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Today, our IBM Research team published the first real world demonstration of a rocking Brownian motor for nanoparticles in the peer-review journal _Science_. The motors propel nanoscale particles along predefined racetracks to enable researchers to separate nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision. The reported findings show great potential for lab-on-a-chip applications in material science, environmental sciences or biochemistry.

NO MORE FAIRY TALES

Do you remember the Grimm version of Cinderella when she had to pick peas and lentils out of the ashes? Now imagine that instead of peas and lentils you have a suspension of nanoparticles, which are only 60 nanometer (nm) and 100 nm in size — that’s 1,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Using previous methods, one could separate them with a complicated filter or machines, however these are too bulky and complex to be integrated into a handheld lab-on-a-chip.

[nanoparticles]

IBM scientist Dr. Armin Knoll with the experiment’s set-up in his lab in Switzerland.

ROCKING BROWNIAN MOTOR

To address this, we take inspiration from nature. In our cells molecular motors are tiny walkers that transport cargo along microtubule guiding tracks with minimal fuel consumption. They are an integral part of the muscle contraction in our body. These motors are fascinating because they overcome and even exploit the random motion that particles of the size of the walkers typically experience at this scale, called Brownian motion. This chaotic, trembling motion of the particles is caused by the water molecules, which randomly collide with particles. Fun fact, it was Albert Einstein who first gave a correct description of Brownian motion in 1905.

A Brownian motor converts this random motion into mechanical work by forcing the randomness into a straight particle movement. For this purpose scientists use the principle similar to a ratchet screwdriver, in which asymmetric teeth allow movement in one direction, but not in the other.

In addition, an oscillating external force is used, which pushes the particles against the ratchet teeth. For the particles it is much easier to pass the teeth in one direction, resulting in the directed movement of the particles. A Brownian motor does not produce directed motion, it only prevents particles from moving backwards.

BUILDING A NEW DEVICE FOR PARTICLE SEPARATION

To start with we used a tiny, heatable silicon tip with a sharp apex to create a 3D landscape for nanoparticles by “chiseling” away material of a polymer layer. This technique is called thermal scanning probe lithography. It was used to create the world’s smallest magazine cover back in 2014.

[]

IBM researcher Dr. Christian Schwemmer prepares a water droplet containing the 60 nm and 100 nm small gold spheres.

Since we wanted to separate two different types of particles, we combined two ratchets with opposite transport directions that had differently sized teeth. We then put a water droplet containing the 60 nm and 100 nm small gold spheres on the ratchets and covered it with a thin glass, leaving a tiny gap between the tips of the teeth and the glass. Due to the electrostatic interaction between the charged surfaces and particles, the particles float in the liquid with the highest possible distance to the glass and teeth. Since a particle of greater size is less likely to explore the ratchet having the bigger teeth, the spheres moved in opposite directions and were separated. The 60 nm particles rocked to the right and the 100 nm particles to left hand side of the system within only a few seconds.

A model, which we also published in the paper, suggests that our device can separate particles ranging from 5 nm to 100 nm in size and having a radial difference of merely 1 nm. We are very confident that there are no significant hidden effects in the system since it behaves exactly as predicted by theory and we can measure all the relevant physical parameters.

APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS FIELDS POSSIBLE

Our device has a very small footprint, uses only 5 volts and, in contrast to existing tools, does not need any pressure or flow. This makes it ideal for lab-on-chip applications e.g. for a size analysis of particles such as DNA, proteins, quantum dots and other nanoparticles in tiny liquid volumes. It could be used in a broad range of research fields like material science, biochemistry or environmental research. One could think of structures which deliver the nano-objects of interest to sensors in order to detect ultra-small quantities, such as nanoscale pollutants in our drinking water.

The development of such a device was based on IBM’s capabilities in nanostructure fabrication and its knowledge in microfluidics. In fact, it is fascinating to consider that the operation and performance of the device are determined by the precision of a single lithographic step used to fabricate the device.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

NANOFLUIDIC ROCKING BROWNIAN MOTORS, _Michael J. Skaug, Christian Schwemmer, Stefan Fringes, Colin D. Rawlings, Armin W. Knoll, DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3271
_

question: What does the rocking Brownian motor for nanoparticles do?

answer: The rocking Brownian motor for nanoparticles separates particles of different sizes.

text: "The motors propel nanoscale particles along predefined racetracks to enable researchers to separate nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision" is evidence that the answer misses to specify that the motor allows the separation of nanoparticle populations with precision.

refinement: The rocking Brownian motor for nanoparticles separates nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision.

answer: It separates nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision.

text: "motors propel nanoscale particles along predefined racetracks to enable researchers to separate nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision" is evidence that the motor separates nanoparticle populations with precision.

answer: It propels nanoscale particles along predefined racetracks to enable researchers to separate nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision.

text: "motors propel nanoscale particles along predefined racetracks to enable researchers to separate nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision" is evidence that the motor separates nanoparticle populations with precision.

answer: The rocking Brownian motor for nanoparticles separates particles of different sizes by converting Brownian motion into directed motion.

text: "A Brownian motor does not produce directed motion" is evidence that it does not produce directed motion.

refinement: The rocking Brownian motor for nanoparticles separates nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision.

question: What is the Brownian motion?

answer: Brownian motion is chaotic, trembling motion caused by water molecules, which randomly collide with particles.

text: "called Brownian motion. This chaotic, trembling motion of the particles is caused by the water molecules, which randomly collide with particles" is evidence that the Brownian motion is caused by water molecules which randomly collide with particles.

answer: Brownian motion is the random motion of particles caused by the water molecules that randomly collide with particles.

text: "random motion that particles of the size of the walkers typically experience at this scale, called Brownian motion. This chaotic, trembling motion of the particles is caused by the water molecules, which randomly collide with particles" is evidence that Brownian motion is random motion than collide with particles.

answer: Brownian motion is the random motion that particles of the size of the walkers typically experience at this scale, caused by the water molecules, which randomly collide with particles.

text: "random motion that particles of the size of the walkers typically experience at this scale, called Brownian motion. This chaotic, trembling motion of the particles is caused by the water molecules, which randomly collide with particles" is evidence that Brownian motion is random motion that collides with particles.

answer: Brownian motion is the random movement of particles caused by the random collisions of water molecules. This motion can be converted into directed motion by using a Brownian motor.

text: "A Brownian motor does not produce directed motion" is evidence that directed motion is NOT produced.

refinement: Brownian motion is the random movement of particles caused by the random collisions of water molecules. This motion can be converted into directed motion by using a Brownian motor.

text: "called Brownian motion. This chaotic, trembling motion of the particles is caused by the water molecules" is evidence of the colliding water molecules.

question: What is the device ideal for?

answer: The device is ideal for lab-on-chip applications, such as size analysis of particles such as DNA, proteins, quantum dots, and other nanoparticles in tiny liquid volumes.

text: "makes it ideal for lab-on-chip applications e.g. for a size analysis of particles such as DNA, proteins, quantum dots and other nanoparticles in tiny liquid volumes" is evidence for what the device is ideal for.

answer: Because it has a very small footprint, it is ideal for lab-on-a-chip applications in material science, environmental sciences, or biochemistry for a size analysis of particles such as DNA, proteins, quantum dots and other nanoparticles in tiny liquid volumes.

text: "great potential for lab-on-a-chip applications in material science, environmental sciences or biochemistry -- for a size analysis of particles such as DNA, proteins, quantum dots and other nanoparticles in tiny liquid volumes" is evidence that the device is ideal for application in such fields and for size analysis of such particles.

answer: The device is ideal for lab-on-chip applications.

text: "This makes it ideal for lab-on-chip applications" is evidence for what the device is ideal for.

answer: The device is ideal for lab-on-chip applications.

text: "This makes it ideal for lab-on-chip applications" is evidence for what the device is ideal for.

question: What was the development of the motor based on?

answer: IBM’s capabilities in nanostructure fabrication and its knowledge in microfluidics

text: "IBM’s capabilities in nanostructure fabrication and its knowledge in microfluidics" is evidence for what the development of the motor is based on.

answer: IBM's capabilities in nanostructure fabrication and its knowledge in microfluidics.

text: "IBM’s capabilities in nanostructure fabrication and its knowledge in microfluidics" is evidence for what the development of the motor is based on.

answer: The development of the motor was based on IBM's capabilities in nanostructure fabrication and its knowledge in microfluidics.

text: "IBM’s capabilities in nanostructure fabrication and its knowledge in microfluidics" is evidence for what the development of the motor is based on.

answer: The development of the motor was based on IBM's capabilities in nanostructure fabrication and its knowledge in microfluidics.

text: "IBM’s capabilities in nanostructure fabrication and its knowledge in microfluidics" is evidence for what the development of the motor is based on.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: The rocking Brownian motor separates nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision. It has a very small footprint, making it ideal for lab-on-a-chip applications in material science, environmental sciences, or biochemistry for a size analysis of particles such as DNA, proteins, quantum dots and other nanoparticles in tiny liquid volumes.

text: "The motors propel nanoscale particles along predefined racetracks to enable researchers to separate nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision -- for a size analysis of particles such as DNA, proteins, quantum dots and other nanoparticles in tiny liquid volumes" is evidence of the description of a Brownian motor.

answer: IBM scientists have developed a rocking Brownian motor for nanoparticles. The motor converts random motion into mechanical work.

text: Though the details in the answer are valid, the summary misses to mention how the motor converts the random motion into mechanical work. Also misses to mention what the device is ideal for.

refinement: IBM scientists have developed a rocking Brownian motor that separates nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision. The motor converts random motion into mechanical work by forcing the randomness into a straight particle movement. The device is ideal for lab-on-chip applications.

answer: Researchers at IBM have developed a new device that uses Brownian motors to separate nanoparticles in a lab-on-a-chip application. The device is capable of separating particles ranging from 5 nm to 100 nm in size, and can be used in a variety of research fields.

text: Though the details in the answer are valid, the summary misses to mention what the device is ideal for.

refinement: Researchers at IBM have developed a new device that uses Brownian motors to separate nanoparticles in  lab-on-a-chip application, like size analysis of particles such as DNA, proteins, quantum dots and other nanoparticles in tiny liquid volumes. The device is capable of separating particles ranging from 5 nm to 100 nm in size, and can be used in a variety of research fields such as material science, environmental sciences or biochemistry.

text: empty response.

refinement: The rocking Brownian motor separates nanoparticle populations with unprecedented precision. It has a very small footprint, making it ideal for lab-on-a-chip applications in material science, environmental sciences, or biochemistry for a size analysis of particles such as DNA, proteins, quantum dots and other nanoparticles in tiny liquid volumes.


split: train

text:
This was my first short story I had to write for my Creative Writing class back when I was a Junior in high school. I hope you like it!

