text:
I picked out a whiskey I had never seen before from the shelf at the liquor store. It promised a bevy of flavours I didn’t care for, but it was obscure enough to impress and cheap enough to afford. I brought it to the front and cashed out, after being glared at incredulously by the cashier for some time. My license picture was remarkably unfortunate.

I returned with my prize to a friend’s barren apartment. The previous tenants had systematically extirpated the meager quarters, leaving cracked windows, a broken faucet and sagging door frames. No furniture had been moved in, and the electricity had yet to be engaged.

We began to drink. I wondered politely if there might be a mixer or a chase. He called me a pussy. I cracked the 26 oz bottle and suckled at it, proclaiming to him about the intricacies of this craft whiskey, and how lucky I was to have found it at such a shitty liquor store. It tasted like gasoline.

It was her birthday tonight. I had driven almost two hours to sleep on the floor in a shit hole just to see her and go to her party. I didn’t know anyone there, except my buddy who was also going. We all went to highschool together. It was only 5, but she had texted me asking me to come earlier. I needed a good buzz before that.

I sucked at the bottle, my throat burning. God that’s the good shit I said. My buddy grabbed the bottle and took a swig. He shuddered slightly and told me how good it was. What time did we want to go? Soon I said. Soon? It was only 5. Well she wanted us there early. Yeah but not that early. I called him a fucking retard.

We proceeded out of the dilapidated apartment. My belly was warm and the air was warm, and sweat pooled in my armpits and groin. We called a cab, and waited on the corner of a street for it to come. We got in. It smelled of curry and moist asshole. My buddy sat in the front seat and I leaned in the back fingering my necked whiskey. After a few minutes the cab arrived at her house, and I reached into my back pocket for a damp bill which I passed forward. I exited the fusty vehicle, clutching my 2-6 and rang the doorbell before my buddy had even closed his door.

She answered, surprised. We were there too early. I said we wanted to help set up. She told me we were sweet. It was a worthy prevarication.

I went in the house and introduced myself to her roommates. They were pretty, talkative, and vapid. She went among them, the alpha. Literally taller. In the better program, from the better family. Beautiful. I took a powerful slug of whiskey, and smiled and laughed. I lifted and organized and joked with my buddy and drank more. As I was lifting the keg into an ice-filled tub, she came up behind me and touched my arm. Thanking me. I told her it was my pleasure and concealed my erection.

More friends of hers showed up. The girls went into a room and changed into shorter skirts. The men shook hands firmly and discussed drinking and other important things. I pulled away at my whiskey, receiving fervent compliments for my fortitude with hard liquor. I went on at length about its quality. The liquid pooled hotly in my gut, like blood.

The girls came out of their room shortly before a horde of guests arrived. The keg was tapped and the party began in earnest. She hurried between guests, a red cup in her hands. She drank and laughed and talked. I looked at her and she smiled at me. I felt hot and flushed. Another swig and I’d go talk to her.

But my buddy summoned me to a cramped room. Large men sweating and shouting. Cups askew on the table top. We played a game. I threw the ball disinterestedly across the table missing often. My buddy screamed obscenities and gesticulated wildly. We both drank frequently and lost the game.

I had to sit down for a minute. She was smoking pot in the next room. I could hear her laughter. Had to collect my shit.
One of the players from the cramped room came out. He handed me a bottle of whiskey barbeque sauce and suggested I use it to chase. I dissented. My buddy came out. Don’t be a fucking pussy. Alright. I tilted the nearly empty bottle to my mouth and pulled long. I clutched for the sauce and tipped that to my mouth. People laughed. It tasted better with the sauce.

There she was. Coming at me. Man up. Hey how are you feeling. Real good. You’re really fucked eh. Nah I do this all the time. Drink some water. Okay.

I put my face under the kitchen sink faucet and turned it on. Water ran into my mouth, over my face. I walked back to her, water dribbling down my chin, my shirt wet. Maybe you should go sit down. Alright.

The whiskey barely covered the bottle bottom. I went to take off the cap but it was gone. Fuck it. I killed the bottle and dropped it to the floor. Watch it man. Fuck off dude.

I wandered out the front door. My buddy came up. You gonna puke man? Nah. I do this all the time. He went back inside and I puked all over her porch.

Staggering against the side wall I pulled myself towards her small backyard. I lay down, shivering and vomiting. I felt for the phone in my pocket, and brought it to my face, the tinny blue light illuminating the patch of ill-kempt lawn around me. Fumbling with the microscopic buttons I typed out I’m sorry. I puked three more times before I sent it to her.

Eventually my buddy collected me. You need to go to the hospital dude? Yeah. Well I’m just gonna take you home OK? Alright.
He handed me a bag for the cab. No puking in the cab. I pressed my face against the cool glass, and shut my eyes.

When we arrived at his place I couldn’t climb the stairs. He lifted and pushed me most of the way. We got inside and I went to the washroom and I puked on the floor.

He went to his room; I could hear him talking on the phone. Couldn’t hear what it was but it was about me. I lay on the cool floor, trying not to smell my own vomit. I took out my phone and there was a message from her. It’s fine, thanks for coming.

There was a smiley face.

title: How 'Bout Last Night: A Tale of Drunken Despondency

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why does the narrator want to arrive early?

answer: The narrator wants to arrive early because the protagonist's high school friend is having a party for her birthday and the narrator wants to feel drunk before the party starts.

text: The answer is wrong. The narrator's reason to want to go early is because the girl texted him to come early.

refinement: The narrator wants to arrive early because the protagonist's high school friend is having a party for her birthday and texted him to come early.

text: The protagonist and the narrator are the same people. Using both words is potentially confusing.

refinement: The narrator wants to arrive early because his high school friend is having a party for her birthday and texted him to come early.

text: High school friend's birthday party: "It was her birthday tonight. I had driven almost two hours to sleep on the floor in a shit hole just to see her and go to her party. I didn’t know anyone there, except my buddy who was also going. We all went to highschool together."

answer: The narrator is hoping to get drunk before the party so they can loosen up and be comfortable. They want to get a head start over all the other guests who arrive at the party later.

text: The answer is wrong. The narrator's reason to want to go early is because the girl texted him to come early.

refinement: The narrator wants to arrive early because his high school friend is having a party for her birthday and texted him to come early.

answer: Because it is the girl's birthday and she wants to help set up.

text: The answer seems mistaken about the identity of the narrator and confused about the narrator's opportune lie.

text: There's no answer.

refinement: The narrator wants to arrive early because his high school friend is having a party for her birthday and texted him to come early.

answer: Because the girl is good looking and from a better family, whereas he is just some dude from a dysfunctional home.

text: The answer is completely wrong.

text: There's no answer.

refinement: The narrator wants to arrive early because his high school friend is having a party for her birthday and texted him to come early.

answer: The girl he likes asked him to come earlier.

text: The narrator doesn't explicitly mention being interested in the girl, but it's a relatively safe assumption. The answer should acknowledge that.

refinement: The girl he seems to like asked him to come earlier.

text: Girl texted him to come early: "It was her birthday tonight. I had driven almost two hours to sleep on the floor in a shit hole just to see her and go to her party. I didn’t know anyone there, except my buddy who was also going. We all went to highschool together. It was only 5, but she had texted me asking me to come earlier."

