text:
MARTIN (17[1]/19[2] December 1406 – August 1407[3]) was heir apparent to the throne of Sicily. He was a member of the House of Barcelona.

Life

He was the son and heir apparent of Martin I, King of Sicily. His mother was Blanche, who became Queen of Navarre in 1425. His parents got married on 26 November 1402.[4] Queen Blanche's first pregnancy had ended in miscarriage.[5] Nevertheless, the young queen's second pregnancy was successful, and he was born on 17[6] or 19[7] December 1406 in Sicily. He was baptized Martin after his father and grandfather, King Martin of Aragon, who informed the maternal grandfather, King Charles III of Navarre, of the birth.[8]

Martin's grandaunt Violant of Bar, queen dowager of Aragon, proposed an engagement to her brother-in-law, King Martin the Elder, between their grandchildren, the new-born Martin and her granddaughter, Marie of Anjou.[9] in order to see her offspring on the Aragonese throne.[10]

The little prince, however, died few months later on August 1407 in Sicily.[11] Not only the dowager queen's hopes failed but the continuity of the House of Barcelona was at risk. Few years later the royal branch of the House of Barcelona became extinct in legitimate male line.

Notes

Bibliography

-   Lo Forte Scirpo, Maria Rita: _C'era una volta una regina... : due donne per un regno: Maria d'Aragona e Bianca di Navarra_, Napoli, Liguori, 2003.
-   Fodale, Salvatore: Blanca de Navarra y el gobierno de Sicilia, _Príncipe de Viana_ _60_, 311–322, 1999. URL: See External links
-   Silleras-Fernández, Núria: Spirit and Force: Politics, Public and Private in the Reign of Maria de Luna (1396–1406), In: Theresa Earenfight (ed.): _Queenship and Political Power in Medieval and Early Modern Spain_, Ashgate, 78–90, 2005. , 9780754650744 URL: See External links
-   Miron, E. L.: _The Queens of Aragon: Their Lives and Times_, London, Stanley Paul & Co, 1913. URL: See External links
-   Tramontana, Salvatore: Il matrimonio con Martino: il progetto, i capitoli, la festa, _Príncipe de Viana_ _60_, 13–24, 1999. URL: See External links
-   Silleras-Fernández, Núria: Widowhood and Deception: Ambiguities of Queenship in Late Medieval Crown of Aragon, In: Mark Crane et al. (eds.): _Shell Games: Studies in Scams, Frauds and Deceits (1300–1650)_, CRRS Publications, Toronto, 2004, 185–207. URL: See External links

[1] See Fodale (1999: 316–317).

[2] See Tramontana (1999: 16).

[3] See Tramontana (1999: 16) and Fodale (1999: 316–317).

[4] See Fodale (1999: 315).

[5] See Tramontana (1999: 16)

[6] See Fodale (1999: 316–317).

[7] See Tramontana (1999: 16)

[8] See Fodale (1999: 316–317).

[9] In 1422 she married King Charles VII of France.

[10] See Silleras-Fernández (2004: 195).

[11] See Tramontana (1999: 16) and Fodale (1999: 316–317).

title: Martin of Aragon (heir of Sicily)

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is the term for the kind of marriage that Martin and Marie were intended to have?

answer: A marriage of conquest.

text: There is no war or conflict so the above term is incorrect.

answer: An engagement between Martin and Marie would have been a dynastic marriage.

answer: An engagement to marry.

answer: It is an arranged marriage.

answer: A double-wedding.

text: The response is inaccurate in the light of the article.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What did Martin's death effectively end?

answer: Male heirs to the throne in the House of Barcelona.

answer: Not only the dowager queen's hopes, but the continuity of the House of Barcelona was at risk. His lack of male heirs eliminately ended the chances of another House of Barcelona.

text: The response is repetitive. The first sentence and the second reiterate the same idea. Also, the second sentence is unclear as it makes an assumption that there was "another" House of Barcelona.

refinement: Martin's death ended not only the dowager queen's hopes but the continuity of the House of Barcelona.

answer: Martin's death effectively ended the House of Barcelona's line of descent.

answer: The continuity of the House of Barcelona. Martin's death effectively ends the house of Barcelona by stripping off their sole heir to the throne.

answer: The death of Martin ended the House of Barcelona's line of succession.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How long did Martin spend on this earth?

answer: He was born on 17th or 19th December 1406 and died in August 1407, 1 year and 2 months.

text: The date range given does not equal to 1 year and 2 months.

refinement: He was born on 17th or 19th December 1406 and died in August 1407, meaning he was 8 months old when he died.

answer: Martin died in August 1407.

text: While the date of death is correct, the response does not answer the question.

refinement: Martin died in August 1407 at the age of eight months.

answer: He was alive for eight months.

answer: He spent less than a year.

text: While the response is technically right, it is not specific.

answer: Martin died in August 1407 at only a few months of age.

text: The prince was more than a few months old when he died.

refinement: Martin died in August 1407 at the age of eight months.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Which text might suggest Martin's birth was faked for the sake of an heir within the Barcelona lineage?

answer: Salvatore Fodale's "Blanca de Navarra y el gobierno de Sicilia" might suggest that Martin's birth was faked for the sake of maintaining a legitimate heir within the Barcelona lineage.

text: The book in the example is not about royal conspiracy.

refinement: Silleras-Fernández, Núria: Widowhood and Deception: Ambiguities of Queenship in Late Medieval Crown of Aragon might suggest that Martin's birth was faked for the sake of maintaining a legitimate heir within the Barcelona lineage.

answer: Lo Forte Scirpo's 2003 text might suggest Martin's birth was faked for the sake of an heir within the Barcelona lineage.

answer: Lo Forte Scirpo, Maria Rita: _C'era una volta una regina... : due donne per un regno: Maria d'Aragona e Bianca di Navarra_, Napoli, Liguori, 2003.

answer: Nuria Silleras-Fernández's article "Spirit and Force: Politics, Public and Private in the Reign of Maria de Luna (1396–1406)" suggests that his birth might have been faked for the purpose of maintaining a valid heir within the Barcelona lineage. However, there is evidence to suggest that this was not the case. The young prince's death in August 1407, only a few months after his birth, leaves the lineage of Barcelona in jeopardy.

answer: Widowhood and Deception: Ambiguities of Queenship in Late Medieval Crown of Aragon, In: Mark Crane et al (eds.): Shell Games: Studies in Scams, Frauds and Deceits (1300-1650)


split: train

text:
_THE CHIMES_ is the only studio album by Scottish dance music act The Chimes, released in 1990. Featuring singer Pauline Henry on vocals, the album includes their cover of U2's “I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For”, which reached number six in the UK Singles Chart,[1] along with their other top 40 hit “Heaven”, which reached number 24.[2] The album was certified silver in the UK,[3] and gold in Australia.[4]

Critical reception

In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Steve Mason gave the album four and a half out of five stars, calling it a “completely solid and credible album”. He described lead singer Pauline Henry's voice as being “expressive but controlled” and “powerful without resorting to the tiresome trills and oversinging of so many of her R&B contemporaries”. He also said that the multi-instrumentalist band members and producers James Locke and Michael Peden “combine pop, dance, and soul influences into a seamless, sleekly danceable blend.”[5]

2016 re-issue

A remastered, expanded 2-CD version of the album was released in September 2016, containing the original album plus B-sides, remixes, and two newly-recorded versions of “Heaven” by Pauline Henry.[6]

Track listing

All tracks written by The Chimes, except where noted.

-   Tracks 11 and 12 are included on the CD version only

Personnel

Adapted from the album's liner notes.[7]

-   All music performed by The Chimes (Pauline Henry, Mike Peden, James Locke), except:
-   Eric Bazilian – harp, bass melodica (track 9)
-   Luís Jardim – percussion (track 5)
-   Simon Law – piano (tracks 3, 4, 5 & 8)
-   The Reggae Philharmonic Orchestra – strings (tracks 5 & 8)
-   Frank Ricotti – vibes (track 6)
-   Ralph Schuckett – piano (track 9), synthesizers (track 9)
-   Tony Spiker – conga (tracks 3 & 8)
-   Phil Todd – flute (track 6)
-   Pete Wingfield – piano (tracks 1, 2, 6, 7 & 10)
-   Peter Wood – synthesizers (track 9)

*All tracks programmed by Mel Wesson

-   Additional drum programming by Sammy Merendino (track 9)
-   Photography by Enrique Badulescu & Steve Rapport
-   Design by Peter Barrett & Andrew Biscomb

