them on sound track of the filmstrip. Afterwards this filmstrip is played as a common movie by means of film projector. Being read by photocell, amplified and monitored by loudspeaker, this filmstrip turns out to contain a well-known musical recording, while its timbre is impossible to relate to any existing musical instrument.

Comrade Avraamov conducts now a study in recording of more complicated geometrical figures. For instance, to record graphical representations of the simplest algebraic equations, to draw molecular orbits of some chemical elements. In this research composer is assisted by a group of young employee of the Research Institute for Film and Photo. By the end of December Avraamov will finish his new work and to show it to the film-community. Quite possibly the listening of the abstracts of “Hand Drawn Music” will be organized in radio broadcast" (Kino 1931).

National Film Board of Canada

In the 1950s, National Film Board of Canada animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, and film composer Maurice Blackburn, began their own experiments with graphical sound, adapting the techniques of Pfenninger and Russian artist Nikolai Voinov.[2] McLaren created a short 1951 film _Pen Point Percussion_, demonstrating his work.[3] The next year, McLaren completed his most acclaimed work, his Academy Award-winning anti-war film _Neighbours_, which combined stop-motion pixilation with a graphical soundtrack. _Blinkity Blank_ is a 1955 animated short film by Norman McLaren, engraved directly onto black film leader, combining improvisational jazz along with graphical sounds. In 1971, McLaren created his final graphical sound film _Synchromy_.[4]

[1] Fischinger, Oskar. “Klingende Ornamente.” Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, Kraft Und Stoff. No. 30, 28 July 1932

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Graphical sound

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about the inventors of graphical sound?

answer: According to the text, there were simultaneous inventions of graphical sound in three countries; Russia, the USA, and Germany. The Russian inventor, Pavel Tager, was researching the process as early as 1926 while Evgeny Sholpo and Arseny Avraamov began their experiments in 1929. Other German inventors, including Rudolf Pfenninger and Oskar Fischinger, were also researching the process at the same time. Animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart created works based on graphical sound at the National Film Board of Canada.

text: Alexander's Shorin's research in Leningrad in 1927 is omitted.

refinement: According to the text, there were simultaneous inventions of graphical sound in three countries; Russia, the USA, and Germany. The Russian inventor, Pavel Tager, was researching the process as early as 1926, Alexander Shorin's research dates back to 1927, and Evgeny Sholpo and Arseny Avraamov began their experiments in 1929. Other German inventors, including Rudolf Pfenninger and Oskar Fischinger, were also researching the process at the same time. Animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart created works based on graphical sound at the National Film Board of Canada.

answer: The first practical sound-on-film systems were created almost simultaneously in the USSR, the USA, and Germany, but Pavel Tager initiated the first developments in 1926 in Moscow. In 1927, Alexander Shorin started research on them in Leningrad. In 1929, Piatiletka, a film to use the technique, was developed. In 1930, Arseny Avraamov also mentioned a new trend in his lecture for the sound-on-film group at ARRK. Similar work was being done in Germany by Rudolf Pfenninger in Munich and Oskar Gischinger in Berlin in the early 1930s.

text: It's omitted that Avraamov also worked on Piatiletka

refinement: The first practical sound-on-film systems were created almost simultaneously in the USSR, the USA, and Germany, but Pavel Tager initiated the first developments in 1926 in Moscow. In 1927, Alexander Shorin started research on them in Leningrad. In 1929, Piatiletka, a film to use the technique, was developed and worked on by a team that included Avraamov. In 1930, Arseny Avraamov also mentioned a new trend in his lecture for the sound-on-film group at ARRK. Similar work was being done in Germany by Rudolf Pfenninger in Munich and Oskar Gischinger in Berlin in the early 1930s.

text: It's omitted there were also efforts made in the 1950s by Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart.

refinement: The first practical sound-on-film systems were created almost simultaneously in the USSR, the USA, and Germany, but Pavel Tager initiated the first developments in 1926 in Moscow. In 1927, Alexander Shorin started research on them in Leningrad. In 1929, Piatiletka, a film to use the technique, was developed and worked on by a team that included Avraamov. In 1930, Arseny Avraamov also mentioned a new trend in his lecture for the sound-on-film group at ARRK. Similar work was being done in Germany by Rudolf Pfenninger in Munich and Oskar Gischinger in Berlin in the early 1930s. In the 1950s, research was done by Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart in Canada.

answer: The first practical sound-on-film systems were created almost simultaneously in the USSR, USA and Germany. In Soviet Russia Pavel Tager started work in 1926 and shortly thereafter Evgeny Sholpo and Arseny Avraamov were both conducting experiments into graphical sound. National Film Board of Canada animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart began experimenting with graphical sound techniques in the 1950s.

text: Alxander Shorin's 1927 contributions are omitted.

refinement: The first practical sound-on-film systems were created almost simultaneously in the USSR, USA and Germany. In Soviet Russia Pavel Tager started work in 1926 and shortly thereafter Evgeny Sholpo and Arseny Avraamov were both conducting experiments into graphical sound. In 1927, Alexander Shorin started his research in Leningrad. National Film Board of Canada animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart began experimenting with graphical sound techniques in the 1950s.

text: It's omitted that similar efforts were being undertaken in Germany by Rudolf Pfenninger in Munich and, c. 1931-32, by Oskar Fischinger in Berlin

refinement: The first practical sound-on-film systems were created almost simultaneously in the USSR, USA and Germany. In Soviet Russia Pavel Tager started work in 1926 and shortly thereafter Evgeny Sholpo and Arseny Avraamov were both conducting experiments into graphical sound. In 1927, Alexander Shorin started his research in Leningrad. Similar efforts were made around 1931 and 1932 in Germany by Rudolf Pefenninger and Oskar Fischinger. National Film Board of Canada animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart began experimenting with graphical sound techniques in the 1950s.

answer: Pavel Tager initiated the first developments in 1926 in Moscow. Alexander Shorin started his research in Leningrad in 1927. At the same time. Rudolf Pfenninger and Oskar Fischinger were also working on the same idea in Germany.

text: A comma should be used instead of a period here.

refinement: Pavel Tager initiated the first developments in 1926 in Moscow. Alexander Shorin started his research in Leningrad in 1927. At the same time, Rudolf Pfenninger and Oskar Fischinger were also working on the same idea in Germany.

text: Arseny Avraamov's contributions in 1929 with the first film roll of Piatiletka is omitted.

refinement: Pavel Tager initiated the first developments in 1926 in Moscow. Alexander Shorin started his research in Leningrad in 1927. Arseny Avraamov made contributions in 1929 with the first film roll of Piatiletka. At the same time, Rudolf Pfenninger and Oskar Fischinger were also working on the same idea in Germany.

text: The German inventors were working on similar efforts, not necessarily the same idea.

refinement: Pavel Tager initiated the first developments in 1926 in Moscow. Alexander Shorin started his research in Leningrad in 1927. Arseny Avraamov made contributions in 1929 with the first film roll of Piatiletka. At the same time, Rudolf Pfenninger and Oskar Fischinger were also working on similar efforts in Germany.

text: The work of Canadians Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart is omitted.

refinement: Pavel Tager initiated the first developments in 1926 in Moscow. Alexander Shorin started his research in Leningrad in 1927. Arseny Avraamov made contributions in 1929 with the first film roll of Piatiletka. At the same time, Rudolf Pfenninger and Oskar Fischinger were also working on similar efforts in Germany. In the 1950s, Canadians Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart began their own experiments.