    "Ooohhhh," Helen groaned. She hurt everywhere. Being in a hospital for six weeks is really something that she wasn't looking forward to. She was about to call for a nurse to change the channel on her tiny tv (golf was not her thing!) when all of a sudden there was a knock on the door. "Come in," she called weakly.

   "Hello, I'm Dr. Bandade, how are you feeling?" He smiled a toothy smile.

   She gave the burly man a sarcastic look. "How do you *think* I'm feeling? I fell out of a five-story window!"

    The doctor pulled up a chair next to her. "Yes about that, how exactly did it happen? On this statement is says that you were pushed?"

    Helen cringed at the very thought of it, not only because it was painful, but she wasn't sure if he would believe her. "Well, it started out as a normal day. I woke up, ate breakfast, completed the daily crossword puzzle in the paper.

    "It was then I noticed that my window was open. A cool breeze swept through, so I decided to close it. I got up and went over to the window.

    "Right as I reached out to grab the handle, Rufus, my cat, rubbed against my leg, causing me to lose my balance. Before I knew it, I was falling out the window!

    "I screamed. I heard people screaming below me. I felt breathless. Panic swept over me.

    "It was only too soon when I came into contact with the ground. I heard bones shattering and I cried out in pain. In the distance, sirens wailed. The ambulance charged down the street.

    "After they put me on the stretcher, they hauled me away to the hospital, where they told me I was lucky to even be alive. They said I broke every bone in my body. I'll be here about six weeks, if not more." Her face fell when she told the doctor this. "And that's all that happened."

    Dr. Bandade looked over at her. "So you fell out accidentally then."

    "No! I was *pushed* out!" she yelled.

    "But you even said that you lost your balance, and no one was with you."

    "Yes there was... Rufus! *He* pushed me out!"

    The doctor rationalized, "But he's a *cat.* He probably didn't realize that rubbing against you to show affection would-"

    But Helen cut him off. "He *deliberately* rubbed too hard and made me lost my balance."

    "What would be the purpose for Rufus to push you?" The doctor raised an eyebrow.

    "He's just evil," she simply said.

    "Oh." He wrote some things down on his clipboard.

    Helen stared at him suspiciously. "What kind of doctor are you anyway, asking me all these questions?"

    "I'm a psychiatrist." He wrote some more things down.

    "What? You think I'm crazy don't you?! I'm telling you, my cat is trying to *kill me!"*

    Before Dr. Bandade could say anything, there was a knock at the door.

    "Excuse me, doctor," the nurse said, "but there's someone here to see her."

    Helen perked up a bit. A visitor to see her!

    The visitor walked into the room.

    "Rufus!" Helen shrieked.

    Standing there was the tabby cat. He was staring at her with glossy green eyes, slanted into slits. His tail twitched as if to say, "I'm *back."*

title: Paranoid?... Or Just Plain Evil?

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who does Helen blame for her fall?

answer: She blames Rufus, her cat. She claims that her cat is evil. Her doctor is a psychiatrist and thinks she may be paranoid. Then a visitor comes to the hospital. It's Rufus — her cat.

text: The last three sentences are not relevant to the question.

refinement: She blames Rufus, her cat. She claims that her cat is evil.

text: The answer could mention specifically how Rufus was responsible for her fall.

refinement: She blames Rufus, her cat. She claims that her cat is evil. Rufus brushed up against her when she was by the window, causing her to lose her balance and fall out the window.

answer: Helen blames Rufus, her cat, for her fall.

answer: Her cat Rufus.

answer: Helen blames her cat for her fall.

answer: Helen blames her cat, Rufus, for her fall.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What injury did Helen suffer?

answer: She broke every bone in her body falling out of a five-story window.

answer: Helen suffered a fall out of a five-story window, causing her to break all of her bones.

answer: Helen suffered a fall from a five-story window.

text: The answer could be more specific about what type of injuries she sustained.

refinement: Helen suffered a fall from a five-story window and broke every bone in her body.

answer: Helen broke every bone in her body and broke her skull.

text: The text does not state that she broke her scull (she would probably be dead if she had).

answer: She fell out a five story window. This caused her to break all of her bones. According to the medical report she must be in the hospital for six weeks.

text: The length of her hospital stay is not relevant.

refinement: She fell out a five story window. This caused her to break all of her bones.


text:
LAUREN DUCA (born February 24, 1991)[1] is an American freelance journalist, feminist,[2] and political columnist.[3] Duca formerly worked at _Teen Vogue,_ where she had a column called “Thigh High Politics”. In September 2019, she released a book on young people and the future of American politics titled _How to Start a Revolution_.[4]

Early life and education

Duca was born in New York City and grew up in an affluent New Jersey suburb. Her parents live in New Jersey,[5] and she has a younger brother.[6]

In 2013, Duca graduated from Fordham University with a bachelor's degree in English and philosophy.[7] During this time, she was editor in chief of the alternative newspaper, _the paper._[8] In 2015, Duca received her master's degree in journalism and critical theory from New York University.[9]

Career

In 2013, Duca got her start working as an online editorial intern for _New York_. From 2013 to 2015, Duca worked as a reporter at _The Huffington Post_. In 2015, she began working as a freelance reporter, often writing for _Teen Vogue_.

In December 2016, Duca drew attention for an op-ed in _Teen Vogue_ titled “Donald Trump is Gaslighting America”,[10][11] which argued that then President-elect Donald Trump relied on deceit to undermine the truth so his critics would question their own judgment.[12] As of December 23, 2016, the essay had been viewed 1.2 million times, becoming the magazine's most-viewed post.[13] Katie Mettler of _The Washington Post_ said, “[T]he Internet lit up with praise for [Duca's] 'scorched-earth' op-ed.”[14] The essay was widely cited as a turning point in the fashion magazine's reputation, with a newly recognized political dimension.[15][16][17]

Duca appeared on _Tucker Carlson Tonight_ on December 23, 2016.[18] In the heated exchange over Duca's commentary on Ivanka Trump,[19] Duca criticized host Tucker Carlson for not allowing her to speak and called Carlson a “partisan hack”; in response, he told her that instead of political commentary, she “should stick to the thigh-high boots,” referring to her earlier articles on pop-star Ariana Grande.[20] Online harassment of Duca followed, including threats of sexual assault.[21]

In response, Duca named her new column at _Teen Vogue_, begun in February 2017,[22] “Thigh-High Politics.”[23] According to _Teen Vogue_, “Thigh High Politics” “breaks down the news, provides resources for the resistance, and just generally refuses to accept toxic nonsense.”[24] She also designed a tee-shirt in July 2017 with the phrase “I like my politics thigh-high,” and donated all of the proceeds from each $32 shirt to Planned Parenthood in Tucker Carlson's name.[25] As of December 2017, over $10,000 were raised.[26] In the face of backlash against _Teen Vogue_, Duca has defended the political commentary featured on the website, citing the disconnect between critics who find young women's interests as too silly for intellectual conversation and the reprimand young women face for not participating in political process.[27]

In 2017, former pharmaceutical executive Martin Shkreli attempted to contact Duca a number of times and referenced her routinely in social media. In early January 2017, Shkreli direct-messaged Duca, tweeted her directly, edited a collage of Duca for his Twitter banner, and superimposed his face on top of an image of Duca and her then-husband to use as his profile photo.[28] Duca made her discomfort in Shkreli's advances known on her Twitter, posting a screenshot of a direct message from Shkreli inviting Duca to Donald Trump's inauguration with the caption, “I would rather eat my own organs.”[29] Duca also posted screenshots of Shkreli's Twitter profile using her appearance, asking the platform's founder and CEO Jack Dorsey how Shkreli's actions were allowed.[30] Shkreli's Twitter account was then suspended for violating the website's rules prohibiting targeted harassment.[31] On July 28, 2017, Duca released a Twitter statement on her thoughts regarding Shkreli's securities-fraud trial and the sexual comments made by Shkreli on a Facebook live stream.[32] Duca tweeted, “I would (still) rather eat my own organs. So much as touch me, and I'll gladly chop off one of yours.”[33]