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Chart (1990)                      | Peak                              |
|                                   | position                          |
+===================================+===================================+
| Australia (ARIA)[8]               | 16                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[9]    | 20                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Germany (GfK Entertainment        | 30                                |
| Charts)[10]                       |                                   |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Netherlands (MegaCharts)[11]      | 37                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| New Zealand (RMNZ)[12]            | 3                                 |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)[13]    | 36                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Switzerland (Swiss Hitparade)[14] | 32                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| UK Albums (OCC)[15]               | 17                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| US (_Billboard_ 200)[16]          | 162                               |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| US (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)[17]   | 71                                |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
|  |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

Year-end charts

  Chart (1990)           Position
  ---------------------- ----------
  Australia (ARIA)[18]   86

Certifications

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

title: The Chimes (album)

question: To what does "The Chimes" refer?

answer: The studio album by The Chimes.

answer: A dance act.

text: The response is not clear.

refinement: The Chimes is a studio album by the Scottish dance music act also called "The Chimes."

answer: A dance music act, The Chimes.

text: The response is quite unclear and doesn't fully answer the question.

refinement: The Chimes is a studio album by the Scottish dance music act, also called "The Chimes."

question: To what else does "The Chimes" refer?

answer: The eponymous album produced by said dance act.

answer: The album "The Chimes" by The Chimes.

answer: According to the passage, "The Chimes" refers to the album by that name, released in 1990.

question: When did it come out?

answer: 1990.

text: No response.

answer: It was released in 1990.

question: Who is the lead vocalist?

answer: The lead vocalist is Pauline Henry.

answer: Pauline Henry

answer: Pauline Henry.

question: Write a ~4 sentence summary.

answer: The Chimes were a Scottish dance music act that released one full-length studio album in 1990 called The Chimes. They contained cover versions of U2's "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" and songs titled “Heaven," which reached number 24 in the UK Singles Chart. The group's fourth single, "Heaven," reached number 24 in the UK Singles Chart. The album peaked at number 17 in the UK Albums (OCC), and was certified silver in the UK and gold in Australia.

text: There is no mention of the track "Heaven" being their fourth single. Also, there is a repetition of points here, "...and songs titled “Heaven," which reached number 24 in the UK Singles Chart," and here, "The group's fourth single, "Heaven," reached number 24 in the UK Singles Chart."

refinement: The Chimes were a Scottish dance music act that released one full-length studio album in 1990 called The Chimes. The album contained cover versions of U2's "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For" and other songs titled “Heaven," which reached number 24 in the UK Singles Chart. Furthermore, the album peaked at number 17 in the UK Albums (OCC) and was certified silver in the UK and gold in Australia. Being the only studio album by the band, it received positive reviews from AllMusic, and a remastered version was released in September 2016.

answer:
The Chimes by The Chimes was released in 1990. It was only their first album. It was certified as silver by UK and gold in Australia.

Commentators appreciated the pop, dance, and soul influences into a cohesive blend on the album for its smoothness.

text: The summary omits that "The Chimes" is an eponymous studio album by the Scottish band "The Chimes." According to the summary, the second line states, "it was only their first album," which is inaccurate because it was the only studio album by the Scottish band.

refinement: The Chimes, the eponymous album by the Scottish band called The Chimes, was released in 1990. It was the only full-length studio album to be released by the band. Additionally, it was certified silver in the UK and gold in Australia. Critics rated the album a four and a half out of five stars and commended the lead vocalist's voice and delivery and the band's sleek blend of pop, dance, and soul influences.

answer: The Chimes band was a Scottish dance music group, and their only studio album (1989) was called The Chimes. The album featured Pauline Henry on vocals. It was certified golden both in the UK and in Australia. It was reissued in 2016, and included two versions of "Heaven," remastered tracks, and B-sides, and remixes.

text:
The sentence, "...and their only studio album (1989) was called The Chimes," is inaccurate. The album was released in 1990.
"It was certified golden both in the UK and in Australia" is inaccurate because it was certified silver in the UK and gold in Australia.

refinement: The Chimes band was a Scottish dance music group, and their only studio album called The Chimes was released in 1990. The album featured Pauline Henry, who was the lead singer, on vocals. Furthermore, it was certified golden in Australia and silver in the UK. Ultimately, the album was reissued in 2016 and included remastered tracks, two versions of "Heaven," and remixes.

answer:
The Chimes released their one and only studio album The Chimes is recorded November 1989 and released 1990. It was a dance album.
They include a U2 cover song. They reached number six in the UK Singles Chart with "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For".

text:
There is no evidence that the album was recorded in November 1989 in the article, so the statement appears inaccurate.
"They include a U2 cover song" is a vague sentence and doesn't mention which U2 song and the sentences do not flow.

refinement: The Chimes released their only studio album titled The Chimes, a dance album in 1990. In addition, the album includes the U2 cover song “I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For,” which peaked at number six in the UK Singles Chart. Altogether, the album peaked at number 17 in the UK albums OCC and was certified silver in the UK and gold in Australia. Thus, the album received positive reviews by AllMusic, and by 2016, a remastered 2-CD version of the album was reissued.

answer: The Chimes is an album by The Chimes, a Scottish dance music act. It was released in 1990 and contains the band's top hit, "Heaven", which peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 24. It also contains a cover of U2's "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For". It was certified Gold in Australia and Silver in the UK.

text: "...contains the band's top hit, "Heaven" which peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 24," describes the track as their only top hit song when they had the U2 song cover which peaked at number 6 in the UK. So, the track "Heaven" is one of their top hits.

refinement: The Chimes is an album by The Chimes, a Scottish dance music act. It was released in 1990 and contains one of the band's top 40 hits, "Heaven," which peaked on the UK Singles Chart at number 24. It also contains a cover of U2's "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For," which peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart. Finally, it was certified Gold in Australia and Silver in the UK.

answer: The Chimes were a musical dance act who released their eponymous album in the year 1990. Covers comprised most, if not all, of the album. The album received a positive critical reception. It was certified silver in the UK and gold in Australia.

text: The sentence, "Covers comprised most, if not all, of the album," is inaccurate because it suggests that the album contains mostly covers of other original tracks.

refinement: The Chimes were a musical dance act that released their eponymous album in the year 1990. It included a cover of U2's “I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For,” which reached number six in the UK Singles Chart. Also, the album received a positive critical reception. Finally, it was certified silver in the UK and gold in Australia.


text:
SHOBHAKAR DHAKAL (born in Nepal)[1] is the Head of Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand.[2] His main areas of expertise are energy and climate change policies. Dhakal actively contributes to international and scientific arena. He was the Coordinating Lead Author of the Nobel Prize winning 5th Mitigation Assessment Report written by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change(released in April 2014) for the Chapter on Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning.

Education

Dhakal received his Bachelors of Engineering (BEng) degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Surat in India, his Masters in Energy Economics and Policy from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok and his PhD from The University of Tokyo. He was also a visiting student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) during his graduate studies.

Academic work

Currently he co-leads the ongoing Report on Climate Change and Cities.[3] He served as a lead author of the Global Energy Assessment[4]‘s for Urban Energy Systems and is the principle scientific reviewer of UNEP’s Global Environmental Outlook (GEO-5). He is also a member of the Consensus Panel on Low Carbon Cities of the Academy of Sciences of South Africa (2008-2010) and member of the Cities Energy Modeling Group of the International Energy Agency for World Energy Outlook 2008. He is considered an international expert in such fields and was appointed to the Taskforce on Urban Development and Energy Efficiency of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development.

Together with Skee Houghton, Dhakal was founder and senior editor of the Carbon Management Journal published by Future Sciences in 2009 which has now been taken over by Taylor and Francis group. He was the co-editor of Carbon Management Journal until December 2016. He is also an associate editor of Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society journal.