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Why does the narrator get weird looks from the cashier?

answer: The narrator purchases something obscure such as an unfamiliar whiskey from the liquor store. This choice makes the cashier incredulous because the product is odd and apparently not something the average person would buy. The narrator's license photograph is also rather unfortunate.

text: The characteristics of the liquor are completely irrelevant to the weird looks the narrator gets.

refinement: The narrator's license photograph is rather unfortunate.

text: "I brought it to the front and cashed out, after being glared at incredulously by the cashier for some time. My license picture was remarkably unfortunate."

answer: This is possibly because of his awful driving record which is revealed in the narrative to be dubious.

text: The answer is made up.

refinement: The narrator's license photograph is rather unfortunate.

answer: According to him, this is because he has an unfortunate looking license photo.

text: "I brought it to the front and cashed out, after being glared at incredulously by the cashier for some time. My license picture was remarkably unfortunate."

answer: Because the narrator purchases an obscure whiskey at an understaffed liquor store and drinks copious amounts of the whiskey before going to the birthday party of a friend.

text: The answer is wrong.

text: There's no answer.

refinement: According to him, this is because he has an unfortunate looking license photo.

answer: His license picture is "very unfortunate". We don't know what that entails.

text: The comment about not knowing what the unfortunate picture entails is irrelevant.

refinement: His license picture is "very unfortunate".

text: "I brought it to the front and cashed out, after being glared at incredulously by the cashier for some time. My license picture was remarkably unfortunate."

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What does the narrator do at the birthday party of the girl he likes?

answer: The narrator attends the party with his friend, drinks excessively, plays games poorly, pukes in the house and on the porch, and sends an apology text to the girl he likes.

text: The narrator doesn't puke in the girl's house but his friend's.

refinement: The narrator attends the party with his friend, drinks excessively, plays games poorly, pukes on the porch, and sends an apology text to the girl he likes.

text: The answer should mention that the narrator helps the girl set up for the party.

refinement: The narrator attends the party with his friend, helps the girl set up, drinks excessively, plays games poorly, pukes on the porch, and sends an apology text to the girl he likes.

text: Went to the party with his friend: "After a few minutes the cab arrived at her house, and I reached into my back pocket for a damp bill which I passed forward. I exited the fusty vehicle, clutching my 2-6 and rang the doorbell before my buddy had even closed his door."

text: Excessive drinking: The narrator drinks both before and during the party, finishing a bottle, etc.

text: Pukes: "He went back inside and I puked all over her porch."

text: Texts 'sorry': "Fumbling with the microscopic buttons I typed out I’m sorry. I puked three more times before I sent it to her."

text: Poor gameplay: " We played a game. I threw the ball disinterestedly across the table missing often."

answer: He drinks, then plays a sort of game with the guys and pukes.

text: The narrator also sends a text to the girl, saying sorry.

refinement: He drinks, then plays a sort of game with the guys and pukes. Before leaving, he sends her a text saying sorry.

text: The answer should mention that the narrator helps the girl set up for the party.

refinement: After helping her set up, he drinks, then plays a sort of game with the guys and pukes. Before leaving, he sends her a text saying sorry.

text: Excessive drinking: The narrator drinks both before and during the party, finishing a bottle, etc.

text: Pukes: "He went back inside and I puked all over her porch."

text: Game: " We played a game. I threw the ball disinterestedly across the table missing often."

answer: The narrator attends the birthday party of the girl he likes, intending to get drunk beforehand. He gets drunk and ends up vomiting all over her porch. He later sends an apology text, and lies on the floor of his friend's house, vomiting again.

text: The part after they go back to his friend's house is irrelevant to the question.

refinement: The narrator attends the birthday party of the girl he likes, intending to get drunk beforehand. He gets drunk and ends up vomiting all over her porch. He later sends an apology text.

text: The answer should mention that the narrator helps the girl set up for the party.

refinement: The narrator attends the birthday party of the girl he likes, intending to get drunk beforehand. He and his friend help her set up. He gets drunk and ends up vomiting all over her porch. He later sends an apology text.

text: Excessive drinking: The narrator drinks both before and during the party, finishing a bottle, etc.

text: Pukes: "He went back inside and I puked all over her porch."

text: Texts 'sorry': "Fumbling with the microscopic buttons I typed out I’m sorry. I puked three more times before I sent it to her."

answer: He arrives very early, facilitating coping mechanisms to mitigate how he feels, sloshing the whiskey down his throat. He then gets drunk with his roommate and plays a game of poker before throwing up.

text: Half of the answer is made up.

text: There's no answer.

refinement: After helping her set up, he drinks, then plays a sort of game with the guys and pukes. Before leaving, he sends her a text saying sorry.

answer: The narrator does a lot of things at the party. He helps the hostess put up decorations and brings her whiskey but gets himself drunk by drinking a lot of it all at once, which results in him blacking out in the garden and vomiting all over the front porch. He was also involved in games with other guests.

text: The narrator sends a text saying sorry to the girl before leaving. That should be included in the answer.

refinement: The narrator does a lot of things at the party. He helps the hostess put up decorations and brings her whiskey but gets himself drunk by drinking a lot of it all at once, which results in him blacking out in the garden and vomiting all over the front porch. He was also involved in games with other guests. He manages to send the girl a text saying sorry before he leaves.

text: Excessive drinking: The narrator drinks both before and during the party, finishing a bottle, etc.

text: Pukes: "He went back inside and I puked all over her porch."

text: Poor gameplay: " We played a game. I threw the ball disinterestedly across the table missing often."