answer: Pavel Tager started the first sound-on-film experiments in the USSR, in 1926. Alexander Shorin started his research a few months later in Leningrad. His sytem's version, Shorinophone, was based on a mechanical reproduction of longitudinal grooves along the filmstrip. Another version, Kinap, based on a variable area recording on film, became more widely used for sound-on-film production. Alexander Shorin began his research a few months after Pavel Tager, in 1926, in Leningrad.

text: This is redundant and should be omitted. There is already a mention of Alexander Shorin in the beginning of the answer.

refinement: Pavel Tager started the first sound-on-film experiments in the USSR, in 1926. Alexander Shorin started his research a few months later in Leningrad. His sytem's version, Shorinophone, was based on a mechanical reproduction of longitudinal grooves along the filmstrip. Another version, Kinap, based on a variable area recording on film, became more widely used for sound-on-film production.

text: Arseny Avraamov's contributions are omitted.

refinement: Pavel Tager started the first sound-on-film experiments in the USSR, in 1926. Alexander Shorin started his research a few months later in Leningrad. His sytem's version, Shorinophone, was based on a mechanical reproduction of longitudinal grooves along the filmstrip. Another version, Kinap, based on a variable area recording on film, became more widely used for sound-on-film production. In 1929 and 1930, Arseny Avraamov made various contributions for Piatiletka.

text: The contributions from Germans Oskar Fischinger and Rudolf Pfenninger around 1931 and 1932 are omitted.

refinement: Pavel Tager started the first sound-on-film experiments in the USSR, in 1926. Alexander Shorin started his research a few months later in Leningrad. His sytem's version, Shorinophone, was based on a mechanical reproduction of longitudinal grooves along the filmstrip. Another version, Kinap, based on a variable area recording on film, became more widely used for sound-on-film production. In 1929 and 1930, Arseny Avraamov made various contributions for Piatiletka. Contributions were made by Germans Oskar Fischinger and Rudolf Pfenninger around 1931 and 1932.

text: It's omitted that Canadians Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart started their own experiments in the 1950s.

refinement: Pavel Tager started the first sound-on-film experiments in the USSR, in 1926. Alexander Shorin started his research a few months later in Leningrad. His sytem's version, Shorinophone, was based on a mechanical reproduction of longitudinal grooves along the filmstrip. Another version, Kinap, based on a variable area recording on film, became more widely used for sound-on-film production. In 1929 and 1930, Arseny Avraamov made various contributions for Piatiletka. Contributions were made by Germans Oskar Fischinger and Rudolf Pfenninger around 1931 and 1932. Canadians Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart started their own experiments in the 1950s.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about uses of the technique after the 1930s?

answer: In the 1950s, Normal McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, of the National Film Board of Canada, and film composer Maurice Blackburn began experiments with graphical sound. In 1951, McLaren created the short film Pen Point Percussion, and the following year created Neighbors, both of which used the technique. In 1955, he released Blinkity Blank and then in 1971, he released Synchromy, which also used the technique.

answer: The technique of graphical sound was used in Soviet Russia, Germany and Canada in the 1930s and 1940s. Later in the 50s, animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, and composer Maurice Blackburn began their experimentation with graphical sound. McLaren created his most acclaimed work, the Academy Award-winning film _Neighbours_ in 1951 using the technique. McLaren continued to work with the technique until 1971 with his final work _Synchromy_.

text: This sentence isn't really relevant to the question and should be omitted.

refinement: Later in the 50s, animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, and composer Maurice Blackburn began their experimentation with graphical sound. McLaren created his most acclaimed work, the Academy Award-winning film _Neighbours_ in 1951 using the technique. McLaren continued to work with the technique until 1971 with his final work _Synchromy_.

text: "Neighbours" occurred in 1952, not 1951.

refinement: Later in the 50s, animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, and composer Maurice Blackburn began their experimentation with graphical sound. McLaren created his most acclaimed work, the Academy Award-winning film _Neighbours_ in 1952 using the technique. McLaren continued to work with the technique until 1971 with his final work _Synchromy_.

text: It's omitted that McLaren created the 1951 short film Pen Point Percussion.

refinement: Later in the 50s, animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, and composer Maurice Blackburn began their experimentation with graphical sound. McLaren created the short film Pen Point Percussion in 1951, and his most acclaimed work, the Academy Award-winning film _Neighbours_ in 1952 using the technique. McLaren continued to work with the technique until 1971 with his final work _Synchromy_.

text: It's omitted that McLaren also used the technique in the 1955 short film Blinkity Blink.

refinement: Later in the 50s, animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, and composer Maurice Blackburn began their experimentation with graphical sound. McLaren created the short film Pen Point Percussion in 1951, and his most acclaimed work, the Academy Award-winning film _Neighbours_ in 1952 using the technique. He also used the technique in the 1955 short film Blinkity Blink. McLaren continued to work with the technique until 1971 with his final work _Synchromy_.

answer: After the 1930s, the technique became most championed by National Film Board of Canada animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, and film composer Maurice Blackburn.  McLaren created a short 1951 film _Pen Point Percussion_, demonstrating his work. The next year, McLaren completed his most acclaimed work, his Academy Award-winning anti-war film _Neighbours_, which combined stop-motion pixilation with a graphical soundtrack. _Blinkity Blank_ is a 1955 animated short film by Norman McLaren, engraved directly onto black film leader, combining improvisational jazz along with graphical sounds. In 1971, McLaren created his final graphical sound film _Synchromy_.

answer: There is no discussion of anything after 1930

text: This answer is false. There is plenty of information about things occurring after 1930.

text: This response is empty.

refinement: Later in the 50s, animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, and composer Maurice Blackburn began their experimentation with graphical sound. McLaren created the short film Pen Point Percussion in 1951, and his most acclaimed work, the Academy Award-winning film Neighbours in 1952 using the technique. He also used the technique in the 1955 short film Blinkity Blink. McLaren continued to work with the technique until 1971 with his final work Synchromy.

answer: The technique of graphical sound was used in experimental work by a variety of artists in the 1930s. The National Film Board of Canada also experimented with the technique, notably in the films of Norman McLaren.

text: This isn't relevant to the question and should be omitted.

refinement: The National Film Board of Canada also experimented with the technique, notably in the films of Norman McLaren.

text: The National Film Board of Canada didn't experiment with the techniques, McLaren and his collaborators did. This makes the entire answer false.

text: This answer is empty.

refinement: Later in the 50s, animators Norman McLaren and Evelyn Lambart, and composer Maurice Blackburn began their experimentation with graphical sound. McLaren created the short film Pen Point Percussion in 1951, and his most acclaimed work, the Academy Award-winning film Neighbours in 1952 using the technique. He also used the technique in the 1955 short film Blinkity Blink. McLaren continued to work with the technique until 1971 with his final work Synchromy.