He is involved in city-based carbon mitigation research and was an executive director of the Global Carbon Project from 2006-2012 and played an instrumental role in bridging science and government policy. He was a guest scholar to the Transition to New Technologies Group of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, a visiting associate professor to Nagoya University, and is still a visiting researcher to National Institute for Environmental Studies,Japan. He was also a senior policy researcher and project manager of urban program at Institute for Global Environment Strategies Japan until 2006.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

title: Shobhakar Dhakal

question: Summarize the editing responsibilities of Dhakal past and present.

answer: Dhakal has been responsible for editing or co-editing several journals. He founded and co-edited the Carbon Management Journal, acted as an executive director of the Global Carbon Project, and is currently a co-editor for the journal "Sustainable Cities and Society".

text: "acted as an executive director of the Global Carbon Project" is irrelevant to Dhakal's editing responsibilities.

refinement: Dhakal has been responsible for editing or co-editing several journals. He founded and co-edited the Carbon Management Journal and is currently a co-editor for the journal "Sustainable Cities and Society".

text: "Dhakal has been responsible for editing or co-editing several journals." - seems redundant.

refinement: Dhakal founded and co-edited the Carbon Management Journal and is currently a co-editor for the journal "Sustainable Cities and Society".

text: Add that Dhakal was co-editor of Carbon Management Journal until December 2016.

refinement: Dhakal founded and co-edited the Carbon Management Journal until December 2016 and is currently a co-editor for the journal "Sustainable Cities and Society".

text: Change "co-editor" to "associate editor" and "Sustainable Cities and Society" to "Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society".

refinement: Dhakal founded and co-edited the Carbon Management Journal until December 2016 and is currently an associate editor for the journal "Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society".

text: "founded" - is inaccurate because Dhakal did not do it alone. Replace with "co-founded" and replace "and co-edited the Carbon Management Journal until December 2016" with "the Carbon Management Journal, acting as senior editor until December 2016," for better accuracy.

refinement: Dhakal co-founded the Carbon Management Journal, acting as senior editor until December 2016, and is currently an associate editor for the journal "Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society".

text: Remove double quotes on "Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society" and re-phrase "the journal Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society" to "Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society journal".

refinement: Dhakal co-founded the Carbon Management Journal, acting as senior editor until December 2016, and is currently an associate editor for Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society journal.

text: "He is involved in city-based carbon mitigation research and was an executive director of the Global Carbon Project from 2006-2012 and played an instrumental role in bridging science and government policy." - It was never mentioned if Dhakal's time as the executive director of the Global Carbon Project included any editing responsibilities for any journal.

answer: He was the co-founder and senior editor of the Carbon Management Journal until December 2016. He's also an associate editor of Elsevier's Sustainable Cities and Society journal.

text: (Minor) Replace "He" with "Dhakal"

refinement: Dhakal was the co-founder and senior editor of the Carbon Management Journal until December 2016. He's also an associate editor of Elsevier's Sustainable Cities and Society journal.

answer: Dhakal has been involved in scientific editing projects in journals like the "Carbon Management Journal" and "Sustainable Cities and Society". He is also an associate editor for one of these journals.

text: The entire answer is vague and incomplete. It failed to mention that Dhakal co-founded and was senior editor of the Carbon Management Journal and is currently an associate editor of Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society journal.

refinement: Dhakal co-founded the Carbon Management Journal, acting as senior editor until December 2016, and is currently an associate editor for Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society journal.

text: "He is also an associate editor for one of these journals." - Dhakal is currently an associate editor of Elsevier’s Sustainable Cities and Society journal.

question: What are the research interests of Dhakal?

answer: City-based carbon mitigation; energy and climate change policies.

answer: Dhakal's area of expertise is either energy and climate change policies.

text: "either" doesn't fit the context of the sentence and must be removed.

refinement: Dhakal's area of expertise is energy and climate change policies.

text: Add "city-based carbon mitigation research"

refinement: Dhakal's area of expertise is city-based carbon mitigation research; energy and climate change policies.

answer: Energy and climate change policies

text: Add "city-based carbon mitigation research"

refinement: City-based carbon mitigation research; energy and climate change policies.

question: Summarize the educational background of Dhakal.

answer: Dhakal has a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology in Surat, India, a Masters degree in Energy Economics and Policy from the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, and a PhD from the University of Tokyo. He is considered a leading researcher in energy and climate change policies.

text: "He is considered a leading researcher in energy and climate change policies." - is irrelevant to Dhakal's educational background and can be removed.

refinement: Dhakal has a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology in Surat, India, a Masters degree in Energy Economics and Policy from the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, and a PhD from the University of Tokyo.

text: Minor grammar refinements: Replace "Masters" with "Master's" and "PhD" with "Ph.D."

refinement: Dhakal has a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology in Surat, India, a Master's degree in Energy Economics and Policy from the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, and a Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo.

answer: Dhakal received his undergraduate degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology in India, a masters in energy economics and policy from the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, and a PhD from The University of Tokyo.

text: "undergraduate degree" - seems like a bad fit based on the sentence structure and may be a cause for some confusion. Replace with "Bachelor's degree".

refinement: Dhakal received his Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology in India, a masters in energy economics and policy from the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, and a PhD from The University of Tokyo.

text: Minor grammar refinements: Replace "masters" with "Master's", capitalize "energy economics and policy" and replace "PhD" with "Ph.D."

refinement: Dhakal received his Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology in India, a Master's in Energy Economics and Policy from the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok, and a Ph.D. from The University of Tokyo.

answer: He obtained his BEng in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Surat in India. His Masters in Energy Economics and Policy is from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok. His Ph.D. is from the University of Tokyo.

text: Readers may not know what "BEng" stands for. Replace "BEng" with "Bachelor's of Engineering (BEng) degree"

refinement: He obtained his Bachelor's of Engineering (BEng) degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Surat in India. His Masters in Energy Economics and Policy is from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok. His Ph.D. is from the University of Tokyo.

text: Replace "Masters" with "Master's"

refinement: He obtained his Bachelor's of Engineering (BEng) degree in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology, Surat in India. His Master's in Energy Economics and Policy is from the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok. His Ph.D. is from the University of Tokyo.

question: List Dhakal's internationally recognized work.

answer:
-He was the Coordinating Lead Author on the Mitigation Assessment Report written by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (released in April 2014).
-He served as a lead author of the Global Energy Assessment's for Urban Energy Systems.
-He was considered an international expert in energy and climate change policies and was appointed to the Taskforce on Urban Development and Energy Efficiency by China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development.
-He is involved in city-based carbon mitigation research, and was an executive director of the Global Carbon Project.
-He was also a senior policy researcher and project manager of urban program at Institute for Global Environment Strategies Japan.

text: Minor: Add "Nobel Prize-winning 5th" to "Mitigation Assessment Report"

refinement:
-He was the Coordinating Lead Author on the Nobel Prize-winning 5th Mitigation Assessment Report written by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (released in April 2014).
-He served as a lead author of the Global Energy Assessment's for Urban Energy Systems.
-He was considered an international expert in energy and climate change policies and was appointed to the Taskforce on Urban Development and Energy Efficiency by China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development.
-He is involved in city-based carbon mitigation research, and was an executive director of the Global Carbon Project.
-He was also a senior policy researcher and project manager of urban program at Institute for Global Environment Strategies Japan.

text:
Minor grammar edits: - replace "Assessment's" with "Assessments"
- remove comma in "carbon mitigation research"
- add "the" to "urban program" and "Institute for Global Environment Strategies"
- add a comma after "Institute for Global Environment Strategies"

refinement:
-He was the Coordinating Lead Author on the Nobel Prize-winning 5th Mitigation Assessment Report written by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (released in April 2014).
-He served as a lead author of the Global Energy Assessments for Urban Energy Systems.
-He was considered an international expert in energy and climate change policies and was appointed to the Taskforce on Urban Development and Energy Efficiency by China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development.
-He is involved in city-based carbon mitigation research and was an executive director of the Global Carbon Project.
-He was also a senior policy researcher and project manager of the urban program at the Institute for Global Environment Strategies, Japan.

answer:
•Co-author of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) 5th Mitigation Assessment Report

•Co-founder and senior editor of the Carbon Management Journal

•Involved in city-based carbon mitigation research

•Senior policy researcher and project manager of urban program at the Institute for Global Environment Strategies Japan

answer: He was the coordinating lead author of the Nobel Prize-winning 5th Mitigation Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the chapter on "Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Spatial Planning." He also contributes to various scientific journals about energy and climate policy, which are all internationally recognized.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: In 2000, Dhakal graduated from the National Institute of Technology, India with a degree in Electrical Engineering and received his Masters in Energy Economics and Policy from the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok. Dhakal then pursued his PhD at the University of Tokyo from 1999-2003, where his focus was on low emissions technologies in energy systems. Currently he is the Head of Department in Energy, Environmental and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand and also co-leads project ongoing as part of the 6th IPCC assessment cycle.

text:
Minor: - replace "PhD" with "Ph.D."
- add a comma after "Cuurently"
- add a comma after "Thailand"

refinement: In 2000, Dhakal graduated from the National Institute of Technology, India with a degree in Electrical Engineering and received his Masters in Energy Economics and Policy from the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok. Dhakal then pursued his Ph.D. at the University of Tokyo from 1999-2003, where his focus was on low emissions technologies in energy systems. Currently, he is the Head of Department in Energy, Environmental and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, and also co-leads project ongoing as part of the 6th IPCC assessment cycle.

text: Use Dhakal's full name "Shobhakar Dhakal"

refinement: In 2000, Shobhakar Dhakal graduated from the National Institute of Technology, India with a degree in Electrical Engineering and received his Masters in Energy Economics and Policy from the Asian Institute of Technology in Bangkok. Dhakal then pursued his Ph.D. at the University of Tokyo from 1999-2003, where his focus was on low emissions technologies in energy systems. Currently, he is the Head of Department in Energy, Environmental and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, and also co-leads project ongoing as part of the 6th IPCC assessment cycle.

answer: Shobhakar Dhakal is the Head of the Department of Energy, Environment, and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. He specializes in energy and climate change policies. He was the coordinating lead author of the Nobel Prize-winning 5th Mitigation Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change for the chapter on Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Spatial Planning.

answer: Shobhakar Dhakal is a scientist who is the author of several reports in the field of energy, environment and climate change, and his main areas of expertise are in this field. Dhakal's attributions include being the led author on the Nobel Prize winning fifth Mitigation Assessment Report by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change and being the science and policy consultant of IIASA. Dhakal is also important to the field of urban development and energy, and is currently the author of the Study on Climate Change and Cities as well as being on the Policy Analyst Group for Harvard's Urban Climate Change Project, Warrington's Urban Data Reference Project, and the Taskforce on Urban Development and Energy Efficiency.

text: "and being the science and policy consultant of IIASA" - was not mentioned in the wiki and must be removed.

