text:
The FORT OF SANTA CATARINA (also known as the _Fort of Santa Catarina de Ribamar_) is a medieval fort situated in the civil parish of Portimão, in the municipality of Portimão in Portuguese Algarve. The structure was considered one of the last Philippine military projects in the Algarve, erected to defend the peninsula from pirates and privateers, as well as military invasions. Its construction is one of the better examples that work of Alexandre Massai, a military engineer who toured the Algarve (between 1617 and 1621) to reinforce numerous military fortifications along the coast.

History

The origins of the Fort of Santa Catarina are still debated. Some authors point to a 15th-century origin, during the reign of King John III or Sebastian, although few proofs have been identified, except for a small chapel dedicated to Catherine of Alexandria.[1][2]

In 1621, during the Iberian Union, Alexandre Massai, leading a committee of hundreds of specialists traveled the mouth of the Arade River, in order to find the best site for the construction of a fortress to defend the lands along the southern extent of the River.[3] At the time many of the older medieval castles of Ferragudo and Portimão were already unable to support the defense of the coast to these limits, from pirates, corsairs and maritime invasions.[4] The obvious choice at the time was along the edge of Praia da Rocha (referred to as _Ponta de Santa Catarina_) where a hermitage had once existed (and had been integrated in to a new fort) along the southern extent of Portimão's territory.[5]

Various arguments have been suggested for this location, to the detriment of a proposed fortress sited further into the interior (likely in Ferragudo): the site offered better sight-lines, a greater access to potable water, and especially its privileged connection with Portimão, thereby determining its selection over other sites.[6][7]

In 1621, Massai designed three proposed plans for the fortifications, all of which included an ample northern facade to serve as the principal entrance-way to the structure.[8][9] The construction of the fortification began eight years later, in 1629, and was terminated in 1633 (relatively rapid for the time). Unfortunately, many of these elements were lost in successive years, owing to the alterations in design and function at the fort.[10] Of the original 17th-century project, only the front facade, organized around three symmetrical walls, with the central/main entrance recessed.[11] This front facade is constructed of large pilasters and lintel made from large blocks of round rock, conferring on a monumental structure, while the rest of the structure, in contrast, is relatively less grand. Also part of the project was a raised bridge, whose elements today no longer exist.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake damaged the fortress, with the public works to reconstruct the structure divided into a period immediately after the event (essential repairs), while the remainder was carried out in the 1790s.[12][13][14]

A profound remodeling of the space was accomplished during the 20th century, influenced by the development of tourism in the region; on 23 July 1946, a dispatch handed the property over to the Municipal Commission for Tourism of Portimão (_Comissão Municipal de Turismo de Portimão_).[15] The interior was divided into a post for the Guarda Fiscal and Captaincy of Portimão (who partnered in the construction of the new buildings), as well as a space for a lookout.[16][17] This last project occurred in the 1960s, and occupied a zone originally part of the battery, facing the sea in the extreme southeast corner of the building.[18][19] During these projects the walls and base of the fortress were reinforced using modern techniques, which permitted the expansion of the area devoted to the lookout.[20][21] In parallel, the progressive expansion of the beach meant that the fort could be used to support Praia da Rocha, including a restaurant and esplanade.[22][23]

In 1969 an earthquake provoked damages and repairs to the building; in addition to the construction of reinforced concrete lintels, the braces and pillars were consolidated, repairs were made to the wall panels, grouting of cracks and plaster reconstruction were completed and the roofing was repaired, while the doors and frames were all painted.

Architecture

Situated in the urban context of Portimão, on the extreme eastern portion of the Praia da Rocha, it is accessible by a staircase implanted into the cliffs. This fort defended the local settlements and the estuary of the Arade River, in conjunction with the Fort of São João do Arade on the opposite bank of the river in Ferragudo.

The fort is a trapezoidal plan, with the main gate oriented towards land, between battlements separated by ramps. The interior dependencies have been adapted into cafetaria and lookout; these spaces are single-height buildings consisting of rectangular spaces with doors, windows and tiled roofs with chimneys. A wall that is opened by seven arches separates the interior spaces from the walled lookout over the beach. The curtain of walls provides access to the beach by the staircase.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7] Valdemar Coutinho (1997), p.124

[8]

[9] Valdemar Coutinho (2001), p.134

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14] Maria da Graça Mateus Ventura and Maria da Graça Maia Marques (1993), p.41

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

title: Fort of Santa Catarina (Portimão)

question: What does the text say about other Philippine military projects in the Algarve?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that there are no other projects mentioned.

critique: The response misses to mention that the text does not mention anything about other Philippine military projects in the Algarve.

critique: The answer should mention that the text doesn't mention any other projects.

critique: The text addresses this question in the first paragraph and names Alexandre Massai as the military engineer who toured the Algarve between 1617 and 1621 to reinforce numerous military fortifications along the coast. The article covers the importance of the fortification in the context of Massai's task to reinforce military fortifications. The answers to this question are already found in the text.

critique: There were other Philippine military projects in the Algarve.

critique: The response misses to mention that the text doesn't mention other Philippine military projects in the Algarve.

question: What does the text say about the Fort of Santa Catarina's engineer?

answer: The engineer of the Fort of Santa Catarina was Alexandre Massai, who was a military engineer who toured the Algarve (between 1617 and 1621) to reinforce numerous military fortifications along the coast. Massai's work is considered one of the best examples.

question: What does the text say about the fort's architecture?

answer: The fort is a trapezoidal plan with the main gate oriented towards land. The interior dependencies have been adapted into a cafeteria and lookout. The spaces are single-height buildings consisting of rectangular spaces with doors, windows, and tiled roofs with chimneys. A wall that is opened by seven arches separates the interior spaces from the walled lookout over the beach. The curtain of walls provides access to the beach by the staircase.

critique: The answer should mention the staircase.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

critique: The response contains extraneous information not useful for the task.

question: What does the text say about the earthquakes that damaged the Fort of Santa Catarina?

answer: The 1755 Lisbon earthquake damaged the fortress. Then, an earthquake in 1969 caused more damage and repairs had to be made to the building, including reinforcing the pillars and walls. Additionally, the roof had to be repaired and the frames repainted.

critique: The 1969 earthquake is the only one mentioned in the text.

critique: The answer omits the earthquake in 1621.

critique: The answer should mention the earthquake in 1655.

critique: The second earthquake is not relevant to the question.

critique: Aided in the reconstruction of the walls but not reinforcing the pillars

critique: "Then, an earthquake in 1969 caused more damage and repairs had to be made to the building, including reinforcing the pillars and walls. Additionally, the roof had to be repaired and the frames repainted." - this is incorrect. The earthquake in 1969 was the one that caused the damage and repairs to the building. The earthquake in 1755 was the one that caused the repairs to be made.


split: train

text:
[]

Antoinette Comer is a clinician for the Loudoun County Group Home, a new service for county residents who are connected with Loudoun’s human services agencies, which opened its doors earlier this year. She provides family and individual therapy to help children who are struggling with mental health and behavioral challenges that they haven’t been able to overcome while living at home.

WHY DID YOU WANT TO WORK IN BEHAVIORAL HEALTHCARE?

I have a lot of people in my family that struggle with mental health challenges that weren’t properly diagnosed or went untreated. I wanted to work in behavioral healthcare to help others get the services and resources they need. I’m also inspired by my grandmother, who always went out of her way to help people at her church however she could.

WHAT IS YOUR BACKGROUND? WHAT TYPE OF TRAINING HAVE YOU RECEIVED?

I have a bachelor’s degree in Sociology from Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York, and a master’s in Social Work from Norfolk State University. Right now I’m working to finish the hours I need for my license in Social Work. I have to complete 3,000 hours and I’m about halfway there.