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

What lie does the narrator tell to the girl he likes when she says they came too early?

answer: The narrator lies and tells the girl that he and his friend came to help with party preparations, rather than just wanting to drink.

text: He lied because he arrived earlier than she expected.

refinement: The narrator lies and tells the girl that he and his friend came to help with party preparations after realizing they arrived earlier than she expected.

text: "We were there too early. I said we wanted to help set up. She told me we were sweet. It was a worthy prevarication."

answer: The narrator says they came early to help out with the party.

text: "We were there too early. I said we wanted to help set up. She told me we were sweet. It was a worthy prevarication."

answer: The narrator tells her that he and his friend came to help set up for the party. He does not mention that they came for the purpose of getting drunk.

text: The second sentence is irrelevant and misleading.

refinement: The narrator tells her that he and his friend came to help set up for the party.

text: "We were there too early. I said we wanted to help set up. She told me we were sweet. It was a worthy prevarication."

answer: He tells her they came to help her set up.

text: "We were there too early. I said we wanted to help set up. She told me we were sweet. It was a worthy prevarication."

answer: He says they came early to help with the preparations.

text: "We were there too early. I said we wanted to help set up. She told me we were sweet. It was a worthy prevarication."

question: Write a ~5 sentence summary.

answer: A man gets drunk to make himself feel better for going to a party at his old friend's house. After drinking too much, he pukes and sends an apology to his friend. After getting home, he vomits again and is too drunk to walk up the stairs so his friend helps him. He tries to sleep on the bathroom floor but keeps vomiting. In the end, his old friend tells him his friend didn't mind that he puked, and he receives a friendly text message.

text: He wants to drink, but it's not for making himself feel better about going to the party.

refinement: A man gets drunk before going to a party at his old friend's house. After drinking too much, he pukes and sends an apology to his friend. After getting home, he vomits again and is too drunk to walk up the stairs so his friend helps him. He tries to sleep on the bathroom floor but keeps vomiting. In the end, his old friend tells him his friend didn't mind that he puked, and he receives a friendly text message.

text: The party is at a girl's house, whom the narrator seems interested in. She's his old high school friend.

refinement: A man gets drunk before going to a party at an old high school friend's house. After drinking too much, he pukes and sends an apology to the girl hosting it, whom he seems interested in. After getting home, he vomits again and is too drunk to walk up the stairs so his friend helps him. He tries to sleep on the bathroom floor but keeps vomiting. In the end, his old friend tells him his friend didn't mind that he puked, and he receives a friendly text message.

text: His friend whose house they're at doesn't tell him anything at the end. It's the girl who texts him "it's fine :)"

refinement: A man gets drunk before going to a party at an old high school friend's house. After drinking too much, he pukes and sends an apology to the girl hosting it, whom he seems interested in. After getting home, he vomits again and is too drunk to walk up the stairs so his friend helps him. He tries to sleep on the bathroom floor but keeps vomiting. In the end, the girl sends him a text, saying "it's fine :)".

text: Party at old friend's house: "It was her birthday tonight. I had driven almost two hours to sleep on the floor in a shit hole just to see her and go to her party. I didn’t know anyone there, except my buddy who was also going. We all went to highschool together."

text: Pukes: "He went back inside and I puked all over her porch."

text: Friend carries him, and he pukes again: "When we arrived at his place I couldn’t climb the stairs. He lifted and pushed me most of the way. We got inside and I went to the washroom and I puked on the floor."

text:
Friendly text: "I took out my phone and there was a message from her. It’s fine, thanks for coming.

There was a smiley face."

answer: A man, after getting drunk, has a terrible night. He attends his childhood friend's birthday party, pukes all over the front porch, and eventually passes out from drinking too much at the back of her house. The friend he came with ends up taking him home, where the man throws up again. At the end of the night, the friend receives a message from the woman they came to the party with, and finds it contains a smiley face. Obviously, they had a terrible and embarrassing night.

text: The summary makes up details and misrepresents events with sketch interpretations.

text: There's no answer.

refinement: A man gets drunk before going to a party at an old high school friend's house. After drinking too much, he pukes and sends an apology to the girl hosting it, whom he seems interested in. After getting home, he vomits again and is too drunk to walk up the stairs so his friend helps him. He tries to sleep on the bathroom floor but keeps vomiting. In the end, the girl sends him a text, saying "it's fine :)".

answer: The narrator hosts a friend for one of the friend's important nights. They vow to drink together until the sun comes up. However, the narrator's drinking buddy convinces him to eat a bite of something first before they get to drinking. The two go to the birthday party of their high school friend where they play a drinking game and wins against two very large guys who make fun of them. The narrator drinks whiskey. The narrative eventually progresses to a different day, where the narrator wakes up next to his friend.

text: The summary is completely made up.

text: There's no answer.

refinement: A man gets drunk before going to a party at an old high school friend's house. After drinking too much, he pukes and sends an apology to the girl hosting it, whom he seems interested in. After getting home, he vomits again and is too drunk to walk up the stairs so his friend helps him. He tries to sleep on the bathroom floor but keeps vomiting. In the end, the girl sends him a text, saying "it's fine :)".

answer: The narrator buys a bottle of whiskey and drinks it with a friend from high school at his place before going to their mutual friend's party, a girl the narrator likes. He helps with the preparations until the party begins in earnest, and he starts to drink heavily. He gets to talk to the girl after he's drunk, and he goes out to the porch before vomiting. He can't pull himself together and text the girl "I'm sorry" before his friend carries him back to his place. The girl replies, thanking them for coming, and the narrator feels positive about the smiley face at the end while laying in his own vomit in the bathroom.

text: Drinking before: "We began to drink. I wondered politely if there might be a mixer or a chase. He called me a pussy. I cracked the 26 oz bottle and suckled at it, proclaiming to him about the intricacies of this craft whiskey"

text: High school trio: "It was her birthday tonight... We all went to highschool together."

text: Helped and drank: "I lifted and organized and joked with my buddy and drank more."

text: Pukes on the porch: "He went back inside and I puked all over her porch."

text: Texts 'sorry': "Fumbling with the microscopic buttons I typed out I’m sorry. I puked three more times before I sent it to her."

text: Friend takes care of him: "Eventually my buddy collected me."

text:
Floored, but hopeful: "I lay on the cool floor, trying not to smell my own vomit. I took out my phone and there was a message from her. It’s fine, thanks for coming.