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is a scientist who is the author of several reports in the field of energy, environment and climate change, and his main areas of expertise are in this field. Dhakal's attributions include being the led author on the Nobel Prize winning fifth Mitigation Assessment Report by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change. Dhakal is also important to the field of urban development and energy, and is currently the author of the Study on Climate Change and Cities as well as being on the Policy Analyst Group for Harvard's Urban Climate Change Project, Warrington's Urban Data Reference Project, and the Taskforce on Urban Development and Energy Efficiency.

text: "as well as being on the Policy Analyst Group for Harvard's Urban Climate Change Project, Warrington's Urban Data Reference Project," - this was not mentioned in the wiki and must be removed. Add "of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development." after "Energy Efficiency"

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is a scientist who is the author of several reports in the field of energy, environment and climate change, and his main areas of expertise are in this field. Dhakal's attributions include being the led author on the Nobel Prize winning fifth Mitigation Assessment Report by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change. Dhakal is also important to the field of urban development and energy, and is currently the author of the Study on Climate Change and Cities as well as being on the Taskforce on Urban Development and Energy Efficiency of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development.

text:
Minor: - add a comma after "environment"
- replace "Prize winning" with "Prize-winning"
-replace "fifth" with "5th"
-replace "Inter-governmental" with Intergovernmental

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is a scientist who is the author of several reports in the field of energy, environment, and climate change, and his main areas of expertise are in this field. Dhakal's attributions include being the led author on the Nobel Prize-winning 5th Mitigation Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Dhakal is also important to the field of urban development and energy, and is currently the author of the Study on Climate Change and Cities as well as being on the Taskforce on Urban Development and Energy Efficiency of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development.

text: "being on the Policy Analyst Group for Harvard's Urban Climate Change Project, Warrington's Urban Data Reference Project" - this wasn't mentioned in the wiki.

text: Dhakal being a "policy consultant of IIASA" wasn't mentioned in the wiki.

answer: Shobhakar Dhakal is an energy and climate change expert. He has contributed to many reports and studies and is active internationally in such arenas.

text: Minor: replace "arenas" with "areas"

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is an energy and climate change expert. He has contributed to many reports and studies and is active internationally in such areas.

text: Missing the third sentence. (could be anything)

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is an energy and climate change expert. He has contributed to many reports and studies and is active internationally in such areas. He is involved in city-based carbon mitigation research and was an executive director of the Global Carbon Project from 2006-2012 and played an instrumental role in bridging science and government policy.

text: "Shobhakar Dhakal is an energy and climate change expert. He has contributed to many reports and studies and is active internationally in such areas." - is too general. Add specifics.

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is the Head of the Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. He has contributed to many reports and studies, such as the Nobel Prize-winning 5th Mitigation Assessment Report written by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change for the Chapter on Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning (2014), where he served as Coordinating Lead Author. He is involved in city-based carbon mitigation research and was an executive director of the Global Carbon Project from 2006-2012 and played an instrumental role in bridging science and government policy.

answer: Shobhakar Dhakal is the Head of Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology. Dhakal has been influential in carbon mitigation research and is currently a senior policy researcher and project manager of urban program at Institute for Global Environment Strategies Japan.

text: Add "Thailand" after "Asian Institute of Technology"

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is the Head of Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. Dhakal has been influential in carbon mitigation research and is currently a senior policy researcher and project manager of urban program at Institute for Global Environment Strategies Japan.

text: Missing the third sentence.

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is the Head of Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. His main areas of expertise are energy and climate change policies. Dhakal has been influential in carbon mitigation research and is currently a senior policy researcher and project manager of urban program at Institute for Global Environment Strategies Japan.

text:
Minor: - add "the" before "Department of Energy"
- add a comma after "Environment"
- add "the" before "urban" and "Institute for Global Environment Strategies Japan".
- add comma after "Strategies"

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is the Head of the Department of Energy, Environment, and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. His main areas of expertise are energy and climate change policies. Dhakal has been influential in carbon mitigation research and is currently a senior policy researcher and project manager of the urban program at the Institute for Global Environment Strategies, Japan.

answer: Dhakal specializes in policy-related research. His main areas of expertise are related to energy and climate change policy. Dhakal is an eminent scholar and has contributed to numerous publications in his areas of expertise.

text: Vague summary. Add specifics.

refinement: Shobhakar Dhakal is the Head of the Department of Energy, Environment and Climate Change at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. He has contributed to many studies, such as the Nobel Prize-winning 5th Mitigation Assessment Report written by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change for the Chapter on Human Settlements, Infrastructure and Spatial Planning (2014), where he served as Coordinating Lead Author. He is involved in city-based carbon mitigation research and was an executive director of the Global Carbon Project from 2006-2012 and played an instrumental role in bridging science and government policy.


text:
As we approach the August bank holiday and a three-day weekend, it is worth reassessing the amount of time we devote to work. What if all weekends could last for three or even four days? What if the majority of the week could be given over to activities other than work? What if most of our time could be devoted to non-work activities of our own choosing?

To even pose these questions is to invite the criticism of Utopian thinking. While a fine idea in principle, working fewer hours is not feasible in practice. Indeed, its achievement would come at the expense of lower consumption and increased economic hardship.

For some advocates of the work ethic, the route to health and happiness lies with the perpetuation of work, not with its reduction. Work makes us healthier and happier. Such pro-work ideology is used to legitimate welfare reforms that seek to coerce the non-employed into work, whatever its rates of pay and qualitative features. It also offers an ideological barrier to the case for spending less time at work. Working less is presented as a threat to our health and happiness, not a means to improve it.

Yet, the idea of working less is not only feasible, it is also the basis for a better standard of life. It is a mark of how we have come to accept work and its dominant influence in our lives that we do not grasp this idea more readily.

The costs of working more

A growing number of studies show the human costs of longer working hours. These include lower physical and mental health. Working long hours can add to the risk of having a stroke, coronary heart disease and developing type 2 diabetes.

By working most of the time, we also lose time with family and friends. And more than this we lose the ability to be and do things that make life valuable and worth living. Our lives are often too much tied up in the work we do that we have little time and energy to find alternative ways of living – in short, our capacity to realise our talents and potential is curtailed by the work we do. Work does not set us free, rather it hems us in and makes it more difficult to realise ourselves.

All this speaks to the need to work less. We should challenge the work ethic and promote alternative ways of living that are less work centred. And, if this reduction of time spent at work is focused on eliminating drudge work then we can also better realise the internal benefits of work itself. Working less may be a means not only to work better but also to enjoy life more.

Barriers to less work

Technological progress has advanced continuously over the past century, pushing up productivity. But not all the gains in productivity have fed through to shorter work hours. At least in modern times, these gains have been used to increase the returns of the owners of capital, often at the cost of flatlining pay for workers.

The lack of progress in reducing time spent at work in modern capitalist economies reflects instead the influence of ideology as well as of power. On the one hand, the effects of consumerism have created powerful forces in favour of longer working hours. Workers are constantly persuaded to buy more and in turn are drawn into working more, to keep up with the latest fad or fashion and to stay ahead of their peers.

On the other hand, the weakened power of labour relative to capital has created an environment that has suited the extension of work time. The recent expose of work practices at Amazon speaks to the power of capital in imposing poor working conditions, including excessive work hours, on workers. The effects of rising inequality has also fed a long work hours culture by increasing the economic necessity to work more.

David Graeber makes the provocative claim that technology has advanced at the same time as what he calls “bullshit” or pointless jobs have multiplied. This is why we have not realised Keynes’ prediction that we’d all be working 15-hour weeks in the 21st century, as a result of technological progress.

[]
Bullshit jobs? EPA/Uwe Zucchi
Instead, we are living in a society where work gets created that is of no social value. The reason for this, according to Graeber, is the need of the ruling class to keep workers in work. While technology with the potential to reduce work time exists, the political challenge of a working population with time on its hands makes the ruling class unwilling to realise this potential. Working less, while feasible and desirable, is blocked by political factors.