split: train

text:
“Hands”
	It began almost as soon as I woke up. In fact, it was what caused my awakening. It sounded like there was something crawling within the walls of my bedroom. Mice, I thought. I rubbed my eyes and got out of bed.
	I shower silently. I never understood people who listened to music or sang in the shower. Silence is what I liked. Even the sound of the running water made me cringe. The warm water pounded at my back. I felt something soft on my shoulder. I turned around quickly, a chill running up my spine. I turned down the cold water.
	I tried to relax again, but the chill never went away. I stepped out of the shower and over to the sink. I pulled a razor and shaving cream out of the medicine cabinet. As I closed the cabinet, I saw the towel that was hanging up drop to the floor in the mirror. I turned around quizzically. Shaking my head and sighing, I bent down to pick up the towel and put it back on the rack just as I saw something scurry across the tiled floor to the sliver of space between the opened bathroom door and the wall. Fuck, it has to be rats. I quickly finished shaving and went downstairs to the kitchen.
Starting a fresh pot of coffee, I tried to remember if I had any rat traps left somewhere. Maybe that would warm me up. I opened the door to the pantry and stood on my toes so I could see the contents of the top shelf. I saw the outline of something and reached my hand in. I felt around until my fingers ran into something soft. It moved just as I went to grab it. I jumped and stepped back. Instinctively, I put my hand over my chest to calm myself. I heard the last few drops dripping into the coffee pot. I poured myself a cup. As I sat, sipping at my coffee, I convinced myself that it was only my imagination. Imagination? Wow, I haven’t used that in years. It was hard for me to even remember the last time my mind wandered elsewhere. Well, there were those times when I- no, I won’t go into that.
	I heard a child outside, screaming with joy. I stood up and walked to the kitchen window. Pushing back the curtain, I could see the young boy running through a sprinkler. He screamed again, causing my fist to clench and jaws to lock. There was a sudden, loud crash behind me. I whipped around to find the coffee pot lying in hundreds of pieces on the floor. How had it fallen? Did the rat knock it over? I sighed and went to the hallway closet for rags and a broom.
	I threw away the broken glass, and washed the mug I had used. I decided to check the garage for something to kill this rat that kept ruining my morning. I moved past the plastic containers, which were now starting to fill up the garage, to the tools. I really needed to clean them off from the last time I used them. I rustled through a box until I found an old poison rat trap. I opened it and saw it had already been used.
	I heard the clicking of heels on the driveway outside the garage door. I sighed to myself and threw the trap away. I heard the doorbell ring and started making my way to the front door. As I was closing the garage door, I felt a tug at the bottom of my pant leg. I looked down, hoping to catch the rat red-handed, but the doorbell rang again. I huffed and stomped to the front of the house. I opened the door halfway.
	“Hi,” a young blonde woman was standing on the old welcome mat, smiling at me.
	I opened the door fully, “Hello.”
	“I just wanted to introduce myself. I just moved in next door,” she smiled and held her hand out.
	I looked down at her hand for a moment, then back up to meet her eyes. I shook her hand slowly.
	When she pulled away, I noticed her fidgeting with her bracelets, “Well, it was nice meeting you. If you ever need anything, don’t be afraid to ask.”
	I flicked my tongue across my lips, still staring at her hands. I smiled at her, “I’ll be sure to do that.”
	I closed the door silently and wiped my face with my hand. I turned around and saw grey everywhere. Rats weren’t the cause of my shake up this morning. All around me were severed hands. Shit, I left the garage door open. They began to climb up my pant legs. I tried shaking them off, but they held tight. I began swatting at them. They covered my eyes and mouth. There were just too many.

title: "Hands" a short story I wrote for my English class

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize what the narrator thinks is in their apartment.

answer: The narrator thinks there are rats in the walls of their apartment causing havoc in the mornings, and severed hands all around the house. They believe the rats are probably responsible for breaking things, like the coffee pot, and touching them causes them to panic.

text: Remove all the mention of hands, the narrator only realizes it later after seeing a hand climbing up his pants.

refinement: The narrator thinks there are rats in the walls of their apartment causing havoc in the mornings. They believe the rats are probably responsible for breaking things, like the coffee pot, and touching them causes them to panic.

text: Initially, the narrator thinks it is mice that are crawling within the walls of his bedroom. Include mice in the response as well.

refinement: The narrator thinks there are mice in the walls of their apartment causing havoc in the mornings. They believe the rats are probably responsible for breaking things, like the coffee pot, and touching them causes them to panic.

text: The narrator then thinks it is rats. Ensure that this information is in the response as well.

refinement: The narrator thinks there are mice in the walls of their apartment causing havoc in the mornings. When larger things start moving, the narrator suspects rats. They start breaking things, like the coffee pot, and touching them causes him to panic.

answer: The narrator initially thinks that rats are in their apartment. Objects keep falling over. They hear scurrying sounds. But they never directly see a rat. Yet they remain convinced it is rats.

text: Initially, the narrator thinks it is mice that are crawling within the walls of his bedroom. Include mice in the response as well.

refinement: The narrator initially thinks that mice are in their apartment. Objects keep falling over. They hear scurrying sounds. But they never directly see a rat. Yet they remain convinced it is rats.

answer: Initially, the narrator hears the sound of mice in the walls. It then seems like they have rats, but they see only the hand of a burglar and not the whole body. After this, they realize that it is not rats, but severed hands climbing up their pant legs. They climb into their mouth and eyes, eventually covering them.

text: Remove the mention of hands in the response.

refinement: Initially, the narrator hears the sound of mice in the walls. It then seems like they have rats.

answer: The narrator believes there are rats in their apartment, which have ruined their morning by knocking over a coffee pot and damaging other items in their home. The narrator discovers severed human hands around their home as they try to remove the rats, believing them to be responsible for the damage.

text: Initially, the narrator thinks it is mice that are crawling within the walls of his bedroom. Include mice in the response as well.

refinement: The narrator believes there are mice in their apartment, which have ruined their morning by knocking over a coffee pot and damaging other items in their home. The narrator discovers severed human hands around their home as they try to remove the rats, believing them to be responsible for the damage.

text: The narrator then thinks it is rats. Ensure that this information is in the response as well.

refinement: The narrator believes there are mice in their apartment. When things start moving, the narrator suspects rats. They ruined their morning by knocking over a coffee pot and damaging other items in their home. The narrator discovers severed human hands around their home as they try to remove the rats, believing them to be responsible for the damage.

text: Remove all the mention of hands, the narrator only realizes it later after seeing a hand climbing up his pants.

refinement: The narrator believes there are mice in their apartment. When things start moving, the narrator suspects rats. They ruined their morning by knocking over a coffee pot and damaging other items in their home.

answer: The narrator thinks there is a rat in their home.

text: Initially, the narrator thinks it is mice that are crawling within the walls of his bedroom. Include mice in the response as well.

refinement: The narrator thinks there are mice in his home. is a rat in their home.

text: The narrator then thinks it is rats. Ensure that this information is in the response as well.

refinement: The narrator thinks there are mice in his home. When things start breaking, he revises his theory to rats.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the actual cause of the strange noises in the narrator's apartment?

answer: The cause of the strange noises in the narrator's apartment is rats. They scurry across the floor and in the bathroom, causing the narrator to worry about poison traps and unpleasant noises. A blonde woman comes over to introduce herself, but the narrator notices her hands and becomes terrified of them. As the rats begin to climb up the narrator's pant legs, his fear intensifies and he begins swatting at the rats. It becomes clear that the rats were the cause of the odd sounds in the room, and the hands were the rats.

text: After his neighbor introduces herself, he realizes that it is actually severed hands that are scurrying around his apartment. Remove rats in the second parts of the response and replace it with severed hands.