There was a smiley face."

answer: The narrator is excited because during rush hour he drove over an hour to see someone from high school that he likes. One of his old friends will be at the same party. The friend takes the narrator to the party. The red cup is a mask for a drunken soirée, and the narrator viciously vies to talk to the girl. An old friend appears and drags the narrator home.

text: Most of the summary is made up and nonsensical.

text: There's no answer.

refinement: The narrator buys a bottle of whiskey and drinks it with a friend from high school at his place before going to their mutual friend's party, a girl the narrator likes. He helps with the preparations until the party begins in earnest, and he starts to drink heavily. He gets to talk to the girl after he's drunk, and he goes out to the porch before vomiting. He can't pull himself together and text the girl "I'm sorry" before his friend carries him back to his place. The girl replies, thanking them for coming, and the narrator feels positive about the smiley face at the end while laying in his own vomit in the bathroom.


split: train

text:
A nation's Intelligence Agency released a 140 page report detailing the lack of food and water for the planet's growing population, the inevitability of climate change to keep elevating dangerous weather conditions, and the destined collapse of the current monetary system.  The whole nation was already full of unhappy people, a generation that had been fed the lie that if they worked hard they would eventually be prosperous and happy, were unemployed or held dead-end jobs where they were constrained, bored, underpaid and unappreciated.  They were furious at being mislead.  A generation of baby-boomers before them had stolen all of the prosperity from the nation and left a dying planet behind as their inheritance.

The nation’s news-media grew increasingly cynical, morbid and depressing every day.  Networks were purely out to make money and the dying nation, which felt helpless to help itself, ate up these stories and wallowed in its unhappiness.  As a result those with mental disorders such as antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy and narcissistic personality disorder, began to believe that they were in fact part of the majority, as people had forgotten long ago that TV was not a true representation of reality.  Such individuals became so convinced of their normalcy that they never sought out the mental counseling they so desperately needed, and as their self-assurance grew so did their boldness.

A few started openly killing innocents, and once made famous by the greed of the media, more joined in.  Soon even innocent children were not safe from the crossfire.  With every disaster that befell the nation its people, scared and delusional, gave up one civil liberty after another until the freedom the nation once held proudly over the heads of the rest of the world was nothing more than a distant memory.  Its citizens grew divided between the five stages of grief; denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance as though each stage were in fact an ideology to live by.

Only a small percentage of the population had made it to the final stage and the deniers were so desperate to believe that everything would be OK that they turned their back completely on science and reason, the two things that human beings prided themselves on the most.  The desperate actively ignored the evidence that came to light more and more every day, and lashed out at those who sought to end their ignorance.  These people controlled vital aspects of the government, and so the nation was locked in a terrible stand still, completely unable to deal with the current problems and imminent dangers of the future.

Only one solution seemed to remain; revolution.  A total revision of government and civilization.  But revolution was never to happen, too much of the nation had become convinced that they were completely helpless to influence the world, and reverted to total depression, complete apathy or a mix of the two.  Each time an uprising started it was never able to gain enough momentum to stop the government from quelling it, through military and police action, and more powerfully through clever manipulation of the press and propaganda.  People came to fear conflict more than anything, especially amongst themselves and so they created societal restrictions on which words they could say and which situations they could show in movies and on TV. In this stifling environment people became unable to think for themselves, and creativity and originality were snuffed out.  Suicides, murders and sickness grew.

Some began openly hoping for the end of their world.  Nature began lashing out in its death throes as the misery of money continued to strangle it.  Floods, droughts, blizzards, and terrible storms wreaked havoc across the planet.  Wars over resources broke out around the globe, and finally the government took total control of the nation through military and police supervision.  Each and every citizen was now a ward of the state, but even with strict laws in place limiting the production of more children the population had already grown too large to sustain.  Soon governments around the world began to consider something once thought to be unthinkable-nuclear war.

All it took was one missile, and all pandemonium broke out. No one can remember who made the first move, but it hardly mattered once a nuclear winter, an event which scientists had been warning about for decades, consumed the planet.  The access to food and water, already scarce, became virtually non-existent and the starving population bottlenecked.  The humans, plants and animals that managed to survive were plagued with genetic mutations and disease.  Extinctions on a massive scale ravaged the land and sea.  Eventually only a small niche of organic life remained, breeding and evolving over many thousands of years to create a new era.  Although some mutated form of the human genome survived, the human race is never again at the top of the food chain.

All information that humans had gathered and analyzed over the centuries was lost forever, for you see, the human race had been so distracted by war and money that they had never mastered space travel.  When the sun eventually went supernova, any existence of life on the planet Earth and possibly in the entire known universe was completely eliminated.  Doomed to revert to the stardust which had originally allowed for its creation.

The end.

This is my first time writing anything other than a research paper really, so I'm curious as to how other people view the style, and what you all generally think.  (It's ok if you don't like it!)

title: "I'm afraid that this story takes place in the not-so-distant future."

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the central theme of the story.

answer: The central theme of the story is that a lack of attention to existential threats has led to disaster and caused mass chaos. Despite the knowledge of impending problems with the environment, population, and economy, people failed to act in a constructive way, paving the way for ruin.

answer: The narrative appears to be warning of the potential dangers as humans repress people and forget to care for the natural world. In particular, it seems to be commenting on issues around how we treat our planet and how that might affect us in the future. The tone seems to be cautionary and caution about the issues that might arise if we ignore the threats humans face from climate change, economic inequality, and resource scarcity, and issues of the resultant wars at home and abroad.

answer: The central theme of the story is that civilization has collapsed in the not-too-distant future, largely due to the rampant desperation and apathy amidst a population that has been misled by greed and falsehood. The future is bleak and there is little hope for humanity.

answer: The theme of the story is revolution, and, more specifically, revolution in a dystopian society. The writer paints a picture of a world very lost and deconstructed due to greed and abuse of natural resources. The plant is full of unhappiness-Mother Nature is lashing out due to human-made problems like global warming that have devastated the earth.

text: Grammar error as the response says the "plant" is full of unhappiness. The passage references the "planet" is full of unhappiness.

refinement: The theme of the story is revolution, and, more specifically, revolution in a dystopian society. The writer paints a picture of a world very lost and deconstructed due to greed and abuse of natural resources. The planet is full of unhappiness-Mother Nature is lashing out due to human-made problems like global warming that have devastated the earth.

answer: The central theme of the story is human greed, both in terms of how irresponsible the generation before the current one seems to be behaving and how the current generation, unfortunately, ends up suffering the consequences. The fact that this age marks the most "environmentally-aware" generation, yet continues to make reckless choices, does not bode well for the future of humanity.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize how this set of issues is resolved.