Before joining Grafton in January 2018, I worked for the City of Alexandria’s Community Wraparound Team. In that role I provided therapy to youth with serious emotional or behavioral challenges and their families. I would make home visits and track families to make sure they were receiving the different community supports and resources that they needed. Before graduate school I counseled foster youth and their parents as a visitation coach for the Salvation Army Family Place in Syracuse, New York. A big part of that job was working on reunification so parents could get their kids back in the home.

WHAT MAKES GRAFTON A SPECIAL PLACE TO WORK?

I like working here because I feel super supported by my supervisor. If I don’t know something or need help, I can easily go to her or someone else and get what I need. I also feel like there’s always opportunity for me to grow.

WHAT MAKES GRAFTON’S APPROACH PERSON-CENTERED?

Everything we do is centered on the clients. We make sure they’re involved and have a say in their achievement plans and what happens – there’s no secrecy. Everybody knows what is going on: the client, the parents, and all of the other professionals involved.

WHAT DOES UTILIZING A TRAUMA-INFORMED APPROACH MEAN TO YOU? HOW DOES IT AFFECT YOUR WORK?

It means being aware of what the client has been through. You have to look at the environment around them, the parenting style they grew up with, and everything in their past up until now. The clients’ behaviors often stem from these experiences, so you have to understand that trauma in order to help them heal.

For example, I met with a client’s family recently and I noticed how the mother reacted to certain behaviors displayed by her other children. Witnessing that interaction gave me a better understanding of why our client was responding negatively to some of the females here at the shelter.

DO YOU HAVE A FAVORITE STORY FROM YOUR TIME AT GRAFTON?

We had one resident who made a lot of progress. He came in after suffering physical and verbal abuse from his mother, and he had a really rough time in the beginning. While he was here he received individual therapy and music therapy. Gradually, his behaviors started to change, and by the time he left he was a totally different person. He was ultimately able to return home and be with his family again. It makes you happy to see that people can actually follow through with the work that you’re doing.

WHAT WOULD YOU SAY TO SOMEONE WHO IS CONSIDERING WORKING AT GRAFTON?

It’s a great place to work because you will be supported in everything you do, including academically. You’ll be able to grow at Grafton. The supervisors genuinely want to see you do well and improve in your career.

WHAT WOULD YOU SAY TO A FAMILY CONSIDERING GRAFTON FOR THEIR CHILD?

Grafton is a great place to get services for your child. In some other programs, families may drop off their child without receiving the proper training for what to do when their son or daughter returns home. But at Grafton, as long as you’re invested in the program, you are welcome to be a real partner with us.

question: Describe Antoinette Comer's occupation.

answer: She is a clinician for the Loudoun County Group Home, a new service for county residents who are connected with Loudoun’s human services agencies.

critique: This answer should include what Comer's job entails.

critique: The answer should mention the services Comer provides.

question: Summarize Comer's background and training.

answer: Comer has a bachelor's degree in Sociology from Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York, and a master's in Social Work from Norfolk State University. She is working on getting her license in Social Work. She worked for the City of Alexandria's Community Wraparound Team, providing therapy to youth with serious emotional or behavioral challenges and their families. She was a visitation coach for the Salvation Army Family Place in Syracuse, New York, counseling foster children and their parents.

critique: The answer should mention that she has a combined degree of Sociology and Social Work.

critique: "She was a visitation coach for the Salvation Army Family Place in Syracuse, New York, counseling foster children and their parents." - this is irrelevant to the question and should be removed.

critique: The answer should mention that she is halfway done with her 3,000 hours.

critique: The answer should mention that Comer is a clinician for the Loudoun County Group Home.

question: Does Comer seem to be passionate about her job and well-equipped to do her job to the best of her capability?

answer: Yes, she seems to be passionate about her job and well-equipped to do her job to the best of her capability.

critique: The answer should mention that the interviewee's answers to the questions are evidence of her passion and capability.

critique: The answer should include more details about Comer's background and training.


text:
“THEME TO ST TRINIAN'S” is a promotional single recorded by British all-female pop group Girls Aloud for the album _St Trinian’s: The Soundtrack_ (2007), released to promote the film of the same name. The song was written by the film's score composer Charlie Mole and Ali Thompson, while Girls Aloud's recurring collaborators Xenomania provided production.

The track was recorded by Girls Aloud to coincide with their cameo appearance in the film as the St Trinian's School Band. A music video of their performance from the film was used to promote the track, which was available for digital download alongside the rest of the soundtrack album on 10 December 2007. “Theme to St Trinian's” charted at number 51 before being removed by Fascination Records to avoid confusion with Girls Aloud's actual single “Call the Shots”.

Background and release

The song was written specifically to serve as the theme tune to the 2007 film _St Trinian's_. It was written especially by the film's composer Charlie Mole, with additional lyrics by Ali Thompson. The song was offered to many artists, but was eventually given to Girls Aloud and produced by their production team Xenomania.

“Theme to St Trinian's” was later re-recorded by the Banned of St Trinian's; this appeared on the soundtrack to _St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold_ and was also produced by Xenomania. Coincidentally, Girls Aloud member Sarah Harding had a starring role in the film.

A music video for the song was released to music video stations to promote the film and the soundtrack. The video consists of Girls Aloud performing the song at the end of the movie, as well as various clips of other scenes from throughout the film.

Reception

Digital Spy called the song “an electro-glam-sci-fi-rock romp” and gave the song a positive review.[1] InTheNews.co.uk, however, called it a “below-average song”.[2]

The song debuted at number ninety-six on the UK Singles Chart on 5 January 2008, due to high download sales.[3] It rose to number fifty-one a week later.[4] The song was then removed from the iTunes Store to avoid confusion with Girls Aloud's actual single “Call the Shots”, but readded in April 2008.

Charts

+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
| Chart (2008)                      | Peak                              |
|                                   | position                          |
+:=================================:+:=================================:+
| UK Singles Chart                  | 51[5]                             |
+-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+

[1] {{ cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a81394/st-trinians-soundtrack-yay-or-nay.html | title='St. Trinian's' Soundtrack: Yay or Nay? | work=The Sound | publisher=The Sound | author=Nick Levine | date=2007-12-10 | accessdate=2008-04-23 }}

[2] {{ cite web | url=http://www.inthenews.co.uk/entertainment/reviews/music/st-trinians-%E2%80%93-soundtrack-$1179952.htm | title=St Trinian's - The Soundtrack | publisher=InTheNews.co.uk | author=Richard Fox | date=2007-12-17 | accessdate=2008-04-23 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175134/http://www.inthenews.co.uk/entertainment/reviews/music/st-trinians-%e2%80%93-soundtrack-$1179952.htm | archivedate=2008-12-01 }}

[3] {{ cite web | url=https://www.officialcharts.com/search/singles/Geraldine | title=Theme to St. Trinian's | publisher=Official Charts Company | accessdate=2008-04-23 | df= }}

[4]

[5] {{ cite web | url=http://acharts.us/song/31397 | title=Theme To St Trinians | publisher=aCharts.us | accessdate=2008-04-23 }}

title: Theme to St. Trinian's

question: What does the text say about composure?

answer: The song was written by the film's score composer Charlie Mole and Ali Thompson. Both the original and the one written by the banned were produced by Xenomania.

critique: The response is missing the fact that the song was written specifically to serve as the theme tune to the 2007 film St Trinian's.

critique: "Both the original and the one written by the banned" - this is incorrect. The song was written by Charlie Mole and Ali Thompson, but the Banned of St. Trinian's recorded a different version of the song for the film's soundtrack. The banned version was produced by Xenomania.