On 21 February 2018, Lauren responded to Billy Graham's death by tweeting: “The big news today is that Billy Graham was still alive this whole time. Anyway, have fun in hell, bitch.”[34] Her post drew some backlash on the internet.[35] In response to Fox News' coverage of her tweet, Duca noted: “The Fox article and segment on my stupid tweet are really miraculous in their bad-faith consternation. Billy Graham called being gay 'a sinister form of perversion,' and floated the idea that 'AIDS is a punishment from God.' If hell is real, that's exactly where he's headed.”[36]

In May 2018, it was announced that Duca would be a visiting scholar at New York University's journalism department.[37][38] In the summer of 2019, Duca taught a six-week course at New York University entitled “The Feminist Journalist.” The class was taught under the NYU Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute and focused on intersections of feminist ideology and the practice of journalism, and was made up of high-school and college students.[39] Four weeks after the course, students sent a collective formal complaint to New York University's journalism department regarding Duca's conduct during the class, writing, “We are disappointed at the department and NYU for hiring a professor with more interest in promoting her book than teaching a group of students eager to learn.”[40] Students allege that Duca targeted an exchange student, writing that she "consistently targeted this student on the basis of a communication difficulty the student cannot change.[41][42]

In September 2019, Duca released her first book, which was called _How to Start a Revolution: Young People and the Future of American Politics_.[43]

Personal life

Duca lives in Brooklyn[44] with her pet Shiba Inu, Demi.[45] Duca was married,[46] but announced on Twitter on January 13, 2019, that she was getting divorced from her husband. Since her divorce, she has identified as queer.[47]

Honors

-   2015: Los Angeles Press Club, National Arts and Entertainment Journalism Award, Online – Film/TV/Theater Feature for “The Rise of the Woman-Child”[48]
-   2017: Citizens' Committee for Children, Vanguard Award[49]
-   2017: Shorty Awards, Best in Journalism[50]

Selected works and publications

-   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -   -

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

title: Lauren Duca

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

When was Duca born?

answer: February 24, 1991

answer: February 24, 1991.

answer: February 24, 1991.

answer: February 24, 1991

answer: February 24, 1991.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Lauren Duca is an American freelance journalist, feminist, and political columnist. Since 2016, she has drawn attention for her op-eds and public comments. She published her first book in 2019, titled How to Start a Revolution: Young People and the Future of American Politics.

text: Does not mention the backlash she received for her posts.

refinement: Lauren Duca is an American freelance journalist, feminist, and political columnist. Since 2016, she has drawn attention for her op-eds and public comments, including becoming the target of sexual harrassment and threats of sexual assauly. She published her first book in 2019, titled How to Start a Revolution: Young People and the Future of American Politics.

text: Could mention the specific op-ed concerning Donald Trump.

refinement: Lauren Duca is an American freelance journalist, feminist, and political columnist. Since publishing an op-ed titled "Donald Trump is Gaslighting America" in 2016, she has drawn attention for her op-eds and public comments, including becoming the target of sexual harrassment and threats of sexual assauly. She published her first book in 2019, titled How to Start a Revolution: Young People and the Future of American Politics.

text: "In December 2016, Duca drew attention for an op-ed in _Teen Vogue_ titled “Donald Trump is Gaslighting America”" is evidence that Duca began publishing op-eds in 2016.

answer: Lauren Duca is an American freelance journalist and political columnist. Duca gained attention in December 2016 for her op-ed titled “Donald Trump is Gaslighting America.” She has been criticized and faced online harassment, including threats of sexual assault, as a result of her work. In 2019, Duca released her first book on young people and the future of American politics.

text: "In September 2019, Duca released her first book" is evidence that the book Duca released in 2019 was her first.

answer: In 2013, the teenage journalist Lauren Duca received an internship at the New York alternative newspaper, the paper. She began working as a freelance journalist for the Huffington Post in 2015. In 2017, she named her monthly column on Teen Vogue "Thigh-High Politics" after an incident that occurred on Tucker Carlson Tonight.

text: In 2013, Duca would have been around 22, so she wouldn't have been a teenage journalist.

refinement: In 2013, the journalist Lauren Duca received an internship at the New York alternative newspaper, the paper. She began working as a freelance journalist for the Huffington Post in 2015. In 2017, she named her monthly column on Teen Vogue "Thigh-High Politics" after an incident that occurred on Tucker Carlson Tonight.

text: Duca did not begin working at the Huffington Post in 2015--that's when she stopped working there.

refinement: In 2013, the journalist Lauren Duca received an internship at the New York alternative newspaper, the paper. She began working as a freelance journalist for the Huffington Post in 2013. In 2017, she named her monthly column on Teen Vogue "Thigh-High Politics" after an incident that occurred on Tucker Carlson Tonight.

text: The answer does not elaborate on the backlash she received.

refinement: In 2013, the journalist Lauren Duca received an internship at the New York alternative newspaper, the paper. She began working as a freelance journalist for the Huffington Post in 2013. In 2017, she named her monthly column on Teen Vogue "Thigh-High Politics" after an incident that occurred on Tucker Carlson Tonight. She received criticism for her political commentary, including sexual harrassment  and threats of sexual assault.

answer:
Lauren Duca is a freelance journalist, feminist, and political columnist. In 2016, she wrote a highly publicized article on Donald Trump's actions. She is currently a visiting scholar at New York University's journalism department.
-

text: Her being a visiting scholar at New York University is not an important detail.

refinement: Lauren Duca is a freelance journalist, feminist, and political columnist. In 2016, she wrote a highly publicized article on Donald Trump's actions.

text: Does not mention the backlash she received for her article.

refinement: Lauren Duca is a freelance journalist, feminist, and political columnist. In 2016, she wrote a highly publicized article on Donald Trump's actions. In response to the article, she received backlash including sexual harrassment and threats of sexual assault.

text: Does not mention Thigh High Politics.

refinement: Lauren Duca is a freelance journalist, feminist, and political columnist. In 2016, she wrote a highly publicized article on Donald Trump's actions. In response to the article, she received backlash including sexual harrassment and threats of sexual assault. She also started a column called Thigh High Politics, named after a comment made by Tucker Carlson that she should stick to writing about thigh-high boots.

answer: Lauren Duca is an American freelance journalist, feminist, and political columnist. Duca began writing while attending college and continued as a freelance reporter. Duca also teaches a course on feminist journalism at New York University. Her most recent book, How to Start a Revolution, discusses the future of American politics through a young person's lens.

text: Does not mention the backlash she received from her article on Donald Trump.

refinement: Lauren Duca is an American freelance journalist, feminist, and political columnist. Duca began writing while attending college and continued as a freelance reporter. Duca also teaches a course on feminist journalism at New York University. After publishing an article that was critical of Donald Trump, she received backlash including sexual harrassment and threats of sexual assault. Her most recent book, How to Start a Revolution, discusses the future of American politics through a young person's lens.


text:
[ Africa Proconsularis (125 AD)]Dzemda is a locality in Tunisia. The site is located near Jougan, Tunisia[1][2] 20 kilometers south west of Zaghouan. The site is notable for ruins from the Roman era.[3] The ruins are considered to be two separate Roman settlements, situated on opposites sides of a wadi:

-   Henchir Ksour Dzemda, a vicus and possible imperial estate
-   Sempta (Africa), a Municipum (city).

Henchir Ksour Dzemda

Henchir Ksour Dzemda is a set of ruins located at Dzemda in Tunisia,[4][5] 20 kilometers south west of Zaghouan noted for ruins from the Roman era,[6] including a _structure of Vaulted construction_.[7] Alfred Merlin excavated the site and noted its occupation from 199BC - 799AD.[8] These date agree roughly with the Conquest of Roman North Africa to the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. The site is notable in the abundance of its inscription remains.[9] [10][11][12]

Although being legally a vicus (village) the settlement has considerable remains. Given its location it is probable that the village was actually an imperial estate, which were common in the area during this time. The town was also the seat of an ancient Bishopric.[13] This adds weight to the probability it was an imperial estate.

Semta

During Roman times, Annaeus was near the Municipum of Semta (Africa) which lay on the opposite side of the Faida-Dzemda stream. The two set of ruins have been treated in modern times together[14] though the presence of two different bishops in the two settlements indicates separate entities during the Roman and Byzantine era.

[1] R.B. Hitchner, Vicus Annaeus.

[2] Barrington Atlas, 2000, pl. 32 E4.

[3] Montesanti, A. 2011. “Mappa archeologica tunisina. Quei siti e dove”, in InStoria. Quaderni di percorsi storici. InTunisia, 15, Roma, 114-23.

[4] R.B. Hitchner, Vicus Annaeus.

[5] Babelon, Ernest. Archaeological Atlas of Tunisia:. Special edition of the topographical maps published by the Ministry of War. Accompanied by an explanatory text (E. Leroux. , 1893].

[6] Montesanti, A. 2011. “Mappa archeologica tunisina. Quei siti e dove”, in InStoria. Quaderni di percorsi storici. In Tunisia, 15, Roma, 114-23.

[7] Carte de l'Atlas archéolgique de la Tunisie: Feuille 42, footnote 9.

[8] Merlin, Alfred,Vicus Annaeus (Henchir Ksour Dzemda), at Trismegistos.

[9] Louis Poinssot & Robert Lantier , Q. Geminius Sabinus, Princeps peregrinorum, _Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres_ / Année 1923 / Vol67, Num3, p.197-201.

[10] Hahn, E Adelaide. The Classical Weekly17 (Oct 1, 1923): p119-120.

[11] see also Juan José Palao Vicente , Legio VII Gemina (Pia) Felix. Study of a Roman Legion (University of Salamanca, 2006) p188.