Working for change

The costs of long work hours, as mentioned above, are poorer health and lower well-being for workers. But for employers too there are costs in terms of lower productivity and lower profitability. Yet these costs seem to go unnoticed despite evidence pointing to their existence. Here again politics may explain why shorter work time has not been embraced by many employers.

Experiments in shorter working exist, to be sure. Uniqlo, a Japanese clothing retailer, is to allow its employees to work a four day week. This has been widely reported in a positive way. Workers will benefit from a better work-life balance, while the firm will reap the benefits of lower labour costs due to lower turnover costs.

[]
Forward thinking from clothing brand Uniqlo? EPA/Franck Robichon
Yet, on closer inspection, the new scheme to be introduced by Uniqlo has its downsides. In return for a four-day working week, workers will be expected to work ten-hour shifts during the days they work (a 40-hour working week will be squeezed into four days).

This is not only an extension to the normal length of the working day; it also puts at risk the potential rewards of working four days in the week. Workers may be so exhausted after working a four-day work week they need a full day to recover from their previous exertions. In this case, their quality of work and life may not be enhanced at all; indeed it may be diminished, if they suffer the ill-effects of overwork.

Ironically, schemes such as the one to be introduced by Uniqlo illustrate the obstacles that remain in achieving less work. Only a reduction in the working week to 30 hours or less can be seen as genuine progress in the achievement of shorter work time.

For us to reach – and enjoy – a three or ideally a four-day weekend, we need to reimagine society in ways that subvert the prevailing work ethic. We need to embrace the idea of working less as a means to a life well lived. We need to reject the way of living that sees work as the be all and end all of life.

So enjoy the bank holiday while you can. See it as a reminder of a life that could be – a life that we should seek to achieve, by resolving to overcome the barriers, economic as well as ideological and political, to working less.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What are the author's thoughts on work?

answer: The author sees too much time devoted to work as both unachievable and undesirable. He believes that shorter working hours would bring greater health and happiness for workers. Further, he views the obstacles to less work as both economic and ideological in origin. Finally, the author sees the advantages of working less to be improvements in worker health and overall well-being.

answer: Work does not set the workers free, instead it sets them on a path to a life not well lived; it is the way to life.

answer: The author sees work as having various undesirable effects, both for workers and those who employ them. Too much time at work can lead to poorer health and decreased well-being. In addition, it reduces our opportunities for other activities that we would prefer. Finally, the author believes that shorter work time is both feasible and desirable, but barriers exist that prevent this from happening, such as the prevailing work ethic and power politics.

answer: The author believes that work makes us healthy and that working less could be a means not only to realize the internal benefits of work but to enjoy life more.

answer: The author says that working less leads to a better standard of life while longer hours take a toll on physical and mental health.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

According to studies, what are the health risks to working longer hours?

answer: The health risks associated with working longer hours include lower physical and mental health. Working long hours increases the risk of having cardiovascular problems such as stroke, coronary heart disease, and diabetes. This lack of health and well-being can also decrease worker productivity and decrease profitability for employers. Despite these evidence pointing to its existence, shorter work time has not been embraced by many employers.

answer: The risks to health from working longer hours include an increased risk of strokes, coronary heart disease, and type 2 diabetes. Longer hours also diminish time spent with family and friends and our ability to realise our potential. Working less could improve our health and happiness. However, barriers to shorter hours exist, ranging from the influence of consumerism to weakened labour power. Current initiatives such as that by Uniqlo indicate that the obstacles to shorter work time remain substantial.

answer: Working long hours can add to the risk of having a stroke, coronary heart disease, and developing type 2 diabetes.

answer: Decreased physical and mental health.

text: I think this should include some specifics.

refinement: Decreased physical and mental health, such as coronary issues, blood pressure, and depression.

answer: The health risks include strokes, coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What are other issues with working longer hours according to the author?

answer: Working longer hours means less time spent with family and friends. Being tied up in work leaves little time and energy to find alternative ways of living.

answer: Working overtime can result in a decreased quality of life (less time with family, friends, and hobbies). Long hours can also lead to mental and physical health complications, such as cardiac issues, diabetes, and strokes.

answer:
Longer hours at work are associated with lower physical and mental health, less time with family and friends, and reduced potential for self-realisation. The author also contests the idea that technological progress results in shorter work hours, with ruling class interests and ideology instead blocking progress. Additionally, working longer hours presents associated issues of lower productivity, higher labour turnover costs, and exhaustion.

Other concerns with long work hours are increased fatigue and greater levels of stress. These outcomes result from reduced time for rest and recuperation and overburden the worker both physically and mentally. Working long hours also discourages people from changing or developing other pursuits that are important for well-being. Ultimately, these downsides negate any perceived advantages of long work hours.

answer: More family and life time is consumed, and the potential for achievement by other means such as sporting or artistic is diminished.

answer: One issue with working longer hours is that health and well-being are compromised, including increased risk of stroke, coronary heart disease, and type 2 diabetes. Working long hours also leads to decreased quality of life due to lower time spent with family and friends; decreased time for personal pursuits; and decreased productivity. Lower productivity and profitability for employers are additional downsides of working longer hours. Finally, longer hours also raise issues around overwork and safety. Working less would address all of these potential problems.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

How does consumerism affect workers?

answer: Consumerism's effects fall in favor of longer working hours because workers are constantly persuaded to buy more stuff, which in turn, pushes them to work more because they need money to pay for their lifestyle.

answer: It changes their minds about how they work and harms their health.

answer: It seemingly traps workers into working more. They are expected to buy more and in turn, to work to keep apace with the latest fad or fashion. These work habits take a toll on their health, quality of life and more.

answer: Consumerism leads to workers feeling the pressure to work more in order to keep up with the latest fad or fashion. This leads to lower productivity and profitability, but these costs go unnoticed. This further contributes to the power of capital in extending work time as it needs employees to be constantly working longer in order to ensure profits. Ultimately, this demonstrates how consumerism harms workers' health and well-being.

answer: Consumerism affects workers in a variety of ways, most significantly by increasing pressure to work more so as to keep up with the latest fads or to remain competitive. The resultant pressure to work longer hours disproportionately impacts on the health and well-being of workers. The pressure to keep up with consumerism is also what creates unnecessary work - work that is of no social value and that further increases the pressure to work longer hours. Therefore, consumerism is an important factor that explains why we are not working less despite productive potential for doing so.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: Any three-day weekend is beneficial to people, saving their time and effort for more worthwhile activities over the weekend, but this truth is not widely accepted. Shorter work periods in general have increased productivity. The standard configuration of eight hours and more at work can add to the risk of having a stroke, coronary heart disease, developing type 2 diabetes, and gradually diminish workers' mental and physical health to the point of serious illnesses. The author proposes working less hours through shortening the working day with a four-day weekend model. The author believes that the scheme is still very beneficial to workers despite the long working hours.

answer: The author argues that there are both human and economic costs associated with long work hours. Longer work hours have been shown to lead to poorer physical and mental health, decreased time with friends and family, and reduced capacity for self-development. The solution, the author argues, is to work less in order to improve wellbeing and quality of life. Barriers to this idea include ideological and political factors, particularly the need to keep workers occupied as a result of consumerism and inequality. Even though shorter work hours have been implemented experimentally, roadblocks to change remain. The author argues that working less is both feasible and desirable, and urges us to challenge the prevailing work ethic that dominates modern society.

answer: The author argues that longer work hours have negative consequences on our physical and mental health, our time spent with family and friends, and our ability to fulfil our potential. Working less would both improve our job quality and increase our wellbeing. However, achieving shorter work hours is difficult given the power of vested interests and the lack of political will. There is a need to aggressively advocate for change in order to realise this goal.

answer: The author says that there must be a push to reduce working hours because it leads to a better standard of life. Studies have shown that there is a cost to working longer hours, including lower physical and mental health. Working long hours can also add to the risk of having a stroke, coronary heart disease, and developing type-2 diabetes. Consumerism affects working hours because workers are persuaded to buy more and to do that they need to work more to earn more money. In contrast, shorter working hours are less stressful and allows people to see their family and friends and find alternative ways of living.

answer: As we approach the August bank holiday, many thoughts go into the amount of time we devote to work. While a nice idea, working less is not feasible in practice, and instead we must work a 40 to 60 daytime routine. Working less can increase productivity and wellness, but consumerist lifestyles have clashed with the idea. While experiments and possibilities of same-day shorter routines, they're not commonly accepted as legit by employers. Only when routines are carved for lesser schedules can less work schedules be viable.


text:
VANASPARA (ruled circa 130 CE) was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap (_kshtrapa_). He is mentioned as a “Satrap” of Kushan ruler Kanishka I on an inscription discovered in Sarnath, and dated to the 3rd year of Kanishka (c. 130 CE), in which Kanishka mentions he was, together with “Great Satrap” Kharapallana, governor of the eastern parts of his Empire.