critique: "Both the original and the one written by the banned were produced by Xenomania." - this is incorrect because it was the Banned of St Trinian's who re-recorded the song. Girls Aloud was the original artist.

critique: The response should include that the song was written for the film.

question: What does the text say about music videos?

answer: A music video was released to music video stations to promote the film and the soundtrack. The video consists of Girls Aloud performing the song at the end of the movie, as well as various clips of other scenes from throughout the film.

critique: The answer should mention that the video was released to promote the song.

critique: The answer should mention that the video was released alongside the song.

critique: The answer should mention that the music video was released to promote the song.

critique: "A music video was released to music video stations to promote the film and the soundtrack. The video consists of Girls Aloud performing the song at the end of the movie, as well as various clips of other scenes from throughout the film." - superfluous information that can be removed.

question: Summarize the plot of St.Trinian's.

answer: No answer

critique: No question marks on this section. TOO MUCH SPACE BETWEEN LAST TWO WORDS.

critique: The answer is incorrect. There is no answer.

critique: The answer should mention that the plot is not mentioned in the article.

critique: The answer should mention that the film is a comedy.


text:
JOHN PRENTISS “PRINT” MATTHEWS (August 27, 1840 – November 6, 1883) was an American sheriff and social reformer of the Reconstruction era. An advocate for African American rights in Copiah County, Mississippi, he was murdered while voting in 1883 after defying the orders of local white supremacist Democrats, who told him not to vote.

Education and family life

Matthews, best known by the nickname “Print”, was born on August 27, 1840, near Hazlehurst, Mississippi, the seat of Copiah County.

Career

Although his parents were wealthy and owned 35 slaves. Matthews supported the Union. During the American Civil War, most local whites supported the Confederacy.

After the war, Matthews ran a store and was elected the county sheriff. When Democrats regained power in the state government in 1875, Matthews helped organize the Independent Party in Copiah County, consisting of black and white farmers. However, in 1881, Democrats began night riding to intimidate African Americans and attempt to suppress their voting, and Matthews lost his bid for re-election by 84 votes, as Democrats claimed a mule had reached through a window and eaten all the ballots from Mt. Hope precinct, primarily African American and supportive of Matthews (although 2 blacks remained on the county council).[1]

In 1883, the night rides grew worse, although the Independent Party slate only included one black. Ablack church was burned and a husband and wife murdered on October 26. The riders ordered voters not to vote for the Independent Party in the upcoming 1883 elections; and blacks and some whites even spent the night before the election in the woods for fear of further intimidation tactics.[2]

Death

The white Democratic leaders of Hazlehurst delivered a written ultimatum to Matthews, ordering him not to vote. When he persisted, the precinct captain, a white farmer and doctor named Erastus Benjamin Wheeler (1840-1900, nicknamed “Ras”) who had an account at Matthews' store, reached inside a wooden box for a double-barreled shotgun and shot and killed Matthews at the polls.[3][4]

The evening after his murder, Matthews' political enemies, organized in a local group known as the “Trail-Hold Club”, gathered in the yard of his residence. They mocked and celebrated the killing.[5] A mass meeting “resolved” that the Matthews family “shall keep out of politics in Copiah county” and some talked of having Wheeler run for governor. Wheeler was elected marshal of Hazlehurst, Meanwhile, the gravedigger who had helped bury Matthews on his own property was threatened and left town, as did the Matthews family (though some members including his then-15 year old son later returned).[6]

Trial

After a special investigation, Wheeler was tried in May 1884. The _New York Times_ covered the trial. The carefully chosen, all-white jury quickly returned a verdict of not guilty, much to the pleasure and expectation of the judge and the community. The jury posted a statement noting that if an “error” occurred, it was “one of the head, and not of the heart.”

J.T. Dameron, a merchant, testified that he saw Ras Wheeler in a street car in the capital of Jackson on the 13th or 14 February. He said that Wheeler was talking in a low tone. He said; “Yes, old Hoar is coming down here on an investigation committee. If I get a crack at him I will kill him, too. I killed Print Matthews, or rather it was the Democratic party that did it. If it had not been for politics, I would not have done it; but it was politics that did it.”[7]

Ras Wheeler went on to have a successful political career in the state.[8]

Legacy

Matthews was survived by his wife Mary “Tine” Barlow, whom he had married on June 6, 1862. Their son John Prentiss Matthews, Jr. carried on his father's principles and became a leader in Republican politics. President Benjamin Harrison made him postmaster of a town 130 miles away, Carrollton, Mississippi. On Christmas Day, 1890, local Democrats shot the 22 year old dead.[9] Another son, Simon Matthews, became an activist in the People's Party during the 1890s, when a biracial coalition temporarily elected some positions, defeating the Democrats.

[1] James Loewen, Lies across America: What our Historic Sites get Wrong (New York: the New Press, 1999) pp. 231-2

[2] Loewen p. 233

[3] _The Republican Campaign Textbook for 1884_, New York: Republican National Committee, 1884; pp. 156–160.

[4]

[5] Frank Abial Flower, _History of the Republican Party: Embracing Its Origin, Growth and Mission_, Grand Rapids, MI: Union Book Company, 1884; pg. 449.

[6] Lowen p. 233

[7]

[8] “The Election Murder Trial”, _New York Times,_ May 14, 1884.

[9] Loewen p. 234

title: Print Matthews

question: Summarize the context of Matthews' perceived dissent.

answer: Matthews was an advocate for African American rights during the Reconstruction era. Matthews became involved in the political arena, leading an Independent Party consisting of black and white farmers. In 1881, Democrats began night riding to intimidate African Americans and suppress their voting. This intimidation escalated to arson, assault and murder until Matthews was eventually murdered at the polls.

critique: Matthews was a sheriff, not a politician.

critique: "This intimidation escalated to arson, assault and murder until Matthews was eventually murdered at the polls." - this was an inaccurate statement because it wasn't until after the fact that Matthews was murdered.

critique: The answer should mention the ultimatum.

critique: The story is not clear on whether or not the Democrats were responsible for arson, assault and murder.

critique: More detail added to the response that included more events relating to Matthews and his dissent. Additionally, more details on the night rides are added.

critique: The answer omits the ultimatum delivered to Matthews.

critique: The answer should mention that Matthews was murdered for defying the orders of local white supremacist Democrats.

critique: The answer should mention that Matthews was murdered after defying the orders of local white supremacist Democrats.

critique: The Independent Party was created in 1875 and not 1881

critique: "This intimidation escalated to arson, assault and murder until Matthews was eventually murdered at the polls." - this was not mentioned in the article.

critique: The answer should mention the ultimatum that Matthews received prior to his death.

critique: It's omitted here that Matthews was murdered for voting.

critique: "This intimidation escalated to arson, assault and murder until Matthews was eventually murdered at the polls." - extraneous information that can be deleted.

question: Summarize what Print's supporters would go on to do in support of his legacy.

answer: Son of Print, John Prentiss Matthews Jr., carried on his father's principles and became a leader in Republican politics. President Benjamin Harrison made him postmaster of a town 130 miles away. Another son, Simon Matthews, became an activist in the People's Party during the 1890s.

critique: It is omitted that they both died as a result of their families' struggle for equality.

critique: The answer does not mention the grandson.

critique: It's omitted that President Benjamin Harrison made him postmaster of a town 130 miles away.

critique: The answer does not mention the death of Print's son.

critique: The answer should mention that the son was murdered.

critique: The question is asking about Print's legacy, not the legacy of his children.

critique: "John Prentiss Matthews Jr." - it was John Prentiss Matthews Jr. that became a leader in Republican politics, not Print. Print is his father.

critique: This answer does not provide the name of the son of Print, John Prentiss Matthews Jr.