answer: The issues described in the passage result in global collapse - a nuclear winter eradicates all life. The human race is entirely destroyed, and all knowledge gathered by humanity is lost forever. There is no resolution to the issues presented in the passage.

answer: The problems facing the nation are never ultimately resolved, resulting in the complete annihilation of life on Earth. Nuclear war vaporizes everything on the planet, and subsequent natural disasters wipe out any remaining chance of survival. Meaningful change never occurs, and humanity is wiped out.

answer: No answer

text: The response misses to answer the instruction in the task.

refinement: There is no solution to the issues mentioned in the passage since all of humanity was lost.

answer: The issues were not so much resolved as the source of them was annihilated. A nuclear war essentially cleared out the human population as those who were not immediately terminated by the bombs and the violence succumbed to malnutrition and starvation-along with a host of life-threatening health problems-as a result of the immediate lack of resources to sustain both human and plant life. With the ecosystems virtually gone, all signs of life disappeared until a very long time in the future.

answer: Heroic characters in the story fail, and instead the giant groups of people begin to negotiate and appease each other in an effort to keep from starving themselves to death and getting into wars over resources.

text: The response implies that humanity attempted to save the planet and themselves, however this is not evidenced in the text.

text: The response misses to answer the instruction in the task.

refinement: There is no solution to the issues mentioned in the passage since all of humanity was lost.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the tone of the story.

answer: The tone of the story is one of forewarning-a glowering look at the inevitability of our actions as humans refusing to take responsibility for our burden on this planet. The author says this is the not-too-distant future; indeed, one can draw many comparisons from the way the scene is set up on this dystopian tale to the world we inhabit contemporaneously. The balance has been tipped and not in the favor of survival.

answer: The tone is off, scary, and dystopian. The world is grim and the progression of how it came to be was somber, adding to the gritty feel.

answer: The tone of the story is dystopian and gloomy. There seems to be little hope for the human race, and things have only gotten progressively worse. The current state of the world is chaotic, depressing, and hopeless which underscores the overall tone.

answer: There's a dark, serious edge to the story, with a lot of focus on pessimism, the corruption of the human race, and never-ending greed destroying the planet.

answer: The tone of this story is dark and pessimistic. The future depicted is a bleak one, with serious problems and environmental disaster leading to collapse in the current system. The future is bleak, full of chaos, conflict, and death. Despite the potential for change, there does not seem to be much hope for a better future. The tone is grim, with sadness and despair evident at how humanity has destroyed itself.


text:
ST JOHN'S JERUSALEM or SUTTON-AT-HONE PRECEPTORY is a National Trust property at Sutton-at-Hone, Kent, England which includes the 13th century chapel of the Knights Hospitaller and a garden moated by the River Darent. It is open to the public on Wednesday afternoons from April to October.

History

It was established in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem until it was sold to Sir Maurice Denys, the Receiver of the Order at the time of the Dissolution. The mediaeval sections of the property were predominantly constructed around 1234, when Henry III procured the felling of five oak trees from Tonbridge Forest. By 1388, the property had ceased to be used as a preceptory.[1]

Naturalist Abraham Hill established an orchard here in 1670, with apples and pears from Herefordshire and Devon that were used for making cider and perry. Varieties that were introduced into Kent as a result included the Kentish Pippin.[2] From 1755 it was the home of the county historian of Kent, Edward Hasted.[3] His excessive expenditure on the property may have been responsible for his bankruptcy in 1796, and subsequent term of imprisonment of five years.[4]

The building was given to the nation in 1943 by Sir Stephen Tallents, and was open to the public twice a week in the 1950s.[5][6] The property has been a Grade II* listed building since 1 August 1952[7] and was scheduled under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as a site of national importance by the Secretary of State for National Heritage on 5 September 1994.[8] It is now let from the National Trust as a private residence. Public access is to the chapel and garden only.

Priors of the Hospital

Radyngton, John, fl 1396[9]

Weston, John, fl. 1485[10]

Grounds

[St John's Jerusalem's moat] The moat dates from the 13th century,[11] and surrounds an artificial island of 22,200m². The moat is bridged three times, including by a Grade II listed 19th century brick footbridge. The grounds contain a Cedar of Lebanon.[12] Only the south-western section of the moat is part of the River Darent.[13] The moat has, however, suffered from environmental problems. It ran dry in both 1976 and 1988 and was affected by sedimentation and pollution after a recent dredging of the Darent.[14] The dredging was attempted in order to foster the appearance of a 1930s Country Life setting. However, it had to be halted after it was discovered that scheduled monument consent had not been obtained. Although it was subsequently granted, the sustainability of such techniques has been called into question.[15]

The garden also hosts a former fishpond, now occupied by marshlands.[16] Before the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the lawn to the north of the property was used as burial ground for the chapel, but thereafter as a midden.[17]

[1]

[2] E. Hasted, “Parishes: Sutton-at-Hone”, _The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent: Volume 2_ (1797), pp. 343–367. (Accessed: 22 May 2011).

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6] R. Cary, “[https://www.jstor.org/stable/870464?seq=2&Search=yes&searchText=%22st+john%27s+jerusalem%22&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3D%2522st%2Bjohn%2527s%2Bjerusalem%2522%26gw%3Djtx%26prq%3Dsutton-at-hone%26Search%3DSearch%26hp%3D25%26wc%3Don&prevSearch=&item=15&ttl=19&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null Country Houses Open to the Public]”, _The Burlington Magazine_ Vol. 93, No. 578 (London, May 1951), p. 175.

[7]

[8]

[9] Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP541; http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT6/R2/CP40no541a/aCP40no541afronts/IMG_0615.htm; third entry; "ffrat' Johes Radynton, prio' hospital' sct Johis Jerl'm in Angl' "

[10] Plea Rolls of the Court of Common Pleas; National Archives; CP 40/891 ; first entry in http://aalt.law.uh.edu/AALT3/R3/CP40no891/aCP40no891fronts/IMG_0085.htm ;

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15] National Trust, _Sediment Management & Dredging in Lakes: A report based on a workshop held at Arlington Court, Devon_ (K. Hearn, J. Flanders & T. Phillips (eds)) (Cirencester, 2002), pp. 9–10.