[12] Herman Dessau, [https://archive.org/stream/inscriptioneslat03dessuoft/inscriptioneslat03dessuoft_djvu.txt INCKIPTIONES LATINAE SELECTAE. (Paris, 1991).

[13] Jean Louis Maier, The Episcopate of Roman, Vandal and Byzantine Africa (Swiss Institute of Rome 1973 ) p197.

[14] Carte de l'Atlas archéolgique de la Tunisie: Feuille 42, footnote 9.

title: Dzemda

question: What Roman settlement ruins are located in Dzemda?

answer: Henchir Ksour Dzemda and Sempta

answer: Henchir Ksour Dzemda is a set of ruins located at Dzemda in Tunisia, 20 kilometers south west of Zaghouan noted for ruins from the Roman era, including a _structure of Vaulted construction_.

text: The description of Henchir Ksour Dzemda is unnecessary.

text: Does not list the second set of Roman settlement ruins.

answer: Henchir Ksour Dzemda and Sempta.

answer: The ruins located in Dzemda are those of the Roman settlement of Henchir Ksour Dzemda. This settlement is believed to have been an imperial estate.

text: Does not mention Sempta.

refinement: The ruins located in Dzemda are those of the Roman settlement of Henchir Ksour Dzemda. This settlement is believed to have been an imperial estate. The ruins of Sempta, a Municipum, are also located there.

question: What country is Dzemda in?

answer: Tunisia

text: "The site is located near Jougan, Tunisia" is evidence that Dzemda is located in Tunisia.

answer: Dzemda is located in Tunisia.

text: "The site is located near Jougan, Tunisia" is evidence that Dzemda is located in Tunisia.

answer: Dzemda is in Tunisia.

text: "The site is located near Jougan, Tunisia" is evidence that Dzemda is located in Tunisia.

answer: Tunisia.

text: "The site is located near Jougan, Tunisia" is evidence that Dzemda is located in Tunisia.

question: Why is Henchir Ksour Dzemda notable?

answer: Henchir Ksour Dzemda is notable for its abundance of inscription remains.

text: "The site is notable in the abundance of its inscription remains" is evidence that the inscription remains are what make the site notable.

answer: It is notable for ruins from the Roman era, including a structure of Vaulted construction.

text: This is not what makes it notable, according to the article.

refinement: It is notable for the abundance of its inscription remains.

answer: Henchir Ksour Dzemda is notable for its abundance of inscription remains, as well as its location near other Roman ruins. This suggests that it was an imperial estate during the Roman era.

text: The fact that it is notable for its proximity to other Roman ruins is unattested.

refinement: Henchir Ksour Dzemda is notable for its abundance of inscription remains. This suggests that it was an imperial estate during the Roman era.

text: The statement about it being an imperial estate is not relevant to the question being asked.

refinement: Henchir Ksour Dzemda is notable for its abundance of inscription remains.

text: "The site is notable in the abundance of its inscription remains" is evidence that the inscription remains are what make the site notable.

answer: It has an abundance of inscription remains

text: "The site is notable in the abundance of its inscription remains" is evidence that the inscription remains are what make the site notable.

question: When was Henchir Ksour Dzemda occupied?

answer: From 199BC to 799AD

answer: Henchir Ksour Dzemda was occupied from 199BC - 799AD.

answer: 199 BC - 799 AD

answer: Henchir Ksour Dzemda was occupied during the Roman era, from 199 BC to 799 AD.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: The ruins of Henchir Ksour Dzemda are located near Jougan, Tunisia. The site is notable for ruins from the Roman era, including a structure of Vaulted construction.

text: This summary makes it seem as if the focus of the article is Henchir Ksour Dzemda rather than Dzemda itself.

refinement: Dzemda is a locality in Tunisia containing ruins of two separate Roman settlements. The ruins of Henchir Ksour Dzemda are located near Jougan, Tunisia. The site is notable for ruins from the Roman era, including a structure of Vaulted construction.

text: Does not mention Semta.

refinement: Dzemda is a locality in Tunisia containing ruins of two separate Roman settlements: Henchir Ksour Dzemda and Semta.

answer: This article describes the Roman ruins of Henchir Ksour Dzemda and Semta, two Roman settlements in Tunisia.

text: Does not make it clear that the article is focused on Dzemda itself.

refinement: This article describes Dzemda, a locality in Tunisa containing the Roman ruins of Henchir Ksour Dzemda and Semta, two Roman settlements.

text: The first Roman is redundant.

refinement: This article describes Dzemda, a locality in Tunisa containing the ruins of Henchir Ksour Dzemda and Semta, two Roman settlements.

answer: Dzemda is a locality in Tunisia notable for containing the ruins of two Roman settlements, Henchir Ksour Dzemda and Sempta.

answer: The site of Dzemda in Tunisia contains ruins from the Roman era, including a structure of vaulted construction. The site is notable for its abundance of inscription remains, and was once the seat of an ancient bishopric.

text: The second sentence is not key information.

refinement: The site of Dzemda in Tunisia contains ruins from the Roman era, including a structure of vaulted construction.

text: Should mention the names of the two settlements rather than the vaulted construction.

refinement: The site of Dzemda in Tunisia contains ruins from the Roman era of two distinct settlements: Henchir Ksour Dzemda and Semta.


text: they go to the store. When they get there, Ally is there and she gives them a big, cheesy grin, “Hey guys! Nice to see you two here ”. “Yeah... okay.” they said. Ally was mean to them, so they ignored her. In the back of the store, they casually browsed the section with toy cars. Ally was staring at them; she had a mean glare when she wanted one. She was also a hooker, they suspected. They left after five minutes, the shop was uncool. Outside, the clouds were high in the sky and a line of smog lay lazily on the horizon. “Man, this day... shit’s crazy dude.” “I know man. Love it here, aye.” They walked down the street. The sun was like their friend: it gazed happily down at them. They were glad to be rid of Ally. “Dude, Mary Jane is waiting for us inside.” “Yeah man, okay”. They jacked some bikes and rode home quickly. The ghetto was thriving with little kids; it really was a gorgeous day. As they pushed the door open, they were greeted with a comforting smell of old leather, mould and dirty clothes. They liked living there. Life is good, man.

title: So I wrote this story

question: How was Ally "mean to them"?

answer: Ally was mean to them by giving them a mean glare and being suspected of being a hooker.

text: It is not stated

answer: We are not told.

answer: It is not stated.

text: No content

question: Why do they suspect she's a sex worker?

answer: They suspect she's a sex worker because she was staring at them.

answer: They suspect Ally is a sex worker because she is staring at them in the toy car section of the store and has a mean glare.

answer: They suspect she's a sex worker because she's staring at them and has a mean glare.

answer: This is not revealed.

question: Where do they live?

answer: They live in a ghetto.

answer: From the passage, it seems that the characters live in a ghetto.

answer: They live in the ghetto.

answer: Somewhere that smells like leather.

question: Does Ally work at the shop?

answer: It is not stated.

answer: From the passage, it seems that Ally works at the shop, as she is seen there and is described as "staring" at the main characters.

answer: It is assumed that she does.

answer: Yes

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: Two people enter a shop where Ally is nice to them, but they ignore her because apparently she was mean in the past. They decide the store is uncool, and leave. They share that life is good and enter another building where they live. It smells comfortingly like leather and mold.

answer: This story is about two friends who go to the store, only to be met by a mean girl named Ally. They ignore her and go to look at toy cars in the back of the store, before leaving after a few minutes. The sun is shining and the ghetto is lively, but they're happy to be home.

answer: The narrator and their friend go to the store. Ally is there and greets them. They ignore her and browse the toy car section. They leave after five minutes. They walk down the street and are glad to be rid of Ally.

answer: The passage is about two friends who go to the store and run into Ally, who is a mean girl. They leave the store and go to Mary Jane's house.


text:
SENTENCING DISPARITY is defined as “a form of unequal treatment [in criminal punishment] that is often of unexplained cause and is at least incongruous, unfair and disadvantaging in consequence”.[1]

Terminology

Colloquially, situations wherein some criminals receive lighter criminal sentences or are held to a lesser standard of personal accountability is referred to as a _SLAP ON THE WRIST_. The verbified form of such unequal treatment may be termed _wrist slap_, and alternative forms such as _wristslap_ and _wrist-slap_.[2] As an adjective, such a justice system may be described as being _two-tiered_[3] or _hybrid_, both usually with negative connotations.[4] Lawyers who uphold such unfair principles within the legal system are sometimes designated with pejorative terms such as _double standardist_.[5]

Instances wherein women or cases have been perceived as upholding a gender disparity in sentencing have at times been labelled with derogatory terms such as _pussy pass_.[6]

Overview

It is important to distinguish disparity from differences that arise due to legitimate use of discretion in the application of the law and those differences that arise due to discrimination or other, unexplained, causes unrelated to the issues found in the specific criminal case. There is evidence that some U.S. federal judges give much longer prison sentences for similar offenses than other judges do.[7]

This is a major problem because two judges could be faced with a similar case and one could order a very harsh sentence while another would give a much lesser sentence. A 2006 study by Crow and Bales gives evidence of sentencing disparity. The Florida Department of Corrections gave statistics of those prisoners who received probation or community control in the period 1990–1999. Prisoners were categorized as _Blacks and Hispanics_ or _Whites/Non-Hispanics_. The study found that the _Blacks and Hispanics_ received more intense and harsher penalties than the _White/Non-Hispanic_ group.