critique: The answer should mention the killing of John Prentiss Matthews Jr.

critique: The answer should mention the murder of John Prentiss Matthews Jr.

critique: Simon Matthews was another son of Print.

critique: The answer should mention that Print's son was murdered.

critique: It's not known if Simon was a supporter of Print's legacy.

critique: Matthews Jr. was the son of Print's wife, not Print himself.

critique: The article doesn't mention a third son.

question: Summarize the price Prentiss paid for advocating equality.

answer: He was shot in front of other misc ians. His political opponents organized in the Trail-Hold Club planned a gathering the night after his murder. It was reported that they mocked and celebrated it. He was buried on the property of a neighbor that he was protecting against night riders. Threats were made to the neighbor to leave town and other members of Matthews family. The killers were not charged and were celebrated for the murder. A celebration was held after Matthews' posthumous hit ordered in his memory including electing a killer as a sheriff of a town.

critique: -The response mentions that his political opponents organized in the Trail-Hold Club. However, the Trail-Hold Club organized after Matthews' murder.

critique: The last sentence is not relevant to the question.

critique: Grammatical change needed in the middle of the answer.

critique: Matthews wasn't buried due to a night-rider threat. The gravedigger was threatened

critique: He was ordered not to vote by local white supremacist Democrats.

critique: There is no evidence that supports that his political opponents "organized in the Trail-Hold Club" after his death. This needs to be omitted.

critique: The answer is inaccurate and incoherent.

critique: "Misc" - he was not shot in front of miniscule characters

critique: "It was reported that they mocked and celebrated it." - is inaccurate. It was members of the Trail-Hold Club who mocked and celebrated the killing. The article does not say that the killers mocked and celebrated the murder.

critique: The answer is confusing and needs to be rewritten.

question: Summarize the disgraceful way opposing party members mourned Print.

answer: After Print's death, the members of the rival party met and met and celebrated their victory. They mocked Print and his beliefs, treating it as a victory. They thought it funny. They knew Print's son would then go on to carry on the belief that his father held but instead, his young son was murdered the following year by Democratic members of the party. The whole family had to leave because they knew at any moment, anyone from the Democrats could kill them. Print's death was not one day sooner than necessary if it would have saved his son's life.

critique: The story does not say anything about the Democrats killing the son after the father's death. It only states that the Democrats were threatening to kill the family if they did not leave.

critique: The answer is not clear about what is being referred to as "Print's death". This can be easily edited in the answer.

critique: They also threatened a member of Print's family.

critique: The response contains some inaccurate information.

critique: The response is not related to the question and should be rewritten.

critique: "They thought it funny. They knew Print's son would then go on to carry on the belief that his father held but instead, his young son was murdered the following year by Democratic members of the party. The whole family had to leave because they knew at any moment, anyone from the Democrats could kill them. Print's death was not one day sooner than necessary if it would have saved his son's life." - this is inaccurate. The text doesn't mention anything about the son's death.

critique: The response contains inaccurate information.

critique: "The whole family had to leave because they knew at any moment, anyone from the Democrats could kill them. Print's death was not one day sooner than necessary if it would have saved his son's life." - this is inaccurate and irrelevant information. Delete it.

critique: "Print's death was not one day sooner than necessary if it would have saved his son's life" is out of the blue and can be removed.

critique: The summary is incorrect and needs to be re-written.

critique: "Print's death was not one day sooner than necessary if it would have saved his son's life." - this is not relevant to the question and should be deleted.

critique: "Print's death was not one day sooner than necessary if it would have saved his son's life." - this is inaccurate. Print's death was not one day sooner than necessary.

critique: "Print's death was not one day sooner than necessary if it would have saved his son's life." - this is irrelevant to the question.


text:
LARAMI CORP. was founded in 1947 and was a toy company whose products usually ranged from the cost of $0.39 to $0.99.[1][2][3] Larami Corp. was eventually acquired by Hasbro Inc., becoming Larami Inc. in 1995. The Larami company name was finally retired in 2002.[4]

Products

Larami toys were produced based on several movies, television shows, etc.[5] By the 1980s, Larami Corp. had a growing water gun product line.[6] It was Larami Corp. that eventually marketed and sold the Power Drencher, rebranded as the Super Soaker in 1991[7] which was based on the pressurized water-air reservoir invented and developed by the former Jet Propulsion Engineer Dr. Lonnie Johnson and Larami designer William Raucci.[8]

-   Alan Amron invented and patented the first battery-operated water gun licensed to Larami in 1984.[9][10] In the first year, this invention had earned him $250,000 in royalties.[11]

Movies

-   _One Hundred and One Dalmatians_
-   _Planet of the Apes_
-   _Star Wars_

Television shows

-   _The A-Team_
-   _The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan_
-   _Banana Splits_
-   _Batman_
-   _Battlestar Galactica_[12]
-   _The Brady Bunch_
-   _CHiPs_
-   _Deputy Dawg_
-   _Hawaii Five-0_
-   _Knight Rider_
-   _Land of the Lost_
-   _The Man from U.N.C.L.E._
-   _Space: 1999_[13]
-   _Star Trek_
-   _Underdog_

Battlestar Galactica Cylon Bubble Machine

[Battlestar Galactica Cylon Bubble Machine in its packaging] In 1978, Larami created a Cylon soap bubble toy called the Battlestar Galactica Cylon Bubble Machine to coincide with the television series of the same name.[14] In the same year, a commercial was also made for the product featuring its use in dispensing “big bunches of bubbles”[15] and a jingle.[16][17] The jingle was described in one review as “amazingly goofy with a chorus yelping, 'Battlestar Galacticaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa ...CYLON BUBBLE MACHINE!'”[18] and in an interview Re-imagined Series comics writer Greg Pak as said “I still periodically find myself humming the tune song [sic] to the Cylon Bubble Machine commercial.”[19] In a _Los Angeles Times_ article covering _Battlestar Galactica_'s influence on Facebook, the toy's Facebook Fan Page is noted alongside the book _The Science of Battlestar Galactica_'s.[20]

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[3] Toynfo

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title: Larami

question: Why was the Larami name retired in 2002?

answer: This information can't be found.

critique: It is implied that it was retired when it was acquired by Hasbro.

question: What are the reasons why Larami products sold well?

answer: It may be implied that the products were well-liked by the public.

critique: The answer is too vague and doesn't really answer the question.


text:
The 23RD ARMY was a Field Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army.

Formed in May 1941 in Karelia, it fought in the Continuation War against Finland in the Karelian Isthmus, defending the northwestern approaches to Leningrad during World War II. After Finland withdrew from World War II in September 1944, the army remained on the Finnish border. It continued to garrison the Karelian Isthmus postwar and was disbanded in 1948.

World War II

It was formed in May 1941 in the Leningrad Military District for the defence of the southernmost part of the Soviet Union's border with Finland, north and northeast of Vyborg. The 7th Army was located on its right flank.

The Army initially included the 19th and 50th Rifle Corps, the 10th Mechanized Corps (which included the 21st Tank Division, the 24th Tank Division and the 198th Mechanised Division), the 27th Vyborg Fortified Region, the 28th Keksgolm Fortified Region, plus artillery and other units.

On 24 June the Army was included in the Northern Front. At the beginning of 10 July Mechanised Corps was removed from the Army. From 31 July to the end of August when facing Finnish offensive, it was unable to stop the Finns reconquering the Karelian Isthmus, and thus the Army fell back to the old border line and occupied positions in the 22nd Karelian Fortified Region. During the campaign, the army (more specifically the 43rd Rifle Division) was decisively defeat at the Battle of Porlampi.