[16]

[17] N. Bannister, “Kent & East Sussex”, _Annual Archaeological Review 1999-2000_ (National Trust (ed.)) (London, 2001), p. 41.

title: St John's Jerusalem

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize the history of the St. John's Jerusalem, according to the text.

answer: The St. John's Jerusalem, formerly a Commandry of knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, is a 13th century institution located in Sutton-at-Hone in Kent. The property includes its chapel and a moat. It was gifted to the nation by Sir Stephen Tallents in 1943 and is open to the public but only on Wednesday afternoons from April to October. The history of the property includes the felling of five oak trees from Tonbridge Forest by Henry III in 1199 and it being established. Abraham Hill had an orchard here in 1670. Prior to the dissolution of the monasteries, the lawn around the property was a burial ground, but it was subsequently used as a midden.

text: It was a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem

refinement: The St. John's Jerusalem, formerly a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, is a 13th century institution located in Sutton-at-Hone in Kent. The property includes its chapel and a moat. It was gifted to the nation by Sir Stephen Tallents in 1943 and is open to the public but only on Wednesday afternoons from April to October. The history of the property includes the felling of five oak trees from Tonbridge Forest by Henry III in 1199 and it being established. Abraham Hill had an orchard here in 1670. Prior to the dissolution of the monasteries, the lawn around the property was a burial ground, but it was subsequently used as a midden.

text: The trees were felled around 1234

refinement: The St. John's Jerusalem, formerly a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, is a 13th century institution located in Sutton-at-Hone in Kent. The property includes its chapel and a moat. It was gifted to the nation by Sir Stephen Tallents in 1943 and is open to the public but only on Wednesday afternoons from April to October. The history of the property includes the felling of five oak trees from Tonbridge Forest by Henry III around 1234 and it being established. Abraham Hill had an orchard here in 1670. Prior to the dissolution of the monasteries, the lawn around the property was a burial ground, but it was subsequently used as a midden.

answer: According to the text, St. John's Jerusalem was established in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller. It was sold to Sir Maurice Denys and by 1388, the property had ceased to be used as a preceptory. In 1670, naturalist Abraham Hill established an orchard with apples and pears to be used for making cider and perry. In 1755, the place was home of the county historian, Edward Hasted Kent until his excessive expenditure lead to his bankruptcy. The building was then given to the nation in 1943 by Sir Stephen Tallents and was available to the public.

text: Kent is not part of the historian's name

refinement: According to the text, St. John's Jerusalem was established in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller. It was sold to Sir Maurice Denys and by 1388, the property had ceased to be used as a preceptory. In 1670, naturalist Abraham Hill established an orchard with apples and pears to be used for making cider and perry. In 1755, the place was home of the Kent county historian, Edward Hasted until his excessive expenditure lead to his bankruptcy. The building was then given to the nation in 1943 by Sir Stephen Tallents and was available to the public.

answer: St. John's Jerusalem was established in 1199 by the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. In 1943, the property was given to the National Trust by Sir Stephen Tallents. The current property includes a 13th century chapel and moated grounds. There is now public access only to the chapel and garden.

answer: It was established in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. The Knights Hospitaller was dissolved in 1540, and with the dissolution came a sale of the property to Sir Maurice Denys. The building ceased to host knights after 1388.

text: Nothing is said about the knights' dissolution

refinement: It was established in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. The building ceased to host knights after 1388.

text: Include information about the building being given to the government

refinement: It was established in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem. The building ceased to host knights after 1388. The building was given to the nation in 1943 by Sir Stephen Tallents and was open to the public twice a week in the 1950s. Now, the chapel and garden are open to the public once a week from April to October.

answer: It was established in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem until it was sold to Sir Maurice Denys, the Receiver of the Order at the time of the Dissolution. The medieval sections of the property were mostly built during the genroic-era reign of King Henry III. Although the building was sold to the nation and is operated by the National Trust, the chapel and garden are only open to the public.

question:
Answer the following question based on the above passage:

Summarize some interest facts about St. John's Jerusalem, as written in the text.

answer:
St. John's Jerusalem was established in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, until it was sold in the year 1540.

Naturalist Abraham Hill established an orchard here in 1670, with apples and pears from Herefordshire, and Devon. Varieties of the apples and pears introduced into Kent include the Kentish Pippin.

The moat surrounding the property dates from 13th century and is 22,200 square meters.

The lawn north of the property was used as burial grounds for the chapel, but after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, it was used as a midden.

text: It ceased to be used as a preceptory in 1388

refinement:
St. John's Jerusalem was established in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, until 1388.

Naturalist Abraham Hill established an orchard here in 1670, with apples and pears from Herefordshire, and Devon. Varieties of the apples and pears introduced into Kent include the Kentish Pippin.

The moat surrounding the property dates from 13th century and is 22,200 square meters.

The lawn north of the property was used as burial grounds for the chapel, but after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, it was used as a midden.

answer: St. John's Jerusalem is a National Trust property in Sutton-at-Hone, Kent. The 13th century chapel and moated grounds were created in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller. The moat was dredged in order to create a 1930s Country Life setting, but a lack of scheduled monument consent halted the process. The grounds are also home to a former fishpond now occupied by marshlands. The grounds also formerly served as a burial ground, but after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the lawn became a dumping ground.

text: The moat ran dry after a dredging sometime in the mid 20th century

refinement: St. John's Jerusalem is a National Trust property in Sutton-at-Hone, Kent. The 13th century chapel and moated grounds were created in 1199 as a Commandry of the Knights Hospitaller. The moat ran dry in 1976 and 1988 following a dredging of the Darent in order to create a 1930s Country Life setting. The grounds are also home to a former fishpond now occupied by marshlands. The grounds also formerly served as a burial ground, but after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the lawn became a dumping ground.

answer: St. John's Jerusalem had a moat that surrounds an artificial island. The moat is bridged three times and includes 19th century brick footbridge. Additionally, the garden at the place hosts a former fishpond.

answer: St. John's Jerusalem is a National Trust property near Sutton-at-Hone including a 13th century chapel and garden moated by the River Darent. The property includes a moat dating back to the 13th century, with a significant number of oak trees being procured from Tonbridge Forest. There is also a former fish pond and marshlands in the garden. Lastly, the property was originally established by the Knights Hospitaller and was used as a preceptory until it was sold to Sir Maurice Denys at the time of the Dissolution.

answer: The site house a chapel built in the 13 century. The property was sold to become a private residence in 1670. The area has suffered from expletives of sediments.

text: "houses"

refinement: The site houses a chapel built in the 13 century. The property was sold to become a private residence in 1670. The area has suffered from expletives of sediments.

text: I'm not sure what "expletives of sediments" are

refinement: The site houses a chapel built in the 13 century. The property was sold to become a private residence in 1670.