History

A 2001 University of Georgia study found substantial disparity in criminal sentencing men and women received “after controlling for extensive criminological, demographic, and socioeconomic variables”. The study found that in US federal courts, “blacks and males are... less likely to get no prison term when that option is available; less likely to receive downward departures [from the guidelines]; and more likely to receive upward adjustments and, conditioned on having a downward departure, receive smaller reductions than whites and females”.[8]

In 2012 Sonja B. Starr from University of Michigan Law School found that “men receive 63% longer sentences on average than women do,” and “[w]omen are…twice as likely to avoid incarceration if convicted”, also based on data from US federal court cases.[9][10]

In 2006, Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn found that women receive more lenient sentences than men after controlling for presumptive sentence, family responsibilities, offender characteristics, and other legally relevant variables, based on examination of three US district courts.Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn, Gender and the Social Costs of Sentencing: An Analysis of Sentences Imposed on Male and Female Offenders in Three U.S. District Courts, 11 Berkeley J. Crim. L. 43 (2006).(DOI)https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38F32G

https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=bjcl

Racism and sexism

Some prison reform and prison abolition supporters have argued that race and gender are both valid reasons for disparity in sentencing. In 2016, Mirko Bagaric argued that African-Americans and Indigenous Australians should receive a sentencing discount in all but the most serious of crimes, in part to offset unacknowledged biases to the opposite effect, while women should “be treated more leniently when they commit the same crime as a man” - in this case, he did not make any exception for serious offending.[11] In the United Kingdom, Jean Corston's 2007 report planned as a “review of women with particular vulnerabilities in the criminal justice system” is described as making the case “that prisons should be scrapped for all but a tiny number of women”,[12] which Corston justified on the basis “equality does not mean treating everyone the same”. She proposed “Custodial sentences for women must be reserved for serious and violent offenders who pose a threat to the public” and that overt separate sentencing for men and women could be considered after then-pending equality legislation.[13] Some feminists argue that giving women lighter sentences is infantilizing, based on stereotyping, and incompatible with gender equality.[14][15]

[1] Alfred Blumstein, et al. _Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform_, Volume II (1983), p.9

[2] Bandes, Susan. “Fear factor: The role of media in covering and shaping the death penalty.” Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 1 (2003): 585.

[3] Ainsworth, Janet E. “Youth justice in a unified court: Response to critics of juvenile court abolition.” BCL Rev. 36 (1994): 927.

[4] Hannah-Moffat, Kelly. “Moral agent or actuarial subject: Risk and Canadian women's imprisonment.” Theoretical Criminology 3.1 (1999): 71-94.

[5] Foschi, Martha. “Double standards for competence: Theory and research.” Annual Review of Sociology 26.1 (2000): 21-42.

[6] Gotell, Lise, and Emily Dutton. “Sexual Violence in the ‘Manosphere’: Antifeminist Men’s Rights Discourses on Rape.” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 5.2 (2016): 65-80.

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14] Kelsey Mo. “Why feminists need to discuss gender disparity in the criminal justice system.” 10/16/16 10:48pm The State Press. https://www.statepress.com/article/2016/10/spopinion-gender-disparity-in-the-criminal-justice-system

[15] Clare Foges. “Women must face the same justice as men.” January 15 2018, 12:01am, The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/women-must-face-the-same-justice-as-men-xcmcx7d5j.

title: Sentencing disparity

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say about studies about sentencing disparity?

answer: Studies have found that there is unequal treatment in criminal punishment which is often of unexplained cause and is at least incongruous, unfair, and disadvantaging in consequence. Race and gender have both been cited as valid reasons for disparity in sentencing.

text: There are more examples of sentence disparities in the passage than those highlighted by the response.

refinement: Studies have found that there is unequal treatment in criminal punishment which is often of unexplained cause and is at least incongruous, unfair, and disadvantaging in consequence. Race and gender have both been cited as valid reasons for disparity in sentencing. There is also the issue of race as one of the big causes of sentence disparities.

answer: Two studies were done in 2001 concerning the fairness of the U.S.'s prisoner's sentencing and how harshly people of different races were sentenced. The first study by Fisk, et al. found that "African-Americans and Indigenous Australians should receive a sentencing discount in all but the most serious of crimes... while “women should “be treated more leniently when they commit the same crime as a man.” The other study was led by Crane and Pasko, and it concluded that "men receive 63% longer sentences on average than women do." Aussie women are more likely to avoid incarceration if convicted than their male counterpart. Women are also more often subject to lighter sentences than what men get, and any time women commit a crime, the sentence is less severe than those of the men who committed the same crime.

answer: There is evidence that there exists in criminal sentencing a concern for unexplained disparity. Studies have found that men are given harsher penalties than women, and that black and Hispanic groups are given harsher penalties, on average, than white groups. Furthermore, this disparity is sometimes justified in the name of racism and sexism. This is considered a major problem due to the lack of accountability and fairness caused by this inconsistency.

answer: A 2006 study by Crow and Bales found that the Blacks and Hispanics received more intense and harsher penalties than the White/Non-Hispanic group. A 2001 University of Georgia study, 2012 study by Sonja B. Starr from University of Michigan Law School, and 2006 study by Ann Martin Stacey and Cassia Spohn found a substantial disparity in criminal sentencing men and women: men received more intense and harsher penalties than women.

answer: A 2001 University of Georgia study found substantial disparity in criminal sentencing men and women received "after controlling for extensive criminological, demographic, and socioeconomic variables".

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the article say in favor of race and gender being valid reasons for the disparity in sentencing?

answer: Some prison reform and prison abolition supporters have argued that race and gender are both valid reasons for disparity in sentencing.

text: The response gives no detail on the reasons for favoritism regarding race and gender in judicial sentencing.

refinement: Some prison reform and prison abolition supporters have argued that race and gender are both valid reasons for disparity in sentencing. People like Mirko Bagaric argued that lenient sentencing should be considered for African-Americans and other minority groups when it comes to non-serious offenses in a bid to offset historical judicial mistreatment. Another group also advocated for lenient sentencing for women who commit non-serious offenses.

answer: Mirko Bagaric argued that African-Americans and Indigenous Australians should receive a sentencing discount in all but the most serious of crimes. Jean Corston proposed that custodial sentences for women must be reserved for serious and violent offenders who pose a threat to the public. However, some feminists argue that giving women lighter sentences is incompatible with gender equality.

answer: The prison reform or prison abolition supporters have argued that the race and the gender are both equally valid reasons for disparity in sentencing. They reasoned that these inequalities are caused by the incarceration of people of color and women being given lesser sentences compared to their male counterparts.

answer: The article argues that race and gender are valid reasons for disparity in sentencing because there is evidence suggesting that black or Hispanic criminals are treated more harshly than white criminals, and that women are treated more leniently than men. This reasons is based on the idea that this disparity is due to unacknowledged biases. Accordingly, those who advocate for prison reform and abolition support affording race and gender more weight in the sentencing process in part to offset these biases.

answer: The article suggests that race and gender are valid reasons for disparity in sentencing in order to offset unacknowledged biases to the opposite effect. This is justified on the basis that equality does not mean treating everyone the same.


text:
The WINOOSKI RIVER BRIDGE, also known locally as the CHECKERED HOUSE BRIDGE, is a historic Pennsylvania through truss bridge, carrying U.S. Route 2 (US 2) across the Winooski River in Richmond, Vermont. Built in 1929, it is one of only five Pennsylvania trusses in the state, and was the longest bridge built in the state's bridge-building program that followed massive flooding in 1927. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.[1]

Description and history

The Winooski River Bridge stands in a somewhat rural area of eastern Richmond, set roughly east–west across the Winooski River just north of the bridges carrying Interstate 89 (I-89). It is a single-span Pennsylvania through truss structure, in length and wide. Its portals have a clearance of , and the bridge stands about above the water on concrete abutments. Its trusses have extra reinforcing sub-struts to improve its performance under heavy loads.[2]

The bridge was built in 1929, as part of a major bridge-building program by the state, following flooding in 1927 that destroyed more than 1,200 bridges. The state sought to use standardized designs for as many of the replacement bridges as possible. This bridge, built by the American Bridge Company, is one of the small number that does not follow a standard design, due to difficulties in fitting the standard design to the site. It is the longest single span of the 1,600 bridges built in the three-year rebuilding program, and is one of just five Pennsylvania truss bridges in the state.[3]

[1]

[2]  with

[3]

title: Winooski River Bridge

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is a Pennsylvania truss?

answer: It is not stated in the text, although this is a long bridge with a singular design it can be said that the Pennsylvania truss is stronger than other bridge designs.

text: It is inaccurate to say that a Pennsylvania truss is stronger than other bridge designs.

refinement: It is not stated in the text, although this is a long bridge with a singular design.

answer: A Pennsylvania truss is a type of bridges characterized by a longitudinal beam with diagonals supporting additional transverse members that help to transfer the load to vertical supports. It is one of five types of bridges built in the state after the 1927 flooding.

text: The last sentence is not relevant, and it also inaccurate. The article says that the Winooski River Bridge is "one of just five Pennsylvania truss bridges in the state."

refinement: A Pennsylvania truss is a type of bridges characterized by a longitudinal beam with diagonals supporting additional transverse members that help to transfer the load to vertical supports.

text: It should be "a type of bridge."

refinement: A Pennsylvania truss is a type of bridge characterized by a longitudinal beam with diagonals supporting additional transverse members that help to transfer the load to vertical supports.

text: It should be mention that the information is not in the article.

refinement: It is not stated in the article, but a Pennsylvania truss is a type of bridge characterized by a longitudinal beam with diagonals supporting additional transverse members that help to transfer the load to vertical supports.