Due to a reorganization, the army was transferred to the Leningrad Front on 24 August. The 23rd Army had suffered enormous losses in battles against Finns in July–August 1941. When Finnish army halted offense by command of field marshal Mannerheim on 1 September, the army consisted of only 80 000–90 000 men and had lost huge amounts of heavy weapons and material to the Finns. If Finns hadn't halted attack and continued moving towards Leningrad, the 23rd Army probably would have had to withdraw to the city of Leningrad.

From 1942 until June 1944 the Army defended North Western approaches to Leningrad. During June 1944 the Army, including the 97th, 98th and 115th Rifle Corps, and the 17th Izyaslavsky Fortified Region and other units, participated in the Vyborg offensive operation (10 June 1944 – 15 July 1944). In this operation, the 23rd Army followed the breakthrough of the 21st Army in this operation, cleared the southern bank of the Vuoksi river and crossed the river in the Battle of Vuosalmi. After the termination of combat with Finland the Army formations were brought out to the state border against Finland, where they were located to the end of the war.

On 1 May 1945, operating under the Leningrad Front, the army consisted of the 97th Rifle Corps (177th, 178th, 224th Rifle Divisions), the 9th, 16th, 17th Fortified Regions, the 47th Guards Gun Artillery Brigade, the 8th Guards and 21st Gun Artillery Regiments, the 94th Anti-Tank Artillery Regiment, the 174th Mortar Regiment, the 24th Guards Rocket Artillery Regiment, the 1469th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment, the 71st, 168th, 177th, and 618th Separate Anti-Aircraft Artillery Battalions, the 14th Separate Armored Train Battalion, the 172nd Separate Engineer Battalion, and the 67th Separate Minesweeper Engineer Battalion.

Postwar

On 9 July 1945, the Leningrad Front became the Leningrad Military District. In the postwar period, the army initially included the 14th and 30th Guards Rifle Corps. The latter had relocated to Vyborg on 10 June after being transferred from the 10th Guards Army, and included the 45th, 63rd, and 64th Guards Rifle Divisions. In August, the 14th Guards Rifle Corps was transferred to the Kharkov Military District. By 1 October, along with the 30th Guards Rifle Corps, the army included the 9th, 16th, 17th, and 22nd Fortified Regions. The fortified regions had become the 1st and 22nd Machine Gun Artillery Brigades by 1 August 1946. In April 1948, the 23rd Army's headquarters was disbanded, and its units became directly subordinate to the district headquarters.

Commanding officers

The following officers commanded the 23rd Army:

-   Lieutenant-General Pyotr Pshennikov (25 May – 6 August 1941);
-   Lieutenant-General M.N. Gerasimov (6 August – 8 September 1941);
-   Major-General A. I. Cherepanov (9 September 1941 – 3 July 1944; promoted Lieutenant General in September 1943);
-   Lieutenant-General Vasily Shvetsov (3 July 1944 – April 1948)

Notes

title: 23rd Army (Soviet Union)

question: What does the text say about winning the war?

answer: No answer

critique: This response is not related to the question

critique: The answer is incorrect. The text does talk about winning the war.

critique: The answer should include the fact the 23rd Army did not win the war, since the Soviet Union lost the Continuation War to Finland.

critique: The answer is incorrect. The text does mention winning the war.

critique: There is no information in the text about winning the war.

critique: The text does not say anything about winning the war.

critique: The answer is wrong because the text states that the 23rd Army was defeated.

critique: "No answer" is not the best answer and can be replaced with some more details here.

question: What does the text say about the 23rd army and World War II?

answer: The 23rd Army was a Field Army of the Soviet Red Army that defended the southern most part of the Soviet Union's border with Finland north and northeast of Vyborg. In June of 1941 the army initially included the 19th and 50th Rifle Corps and the 10th Mechanized Corps. In the Baltic Offensive of 1943-44, the Army was responsible for speeding up the advance at the Veeborg Offensive Operation. And in June of 1944 the Army participated in the Vyborg offensive operation. In this operation, the 23rd Army followed the breakthrough of the 21st Army and cleared the southern bank of the Vuoksi river, crossing the river in the Battle of Vuosalmi.

critique: "followed the breakthrough of the 21st Army" - no such event happened.

critique: The text doesn't mention the 23rd Army being responsible for speeding up the advance at the Veeborg Offensive Operation.

critique: The answer is incorrect. It should be rewritten.

critique: 'The 23RD ARMY was a Field Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army.' is evidence that it was part of the Red Army hence its color appropriate name. Include the Red Army in the answer.

critique: The 23rd Army was formed in May 1941, not June.

critique: The text does not mention the 23rd army in the Baltic Offensive of 1943-44.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

critique:
- The 23rd Army was formed in May 1941, not in June 1941.
- In the Baltic Offensive of 1943-44, the Army was responsible for speeding up the advance at the Veeborg Offensive Operation.
- The 23rd Army did not participate in the Vyborg offensive operation.

critique: The army gained more units through time.

critique: "In June of 1944 the Army participated in the Vyborg offensive operation. In this operation, the 23rd Army followed the breakthrough of the 21st Army and cleared the southern bank of the Vuoksi river, crossing the river in the Battle of Vuosalmi." - this part is irrelevant to the question and should be removed.

critique: The 23rd Army was a Field Army of the Soviet Red Army, not the Soviet Union.

critique: The 23rd Army was formed in May 1941, not June 1941.

critique: "And in June of 1944 the Army participated in the Vyborg offensive operation. In this operation, the 23rd Army followed the breakthrough of the 21st Army and cleared the southern bank of the Vuoksi river, crossing the river in the Battle of Vuosalmi." - this portion seems redundant and should be taken out.

critique: The 23rd Army was not responsible for speeding up the advance at the Veeborg Offensive Operation.

question: What does the text say about the 23rd army?

answer: The 23rd Army was a Field Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army. It was initially made up of the 19th and 50th Rifle Corps, the 10th Mechanized Corps, the 27th Vyborg Fortified Region, the 28th Keksgolm Fortified Region, plus artillery and other units. It was formed in May 1941 to defend the southernmost parts of the Soviet Union's borders with Finland, north and northeast of Vyborg.

critique: "The 23rd Army was a Field Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army." - redundant

critique: The first and last sentences are irrelevant

critique: The information about the army's composition is irrelevant to the question.

critique: "The 23rd Army was a Field Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army." - this is redundant and can be deleted.

critique: The answer omits the main point of the question.

critique: The isthmuses are the narrow parts of a body of water. The answer should include that the 23rd occupied the Karelian Isthmus.

critique: Doesn't mention what happened to the army.

critique: The answer should mention the 23rd Army's role in the Continuation War.

critique: 'northeast of Vyborg' should be 'northwestern'

critique: "north and northeast of Vyborg" is not necessary to include in the response.

critique: The answer should mention the 23rd Army's defeat at the Battle of Porlampi.

critique: 8 pieces of information and two are unnecessary

critique: The answer omits the army's role in the Continuation War against Finland.

critique: The 23rd Army fell back to the old border after being unable to stop the Finns.

question: What does the text say about the army?

answer: The 23RD ARMY was formed in May 1941 in Karelia as a Field Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army. It fought in the Continuation War against Finland in the Karelian Isthmus. After defending the northwestern approaches to Leningrad, it continued to garrison the Karelian Isthmus postwar. It was disbanded in 1948.

critique: The army was disbanded in 1948 and disbanded doesn't have to be capitalized.

critique: The answer should mention that the 23rd Army was a key player in the Battle of Porlampi.

critique: The answer should mention that the 23rd Army was part of the Northern Front.

critique: The answer should mention that the 23rd Army was a part of the Northern Front.

critique: The army was disbanded in 1948, not disbanded in 1948.

critique: The answer should mention the 23rd Army's commanding officers.

critique: "In May 1941 in Karelia, it fought in the Continuation War against Finland in the Karelian Isthmus" - the answer should mention where the army was formed.

critique: Misses to mention that the 23rd Army fell back after being unable to stop the Finns.

critique: Doesn't mention the cause of its disbandment.

critique: "After defending the northwestern approaches to Leningrad, it continued to garrison the Karelian Isthmus postwar." - this statement should be removed since it has nothing to do with the army.

critique: The answer should mention the army's commanding officers.

critique: The answer should mention the 23rd Army's Commanding Officers.

critique: "The 23RD ARMY was formed in May 1941 in Karelia as a Field Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army." - this is redundant information, and should be deleted.


text:
Slipping up while in college is basically a rite of passage. I made so many mistakes at Indiana University – many of which I would never admit publicly – that reminiscing on my college years comes with a heavy dose of embarrassment.