The inscription was discovered on an early statue of a Boddhisattva, the Sarnath Bala Boddhisattva, now in the Sarnath Museum .[1]

[1] Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka, Arthur Llewellyn Basham, Brill Archive, 1969, p.271 1

title: Vanaspara

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Who was Vanaspara?

answer: He was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap who is mentioned as a "Satrap" of Kushan ruler Kanishka I on an inscription discovered in Sarnath that he was, together with "Great Satrap" Kharapallana, governor of the eastern parts of his Empire.

text: The sentence construction is confusing since the phrase "that he was, together with 'Great Satrap' Kharapallana, governor of the eastern parts of his Empire" seems out of place.

refinement: He was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap who is mentioned as a "Satrap" of Kushan ruler Kanishka I on an inscription discovered in Sarnath. Kanishka mentioned that Vanaspara was, together with "Great Satrap" Kharapallana, governor of the eastern parts of his Empire.

answer: He was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap who ruled circa 130 CE.

answer: Vanaspara was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap during the time of Kushan ruler Kanishka I.

answer: Vanaspara was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap.

text: It is omitted that he ruled circa 130 CE.

refinement: Vanaspara was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap who ruled circa 130 CE.

answer: Vanaspara was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap under Kushan ruler Kanishka I.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Where was Vanaspara from?

answer: There is no mention of the city Vanaspara was from.

answer: Vanaspara was an Indo-Scythian Satrap from the eastern parts of Kanishka's Empire.

text: Although Vanaspara is governor of the eastern parts of Kanishka's Empire, the article doesn't directly say that he's from there, but it can be inferred. So it should be clear in the answer that it's an inference.

refinement: Vanaspara was an Indo-Scythian Satrap who is probably from the eastern parts of Kanishka's Empire.

answer: India or India-like area, probably a northern dynasty.

text: "India-like area" is vague. It's best to remove it.

text: A northern dynasty is not a place.

text: It should be clear in the answer that it's inferred.

answer: It seems he was from Sarnath.

answer: Vanaspara was from the eastern parts of Kushan Emperor Kanishka's empire.

text: It should be clear that the answer is an inference as it's not directly stated in the article where Vanaspara was from.

refinement: Vanaspara was probably from the eastern parts of Kushan Emperor Kanishka's empire.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What inscription was discovered on an early statue of a Boddhisattva?

answer: The Sarnath Bala Boddhisattva, now in the Sarnath Museum

text: It doesn't answer the question.

text: Missing answer.

refinement: The inscription was the one in which Kanishka mentions that Vanaspara was governor of the eastern parts of his Empire.

answer: It was discovered on an inscription on a statue of a Boddhisattva located in Sarnath. The inscription was dated to the 3rd year of Kanishka (c. 130 CE) and mentioned a "Satrap" of Kushan ruler Kanishka I.

text: The first sentence is unnecessary as it doesn't answer the question.

refinement: The inscription was dated to the 3rd year of Kanishka (c. 130 CE) and mentioned a "Satrap" of Kushan ruler Kanishka I.

answer: Vanaspara was mentioned as a “Satrap” of Kushan ruler Kanishka I on an inscription discovered in Sarnath.

answer: Tra Para discovered the inscription on an early statue of a Boddhisattva.

text: It's not in the article that Tra Para discovered the inscription.

refinement: The inscription was on an early statue of a Boddhisattva.

text: The question is not answered.

text: Missing answer.

refinement: The inscription discovered was the one in which Kanishka mentioned that Vanaspara was governor of the eastern parts of his Empire.

answer: The inscription discovered on an early statue of a Boddhisattva was discovered in Sarnath and dated to the 3rd year of Kushan ruler Kanishka I. It mentions Vanaspara as a "Satrap" of Kanishka.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What is a Satrap?

answer: ...this information can't be found.

text: "Satrap" is not defined in the article, but it is implied that it's a ruler.

answer: That information can't be found, but it seems it is a governor by the name of Vanaspara.

text: Vanaspara is not the only satrap, so it's inaccurate to say that it's "a governor by the name of Vanaspara."

refinement: That information can't be found, but it seems it is a governor.

answer: It is not clear, but it could be assumed that it is some sort of ruler.

answer: A Satrap is a governing official who oversaw a region of an empire on behalf of the empire's ruler.

answer: A Satrap is a provincial governor appointed by a ruler.

question: Write a ~1 sentence summary.

answer: Vanaspara was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap who was mentioned on an inscription dated to the 3rd year of Kanishka (c. 130 CE). Kanishka mentions he was the governor of the eastern parts of his Empire.

answer: This article discusses Vanaspara, an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap who ruled circa 130 CE.

answer: This article introduces Vanaspara, also known as a Satrap, who was a part of Kanishka's empire.

text: It is omitted that Vanaspara was governor of the eastern parts of Kanishka's empire.

refinement: This article introduces Vanaspara, also known as a Satrap and governor of the eastern parts of Kanishka's empire.

text: It is omitted that he ruled in 130 CE.

refinement: This article introduces Vanaspara, a Satrap who ruled in 130 CE and governor of the eastern parts of Kanishka's empire.

answer: Vanaspara was a Satrap under the Kushan ruler Kanishka. He was mentioned in an inscription that dates around 130 CE.

answer: Vanaspara was an Indo-Scythian Northern Satrap who is mentioned as a "Satrap" of Kushan ruler Kanishka I on an inscription discovered in Sarnath, and dated to the 3rd year of Kanishka (c. 130 CE).


text:
PETITIONING INSTRUCTIONS

Petition download at bottom of page.

PLEASE READ CAREFULLY & ENTIRELY BEFORE YOU START PETITIONING

Thank you for doing whatever you can do to help the Libertarian Party of Illinois (LPIL) candidates achieve ballot access for the November 2020 General Election. Your volunteer signatures mean more this year than ever before.

Although the petition drive legally starts on Tuesday, March 24, please do NOT petition in public for as long as the Shelter in Place directive is in place.

However, please gather signatures of Illinois registered voters in private—from friends, family members, etc.—from whomever you can safely gather signatures.

While that alone probably won’t be enough signatures to meet current statutory ballot access requirements, it will be important to show that LPIL members made a serious effort to gather what signatures we could, if we have to file a lawsuit to gain access to the November 2020 ballot.

A copy of the LPIL 2020 petition for our statewide candidates ONLY is Here. The petition must be printed on white letter size (8.5” x 11”) paper. (We have other, non-statewide candidates who are trying to get on the ballot, but those candidates, unfortunately, have separate petitions that will be on lpillinois.org as soon as possible.)

Please ask everyone you can to sign the petition, but please ask if they are a registered voter first. A signer should sign their signatures, NEATLY print their name, write their residence street address or Rural Route Number at which they are registered to vote (IMPORTANT: the address needs to match their residential address in the State Board of Elections database), their City, Town or Village and their County. All five data items must be included on the petition.

You can sign a petition for which you are the circulator.

When you are done gathering signatures on a petition sheet(s), you must have your petition sheet notarized by an Illinois Notary Public. At the bottom of each sheet, while you can fill out your name, street or RR address, city, county and state information ahead of time, you MUST sign your name on the Circulator’s Signature line ONLY when in front of the Notary Public. All petition sheets must be signed by the petition circulator for that sheet and be notarized.

VERY IMPORTANT: Please report to Bill Redpath at bill.redpath@lp.org on regular basis the number of signatures that you possess. It is important for us to know how many signatures are out there.

Also, please don’t let your signatures pile up in your possession. Please mail them frequently to Bill at 1303 Westley Lane, West Dundee, IL 60118-3545. Please email Bill or call him at 703-864-2132 with any questions or concerns. Thank you for helping make this petition drive a success this year.

Download 2020 Statewide Petition (.pdf)

Easiest way to help

If 2,000 Libertarians across the state just got one petition sheet filled out we would complete the petition drive quickly and it would be free.