text:
SONOELECTROCHEMISTRY is the application of ultrasound in electrochemistry. Like sonochemistry, sonoelectrochemistry was discovered in the early 20th century. The effects of power ultrasound on electrochemical systems and important electrochemical parameters were originally demonstrated by Moriguchi[1] and then by Schmid and Ehert [2][3] when the researchers investigated the influence of ultrasound on concentration polarisation, metal passivation and the production of electrolytic gases in aqueous solutions. In the late 1950s, Kolb and Nyborg[4] showed that the electrochemical solution (or electroanalyte) hydrodynamics in an electrochemical cell was greatly increased in the presence of ultrasound and described this phenomenon as _acoustic streaming_. In 1959, Penn _et al._[5] demonstrated that sonication had a great effect on the electrode surface activity and electroanalyte species concentration profile throughout the solution. In the early 1960s, the electrochemist Allen J. Bard[6] showed in controlled potential coulometry experiments that ultrasound significantly enhances mass transport of electrochemical species from the bulk solution to the electroactive surface. In the range of ultrasonic frequencies [20 kHz – 2 MHz], ultrasound has been applied to many electrochemical systems, processes and areas of electrochemistry (to name but a few: electroplating, electrodeposition, electropolymerisation, electrocoagulation, organic electrosynthesis, materials electrochemistry, environmental electrochemistry, electroanalytical chemistry, hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology) both in academia and industry,[7] as this technology offers several benefits over traditional technologies.[8][9]The advantages are as follows: significant thinning of the diffusion layer thickness (δ) at the electrode surface; increase in electrodeposit/electroplating thickness; increase in electrochemical rates, yields and efficiencies; increase in electrodeposit porosity and hardness; increase in gas removal from electrochemical solutions; increase in electrode cleanliness and hence electrode surface activation; lowerering in electrode overpotentials (due to metal depassivation and gas bubble removal generated at the electrode surface induced by cavitation and acoustic streaming); and suppression in electrode fouling (depending on the ultrasonic frequency and power).

To date, over 3,500 publications[10] inc. patents, technical, research and review articles have been written on the subject with the vast majority being published post-1990 after a review paper from Mason _et al._[11] entitled 'Sonoelectrochemistry' highlighting the extraordinary effects of sonication on enhancing mass transport, aiding solution degassing, improving electrode surface cleaning, producing radical species (via sonolysis) and increasing electrochemical products and yields.[12]

[1] Moriguchi, N. (1934).“The influence of supersonic waves on chemical phenomena. III–the influence on the concentration polarization”._Nippon Kagaku Kaishi_ 55: 749-750.

[2] Schmid, G., Ehret, L. (1937).“Beeinflussung der Metallpassivität durch Ultraschall”._Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie_ 43(6): 408-415.

[3] Schmid G., Ehret L. (1937).“Beeinflussung der Elektrolytischen Abscheidungspotentiale von Gasen durch Ultraschall”. _Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie_ 43(8): 597–608.

[4] Kolb, J.,Nyborg, W.L. (1956).“Small‐Scale Acoustic Streaming in Liquids”. _The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America_ 28(6): 1237-1242.

[5] Penn, R., Yeager, E., Hovorka, F. (1959).“Effect of Ultrasonic Waves on Concentration Gradients”._The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America_ 31(10): 1372-1376.

[6] Bard, A.J. (1963).“High Speed Controlled Potential Coulometry”._Analytical Chemistry_ 35(9): 1125-1128.

[7] Hielscher - Ultrasound Technology (2017).“Hielscher”.

[8] Pollet, B.G. (2012). _Power Ultrasound in Electrochemistry: From Versatile Laboratory Tool to Engineering Solution_. Wiley, .

[9] Ozoemena, K.I., Chen, S. (2016). _Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell Catalysis_. Chapter 10 - 'Sonoelectrochemical Production of Fuel Cell Nanomaterials', Springer, .

[10] Google Scholar - keyword: [https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?q=sonoelectrochemistry&btnG=&hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_vis=1 Sonoelectrochemistry].

[11] Mason, T.J., Lorimer, J.P., Walton, D.J. (1990).“Sonoelectrochemistry”. _Ultrasonics_ 28(5): 333-337.

[12] Pollet, B.G. and Ashokkumar, M. (2019). _Introduction to Ultrasound, Sonochemistry and Sonoelectrochemistry_. Springer, .

title: Sonoelectrochemistry

question: How was sonoelectrochemistry discovered?

answer: Sonoelectrochemistry was discovered in the early 20th century.

text: This is a correct answer to a different question. It answers "when".

answer: It was first demonstrated by Moriguchi when the researchers investigated

text: The article doesn't say exactly how.

refinement: It was first demonstrated by Moriguchi when the researchers investigated but the article doesn't state exactly how.

answer: Sonoelectrochemistry was originally discovered in the early 20th century when researchers observed the effects of ultrasound on electrochemical systems.

text: The article doesn't describe the exact circumstances under which it was discovered.

refinement: Sonoelectrochemistry was originally discovered in the early 20th century when researchers observed the effects of ultrasound on electrochemical systems. It is not described under which exact circumstances it was discovered.

answer: It was discovered in the early 20th century.

text: That answers when, not how.

refinement: It was discovered in the early 20th century, but the article doesn't describe the exact circumstances under which it was discovered.

question: What are the main benefits of ultrasound on electrochemistry?

answer: Significant thinning of the diffusion layer thickness at the electrode surface, increase in electrodeposit/electroplating thickness, increases in electrochemical rates, yields, and efficiencies among others.

answer: The main benefits of ultrasound on electrochemistry are: significant thinning of the diffusion layer thickness (δ) at the electrode surface; increase in electrodeposit/electroplating thickness; increase in electrochemical rates, yields and efficiencies; increase in electrodeposit porosity and hardness; increase in gas removal from electrochemical solutions; increase in electrode cleanliness and hence electrode surface activation; lowerering in electrode overpotentials (due to metal depassivation and gas bubble removal generated at the electrode surface induced by cavitation and acoustic streaming); and suppression in electrode fouling (depending on the ultrasonic frequency and power).

answer: Some of the main benefits of using ultrasound in electrochemistry include increased electrodeposit/electroplating thickness, increased electrochemical rates, yields and efficiencies, increased electrode cleanliness and hence electrode surface activation, and suppression of electrode fouling.