Thankfully, most mistakes made while at university are temporary. They may have short-term consequences, but drinking tickets and dorm infractions don’t tend to follow you into adult life. Financial mistakes, on the other hand, can be a little stickier.

College may seem like a safe little bubble, but money is still money. The cash you blow on parties and takeout doesn’t magically get reimbursed once you earn a diploma. Beyond that, the bad habits you develop during these crucial years can haunt you for decades to come. Trust me – I’ve been there.

Here are some of the biggest mistakes I made in college, and how you can avoid them.

Not Keeping a Budget

My forays into budgeting as a college student usually fizzled out. Like a New Year’s resolution, I’d make a firm commitment and then give up after a few weeks.

When I was a second-semester senior, I decided to finally buckle down and stick to a budget. Graduation was fast approaching and I knew I hadn’t been handling my money responsibly. It was time to get serious about budgeting before I entered the real world.

At first it was really hard. I wasn’t used to depriving myself, and seeing how much I was wasting on eating out and buying new clothes was a hard pill to swallow. It wasn’t until I started my first real job after college that I finally got the hang of budgeting – but it took a lot of trial and error.

If you’re interested in starting a budget, set up a Mint account and try tracking your expenses for a few weeks. Knowing where your money is going could be enough to change your behavior and establish better spending habits.

Not Making Loan Payments While in School

Did you know you can start paying off your student loans while you’re still in school? Yeah, I didn’t either.

When I was in college, I was certain I’d find a well-paying job after graduation. My loan balance was filed under the “worry about it later” category. It wasn’t until much later that I learned a hard truth – if I had paid just $50 a month, I could have saved hundreds in accrued interest.

Start paying back those loans as soon as possible, even if you can only afford ten bucks a month. You’ll still make a dent in the total balance, and the solid repayment habits you develop in college will pay dividends when life gets crazy after graduation.

Not Researching My Student Loans

I knew while applying to college that I’d have to subsidize my tuition with student loans. Before I made my decision, my parents told me to pick an affordable school where I wouldn’t need to borrow more money than I expected to earn in my first year out of school.

I wanted to be a journalist, and the average starting salary for a reporter was around $26,000 a year. I planned to take out $24,000 total, so I felt good borrowing slightly less than my future salary.

That was the only research I did into my student loans. I didn’t examine what my monthly payments would be or what it would be like to actually live on $30,000 a year while repaying my balance.

When I graduated, I got a job making $28,000 a year and was shocked when my first student loan payment came due. The minimum payment was $350 – or 20% of my take-home pay.  After rent, utilities, groceries, gas and loans, I had little left over to save for retirement, travel or spend on hobbies.

If you’re not sure how much money you’ve borrowed, it’s time to take a closer look. I had so many friends in college who had no idea how much they were taking out. A few years ago, my alma mater, Indiana University, started sending out annual letters to current students showing them how much they’d pay every month. The result? Borrowing dropped 16%.

Talk to your financial aid office about your loans and see if you can take out less next year. If you’re using loans for living expenses, consider getting a part-time job to cover those instead. The less you borrow now, the less you’ll have to repay down the line.

Succumbing to Peer Pressure

When I was in high school, I heard a lot of lectures about peer pressure. Teachers told us not to do things just because the “cool kids” were doing it. They’d tell us to avoid alcohol and drugs and stick to our own values.

Unfortunately, no one explained how your peers could pressure you to spend more money. I can recount dozens of instances where I didn’t want to go out for dinner or go shopping, but gave in because my friends were doing it.

It’s so tempting to live the good life in college, putting off the stress of adult life until after graduation, but it’s also important to learn how to say no and think about long-term consequences. You can always strike a balance between having fun and staying on top of your responsibilities.

Not Applying for More Scholarships

Students usually assume the only time to apply for scholarships is before they start college. The thing is, there are plenty of scholarships available for current students. While I applied for a couple scholarships during my time in school, I didn’t take the applications seriously.

I told myself applying for scholarships was a waste of time. “What’s the point,” I’d think. “I probably won’t get it.”

That line of thinking probably cost me thousands of dollars, and it wasn’t until I was repaying my loans that I realized how much money I’d left on the table. If it seems like a hassle to apply for a $500 scholarship, consider how long it would take you to earn that amount in the real world.

Avoiding Credit

One of the biggest mistakes a college student can do is not track their credit history. A credit report is like a financial grade that lenders, landlords and sometimes even employers use to gauge your creditworthiness. If you have a low credit score or no credit, you probably won’t qualify for an apartment by yourself and will need a cosigner.

Thankfully, I didn’t have to worry too much about my credit while I was in college. My parents made me an authorized user on their credit cards, so while I was attending class and partying on the weekends my credit history was slowly growing.

If you don’t have a credit card right now, and you think your parents could be in a position to help, ask your parents if you can become an authorized user on their card or ask them to cosign on a student credit card.

Using a credit card to improve your credit history is simple if you have great self control. Pay a couple small bills with your card every month and then pay the balance in full once the monthly statement posts. Doing so regularly can give you a huge leg up after graduation.

But do remember a credit limit is not “free money” and should be looked at as a tool for your financial health. A credit card only has benefits if you pay it off in full every month, carrying over debt could be problematic for your financial future.

_THIS BLOG POST DOES NOT CONSTITUTE, AND SHOULD NOT BE CONSIDERED A SUBSTITUTE FOR LEGAL OR FINANCIAL ADVICE. EACH FINANCIAL SITUATION IS DIFFERENT, THE ADVICE PROVIDED IS INTENDED TO BE GENERAL. PLEASE CONTACT YOUR FINANCIAL OR LEGAL ADVISORS FOR INFORMATION SPECIFIC TO YOUR SITUATION._

question: What does the author feel about mistakes made at college?

answer: They feel embarrassed about them.

critique: The author also feels that mistakes made at college are temporary.

critique: It is omitted that the mistakes are temporary.

question: What is the purpose of this article?

answer: The author is giving college students advice on how to avoid making mistakes with their finances.

critique: The author is not giving advice to college students; they are giving their own advice.

critique: The answer should mention that the author is giving advice from their own experience.

critique: The answer should mention that the author is giving advice based on their own mistakes.

critique: Authors should be named in blog post articles

question: Why does the author believe that it is important for students to have a credit card?

answer: So that they can improve their credit score.

critique: The answer should be expanded with more information.

question: Where did the author get his student loans from?

answer: The author's parents.

critique: The author's parents made him an authorized user on their credit cards, which is how he built his credit history.

text: The answer inaccurately mentions that the author got his student loans from his parents.

category: accuracy


text:
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The people who got caught up in the exercise boom of the 1970s and stuck with it into their senior years now have significantly healthier hearts and muscles than their sedentary counterparts. DAVID TROOD/GETTY IMAGES HIDE CAPTION

TOGGLE CAPTION

 David Trood/Getty Images

[]

The people who got caught up in the exercise boom of the 1970s and stuck with it into their senior years now have significantly healthier hearts and muscles than their sedentary counterparts.