refinement: The cause of the strange noises in the narrator's apartment is rats. They scurry across the floor and in the bathroom, causing the narrator to worry about poison traps and unpleasant noises. A blonde woman comes over to introduce herself, but the narrator notices her hands and becomes terrified of them. As severed hands begin to climb up the narrator's pant legs, his fear intensifies and he begins swatting at them. It becomes clear that a large number of severed hands are the cause of the odd sounds in the room.

text: The narrator does not seem frightened of his neighbor's hands but rather fascinated by them. Change the response to represent fascination in stead of fear.

refinement: The cause of the strange noises in the narrator's apartment is rats. They scurry across the floor and in the bathroom, causing the narrator to worry about poison traps and unpleasant noises. A blonde woman comes over to introduce herself, but the narrator notices her hands and is fascinated by them. As severed hands begin to climb up the narrator's pant legs, his fear intensifies and he begins swatting at them. It becomes clear that a large number of severed hands are the cause of the odd sounds in the room.

answer: The narrator has PTSD, one day he leaves the cellar door open. The severed hands of his victims invaded his home.

text: There is no evidence in the text that the narrator has PTSD. Remove this from the response.

refinement: One day the narrator leaves the cellar door open. The severed hands of his victims invaded his home.

text: The narrator goes to the garage to find something to kill the rat in his apartment with. The doorbell rings and he neglects to close the garage door when he leaves. Change 'cellar' to 'garage'.

refinement: One day the narrator leaves the garage door open. The severed hands of his victims invaded his home.

text: The origin of the hands are not discussed. They are undead meaning the answer might not be as simple as murder victims. Remove the 'victims' from the response.

refinement: One day the narrator leaves the garage door open. Severed hands invade his home.

answer: The actual cause of the strange noises in the narrator's apartment is rats. The narrator also finds severed hands all around his home, which are coming for him.

text: Remove the first sentence of the response. At first the narrator thinks mice or rats are in his apartment, but realizes later on that it is severed hands.

refinement: The narrator finds severed hands all around his home, which are coming for him.

answer: Severed hands which climb up the narrator's pants. It is unclear if this is really happening. It has the characteristics of a hallucination.

answer: He wakes up hearing noises and thinks it's mice, but it's severed hands of people he has killed.

text: The origin of the hands are not discussed. They are undead meaning the answer might not be as simple as murder victims. Remove the 'he has killed' from the response.

refinement: He wakes up hearing noises and thinks it's mice, but it's severed hands that escaped from the garage.


text:
APS Go! is a community-wide, school-driven process that raises awareness and provides incentives, information and encouragement related to walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling and school busing. APS Go! is a part of the school district’s efforts to proactively assess the needs of the community, respond to growth and demand, and develop forward-thinking transportation programs. The information collected as part of the survey will be used to update and measure progress on the APS Go! comprehensive, long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan for APS. For more information on APS Go! please visit www.apsva.us/aps-go/

This survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10. It includes a maximum of 22 questions and should take less than 5 minutes to complete.

If you have more than one child attending APS, please answer this survey only for the child in grade Pre-K through 10 whose birthday is coming up next on the calendar. For example, if you have one APS student with a December birthday and another APS student with an April birthday, please complete the survey for the student whose birthday is in December.

This survey is completely anonymous. Responses are being compiled and summarized by Toole Design Group on behalf of APS. No individual responses will be shared.

If you have any questions about this survey, please contact Zachary Larnard at zachary.larnard@apsva.us.

Thank you for your participation!

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is APS Go!?

answer: APS Go! is a part of a school districts effort to raises awareness about  walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling, and school busing.

text: APS Go! is a community-wide, school-driven process that raises awareness and provides incentives, information and encouragement related to walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling and school busing.

answer: A community-wide, school-driven process that raises awareness and provides incentives, information and encouragement related to walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling and school busing.

text: APS Go! is a community-wide, school-driven process that raises awareness and provides incentives, information and encouragement related to walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling and school busing.

answer: APS Go! is a community-wide, school-driven process that raises awareness and provides incentives, information, and encouragement related to walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling, and school busing. The information collected as part of this survey will be used to update and measure progress on the APS Go! long-term Transportation Demand Management Plan.

text: APS Go! is a community-wide, school-driven process that raises awareness and provides incentives, information and encouragement related to walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling, and school busing.

answer: It's not explained in the text.

text: It is explained

refinement: APS Go! is a community-wide, school-driven process that raises awareness and provides incentives, information and encouragement related to walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling and school busing.

answer: APS Go! is a community-wide, school-driven process that raises awareness and provides incentives, information and encouragement related to walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling and school busing. This information is being used to update and measure progress on the APS Go! comprehensive, long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan.

text: APS Go! is a community-wide, school-driven process that raises awareness and provides incentives, information and encouragement related to walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling and school busing.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the purpose of the post?

answer: The post is a call for a survey.

text: The answer could be more complete

refinement: The post is a call for a survey to assess the community's transportation needs

text: This survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

answer: The post is to advertise an anonymous survey in which students' habits will be collected by "Toole Design Group" for the purpose of assessing the community's transportation needs

text: The information collected as part of the survey will be used to update and measure progress on the APS Go! comprehensive, long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan for APS.

answer: The post's purpose is to collect data relating to transportation management for APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

text: This survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

text: The information collected as part of the survey will be used to update and measure progress on the APS Go! comprehensive, long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan for APS.

answer: The purpose of the post is to gather information about APS students and their transportation habits. The data will be used to update and measure progress on the APS Go! comprehensive, long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan.

text: The information collected as part of the survey will be used to update and measure progress on the APS Go! comprehensive, long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan for APS.

text: This survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

answer: It is a questionnaire/survey that will be used to measure progress for the long-term Transportation Demand Management plan for APS Go!

text: APS Go! is a part of the school district’s efforts to proactively assess the needs of the community, respond to growth and demand, and develop forward-thinking transportation programs.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is the survey intended for?

answer: Parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

text: This survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

answer: Parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

text: This survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

answer: The survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

text: This survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

answer: The survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

text: This survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

answer: The survey is intended for parents of APS Go! students (Pre-K through 10).

text: This survey is intended for parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Where is the survey?

text: For more information on APS Go! please visit www.apsva.us/aps-go/

answer: The survey is online at www.apsva.us/aps-go/.

text: For more information on APS Go! please visit www.apsva.us/aps-go/

answer: The survey is located at www.apsva.us/aps-go/

text: For more information on APS Go! please visit www.apsva.us/aps-go/

answer: The survey is online at www.apsva.us/aps-go/

text: For more information on APS Go! please visit www.apsva.us/aps-go/

answer: Somewhere on the Internet.

text: An inadequate answer since the URL is given in the piece.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The APS Go! survey is a survey directed at parents of APS students in Pre-K through 10th grade. The survey explores the current transportation habits and practices of these parents and is designed to help develop a long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan for APS. No individual responses will be shared, and the summary results will be compiled by Toole Design Group on behalf of APS.

text: The survey does not explore the habits of the parents but of the students

refinement: The APS Go! survey is a survey directed at parents of APS students in Pre-K through 10th grade. The survey explores the current transportation habits and practices of the student and is designed to help develop a long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan for APS. No individual responses will be shared, and the summary results will be compiled by Toole Design Group on behalf of APS.

text: The summary is too long

refinement: The APS Go! survey is a survey directed at parents of APS students in Pre-K through 10th grade. The survey explores the current transportation habits and practices of the students and is designed to help develop a long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan for APS.