-   STEP 1: Download the 2020 Petition sheet.
-   STEP 2: Collect 15 signatures including yours (from registered voters in IL).
-   STEP 3: Get your petition sheet(s) notarized at your local bank for free.
-   STEP 4: Mail your completed and notarized sheet to:
    Ballot Access
    Libertarian Party of Illinois
    1303 Westley Lane
    West Dundee, IL 60118-3545

question: What is the petition for?

answer: A supplementary petition for Libertarian Party candidates getting on the ballot in 2020.

text: No content

refinement: A petition for libertarian party candidates to be on the ballot.

answer: The petition is to achieve ballot access for the November 2020 General Election.

question: Who is the petition by?

answer: -LPI 2020 statewide candidates, in which the signer asks their friends to help by signing the petition

text: LPIL not LPI

refinement: LPIL 2020 statewide candidates, in which the signer asks their friends to help by signing the petition

text: Which State?

refinement: LPIL 2020 statewide candidates in Illinois, in which the signer asks their friends to help by signing the petition

text: Don't need the last clause.

refinement: LPIL 2020 statewide candidates in Illinois.

answer: The 2020 petition is written by the LPIL individual members.

answer: The petition is by the Libertarian Party of Illinois.

question: What is needed along with signing the petition?

answer: Along with the signatures, it will also have to be shown that the LPIL members made serious efforts in gathering the signatures.

text: "it will also have to be shown that the LPIL members made serious efforts in gathering the signatures." no

text: Address, City, Town or Village, and County.

answer: The submission will need a copy of the petitioner's voter registration card, their driver's license, or a current utility bill.

text: "will need a copy of the petitioner's voter registration card, their driver's license, or a current utility bill." no

refinement: The submission will need the signer's address.

answer: The signatures must be neatly done and include the address at which the person votes.

question: How can you sign the petition?

answer: You need to print it yourself and sign it when you are in front of the notary public.

answer: The signer has to be a registered voter first. They can then sign the petition with their name printed along with their residential street address at which they are registered to vote.

answer: A signer should sign their signatures, NEATLY print their name, write their residence street address or Rural Route Number at which they are registered to vote (IMPORTANT: the address needs to match their residential address in the State Board of Elections database), their City, Town or Village and their County.

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: The petition drive for the Libertarian Party of Illinois started on March 24, 2020. Statewide candidates are trying to get ballot access for the November Election. The petition needs to be filed on March 24 before the statewide candidates are allowed to gather signatures in public.

answer:
The Libertarian Party of Illinois (LPIL) has started a petition to gain access to achieve ballot access for the November 2020 General Election.

In order to sign the petition, you would have to be a registered voter. The signer has to sign the petition along with their name and residence address printed and then get it notarized by an Illinois Notary Public.

answer: The Libertarian Party of Illinois has petitioning instructions about how to garner ballot access for the November 2020 election. Ballot Access is the commission in charge then the notarization of the petitions happens.

answer: Petitioning for the statewide Libertarian Party of Illinois is still ongoing. Though it does not meet current statutory ballot access requirements, it would be important to get signatures to the party in case of a lawsuit. The petition needs to be printed on white letter size paper.

answer: The Libertarian Party of Illinois wants help gathering signatures on their petition for ballot access for the 2020 Presidential election. Non-LPI Illinois citizens are asked to contact Bill Redpath at bill.redpath@lp.org or 703-864-2132 for questions. It is advised that no one gather petition signatures in public for as long as the directive for the Shelter in Place emergency protocol is in place.

answer: The text offers several tips on petitioning, and suggests that being able to petition privately is a must during the time when nobody is supposed to be petitioning. Fliers are attached to the text, and the petition sheets need to be notarized by an Illinois Notary.


text:
Hero

A drop of sweat glistened on my temple. I could feel it carefully dancing down the side of my motionless face as I prepared myself for what I knew was about to happen. I slowly pressed my palm against the door; I could feel the warmth radiating through it. I took a deep breath in. And entered the building…

The summer evening had left a dry taste to the air and the tantalising smell of grilled, smoky chicken with its sumptuous fresh green salad had diffused around the road and families had their heads peaked to catch a glimpse of the food. The barbeque sizzled away out in the patio. The heavenly infusion was coming from the house next door to us, which meant that we had to suffer the entire evening with the intoxication flowing through the house, while we sat begrudgingly, regretting the decision to not buy a barbeque of our own.

However, late into the evening, the smell of luscious food slowly twisted into a dusty, nasty smell. We had become so intent with it that the toxic smell was giving our nostrils a setback to the days of when Dad used to burn out the burgers on the old barbeque. The barbeque! We rushed out into the garden and were immediately taken aback by the shear size of the black cloud erupting from the windows of the house next door, and the flames licking the air. My sister instinctively ran straight inside and picked up the phone, punching out 999 into the telephone. I took a glance over the fence and saw the barbeque tipped over onto the old wooden door, which had caught alight. I quickly put my trainers on and escorted myself to the front of the house and found myself surrounded by other neighbours, worried for the safety of the people inside. My neighbours were Janet and her daughter Amy, a nine month old baby. They’ve been visiting recently; Having tea and cakes, Amy giggling as my sister played peek-a-boo and telling us all about their marvelled trip to Chester Zoo. Janet had always been especially kind. Her and Mum would talk for hours on end about kids and what it’s like for them growing up-

Scream.

A bloodcurdling scream filled every corner of the road and every person fell silent, filled with shock.

Suddenly, the door swung open and Janet came rushing out of the smoking home, crying, her face covered in ash and dirt.
  “Amy! Get Amy!” cried Janet “She’s still upstairs!” Her tears flowed as she faced the presumed death of her daughter. The sound of a baby crying rang out from the upstairs bedroom. Everyone but Janet fell silent. She burst out in a flurry of emotion and started crying over and over again.

I didn’t think through the next few moments. It felt like a blur. I just remember looking at Janet, then at the house. I ran up to porch and took stance by the door. The neighbours were calling me to get back, but they sounded muted to me and I didn’t listen to them.

I could feel the warmth radiating through the door. I took a deep breath in. And entered the building…

As soon as I entered I could feel the blast of the heat hit my face and I was already starting to choke on the smoke. It was like looking into the depths of hell. A fiery concoction swirled into the hallway and devoured everything in its path. I was beginning to resist the idea but something compelled me to go further. Like someone inside me was encouraging me on. I took my hoodie off and put it over my head and my arm in front of my face to block the unstoppable heat and light that was being emitted from the fire and made my to the stairs, spluttering and coughing as I try to avoid the teasing flames as they tried to grab me.

The stairs themselves ached with every step and were battered from falling, flaming wooden panels. I attempted to ignore the panel as I climbed further up the stairs and I could now see the broken landing; it was pretty but a hole in the floorboards was the centre piece and three doors surrounded it. Flames engulfed each door frame as Amy’s cries grow louder and louder. I had no idea where to look. Dazed by the roaring fire, I ventured towards the first door on my left. In a flash I twisted the door handle then retracted my hand; the fires grabbing at my flesh. No Amy. I moved on to the next, burning door and repeated my actions. No Amy. I knew there wasn’t much time left.

I clumsily leapt over the gash in the floorboards and burst through the opposite door. My hoodie was covered in hot ash and floor burnt my palms. I could see Amy’s cot. It was once delicate and pink, now black and deformed. I looked in and found Amy bawling. She was covered in cinders and ash in her pyjamas. I carefully picked her up. I turned back towards the door and ran. The ceiling crumbled as I ran and the floor felt thinner and thinner. I bounded over the hole and proceeded to clamber down the stairs, avoiding falling planks and flaming ceiling boards. At the bottom of the stairs I could see the hallway blocked by a wall of fire. But I could hear the roof crumbling upstairs and the cries of people outside.

“Amy!”

I could hear Janet screaming outside. Amy was crying even more now. Seconds felt like hours. I took a step back. I could hear the building aching and creaking. The ceiling cracked and the thunderous roar of the fire was unbearable. I sprinted down the hallway, Amy safe in my arms.

Suddenly, the building gave up. The roof collapsed and the building was coming down. I ran faster. I hurdle the wall of fire enough to avoid serious damage. However, my hoodie burst into flames as it flailed behind me. I dropped it and kept running. Desperate for more time, the door burst open. A mystical, magical red man appeared and I threw Amy into his arms. He caught her and called me to get out quickly. But I didn’t listen. I was so drained. I fell to the floor of the hallway exhausted and turned over. I had saved her.