 David Trood/Getty Images

We know we need to exercise for our health, but a lifelong exercise habit may also help us feel younger and stay stronger well into our senior years. In fact, people in their 70s who have been exercising regularly for decades seem to have put a brake on the aging process, maintaining the heart, lung and muscle fitness of healthy people at least 30 years younger.

Take 74-year-old Susan Magrath, a retired nurse practitioner who lives in Muncie, Ind. Magrath has been running almost daily for 45 years. She often runs outdoors and describes it as addictive. "It's just such a release, just a wonderful release," she says. "I ran today and there were little snowflakes coming down, and I was down by the river and it's just wonderful. And I think it's become more of a contemplative meditative process for me."

Magrath may be living proof that lifelong exercise helps with cardiovascular and muscle health. She recently took part in a study at the Human Performance Laboratory at Ball State University, also in Muncie, headed by exercise physiologist Scott Trappe. Trappe is among the first to study the enticing new population of lifelong exercisers.

After the running and aerobic boom of the 1970s, large numbers of septuagenarians stuck with it and have been exercising regularly for the past 50 years. In this population, Trappe says, "We were interested in basically two questions: One, what was their cardiovascular health? And two, what was their skeletal muscle health?"

What he saw surprised him. "We saw that people who exercise regularly year after year have better overall health than their sedentary counterparts. These 75-year-olds — men and women — have similar cardiovascular health to a 40- to 45-year-old."

" 'Exercise wins' is the take-home message," he says.

In the study, Trappe divided 70 healthy participants into three groups. Those in the lifelong exercise group were on average 75 years old and primarily kept their heart rates up through running and cycling. They had a history of participating in structured exercise four to six days a week for a total of about seven hours a week.

The second group included individuals who were also, on average, 75 years old but did not engage in structured exercise regimens, although they might have participated in occasional leisure walking or golf.

The third group consisted of young exercisers who were, on average, 25 years old and worked out with the same frequency and length of time as the lifelong exercisers.

All participants were assessed in the Human Performance Laboratory at Ball State University. Cardiovascular health was gauged by having participants cycle on an indoor bike to determine VO2 max, also known as maximal oxygen uptake, which is the measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen a person can use during intense exercise and is an indicator of aerobic endurance. During the cycling test, which became increasingly challenging, individuals exhaled into a mouthpiece that measured oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.

The aerobic profile of the participants' muscles was measured by taking a sample via a biopsy about the size of a pea, says Trappe. Then in the lab, researchers examined the micro vessels, or capillaries, that allow blood to flow through the muscle itself.

They also looked at specific enzymes that provide fuel to the working muscle and help break down carbohydrates and fats.

Although the study was relatively small, the findings, which were published in the _Journal of Applied Physiology_ in August, suggest a dramatic benefit of lifelong exercise for both muscle health and the cardiovascular system.

"Lifelong exercisers had a cardiovascular system that looked 30 years younger," says Trappe. This is noteworthy because, for the average adult, the ability to process oxygen declines by about 10 percent per decade after age 30.

"It's kind of a slow decay over time that's probably not so noticeable in your 30s or 40s," says Trappe, but eventually as years go on, becomes apparent. People can get out of breath more easily and may have difficulty pushing themselves physically.

The age-related reduction in VO2 max is directly associated with an increasing risk of multiple chronic diseases, mortality and loss of independence. Maintaining a strong heart and lung system has been shown to decrease these health risks.

As for muscle health, the findings were even more significant, says Trappe. Trappe says researchers were surprised to find the 75-year-old muscles of lifelong exercisers were about the same as the muscles of the 25-year-olds. "If I showed you the muscle data that we have, you wouldn't know it was from an older individual. You would think it's from somebody that's a young exerciser," he says.

David Costill, 82, was not part of the study but is a former colleague of Trappe's and professor emeritus of exercise science at Ball State University. As an exercise physiologist, he has always known about the benefits of exercise and has been committed since high school.

He says he has spent about "60 years actively exercising." Costill ran marathons for about 20 years until his knees started to bother him, so he headed to the pool. "And I've been swimming for the last 35 years."

When Costill looks at his friends, he says he finds he can do a lot more physically than they can. "If I'm out with a group of my peers, guys who are near 80, and we're going someplace, it seems to me they're all walking at half speed."

Trappe says the findings are clear: 30 to 60 minutes of exercise a day may be the key to a healthy life. But you don't have to run marathons or compete in cycling events. "If you want to do 30 to 45 minutes of walking a day, the amount of health benefit you are going to get is going to be significant and substantial," he says. "Will it equal the person training for competitive performances? No. But it will outdo the couch potato."

Unfortunately, couch potatoes are the norm. Federal guidelines recommend two hours and 30 minutes of moderate exercise a week, or one hour and 15 minutes of vigorous exercise per week. Yet 77 percent of Americans do not come close to getting that amount of exercise.

Dr. Clyde Yancy, spokesperson for the American Heart Association and chief of cardiology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, says the findings suggest "a lifelong investment in health and fitness appears to be associated with a really sustainable benefit out until the outer limits of life."

Since we are living longer, maintaining a good quality of life is more important than ever. While the study was small and the findings need to be confirmed, they present a "strong argument" for lifelong exercise that is inexpensive and accessible for everyone. "If you can swim, do yoga, cycle, or walk," you can benefit," Yancy says.

question: What does the text say are the overall health benefits of exercising?

answer: It is thought that exercising every day can make a person feel younger and stay stronger for longer, even well into their senior years. The article focuses on the study into septuagenarians who have been exercising regularly for decades. The study suggests that lifelong exercisers seem to have put a brake on the aging process by never missing a workout and that they have the cardiovascular health of a healthy person 30 years their junior - largely thanks to a much healthier heart, lungs and muscle fitness.

critique: The second clause of the response is too similar to the third clause, and should be removed.

critique: The study is not the focus of the article.

critique: The study is not about septuagenarians, but about lifelong exercisers.

critique: The study is not the only focus of the article.

critique: The answer should mention the benefits of muscle health.

critique: The study was not about septuagenarians, but about lifelong exercisers.

critique: Move the last sentence to come before the previous one.

critique: The study does not suggest that exercising every day can make a person feel younger and stay stronger for longer.

critique: "It is thought that exercising every day can make a person feel younger and stay stronger for longer, even well into their senior years. The article focuses on the study into septuagenarians who have been exercising regularly for decades. The study suggests that lifelong exercisers seem to have put a brake on the aging process by never missing a workout and that they have the cardiovascular health of a healthy person 30 years their junior - largely thanks to a much healthier heart, lungs and muscle fitness." - is too long and redundant.

critique: It's omitted that lifelong exercisers have put a brake on the aging process.

critique: It's omitted that the study found that the muscles of lifelong exercisers were about the same as the muscles of a 25-year-old.

critique: The portion about the study is unnecessary to answer the question and should be removed.

critique: The study didn't focus on septuagenarians who have been exercising regularly for decades.

critique: The second sentence is redundant to the first. The first sentence can be replaced with "A study showed that people who exercise regularly year after year have better overall health than their sedentary counterparts."

question: What does the text say about how often a person should exercise to maintain a healthy body?

answer: Federal guidelines recommend that people exercise for at least two hours a week, which translates to either moderate-intensity exercise (such as walking 30 minutes) or vigorous-intensity exercise (such as running 15 minutes) each week. Dr. Yancy advises people practicing moderate-intensity exercise to aim for 30 to 45 minutes a day, since baseline aerobic fitness will directly translate to health benefits. Exercise opportunities abound, and one can get a substantial cardiovascular workout or muscular workout from swimming, yoga, cycling, or walking. Meeting the exercise guidelines still does not make one a competitive athlete, but it does keep one from becoming a lifetime couch potato.