text: Unnecessary repetition

refinement: The APS Go! survey is directed at parents of APS students in Pre-K through 10th grade. The survey explores the current transportation habits and practices of the students and is designed to help develop a long-term Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Plan for APS.

answer: The Go! Survey is a survey being conducted by APS (Academy School District) for students in grades Pre-K through 10. The purpose of the survey is to evaluate the transport needs of students in these grades and to subsequently develop a sustainable transport plan for students at the academy.

text: Unnecessary repetition

refinement: The Go! Survey is being conducted by APS (Academy School District) for students in grades Pre-K through 10 to evaluate the transport needs of students in these grades and to develop a sustainable transport plan for students at the academy.

text: Improved grammar

refinement: The APS Go! Survey is directed at parents of students in grades Pre-K through 10 to evaluate the student's transport needs and so develop a sustainable transport plan for students at the academy.

answer: The APS Go! Survey asks parents of APS students in grades Pre-K through 10 about their transportation habits and preferences. The information collected will help APS plan for transportation demand management.

answer: The document pitches something called APS Go!, which is either some sort of public service announcement or contest for APS students. The summary of the content is that APS Go is collecting information from parents of APS students.

text: The answer doesn't make much sense.

refinement: The APS Go! Survey is directed at parents of students in grades Pre-K through 10 to evaluate the student's transport needs and so develop a sustainable transport plan for students at the academy.

answer: This post is a questionnaire/survey that will be used to measure progress for the long-term Transportation Demand Management plan for APS Go!APS Go! is a part of a school districts effort to raises awareness about  walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling, and school busing.

text: The survey is not to measure the progress of the long-term transportation plan but rather to develop a long-term plan.

refinement: This post is a questionnaire/survey that will be used to develop the long-term Transportation Demand Management plan for APS Go! APS Go! is a part of a school districts effort to raises awareness about  walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling, and school busing.

text: Small grammatical errors

refinement: This post is a questionnaire/survey that will be used to develop the long-term Transportation Demand Management plan for APS Go! APS Go! is a part of a school district's effort to raises awareness about walking, biking, transit, car/vanpooling, and school busing.


text:
Politics

DOJ misplaced correspondence from Dec. 14, 2016, to May 17, 2017 — the same day Rosenstein appointed special counsel

Federal officials “failed to preserve” text messages from two FBI executives who were virulently opposed to then-presidential candidate Donald Trump during a key five-month period of the 2016 presidential campaign. That’s according to Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee Chairman Ron Johnson.

Peter Strzok and Lisa Page were both involved in special counsel Robert Mueller’s investigation of allegations that Trump colluded with Russians to defeat former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton.

Strzok also participated in the FBI’s investigation into Clinton’s use of a private email server and address to conduct official U.S. diplomatic business while she was secretary of state under President Barack Obama.

More from LifeZette TV

MORE NEWS: San Francisco Mayor Hypocrite On Virus Regulations

Johnson said in a letter to FBI Director Christopher Wray the committee obtained 384 new pages of Strzok-Page texts, according to The Washington Post.

[lz_ndn video=33417685]

“The loss of records from this period is concerning,” Johnson wrote — wondering why the FBI “did not preserve text messages between Ms. Page and Mr. Strzok between approximately December 14, 2016, and May 17, 2017,” The Post reported.

That latter day — May 17, 2017 — was the day Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller as head of the investigation into whether or not the Trump campaign colluded with the Russian government or elements linked to it.

Stephen Boyd, the assistant attorney general for legislative affairs at the Justice Department, wrote a letter to Johnson on Friday in which he notified the committee of the missing text messages.

MORE NEWS: Carlson Calls Out Democrats and China On Virus

“The department wants to bring to your attention that the FBI’s technical system for retaining text messages sent and received on FBI mobile devices failed to preserve text messages for Mr. Strzok and Ms. Page,” Boyd wrote, according to The Daily Caller.

RELATED: FBI TEXT MESSAGES GIVE AMMUNITION TO TRUMP, GOP

“The result was that data that should have been automatically collected and retained for long-term storage and retrieval was not collected,” Boyd wrote, pointing to “misconfiguration issues related to rollouts, provisioning, and software upgrades that conflicted with the FBI’s collection capabilities.”

According to the text messages revealed earlier, Strzok called Trump “an idiot” in a message to Page. In a later text, he wrote, “I want to believe the path u threw out 4 consideration in [Andrew McCabe’s] office — that there’s no way [Trump] gets elected — but I’m afraid we can’t take that risk.”

Page told Strzok in a text message, “Maybe you’re meant to stay where you are because you’re meant to protect the country from that menace.” Strzok told Page there was significant “pressure” to conclude the Clinton investigation after Trump won the 2016 GOP presidential nomination.

The text messages between the two former Mueller staffers incensed many Republicans — who cited them as evidence that the Justice Department’s investigations into both Trump and Clinton were tainted.

Although the new batch of text messages hasn’t yet been revealed publicly, the Associated Press noted Strzok and Page expressed “displeasure about the timing of [former Attorney General Loretta] Lynch’s announcement that she would defer to the FBI’s judgment on the Clinton investigation.”

“Strzok said in a July 1 text message that the timing of Lynch’s announcement ‘looks like hell,'” AP reported. “And Page appears to mockingly refer to Lynch’s decision to accept the FBI’s conclusion in the case as a ‘real profile in courag(e) since she knows no charges will be brought.'”

_PoliZette writer Kathryn Blackhurst can be reached at [email protected]. Follow her on Twitter._

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about the text messages?

answer: Between December 14, 2016 and May 17, 2017, text messages from two FBI executives were not preserved by the FBI, according to the article. This is concerning because the two executives, Peter Strzok and Lisa Page, were involved in the Special Counsel's investigation of allegations that Donald Trump colluded with the Russian government.

answer: The article says that two FBI executives of Robert Muller's investigation into allegations that Trump colluded with Russians failed to preserve text messages on their mobile devices during a five-month period. The article also notes that the reason for this is that the FBI's technical system for retaining text messages "failed to preserve" these messages.

answer: The Justice Department (DOJ) had the opportunity to preserve text messages on the FBI executives, Peter Strzok and Lisa Page, but failed to do so. The DOJ then notified the committee regarding the missing text messages, but they only discovered this because they obtained 384 new pages of Strzok-Page texts. The text messages revealed Strzok and Page expressing disappointment about the timing of Lynch's announcement that she would defer to the FBI's judgment on the Clinton investigation. Page suggests in one of her text messages that Lynch has considerable courage since she knows no charges will ever be brought.

text: The highlighted text is extraneous and unrelated to the actual text messages.

refinement: The Justice Department (DOJ) had the opportunity to preserve text messages on the FBI executives, Peter Strzok and Lisa Page, but failed to do so.

answer: Text messages between two FBI executives, Peter Strzok and Lisa Page, who opposed then-presidential candidate Donald Trump failed to be preserved. The loss of the text messages were over a five month timeframe in which the FBI's technical system failed to preserve. Text messages revealed Strzok calling Trump "an idiot". The messages angered Republicans whom described them as evidence that the Justice Department's investigations into both Trump and Clinton were tainted.