answer: the article does not answer this question

text: The period is missing, and the first word of the sentence is not capitalized.

refinement: The article does not answer this question.

answer: A Pennsylvania truss is a design commonly used for bridges which employs diagonal members to support load. This design was chosen for the Winooski River Bridge due to difficult site conditions.

answer: not answered

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why was the Vermont's bridge building program implemented?

answer: The state implemented the building program after massive flooding in 1927 destroyed more than 1,200 bridges, with the intent to bring standardized designs to replace the destroyed bridges.

answer: After massive flooding in 1927, the state of Vermont was looking to rebuild the bridges destroyed by the flooding. The program implemented standardized bridge designs to help rebuild after the damage. The Winooski River Bridge is a Pennsylvania truss bridge, which is one of five in the state due to difficulties fitting the standard design to the site.

text: It is unnecessary to include the info about the Winooski River Bridge.

refinement: After massive flooding in 1927, the state of Vermont was looking to rebuild the bridges destroyed by the flooding. The program implemented standardized bridge designs to help rebuild after the damage.

answer: It was implemented after massive flooding destroyed over 1200 bridges.

answer: Masses of bridges were destroyed to no fault of their own. They needed to implement a standardized design to replace the destroyed bridges in areas that are mainly rural.

text: It does not answer the question.

text: It does not say anything about the flooding in 1927, which is the reason for the bridge-building program.

refinement: Vermont's bridge-building program was implemented because the flooding in 1927 destroyed more than 1,200 bridges.

answer: Flooding in 1927 that destroyed more than 1 200 bridges.

text: Use a comma to separate groups of thousands.

refinement: Flooding in 1927 that destroyed more than 1,200 bridges.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Does the Winooski River Bridge follow a standard design?

answer: Yes. The Winooski River Bridge is a single-span Pennsylvania through truss structure and is one of five Pennsylvania truss bridges in the state.

text: The answer is wrong. It should be no. "This bridge, built by the American Bridge Company, is one of the small number that does not follow a standard design, due to difficulties in fitting the standard design to the site" is evidence that the bridge does not follow a standard design.

refinement: No, it does not follow a standard design. The Winooski River Bridge is a single-span Pennsylvania through truss structure and is one of five Pennsylvania truss bridges in the state.

answer: No, the bridge was built in 1929, as part of a bridge-building program by the State after severe flooding in 1927. The State sought to use standardized designs for as many bridges as possible, but because of the site issues, the bridge did not stick to the standard design.

text: Information on when the bridge was built and why it was built is unnecessary to answer the question.

refinement: No. The State sought to use standardized designs for as many bridges as possible, but because of the site issues, the bridge did not stick to the standard design.

answer: No, due to difficulties fitting a standard design to the site it was instead fitted with extra reinforcing struts.

text: "Its trusses have extra reinforcing sub-struts to improve its performance under heavy loads" is evidence that the bridge was fitted with extra reinforcing struts.

answer: Yes, the Winooski River Bridge is a Pennsylvania through truss and therefore does follow a standard design.

text: The answer is wrong. It should be no. "This bridge, built by the American Bridge Company, is one of the small number that does not follow a standard design, due to difficulties in fitting the standard design to the site" is evidence that the bridge does not follow a standard design.

refinement: No, the Winooski River Bridge does not follow a standard design because of difficulties in fitting the standard design to the site.

answer: No, the standard designs could not fit on the site.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How many Pennsylvania truss bridges are there in Vermont?

answer: There are about five Pennsylvania Truss bridges in Vermont. Included in this is the Winooski River Bridge.

text: There is no need to say "about" as the quantity is not an approximation.

refinement: There are five Pennsylvania Truss bridges in Vermont. Included in this is the Winooski River Bridge.

answer: There are 5 Pennsylvania truss bridges in Vermont.

answer: There are five Pennsylvania truss bridges in Vermont.

answer: The article mentioned that there are 5 Pennsylvania trusses in Vermont.

answer: There are five Pennsylvania truss bridges in Vermont.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is special about the Winooski River Bridge?

answer: It is one of the five Pennsylvania trusses in Vermont

text: It is omitted that it is also the longest of the 1,600 bridges built in the state after the 1927 flooding.

refinement: It is one of the five Pennsylvania trusses in Vermont and the longest of the 1,600 bridges built in the state after the 1927 flooding.

answer: It is the longest bridge built in the state of Vermont, and one of the longer bridges built in the United States.

text: The article does not say that it is one of the longer bridges built in the United States.

refinement: It is the longest bridge built in the state of Vermont.

text: It is omitted that the bridge is the longest of the 1,600 bridges built in "the state's bridge-building program that followed massive flooding in 1927."

refinement: It is the longest among the 1,600 bridges built in the state of Vermont after the massive flooding in 1927.

answer: The Winooski River Bridge is a single-span Pennsylvania through truss structure, and one of the only five such bridges in the state. In addition, it was built in 1929 as part of a major state bridge-building program following 1927 flooding.

text: It is omitted that the bridge is the longest of the 1,600 bridges built in "the state's bridge-building program that followed massive flooding in 1927."

refinement: The Winooski River Bridge is a single-span Pennsylvania through truss structure, and one of the only five such bridges in the state. In addition, it was built in 1929 and the longest of the 1,600 bridges as part of a major state bridge-building program following 1927 flooding.

answer: The Winooski River Bridge is a Pennsylvania through truss bridge built in 1929. It is one of only five Pennsylvania trusses in Vermont. Additionally, it was part of a state rebuilding program following devastating flooding in 1927.

text: "A state" should be "the state" as it particularly refers to Vermont.

refinement: The Winooski River Bridge is a Pennsylvania through truss bridge built in 1929. It is one of only five Pennsylvania trusses in Vermont. Additionally, it was part of the state's rebuilding program following devastating flooding in 1927.

text: It is omitted that it is the longest among the 1,600 bridges.

refinement: The Winooski River Bridge is a Pennsylvania through truss bridge built in 1929. It is one of only five Pennsylvania trusses in Vermont. Additionally, it is the longest among the 1,600 bridges in the state's rebuilding program following devastating flooding in 1927.

answer: It is the longest single span of the 1 600 bridges built in the three-year rebuilding program.

text: Comma is used to separate groups of thousands.

refinement: It is the longest single span of the 1,600 bridges built in the three-year rebuilding program.

question: Write a ~2 sentence summary.

answer: Winooski River Bridge is a Pennsylvania truss bridge in Vermont. It is the longest bridge built during the state's bridge-building program after the 1927 flood.

text: The article "the" is missing.

refinement: The Winooski River Bridge is a Pennsylvania truss bridge in Vermont. It is the longest bridge built during the state's bridge-building program after the 1927 flood.

answer: The Winooski River Bridge is a historic Pennsylvania through truss bridge, built in 1929 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. It is the longest bridge built as part of a bridge-building program that followed massive flooding in 1927.

answer: The Winooski River Bridge is a single-span Pennsylvania through truss bridge which carries U.S. Route 2 across the Winooski River in Richmond, Vermont. It was built in 1929, as part of a three-year rebuilding program following massive flooding in 1927. The bridge is one of the five Pennsylvania truss bridges in Vermont, and the longest of its kind built in the state.

answer: The Winooski River Bridge is a historic, single-span Pennsylvania through truss bridge. It was built in 1929 to replace bridges destroyed in 1927 flooding. It is the longest single span of the state's 1,600 bridges built in the bridge-building program that followed the disaster. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

text: The first two sentences may be merged for brevity.

refinement: The Winooski River Bridge, a single-span Pennsylvania through truss bridge, was built in 1929 to replace bridges destroyed in 1927 flooding. It is the longest single span of the state's 1,600 bridges built in the bridge-building program that followed the disaster. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

answer: The Winooski River Bridge is a historic Pennsylvania through truss bridge that connects Vermont with Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places after completion in the year of 1929.

text: The second sentence may be rephrased to avoid misreading.

refinement: The Winooski River Bridge is a historic Pennsylvania through truss bridge that connects Vermont with Pennsylvania. It was completed in 1929 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

text: It is omitted that the bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

refinement: The Winooski River Bridge is a historic Pennsylvania through truss bridge that connects Vermont with Pennsylvania. It was completed in 1929 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.


text:
Greetings, fellow writers.

There are to be a few things introduced to this subreddit over the coming months. The first such thing is a "theme". This month's theme? Space Travel. If you've written something that involves space travel in the past, respond to this post with a link to it. If you write something new for the theme, respond to this post with that link as well. At the end of the month, this thread will be archived in the community wiki (an encyclopedia for the subreddit) for all future readers to digest. This will make it easier for them to find something for the mood they are in.

Here is a sneak peak at what a few months will hold:

- November 2013: Space Travel
- December 2013: Winter
- January 2013: Resolutions
- February 2013: Time Travel

As stated, however, only respond with links to space travel related short stories or serials you have begun. After February 2013, there will be no advanced warning on what the theme for the next month will be.