answer: The main benefits of ultrasound on electrochemistry are: significant thinning of the diffusion layer thickness (δ) at the electrode surface; increase in electrodeposit/electroplating thickness; increase in electrochemical rates, yields and efficiencies; increase in electrodeposit porosity and hardness; increase in gas removal from electrochemical solutions; increase in electrode cleanliness and hence electrode surface activation; lowerering in electrode overpotentials (due to metal depassivation and gas bubble removal generated at the electrode surface induced by cavitation and acoustic streaming); and suppression in electrode fouling (depending on the ultrasonic frequency and power).

question: What areas benefited from sonoelectrochemistry?

answer: Electroplating, electrodeposition, electropolymerization, electrocoagulation, organic electrosynthesis, materials electrochemistry, environmental electrochemistry, electroanalytical chemistry, hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology.

answer: The areas that benefited from sonoelectrochemistry are: electroplating, electrodeposition, electropolymerisation, electrocoagulation, organic electrosynthesis, materials electrochemistry, environmental electrochemistry, electroanalytical chemistry, hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology.

answer: Sonoelectrochemistry has been applied to many areas of electrochemistry, including electroplating, electrodeposition, electropolymerisation, electrocoagulation, organic electrosynthesis, materials electrochemistry, environmental electrochemistry, and electroanalytical chemistry.

answer: Electroplating, electrodeposition, electropolymerization, electrocoagulation, organic electrosynthesis, materials electrochemistry, environmental electrochemistry, electroanalytical chemistry, hydrogen energy, and fuel cell technology.

question: What was the initial name of the sonoelectrochemistry phenomena?

answer: It was discovered in a limited capacity known as acoustic streaming.

text: In the late 1950s, Kolb and Nyborg[4] showed that the electrochemical solution (or electroanalyte) hydrodynamics in an electrochemical cell was greatly increased in the presence of ultrasound and described this phenomenon as _acoustic streaming_

answer: The initial name of the sonoelectrochemistry phenomena was acoustic streaming.

text: In the late 1950s, Kolb and Nyborg[4] showed that the electrochemical solution (or electroanalyte) hydrodynamics in an electrochemical cell was greatly increased in the presence of ultrasound and described this phenomenon as _acoustic streaming_

answer: Acoustic streaming.

text: In the late 1950s, Kolb and Nyborg[4] showed that the electrochemical solution (or electroanalyte) hydrodynamics in an electrochemical cell was greatly increased in the presence of ultrasound and described this phenomenon as _acoustic streaming_

answer: The initial name of the sonoelectrochemistry phenomena was acoustic streaming.

text: In the late 1950s, Kolb and Nyborg[4] showed that the electrochemical solution (or electroanalyte) hydrodynamics in an electrochemical cell was greatly increased in the presence of ultrasound and described this phenomenon as _acoustic streaming_

question: Write a ~3 sentence summary.

answer: Sonoelectrochemistry is the application of ultrasound in electrochemistry, which has been shown to have several benefits over traditional electrochemical techniques. These benefits include increased electrochemical rates, yields and efficiencies, as well as increased electrode cleanliness and activation.

answer:
Sonoelectrochemistry is the application of ultrasound in electrochemistry. Like sonochemistry, sonoelectrochemistry was discovered in the early 20th century. The effects of power ultrasound on electrochemical systems and important electrochemical parameters were originally demonstrated by Moriguchi[1] and then by Schmid and Ehert [2][3] when the researchers investigated the influence of ultrasound on concentration polarisation, metal passivation and the production of electrolytic gases in aqueous solutions. In the late 1950s, Kolb and Nyborg[4] showed that the electrochemical solution (or electroanalyte) hydrodynamics in an electrochemical cell was greatly increased in the presence of ultrasound and described this phenomenon as _acoustic streaming_. In 1959, Penn _et al._[5] demonstrated that sonication had a great effect on the electrode surface activity and electroanalyte species concentration profile throughout the solution. In the early 1960s, the electrochemist Allen J. Bard[6] showed in controlled potential coulometry experiments that ultrasound significantly enhances mass transport of electrochemical species from the bulk solution to the electroactive surface. In the range of ultrasonic frequencies [20 kHz – 2 MHz], ultrasound has been applied to many electrochemical systems, processes and areas of electrochemistry (to name but a few: electroplating, electrodeposition, electropolymerisation, electrocoagulation, organic electrosynthesis, materials electrochemistry, environmental electrochemistry, electroanalytical chemistry, hydrogen energy and fuel cell technology) both in academia and industry,[7] as this technology offers several benefits over traditional technologies.[8][9]The advantages are as follows: significant thinning of the diffusion layer thickness (δ) at the electrode surface; increase in electrodeposit/electroplating thickness; increase in electrochemical rates, yields and efficiencies; increase in electrodeposit porosity and hardness; increase in gas removal from electrochemical solutions; increase in electrode cleanliness and hence electrode surface activation; lowerering in electrode overpotentials (due to metal depassivation and gas bubble removal generated at the electrode surface induced by cavitation and acoustic streaming); and suppression in electrode fouling (depending on the ultrasonic frequency and power).

To date, over 3,500 publications[10] inc. patents, technical, research and review articles have been written on the subject with the vast majority being published post-1990 after a review paper from Mason _et al._[11] entitled 'Sonoelectrochemistry' highlighting the extraordinary effects of sonication on enhancing mass transport, aiding solution degassing, improving electrode surface cleaning, producing radical species (via sonolysis) and increasing electrochemical products and yields.[12]

text: This isn't three sentences or fewer.

refinement: Sonoelectrochemistry is the application of ultrasound in electrochemistry. Like sonochemistry, sonoelectrochemistry was discovered in the early 20th century. The effects of power ultrasound on electrochemical systems and important electrochemical parameters were originally demonstrated by Moriguchi[1] and then by Schmid and Ehert. In the late 1950s, Kolb and Nyborg[4] showed that the electrochemical solution (or electroanalyte) hydrodynamics in an electrochemical cell was greatly increased in the presence of ultrasound and described this phenomenon as _acoustic streaming.

answer: Sonoelectrochemistry is the application of ultrasound in electrochemistry. It was discovered in the early 20th century. It has been applied to many electrochemical systems, processes, and areas of electrochemistry.

answer: Sonoelectrochemistry is the application of ultrasound in electrochemistry. It was discovered in the early 20th century but gained wide acceptance post-1990. The technique has been applied to many areas and offers several benefits, including significant thinning of the diffusion layer thickness at the electrode surface, increase in electrodeposit/electroplating thickness, increases in electrochemical rates, yields, and efficiencies among others.