text:
Change "were" to "was"
Add a hyphen to "five month"
Replace "whom" with "who"

refinement: Text messages between two FBI executives, Peter Strzok and Lisa Page, who opposed then-presidential candidate Donald Trump failed to be preserved. The loss of the text messages was over a five-month timeframe in which the FBI's technical system failed to preserve. Text messages revealed Strzok calling Trump "an idiot". The messages angered Republicans who described them as evidence that the Justice Department's investigations into both Trump and Clinton were tainted.

answer: The Judiciary Committee of the US House discovered that the texts from the committee's investigation from Strzok and Page had been "intentionally deleted," but the Justice Department says that was due to technical issues.


text:
RYAN VAN DIJK (28 May 1990, Zevenaar) is a Dutch footballer who plays for ASWH.[1][2][3]

Van Dijk participated in the joined youth program of NEC Nijmegen and FC Oss. In July 2009 he moved to Young NEC Nijmegen. In season 2011/12 he transferred free to FC Oss.[4] Next he played for Sportclub N.E.C.[5][6] and now for ASWH.[7]

[1]

[2]

[3] |date=2016-09-11|work=VoetbalRotterdam|access-date=2018-09-29|language=nl-NL}}

[4]  gelderlander.nl|website=www.gelderlander.nl|language=nl|access-date=2018-09-29}}

[5]  gelderlander.nl|website=www.gelderlander.nl|language=nl|access-date=2018-09-29}}

[6]  gelderlander.nl|website=www.gelderlander.nl|language=nl|access-date=2018-09-29}}

[7] |date=2016-05-22|work=VoetbalRotterdam|access-date=2018-09-29|language=nl-NL}}

title: Ryan van Dijk

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who is Ryan Van Dijk?

answer: He is a Dutch footballer.

answer: a Dutch footballer

answer: Ryan Van Dijk is a Dutch footballer who currently plays for ASWH.

answer: He is a Dutch footballer who plays for ASWH.

answer: Ryan Van Dijk is a Dutch footballer who currently plays for ASWH.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What team does Ryan Van Dijk play for?

answer: ASWH

answer: ASWH

answer: ASWH

answer: ASWH

answer: ASWH.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What position does Ryan Van Dijk play?

answer: Unknown, it is not listed. However, it is stated that he is a footballer.

answer: That information can't be found.

answer: Ryan Van Dijk plays as a football midfielder.

answer: the article does not answer this question

answer: Ryan Van Dijk is a footballer who plays in the midfielder position.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

When was Ryan Van Dijk born?

answer: 28 May, 1990.

answer: Ryan Van Dijk was born on May 28, 1990.

answer: May 28, 1990

answer: 28 May 1990

answer: May 28, 1990

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Ryan Van Dijk is a Dutch footballer who currently plays for ASWH. He previously played for Young NEC Nijmegen and FC Oss.

text: This summary only requires one sentence.

refinement: Ryan Van Dijk is a Dutch footballer who currently plays for ASWH.

answer: A wikipedia page on Ryan Van Dijk that includes several of his playing career

text: It would be be better to write this as a full sentence.

refinement: This is a wikipedia page on Ryan Van Dijk that includes several of his playing career

text: It would be better to describe what Van Dijk actually plays instead of "several of his playing career".

refinement: This is a Wikipedia page on Ryan Van Dijk, who is a Dutch football player currently playing for the ASWH.

answer: This article gives some information about Ryan Van Dijk, a Dutch footballer who plays for ASWH.

answer: Ryan Van Dijk is a Dutch footballer who plays for ASWH.

answer: Ryan Van Dijk is a Dutch footballer who currently plays for ASWH. Van Dijk was a youth player for NEC Nijmegen and FC Oss before transferring to FC Oss in 2011.

text: This question only requests one sentence.

refinement: Ryan Van Dijk is a Dutch footballer who currently plays for ASWH.


text:
MICHAEL J. SHANNON (born January 24, 1943), also billed as MICHAEL SHANNON, is an American actor and playwright.

Career

Shannon has a cult following due to his appearances in cult classics such as _Little Shop of Horrors_, _Red Dwarf_, _Future Cop_ and _We'll Meet Again,_ the last two being his most substantial television roles, as Officer John Haven and Major James Kiley respectively.

Shannon was born in Chicago. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University (whose School of Communication grants Bachelor of Science degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater). He subsequently received a Master of Arts in Oral Interpretation from Northwestern.[1][2]

In addition to his filmography, he has maintained substantial theatrical acting credits throughout his career, including the British premiere of Arthur Kopit’s _The End of the World_ _with Symposium to Follow_ in Southampton (Nuffield Theatre) and the London premiere of A. R. Gurney’s _The Dining Room_ (Greenwich Theatre, 1983, directed by Alan Strachan)[3]. In 2013 he gave 4 benefit performances in aid of Amnesty international of the monumental one-man play _Clarence Darrow_ by David V. Rintels, based on the life of the lawyer and founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union, at the Teahouse Theatre in Vauxhall, London.[4]

The first play he authored, _Deros On the Funny Farm_, was first produced at the Long Wharf Theater in New Haven in 1981 with Kevin Bacon in the lead.[5]

Theme of the American President

A recurring feature of his career, in acting and writing, is the figure of the American president. He portrayed John F. Kennedy in the BBC television series _Red Dwarf_, starred in two episodes of the ABC television series Call to Glory named 'JFK' (parts 1 and 2, though not as the president) and has written and starred in a one-man play, _JFK on JFK_.[6] Hoyt Hilsman, in reviewing the play for Backstage West, wrote, “Shannon’s memorable performance captures the soul of the late president like none other in recent memory.”[7]

Shannon took the role of Harding in James Staley's play about the scandal-plagued American president Warren G. Harding, _Everyone's Friend_, which premiered in August 1999 at Whitefire Theatre.[8] Los Angeles Times critic Philip Brandes wrote that “Shannon makes a heartbreakingly believable case for Harding's ignorance of and outrage at the abuses of his Cabinet.”[9]

Shannon portrayed Abraham Lincoln in a play he also authored, _Watching with Lincoln_, produced at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 2014.[10]

His play _Liberty Rising_ is set in the Revolutionary War featuring George Washington and John Adams alongside their wives Martha and Abigail.[11]

Personal life

Shannon was the second husband of the late British-born actress Vickery Turner. He and Turner met during the American season of Frith Banbury's production of the play _The Day After The Fair_ by Frank Harvey[12], which opened on September 4th, 1973 at the Auditorium Theatre in Denver, Colorado and closed January 20th, 1974 at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, DC.[13][14] Shannon played the role of Bradford and Turner the role of Anna.[15] Their daughter Caitlin is also an actress and writer.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]  Susannah Tresilian|website=www.susannahtresilian.com|language=English|access-date=2018-01-22}}

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]  Playbill|website=Playbill|language=en|access-date=2018-01-27}}

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

title: Michael J. Shannon

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the reason behind Michael Shannon's cult following?

answer: Through his appearances in cult classics such as 'Little Shop of Horrors', 'Red Dwarf', 'Future Cop', and 'We'll Meet Again', his performance as Officer John Haven in the episodic television series 'Future Cop' and Major James Kiley in the television series 'We'l Meet Again' have contributed to his cult following.

text: Should be split into two sentences.

refinement: Through his appearances in cult classics such as 'Little Shop of Horrors', 'Red Dwarf', 'Future Cop', and 'We'll Meet Again'. His performance as Officer John Haven in the episodic television series 'Future Cop' and Major James Kiley in the television series 'We'l Meet Again' have contributed to his cult following.