Regards from another planet!

title: [MODPOST] Short Stories Theme Months (November's Theme: Space Travel)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the current month's theme according to the excerpt?

answer: The current month's theme is space travel.

answer: The current theme according to the excerpt is Space Travel.

answer: November's theme is Space Travel.

answer: November 2013.

text: Does not ask for time

answer: The current month's theme is Space Travel.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the theme for January 2013?

answer: The theme for January is Winter.

text: The theme for December is Winter

answer: Resolutions

answer: The theme for January is Resolutions.

answer: January 2013's theme is resolutions.

answer: The theme for January 2013 is resolutions.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What do the themes for the month do?

answer: The themes for the month provide a general topic of interest for short stories or serials. Themes make it easier for future readers to find an appropriate read for their mood.

answer: The themes for each month encourage writers to produce short stories or serials relating to that theme. The themes will be archived on the community wiki for future readers to refer to.

answer: Each month, there is a theme for the specific writing theme. Actively participating writers can submit stories of similar styles as they will be archived and made easier for readers to look up.

answer: They introduce writers to a theme whose theme won't be completely revealed in advance.

answer: These themes are created for subreddits that are only for topics that fit under the theme chosen.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the theme for February 2013?

answer: The theme is Time Travel for February 2013.

answer: The theme for February 2013 is time travel.

answer: No information can be found.

text: It's in the list

answer: The theme for February 2013 is time travel.

answer: February 2013's theme is time-travel.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: This excerpt describes the themes chosen to become subreddits.

answer: The text is about a subreddit which is introducing a "theme" for the month - Space Travel.

answer: This thread is for short stories or serial installments that involve space travel. Themes each month will be announced ahead of time so writers can be prepared.

answer: This thread is for linking to space travel related short stories or serials. The theme will be focused on November 2013.

text: November 2013 is a month not a theme

refinement: This thread is for linking to space travel related short stories or serials. The first theme will be focused on Space Travel.

answer: The author of this document welcomes fellow writers to submit their stories to the subreddit Short Stories under the theme of Space Travel.


text:
_FLOWER NET_ (1997) by Lisa See is the first of the Red Princess mysteries.[1] The other two novels in the series are _The Interior_ (1999) and _Dragon Bones_ (2003). _Flower Net_ explores the state of US-China relations in the early months of 1997, especially in terms of international politics, human trafficking, and the smuggling of illegal goods such as bear bile,[2] and nuclear trigger devices. It also focuses on human relationships – especially those between father and son, father and daughter. Pam Spencer suggests that the title refers to “the flower net used by Chinese fishermen who throw the mesh wide to trap everything within its reach”.[3][4]

Plot summary

The time frame for _Flower Net_ is January 10, 1997 – March 14, 1997. The main narrative ends February 13, 1997—just before the death of Deng Xiaoping on February 19.[5] Much of the story involves flashbacks to the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) and its traumatic impact on the lives of a great number of people. The novel's key characters are Liu Hulan, inspector in the Ministry of Public Security and a Red Princess, and David Stark, Assistant U.S. Attorney, who loves her. Gary Krist writes that “Hulan is a provocative mixture of vulnerability, bitterness and hardheaded practicality,” a survivor of the Cultural Revolution who has learned that survival means hiding her emotions from the outside world.[6]

The book begins with the murders of two young men, one the son of the U.S. ambassador to China and the other the son of one of the richest and most powerful men in China. For reasons not clear to Hulan and David, the Chinese and American governments come to the unusual agreement that the two should jointly investigate the murders. Their initial assumption is that the killings must be related to the Rising Phoenix, a criminal gang operating in both China and Los Angeles. The case is complicated because Hulan and David have previously been lovers, and each is devoted to his or her country. See also describes Vice Minister Liu and his frosty relationship with Hulan, his daughter.[7]

Near the end of the novel seven gruesome murders are solved.[8] Although the young men of the Rising Phoenix are indeed involved, the murderer hounding Hulan and David is revealed to be Hulan's father, Vice Minister Liu, who has been consumed by greed and the desire for revenge, mistakenly blaming his daughter for the hard time he served in a Chinese work camp early in the Cultural Revolution and for the serious injuries his wife, Hulan's mother, suffered during the same period.

The narrative concludes with Hulan's thoughts of the coming spring and her anticipation of the birth of her first child.

Notes

[1] Red Princes and Princesses are so named because of their exceptional devotion to Chairman Mao Zedong and/or because of their great wealth. Lisa See, _The Interior_, p. 112. New York: HarperCollins, 1999

[2] _Flower Net_, pp. 232-233. New York: HarperCollins, 1997

[3] Pam Spencer, _Flower Net_. _School Library Journal_ (04/1998)

[4] _Flower Net_, p. 152

[5] _Flower Net_, pp. 295ff.

[6] Gary Krist, “Pacific Overtures.” _The New York Times_ (10/26/1997)

[7] _Flower Net_, pp. 47-49

[8] _Flower Net_, p. 311

title: Flower Net

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Lisa See's novels?

answer: Flower Net is the first of her Red Princess mysteries. Her other two novels are The Interior and Dragon Bones. See introduces a Chinese inspector named Liu Hulan as one of the main characters. The first novel of the series explores the state of US-China relations in the early months of 1997, with focus distinct on smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal trade.

text: The plot mentioned in the answer is about "Flower Net". The answer should be clearer about that.

refinement: Flower Net is the first of her Red Princess mysteries. Her other two novels are The Interior and Dragon Bones. See introduces a Chinese inspector named Liu Hulan as one of the main characters in Flower Net. The first novel of the series explores the state of US-China relations in the early months of 1997, with focus distinct on smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal trade.

text: "With focus" should be "with a focus"

refinement: Flower Net is the first of her Red Princess mysteries. Her other two novels are The Interior and Dragon Bones. See introduces a Chinese inspector named Liu Hulan as one of the main characters in Flower Net. The first novel of the series explores the state of US-China relations in the early months of 1997, with a focus distinct on smuggling, human trafficking, and illegal trade.

answer: The novels written by Lisa See explore both US-China relations and human relationships. Specifically, _Flower Net_ focuses on the state of US-China relations, how politics and crime intersect, and the impact of the Cultural Revolution. The novel also focuses on human relationships, in particular between father and daughter.

text: While the answer mentions Flower Net's plot, it doesn't cover the other novels.

refinement: The novels written by Lisa See explore both US-China relations and human relationships. Specifically, _Flower Net_ focuses on the state of US-China relations, how politics and crime intersect, and the impact of the Cultural Revolution. The novel also focuses on human relationships, in particular between father and daughter. See's other novels in the Red Princess series are The Interior and Dragon Bones which follow Flower Net.

answer: The novels explored by See focus on US-China relations in 1997, especially international politics and human trafficking. The title of See's first novel, _Flower Net_, relates to the Chinese fishing net and its ability to trap everything within its reach. The novels also explore human relationships and the revenge-motivated murder of two young men.

text: The revenge-related murders are perpetrated by the protagonist's father, and there are seven victims, not two.

refinement: The novels explored by See focus on US-China relations in 1997, especially international politics and human trafficking. The title of See's first novel, _Flower Net_, relates to the Chinese fishing net and its ability to trap everything within its reach. The novels also explore human relationships and the revenge-motivated murder of seven people, perpetrated by the protagonist's father.

text: The meaning of the title is irrelevant.

refinement: The novels explored by See focus on US-China relations in 1997, especially international politics and human trafficking. The novels also explore human relationships and the revenge-motivated murder of seven people, perpetrated by the protagonist's father.

text: The answer omits the other novels.

refinement: The novels explored by See focus on US-China relations in 1997, especially international politics and human trafficking. The novels also explore human relationships and the revenge-motivated murder of seven people, perpetrated by the protagonist's father. See's three novels in the series are Flower Net (as discussed), The Interior, and Dragon Bones.

text: Instead of implying the discussed plot belongs to Flower Net, the answer should state that.

refinement: The novels explored by See focus on US-China relations in 1997, especially international politics and human trafficking. Flower Net explores human relationships and the revenge-motivated murder of seven people, perpetrated by the protagonist's father. See's three novels in the series are Flower Net (as discussed), The Interior, and Dragon Bones.

answer: Lisa See is the writer of Flower Net, the first of the Red Princess mysteries. Her other two novels in this series are The Interior and Dragon Bones. She did not release Dead Peony until 1966.

text: The sentence about "Dead Peony" is made up.

refinement: Lisa See is the writer of Flower Net, the first of the Red Princess mysteries. Her other two novels in this series are The Interior and Dragon Bones.

text: The answer should mention the basic topics or the plot of Flower Net.

refinement: Lisa See is the writer of Flower Net, the first of the Red Princess mysteries. Her other two novels in this series are The Interior and Dragon Bones. Flower Net explores parental relationships, the US-China relations in terms of international politics, human trafficking, and smuggling.

answer: Lisa See is the author of "Flower Net". It is the first of the Red Princess mystery novels. She wrote two other novels in the series, "The Interior" and "Dragon Bones".

text: The answer should mention the basic topics or the plot of Flower Net.

refinement: Lisa See is the author of "Flower Net". It is the first of the Red Princess mystery novels. She wrote two other novels in the series, "The Interior" and "Dragon Bones". Flower Net explores parental relationships, the US-China relations in terms of international politics, human trafficking, and smuggling.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the plot of the "Flower Net".

answer: Two young men, the son of the U.S. ambassador to China, and the son of one of the richest and most powerful men in China have been murdered in China. The Chinese and American governments come to an uncharacteristic agreement to jointly investigate the murders. Liu Hulan, an inspector in the Ministry of Public Security, and Assistant U.S. Attorney David Stark investigate. The situation is complicated because they are ex-lovers and individually patriotic. They initially suspect the Rising Phoenix (a criminal gang) to be involved (they are), but the twist is revealed that Liu's own father, a Vice Minister, is the murderer who is after them.

answer: It opens over two and a half years before the murders of the two young men, with the brutal sexual assault of young Hulan, who is an inspector in the Ministry of Public Security and "a Red Princess" caught in a honey trap arranged by cunning Vice Minister Liu.