Then the building came crashing down.

title: Hero

question: What is the narrator anticipating before they enter the building?

answer: The narrator is anticipating the death of the baby.

text: "The narrator is anticipating the death of the baby." - is inaccurate because the narrator knows what is about to happen and would not have gone in to save the baby if it was too late (he could hear the baby crying). The narrator is anticipating the difficulties of saving a baby in a house in flames.

refinement: The narrator is anticipating having to go through the hell of a blazing house fire to save Amy.

answer: The narrator is anticipating saving the baby.

text: "The narrator is anticipating saving the baby." - is inaccurate, because the narrator knows what is about to happen and is expecting a blazing inferno waiting for him on the other side.

refinement: The narrator is anticipating the chaos of a blazing inferno.

answer: The narrator is anticipating having to go into the flames of the building and save Amy.

answer: The narrator anticipates entering a building that is on fire in order to rescue a baby.

question: Who is Amy?

answer: Amy is the nine month old baby of Janet and her daughter.

text: "and her daughter." - is unnecessary and should be deleted.

refinement: Amy is the nine month old baby of Janet.

text: "nine month old" - add a hyphen

refinement: Amy is the nine-month-old baby of Janet.

text: "Amy is the nine-month-old baby of Janet." - rewrite for better flow.

refinement: Amy is Janet's nine-month-old baby girl.

answer: Amy is the nine-month-old daughter of Janet. The protagonist saved her from a burning building.

answer: Amy is the narrator's neighbor's nine month old baby.

text: "the narrator's neighbor's" - replace with "Janet's"

text: "nine month old" - add a hyphen

answer: Amy is the nine month old baby of Janet and her daughter.

text: "and her daughter." - is unnecessary and should be deleted.

refinement: Amy is the nine month old baby of Janet.

text: "nine month old" - add a hyphen

refinement: Amy is the nine-month-old baby of Janet.

text: "Amy is the nine-month-old baby of Janet." - rewrite for better flow

refinement: Amy is Janet's nine-month-old baby girl.

question: What's the farthest distance the narrator travels in this story?

answer: The narrator travels from the house to the burning building.

text: "the house to the burning building." - needs to be more specific because it could anyone's house and a random building.

refinement: The narrator travels from his house to the burning building where his neighbor, Janet, lives.

answer: The narrator travels from their house to the neighbor's house.

answer: The narrator travels the furthest distance when they enter the burning building to rescue the baby.

text: "they" - the narrator is alone. Change this to "he"

refinement: The narrator travels the furthest distance when he enters the burning building to rescue the baby.

text: "The narrator travels the furthest distance when he enters the burning building to rescue the baby." - add where the narrator is coming from and where exactly he is going to gauge the distance.

refinement: The narrator travels the furthest distance when he runs from his house and enters the neighbor's burning building to rescue the baby.

answer: The farthest distance the narrator travels in this story is from the front of the house to the back of the house.

text: "from the front of the house to the back of the house." - is too vague a reference to gauge the distance he traveled. Add that he came from his house and that he ran to his neighbor's building.

refinement: The farthest distance the narrator travels in this story is from his house to the upstairs bedroom where the baby is.

question: When is the scariest moment in the story?

answer: The scariest moment in the story is when the building collapses.

answer: The scariest moment could be seen as the final scene, where the narrator and Amy are almost out of the building. The stakes feel highest here.

answer: The scariest moment in the story is when the narrator enters the burning building to save Amy.

answer: The scariest moment in the story is when the protagonist enters the burning building to rescue the baby, knowing that they could die in the process.

question: How does Amy die?

answer: Amy dies when the building collapses during the fire.

text: "Amy dies when the building collapses during the fire." - Amy didn't die. The narrator saved her. A full rewrite is needed.

refinement: Amy didn't die because the narrator saved her.

answer: Amy dies in the fire.

text: "Amy dies in the fire." - Amy did not die in the fire. The narrator saved her. A full rewrite is needed.

refinement: Amy did not die in the fire because the narrator saved her.

answer: Amy dies in the fire.

text: "Amy dies in the fire." - Amy did not die in the fire. The narrator was able to save her. Needs a complete rewrite.

refinement: Amy doesn't die in the fire because the narrator was able to save her.

answer: Amy is saved, but it's presumed that the narrator dies because they don't escape the building before it collapses.

text: "Amy is saved" and "they don't escape the building before it collapses." - contradicts each other. "but it's presumed that the narrator dies because they don't escape the building before it collapses." - is also a bit irrelevant. Rewrite the summary.

refinement: Amy doesn't die in the story. The narrator was able to save her.

question: What is the functional reason for the narrator taking off their hoodie and putting it over their head?

answer: The hoodie is to protect the narrator from the heat and light of the fire.

answer: The narrator puts their hoodie over their head to protect themselves from the heat and light emitted from the fire.

text: "The narrator puts their hoodie over their head to protect themselves from the heat and light emitted from the fire." - the narrator is alone at this point. Change all plural pronouns to singular pronouns.

refinement: The narrator puts his hoodie over his head to protect himself from the heat and light emitted from the fire.

answer: The narrator takes off their hoodie and puts it over their head in order to protect themselves from the heat and light emitted from the fire.

text: "The narrator takes off their hoodie and puts it over their head in order to protect themselves from the heat and light emitted from the fire." - the narrator is alone at this point. Change all plural pronouns to singular pronouns.

refinement: The narrator takes off his hoodie and puts it over his head in order to protect himself from the heat and light emitted from the fire.

answer: It blocks the heat and light, but it can be assumed the narrator also did it to protect theirself from smoke inhalation.

text: "It blocks the heat and light, but it can be assumed the narrator also did it to protect theirself from smoke inhalation." - the narrator is alone at this point. Change all plural pronouns to singular pronouns.

refinement: It blocks the heat and light, but it can be assumed the narrator also did it to protect himself from smoke inhalation.

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: The protagonist is a young man who is a hero. He saves a baby from a burning building.

text: Did not meet the 5-sentence summary requirement. Add three more sentences.

refinement: The protagonist is a young man who is a hero. It's summer evening and his neighbor, Janet, is having a barbeque. The aroma of cooking food was replaced by smoke and all hell breaks loose. Janet screams that her baby, Amy, is still in the house. The narrator rushes in and saves a baby from a burning building before it collapses.

answer: The narrator is at a barbeque with their family when they smell smoke. They rush to the house next door and find that the barbeque has caught fire. The narrator's sister calls the fire brigade, and the narrator goes into the house to save the baby. The narrator finds the baby and gets out of the house before it collapses. The narrator is exhausted and falls to the floor of the hallway.

text: "The narrator is at a barbeque with their family" - is inaccurate. He is at home with his own family wishing they had their own barbeque because they can smell the neighbor's barbeque.

refinement: The narrator is at home with his family when they smell smoke coming from the neighbor's building. They rush to the house next door and find that the barbeque has caught fire. The narrator's sister calls the fire brigade, and the narrator goes into the house to save the baby. The narrator finds the baby and gets out of the house before it collapses. The narrator is exhausted and falls to the floor of the hallway.

text: "The narrator is exhausted and falls to the floor of the hallway." - add that building came crashing down.

refinement: The narrator is at home with his family when they smell smoke coming from the neighbor's building. They rush to the house next door and find that the barbeque has caught fire. The narrator's sister calls the fire brigade, and the narrator goes into the house to save the baby. The narrator finds the baby and gets out of the house before it collapses. The narrator is exhausted and falls to the floor of the hallway as the building comes crashing down.

answer: The protagonist enters a burning building to rescue a baby girl, despite the protests of others. They manage to escape the building just before it collapses, but the protagonist's clothes catch on fire. They manage to rescue the baby girl, despite the danger and despite being exhausted.

text: "They manage to escape the building just before it collapses, but the protagonist's clothes catch on fire. They manage to rescue the baby girl, despite the danger and despite being exhausted." - the protagonist is alone. Change all plural pronouns to singular pronouns.

refinement: The protagonist enters a burning building to rescue a baby girl, despite the protests of others. He manages to escape the building just before it collapses, but the protagonist's clothes catch on fire. He manages to rescue the baby girl, despite the danger and despite being exhausted.

text: "He manages to escape the building just before it collapses" - it was never implied if he made it out or not. The narrator collapsed in the hallway after handing Amy to a firefighter. Then, the building comes crashing down. A complete rewrite is needed.

refinement: The protagonist enters a burning building to rescue a baby girl, despite the protests of others. He braves the heat, smoke, and flames to reach the upstairs bedroom where Amy is located. He manages to rescue the baby girl, despite the danger and despite being exhausted.

text: Did not meet the 5-sentence summary requirement. Add two more sentences.

refinement: The protagonist enters a burning building to rescue a baby girl, despite the protests of others. He braves the heat, smoke, and flames to reach the upstairs bedroom where Amy is located. He manages to rescue the baby girl, despite the danger and despite being exhausted. He hands Amy over to a firefighter by the door and collapses in the hallway. The building comes crashing down.

answer: The narrator springs into action when their neighbor Janet cries that her baby Amy is still inside her burning home. The narrator fights through flames and smoke to find the baby. After trying many rooms, all while the home becomes engulfed in flames, the narrator finds Amy in her now deformed crib. They make their way out as the roof begins to collapse. A firefighter is able to take and save Amy at the door, but the narrator collapses inside the collapsing building before they can be saved.

text: "before they can be saved." - the narrator is alone at this point. Change "they" to "he"

refinement: The narrator springs into action when their neighbor Janet cries that her baby Amy is still inside her burning home. The narrator fights through flames and smoke to find the baby. After trying many rooms, all while the home becomes engulfed in flames, the narrator finds Amy in her now deformed crib. They make their way out as the roof begins to collapse. A firefighter is able to take and save Amy at the door, but the narrator collapses inside the collapsing building before he can be saved.