text: Grammar and spelling

refinement: Through his appearances in cult classics such as 'Little Shop of Horrors', 'Red Dwarf', 'Future Cop', and 'We'll Meet Again'. His performances as Officer John Haven in the episodic television series 'Future Cop' and Major James Kiley in the television series 'We'll Meet Again' have contributed to his cult following.

answer: Shannon has a cult following due to his appearances in cult classics such as _Little Shop of Horrors_, _Red Dwarf_, _Future Cop_ and _We'll Meet Again_, all of which highlight the figure of the American president.

text: It is incorrect that the roles listed highlight the figure of the American president.

refinement: Shannon has a cult following due to his appearances in cult classics such as _Little Shop of Horrors_, _Red Dwarf_, _Future Cop_ and _We'll Meet Again_.

text: Formatting (remove underscores)

refinement: Shannon has a cult following due to his appearances in cult classics such as Little Shop of Horrors, Red Dwarf, Future Cop and We'll Meet Again.

answer: He appeared in several cult classic films such as "Little Shop of Horrors", "Red Dwarf", "Future Cop", and "We'll Meet Again".

answer: His appearances in cult classics such as "Little Shop of Horrors" and "Red Dwarf"

text: Doesn't mention his two most substantial television roles.

refinement: His appearances in cult classics such as "Little Shop of Horrors", "Red Dwarf", "Future Cop", and "We'll Meet Again".

answer: Michael Shannon has a cult following due to his appearances in cult classics such as Little Shop of Horrors, Red Dwarf, Future Cop, and We'll Meet Again. These roles are primarily focused around the figure of the American president, most notably John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln. This is likely why Shannon has gained a cult following.

text: The final sentence is redundant and can me omitted.

refinement: Michael Shannon has a cult following due to his appearances in cult classics such as Little Shop of Horrors, Red Dwarf, Future Cop, and We'll Meet Again. These roles are primarily focused around the figure of the American president, most notably John F. Kennedy and Abraham Lincoln.

text: It is untrue that those roles primarily focus around the figure of the American president.

refinement: Michael Shannon has a cult following due to his appearances in cult classics such as Little Shop of Horrors, Red Dwarf, Future Cop, and We'll Meet Again.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How was Michael Shannon educated?

answer: Shannon received a Bachelor of Science degree in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University and a Master of Arts in Oral Interpretation from the school.

text: "He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University" is evidence of his Bachelor of Science degree.

text: "He subsequently received a Master of Arts in Oral Interpretation from Northwestern" is evidence of his Master of Arts degree.

answer: He started with a Bachelor of Science in theatre arts from Northwestern. He then received a Master of Arts in Oral interpretation from the same school.

text: "He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University" is evidence of his Bachelor of Science degree.

text: "He subsequently received a Master of Arts in Oral Interpretation from Northwestern" is evidence of his Master of Arts degree.

answer: Shannon received Bachelor of Science in Theatre Arts and a Master of Arts in Oral Interpretation from Northwestern University.

text: "He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University" is evidence of his Bachelor of Science degree.

text: "He subsequently received a Master of Arts in Oral Interpretation from Northwestern" is evidence of his Master of Arts degree.

answer: He has a Bachelors degree in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University.

text: The answer does not mention his Master of Arts degree.

refinement: He has a Bachelors degree in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University. He also received a Master of Arts in oral Interpretation at the same school.

text: "He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University" is evidence of his Bachelor of Science degree.

answer: He received a Bachelor of Science in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University followed by a Master of Arts in Oral Interpretation, also from Northwestern.

text: "He graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University" is evidence of his Bachelor of Science degree.

text: "He subsequently received a Master of Arts in Oral Interpretation from Northwestern" is evidence of his Master of Arts degree.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Which theater productions has Shannon appeared in?

answer: Deros on the Funny Farm; Kennedy on Kennedy; The End of the World. The Dining Room; and Watch with Lincoln.

text: While he is stated to have authored Deros on the Funny Farm, the article does not state he performed in it.

refinement: Kennedy on Kennedy; The End of the World. The Dining Room; and Watch with Lincoln.

text: Two of the plays have slightly incorrect names.

refinement: JFK on JFK; The End of the World. The Dining Room; and Watching with Lincoln.

text: Missing mention of two plays.

refinement: JFK on JFK; The End of the World; The Dining Room; Clarence Darrow; Everyone's Friend; and Watching with Lincoln.

answer: He acted in the British premiere of Arthur Kopit's "The End of the World with Symposium to Follow" and the London premiere of A.R. Gurney's "The Dining Room". He gave 4 benefit performances in aid of Amnesty international of the  one-man play "Clarence Darrow" by David V. Rintels.

text: Does not mention three of his other performances.

refinement: He acted in the British premiere of Arthur Kopit's "The End of the World with Symposium to Follow" and the London premiere of A.R. Gurney's "The Dining Room". He gave 4 benefit performances in aid of Amnesty international of the  one-man play "Clarence Darrow" by David V. Rintels.   He also appeared in JFK on JFK, Everyone's Friend, and Watching with Lincoln.

answer: Shannon has appeared in theatrical productions of _The End of the World_ _with Symposium to Follow_ and _Clarence Darrow_, and he also authored _Deros On the Funny Farm._

text: The question is asking which productions he appeared in, not which he authored.

refinement: Shannon has appeared in theatrical productions of _The End of the World_ _with Symposium to Follow_ and _Clarence Darrow.

text: Fails to mention four of his appearance.

refinement: Shannon has appeared in theatrical productions of _The End of the World_ _with Symposium to Follow_ and _Clarence Darrow. He also appeared in The Dining Room, JFK on JFK, Everyone's Friend, and Watching with Lincoln.

text: Formatting (remove underscores).

refinement: Shannon has appeared in theatrical productions of The End of the World with Symposium to Follow and Clarence Darrow. He also appeared in The Dining Room, JFK on JFK, Everyone's Friend, and Watching with Lincoln.

answer: Arthur Kopit's "The End of the World with Symposium to Follow" and A.R. Gurney's "The Dining Room".

text: Four of his appearances are not mentioned.

refinement: Arthur Kopit's "The End of the World with Symposium to Follow" and A.R. Gurney's "The Dining Room". He also appeared in Clarence Darrow, JFK on JFK, Everyone's Friend, and Watching with Lincoln.

answer: Shannon has appeared in theatrical productions such as Arthur Kopit's _The End of the World to Follow_ in Southampton, A. R. Gurney's _The Dining Room_, and _Clarence Darrow_ by David V. Rintels. He has also authored the plays _Deros On the Funny Farm_ and _Watching with Lincoln_.

text: It does not need to be stated what plays he authored.

refinement: Shannon has appeared in theatrical productions such as Arthur Kopit's _The End of the World to Follow_ in Southampton, A. R. Gurney's _The Dining Room_, and _Clarence Darrow_ by David V. Rintels.

text: There are three other plays he appeared in.

refinement: Shannon has appeared in theatrical productions such as Arthur Kopit's _The End of the World to Follow_ in Southampton, A. R. Gurney's _The Dining Room_, and _Clarence Darrow_ by David V. Rintels. He also appeared in JFK on JFK, Everyone's Friend, and Watching with Lincoln.

text: Formatting (remove undescores)

refinement: Shannon has appeared in theatrical productions such as Arthur Kopit's The End of the World to Follow in Southampton, A. R. Gurney's The Dining Room, and Clarence Darrow by David V. Rintels. He also appeared in JFK on JFK, Everyone's Friend, and Watching with Lincoln.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is Shannon's most consistent motif?