text: The entire answer is made up.

text: The answer is empty.

refinement: Two young men, the son of the U.S. ambassador to China, and the son of one of the richest and most powerful men in China have been murdered in China. The Chinese and American governments come to an uncharacteristic agreement to jointly investigate the murders. Liu Hulan, an inspector in the Ministry of Public Security, and Assistant U.S. Attorney David Stark investigate. The situation is complicated because they are ex-lovers and individually patriotic. They initially suspect the Rising Phoenix (a criminal gang) to be involved (they are), but the twist is revealed that Liu's own father, a Vice Minister, is the murderer who is after them.

answer: The plot of _Flower Net_ is the investigation of two murders--one involving the U.S. Ambassador's son and one involving the son of the Vice Minister of Public Security. Through the investigation, the murders are revealed to be the work of the Vice Minister himself, driven by greed and vengeance. Hulan looks forward to the coming spring with hope for a new beginning.

text: The story begins with two murders, but there are seven murders in total.

refinement: The plot of _Flower Net_ begins with the investigation of two murders--one involving the U.S. Ambassador's son and one involving the son of the Vice Minister of Public Security. Through the investigation, the murders are revealed to be the work of the Vice Minister himself, driven by greed and vengeance. Hulan looks forward to the coming spring with hope for a new beginning.

text: The identity of one of the first two murders are conveyed wrongly. The son of the Vice Minister of Public Security isn't a character mentioned in the text. The son of the richest and most powerful man is the murder that should be mentioned.

refinement: The plot of _Flower Net_ begins with the investigation of two murders--one involving the U.S. Ambassador's son and one involving the son of the richest and most powerful man in China. Through the investigation, the murders are revealed to be the work of the Vice Minister himself, driven by greed and vengeance. Hulan looks forward to the coming spring with hope for a new beginning.

text: The murderous Vice Minister is the protagonist's father, which is the critical information that needs to be mentioned.

refinement: The plot of _Flower Net_ begins with the investigation of two murders--one involving the U.S. Ambassador's son and one involving the son of the richest and most powerful man in China. Through the investigation, the murders are revealed to be the work of the Vice Minister Liu himself, the protagonist's father, driven by greed and vengeance. Hulan looks forward to the coming spring with hope for a new beginning.

text: "the Vice Minister Liu" should be "Vice Minister Liu"

refinement: The plot of _Flower Net_ begins with the investigation of two murders--one involving the U.S. Ambassador's son and one involving the son of the richest and most powerful man in China. Through the investigation, the murders are revealed to be the work of Vice Minister Liu himself, the protagonist's father, driven by greed and vengeance. Hulan looks forward to the coming spring with hope for a new beginning.

text: The last sentence flows awkwardly from the previous one. It should begin with something along the lines of "by the book's end..."

refinement: The plot of _Flower Net_ begins with the investigation of two murders--one involving the U.S. Ambassador's son and one involving the son of the richest and most powerful man in China. Through the investigation, the murders are revealed to be the work of Vice Minister Liu himself, the protagonist's father, driven by greed and vengeance. By the book's end, Hulan looks forward to the coming spring with hope for a new beginning.

text: The answer should mention Hulan's pregnancy.

refinement: The plot of _Flower Net_ begins with the investigation of two murders--one involving the U.S. Ambassador's son and one involving the son of the richest and most powerful man in China. Through the investigation, the murders are revealed to be the work of Vice Minister Liu himself, the protagonist's father, driven by greed and vengeance. By the book's end, Hulan looks forward to the coming spring with hope for a new beginning in anticipation of her first child.

answer: The story takes place in China of 1997. There are two young men that are murdered initially, with one high ranking official involved in the murder and the other a high ranking official being a likely suspect.

text: The identities of the first two murders aren't conveyed fully.

refinement: The story takes place in China of 1997. There are two young men that are murdered initially, the son of the U.S. ambassador to China and the son of the richest and most powerful man in China.

text: Apart from the initial murders, the rest of the plot is missing.

refinement: The story takes place in China of 1997. There are two young men that are murdered initially, the son of the U.S. ambassador to China and the son of the richest and most powerful man in China. For some reason, the Chinese and American governments decide to investigate together. Inspector Liu Hulan and Assistant U.S. Attorney David Stark investigate the events, dealing with the complications of being former lovers and devoted to their countries. They uncover that behind the seven murders total lies Hulan's father, Vice Minister Liu, who blames her daughter for the time he spent in a work camp during the Cultural Revolution.

answer: _The Flower Net_ is the first in the Red Princess mysteries. It focuses on the murders of two young men and the joint investigation by the American and Chinese governments. Near the end of the story, the novel's murderer is revealed to be Hulan's father, Vice Minister Liu. Hulan looks toward the coming spring with hope for her unborn child.

text: The initial events in the story are glossed over. They should be summarized, including the identities of the murdered young men at the start.

refinement: _The Flower Net_ is the first in the Red Princess mysteries. There are two young men that are murdered initially, the son of the U.S. ambassador to China and the son of the richest and most powerful man in China. For some reason, the Chinese and American governments decide to investigate together. Inspector Liu Hulan and Assistant U.S. Attorney David Stark investigate the events, dealing with the complications of being former lovers and devoted to their countries. They uncover that behind the seven murders total lies Hulan's father, Vice Minister Liu, who blames her daughter for the time he spent in a work camp during the Cultural Revolution. Hulan looks toward the coming spring with hope for her unborn child.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the text say about Liu Hulan's father?

answer: Liu Hulan's father is a Vice Minister. He has a frosty relationship with Liu throughout the story. It is revealed in the end that he is consumed by greed and revenge against Liu. He mistakenly blames his daughter (Liu) for the hard time he spent in a Chinese work camp early in the Cultural Revolution. He also blames Liu for the injuries suffered by his wife (Liu's mom).

text: The answer refers to Liu Hulan and Vice Minister Liu both with "Liu". This can lead to confusing these characters. Hulan should be referred with her given name, not family name.

refinement: Liu Hulan's father is a Vice Minister. He has a frosty relationship with Hulan throughout the story. It is revealed in the end that he is consumed by greed and revenge against Hulan. He mistakenly blames his daughter for the hard time he spent in a Chinese work camp early in the Cultural Revolution. He also blames Hulan for the injuries suffered by his wife (Hulan's mom).

text: The ongoing relationship between Liu Hulan and her father isn't mentioned in the text.

refinement: Liu Hulan's father is a Vice Minister. It is revealed in the end that he is consumed by greed and revenge against Hulan. He mistakenly blames his daughter for the hard time he spent in a Chinese work camp early in the Cultural Revolution. He also blames Hulan for the injuries suffered by his wife (Hulan's mom).

answer: The text says that Liu Hulan's father, Vice Minister Liu, is responsible for a series of murders. It also says that he has mistakenly blamed Hulan for the hardship he experienced during the Cultural Revolution.

answer: The text reveals that Vice Minister Liu is consumed by greed and a desire for revenge. He is the murderer hounding Hulan and David in their investigation of two young men's murders.

text: The answer should mention the Vice Minister's reason to blame his daughter.

refinement: The text reveals that Vice Minister Liu is consumed by greed and a desire for revenge. He is the murderer hounding Hulan and David in their investigation of two young men's murders. He blames his daughter for the difficulties he experienced during the Cultural Revolution and the injuries his wife suffered.

answer: Liu Hulan is an inspector in the Ministry of Public Security and a Red Princess. She had been working with David Stark, Assistant U.S. Attorney, when they had started investigating on the two cases that were chosen combined - the murders of two young men. Behind the seven gruesome murders is her father, Vice Minister Liu, who has been consumed by greed and the desire for revenge. He has brought it on himself by holding Liu Hulan responsible for the severe injuries he inflicted on her mother during the Cultural Revolution.

text: The answer claims Hulan's father injured her mother and blamed her, which is false.

refinement: Liu Hulan is an inspector in the Ministry of Public Security and a Red Princess. She had been working with David Stark, Assistant U.S. Attorney, when they had started investigating on the two cases that were chosen combined - the murders of two young men. Behind the seven gruesome murders is her father, Vice Minister Liu, who has been consumed by greed and the desire for revenge. He has brought it on himself by holding Liu Hulan responsible for the severe injuries he suffered and the injuries her mother suffered during the Cultural Revolution.

text: "He has brought it on himself" is a weirdly judgemental language that isn't warranted by the text.

refinement: Liu Hulan is an inspector in the Ministry of Public Security and a Red Princess. She had been working with David Stark, Assistant U.S. Attorney, when they had started investigating on the two cases that were chosen combined - the murders of two young men. Behind the seven gruesome murders is her father, Vice Minister Liu, who has been consumed by greed and the desire for revenge. He holds Liu Hulan responsible for the severe injuries he suffered and the injuries her mother suffered during the Cultural Revolution.

answer: Liu Hulan's father is the Chinese Vice Minister who despises her because he believes she was the reason he served a hard time in a Chinese work camp and his wife received injuries during the Cultural Revolution. He becomes consumed by greed and revenge, but is revealed to be the murderer near the end of the book.

text: "He becomes consumed by greed and revenge, but is revealed to be the murderer near the end of the book." The latter part of the sentence should be connected with an "and" instead of a "but".

refinement: Liu Hulan's father is the Chinese Vice Minister who despises her because he believes she was the reason he served a hard time in a Chinese work camp and his wife received injuries during the Cultural Revolution. He becomes consumed by greed and revenge and is revealed to be the murderer near the end of the book.