answer: The motif of the American president is consistent in Shannon's career.

text: "A recurring feature of his career, in acting and writing, is the figure of the American president" is evidence that the American president is a recurring motif throughout his career.

answer: The US Presidency

text: "A recurring feature of his career, in acting and writing, is the figure of the American president" is evidence that the American president is a recurring motif throughout his career.

answer: Shannon's most consistent motif is the figure of the American president. He has portrayed John F. Kennedy in the BBC television series _Red Dwarf_ and has written and starred in the one-man play, _JFK on JFK_. He also portrayed Abraham Lincoln in the play _Watching with Lincoln_.

text: Formatting (remove underscores)

refinement: Shannon's most consistent motif is the figure of the American president. He has portrayed John F. Kennedy in the BBC television series Red Dwarf and has written and starred in the one-man play, JFK on JFK. He also portrayed Abraham Lincoln in the play Watching with Lincoln.

text: "A recurring feature of his career, in acting and writing, is the figure of the American president" is evidence that the American president is a recurring motif throughout his career.

answer: The figure of the American president and all of the political maneuverings of said president.

text: The second half of that statement is unattested.

text: "A recurring feature of his career, in acting and writing, is the figure of the American president" is evidence that the American president is a recurring motif throughout his career.

answer: He recurrently appears in acting and writing as the American president. He has portrayed John F. Kennedy in the BBC TV series "Red Dwarf" and two episodes of the ABC TV series "Call to Glory" as 'JFK'. He also wrote and starred as Kennedy in a one-man-play titled "JFK on JFK".

text: "A recurring feature of his career, in acting and writing, is the figure of the American president" is evidence that the American president is a recurring motif throughout his career.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: Michael Shannon is an actor and playwright who has earned a cult following for his appearance in cult films such as "Little Shop of Horrors", "Red Dwarf", "Future Cop", and "We'll Meet Again". He received a Bachelor of Science in Theatre from Northwestern as well as a Master of Arts in Oral Interpretation. He has appeared in many theatrical productions as well, such as the London premiere "The Dining Room" and the British premiere of "The End of the World with Symposium to Follow". His most consistent motif is his recurring roles as the American president. He played John F. Kennedy both in the BBC Television series "Red Dwarf" as well as in the ABC Television series "Call to Glory", as well as writing and starring as Kennedy in the one-man-play "JFK on JFK".

answer: Michael J. Shannon is an American actor and playwright with a cult following. He is also known for his roles in cult classics like "Little Shop of Horrors" and "Red Dwarf." His theatrical credits include the British premiere of Arthur Kopit’s "The End of the World with Symposium to Follow" and the London premiere of A. R. Gurney's "The Dining Room." He has also authored his own plays, including "Deros On the Funny Farm," about John F. Kennedy. He currently stars as Abraham Lincoln in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art's production of "Watching With Lincoln."

text: This summary does not mention the fact that the American president is a recurring motif in his work. The last sentence can be replaced with this.

refinement: Michael J. Shannon is an American actor and playwright with a cult following. He is also known for his roles in cult classics like "Little Shop of Horrors" and "Red Dwarf." His theatrical credits include the British premiere of Arthur Kopit’s "The End of the World with Symposium to Follow" and the London premiere of A. R. Gurney's "The Dining Room." He has also authored his own plays, including "Deros On the Funny Farm," about John F. Kennedy. The American President is a recurring motif in his career, with him having performed as presidents such as John F. Kennedy, Warren G. Harding, and Abraham Lincoln.

answer:
Michael J. Shannon is an American actor and playwright most well-known for appearing in cult classics such as Little Shop of Horrors, Red Dwarf, Future Cop, and We'll Meet Again. In addition to his film work, he has maintained a substantial theatrical acting resume, including the British premiere of Arthur Kopit's play The End of the World with Symposium to Follow at the Nuffield Theatre.

Shannon has also published and starred in a one-man play called JFK on JFK. He most recently wrote a play called Liberty Rising set during the Revolutionary War, featuring George Washington and John Adams. Shannon remains an active figure in the American president genre, having portrayed John F. Kennedy in Red Dwarf and Warren G. Harding in Everyone's Friend.

answer: MICHAEL J. SHANNON was the stage name of the American actor and playwright born on January 24 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University, and later got a master's degree in Oral Interpretation. He began his career by briefly starring in LITTLE SHOP OF HORRORS, and then played Officer Haven and Major Kiley in RED DWARF. He also played John F. Kennedy in Red Dwarf; Harding in The End of the World with Symposium to Follow; Abraham Lincoln in a play called Watching with Lincoln, and George Washington and John Adams in a play called Liberty Rising. In his personal life, he was married to the British-born actress Vickery Turner.

text: Michael J. Shannon is not simply his stage name.

refinement: MICHAEL J. SHANNON is an the American actor and playwright born on January 24 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University, and later got a master's degree in Oral Interpretation. He began his career by briefly starring in LITTLE SHOP OF HORRORS, and then played Officer Haven and Major Kiley in RED DWARF. He also played John F. Kennedy in Red Dwarf; Harding in The End of the World with Symposium to Follow; Abraham Lincoln in a play called Watching with Lincoln, and George Washington and John Adams in a play called Liberty Rising. In his personal life, he was married to the British-born actress Vickery Turner.

text: Rather than simply listing specific roles, the summary should mention details such as his cult following.

refinement: MICHAEL J. SHANNON is an the American actor and playwright born on January 24 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University, and later got a master's degree in Oral Interpretation. He developed a cult following for his appearances in shows like Little Shop of Horrors, Red Dwarf, and Future Cop. He also played John F. Kennedy in Red Dwarf; Harding in The End of the World with Symposium to Follow; Abraham Lincoln in a play called Watching with Lincoln, and George Washington and John Adams in a play called Liberty Rising. In his personal life, he was married to the British-born actress Vickery Turner.

text: Rather than simply listing specific roles, the summary should mention details such as the recurring motif of American president.

refinement: MICHAEL J. SHANNON is an the American actor and playwright born on January 24 1943. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Theatre Arts from Northwestern University, and later got a master's degree in Oral Interpretation. He developed a cult following for his appearances in shows like Little Shop of Horrors, Red Dwarf, and Future Cop. The American president is a recurring motif throughout his career: he played John F. Kennedy in Red Dwarf; Harding in The End of the World with Symposium to Follow; Abraham Lincoln in a play called Watching with Lincoln, and George Washington and John Adams in a play called Liberty Rising. In his personal life, he was married to the British-born actress Vickery Turner.

answer: Michael Shannon is an actor and playwright from America. Shannon has been an actor since the 1960s, with his first appearance in the film Little Shop of Horrors. He still continues to work in both film and stage. A special feature of Shannon's career has been appearances as or writing about American presidents including John F Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln, and George Washington. His second wife was British-born actress Vickery Turner.

text: Doesn't mention his cult following.

refinement: Michael Shannon is an actor and playwright from America. Shannon has been an actor since the 1960s. He has developed a cult following due to his appearances in Little Shop of Horrors, Red Dwarf, Future Cop, and We'll Meet Again. He still continues to work in both film and stage. A special feature of Shannon's career has been appearances as or writing about American presidents including John F Kennedy, Abraham Lincoln, and George Washington. His second wife was British-born actress Vickery Turner.