critique: The article does not mention that one can get a substantial cardiovascular workout or muscular workout from swimming, yoga, cycling, or walking.

critique: It misrepresents the article to say that it claims that one can get a substantial cardio workout from swimming, yoga, cycling, or walking. While that may be the case for some people, this is inaccurate because it wasn't stated in the article.

critique: The text does not say that exercise opportunities abound, but that moderate-intensity exercise is sufficient for health benefits.

critique: The answer should mention that the study found that lifelong exercisers had a cardiovascular system that looked 30 years younger.

critique: "This is noteworthy because, for the average adult, the ability to process oxygen declines by about 10 percent per decade after age 30." is evidence that exercise has a significant impact on the body's ability to process oxygen. Include this in the answer.

critique: The answer contains text that is not in the passage.

critique: Does not mention David Costill's viewpoint.

critique: The response is irrelevant to the question.

critique: The answer should mention that the study found that people who exercise regularly for decades have better overall health than their sedentary counterparts.

critique: The study of lifelong exercisers shows that the benefits of exercise extend well into one's golden years.

critique: The text does not suggest that one should aim for 30 to 45 minutes of exercise a day.

critique: It is wrongly stated that the average person needs to meet the annual exercise guidelines.

critique: "one can get a substantial cardiovascular workout or muscular workout from swimming, yoga, cycling, or walking" - add a comma after 'walking'

critique: The answer is not really relevant to the question and is also not very well-written.

text: The response inaccurately mentions that the federal guidelines for exercise is two hours a week. However the text mentions it is two hours and 30 minutes of moderate exercise or 1 hour and 15 minutes of vigorous exercise.

refinement: Federal guidelines recommend that people exercise for at least two hours a week, which translates to either moderate-intensity exercise (such as walking 30 minutes) or vigorous-intensity exercise (such as running 15 minutes) each week. Dr. Yancy advises people practicing moderate-intensity exercise to aim for 30 to 45 minutes a day, since baseline aerobic fitness will directly translate to health benefits. Exercise opportunities abound, and one can get a substantial cardiovascular workout or muscular workout from swimming, yoga, cycling, or walking. Meeting the exercise guidelines still does not make one a competitive athlete, but it does keep one from becoming a lifetime couch potato.


text:
MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE (MCC), MUCOCILIARY TRANSPORT, or the MUCOCILIARY ESCALATOR, describes the self-clearing mechanism of the airways in the respiratory system.[1] It is one of the two protective processes for the lungs in removing inhaled particles including pathogens before they can reach the delicate tissue of the lungs. The other clearance mechanism is provided by the cough reflex.[2] Mucociliary clearance has a major role in pulmonary hygiene.

MCC effectiveness relies on the correct properties of the airway surface liquid produced, both of the periciliary sol layer and the overlying mucus gel layer, and of the number and quality of the cilia present in the lining of the airways.[3] An important factor is the rate of mucin secretion. The ion channels CFTR and ENaC work together to maintain the necessary hydration of the airway surface liquid.[4]

Any disturbance in the closely regulated functioning of the cilia can cause a disease. Disturbances in the structural formation of the cilia can cause a number of ciliopathies, notably primary ciliary dyskinesia.[5] Cigarette smoke exposure can cause shortening of the cilia.[6]

Function

In the upper part of the respiratory tract the nasal hair in the nostrils traps large particles, and the sneeze reflex may also be triggered to expel them. The nasal mucosa also traps particles preventing their entry further into the tract. In the rest of the respiratory tract, particles of different sizes become deposited along different parts of the airways. Larger particles are trapped higher up in the larger bronchi. As the airways become narrower only smaller particles can pass. The branchings of the airways cause turbulence in the airflow at all of their junctions where particles can then be deposited and they never reach the alveoli. Only very small pathogens are able to gain entry to the alveoli. Mucociliary clearance functions to remove these particulates and also to trap and remove pathogens from the airways, in order to protect the delicate lung parenchyma, and also to provide protection and moisture to the airways.[7]

Mucociliary clearance also takes part in PULMONARY ELIMINATION, which with exhalation removes substances discharged from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveolar space.[8] [Scanning electron micrograph of the cilia projecting from respiratory epithelium in the trachea involved in mucociliary clearance.]

Components

In the respiratory tract, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles, the lining is of respiratory epithelium that is ciliated.[9] The cilia are hair-like, microtubular-based structures on the luminal surface of the epithelium. On each epithelial cell there are around 200 cilia that beat constantly at a rate of between 10 and 20 times per second.

The cilia are surrounded by a periciliary liquid layer (PCL), a _sol_ layer that is overlain with the _gel_ layer of mucus.[10] These two components make up the epithelial lining fluid (ELF), also known as the airway surface liquid (ASL), the composition of which is tightly regulated. The ion channels CFTR, and ENaC work together to maintain the necessary hydration of the airway surface liquid.[11] An important factor is the rate of mucin secretion. The mucus helps maintain epithelial moisture and traps particulate material and pathogens moving through the airway, and its composition determines how well mucociliary clearance works.[12][13]

Mechanism

Within the thin periciliary liquid layer the cilia beat in a coordinated fashion directed to the pharynx where the transported mucus is either swallowed or coughed up. This movement towards the pharynx is either upward from the lower respiratory tract or downwards from the nasal structures clearing the mucus that is constantly produced.[14]

Each cilium is about 7 μm in length,[15] and is fixed at its base. Its beat has two parts the power stroke, or effector stroke, and the recovery stroke.[16][17] The movement of the cilia takes place in the periciliary liquid which is a little shorter in depth than the height of an extended cilium. This allows the cilia to penetrate the mucous layer during its full extension in the effector stroke, and to propel the mucus directionally, away from the cell surface.[18][19] In the recovery stroke the cilium bends from one end to the other bringing it back to the starting point for the next power stroke.[20] The returning cilia bend to immerse completely in the PCL which has the effect of reducing a reverse movement of mucus.[21] [Cilia movement in a metachronal wave.]

The coordinated movement of the cilia on all the cells is carried out in a fashion that is not clear. This produces wave-like motions that in the trachea, move at a speed of between 6 and 20 mm per minute.[22] The wave produced is a metachronal wave that moves the mucus.[23] Many mathematical models have been developed in order to study the mechanisms of ciliary beating. These include models to understand the generation and rhythm of the metachronal wave, and the generation of the force in the effective stroke of the cilium.[24]

Clinical significance

[Accumulated mucus in the airways resulting from impaired mucociliary clearance, that may involve mucus hypersecretion.] Effective mucociliary clearance depends on a number of factors including the numbers of cilia, and their structure particularly their height, and the quality of the mucus produced that needs to be maintained at a correct humidity, temperature, and acidity.

The cilia need to be able to move freely in the periciliary liquid layer and when this is impaired through damage to the cilia or by imbalances in the moisture or pH of the PCL, the mucus is unable to be cleared properly from the airways. Cystic fibrosis is a consequence of imbalances in the PCL.[25] Accumulated mucus, apart from causing varying degrees of airflow obstruction, makes a breeding ground for bacteria that cause many respiratory infections that can seriously worsen existing lung disorders. Obstructive lung diseases often result from impaired mucociliary clearance that can be associated with mucus hypersecretion and these are sometimes referred to as _mucoobstructive lung diseases_.[26] Studies have shown that the dehydration of airway surface liquid is enough to produce mucus obstruction even when there is no evidence of mucus hypersecretion.[27]

Humidity

High humidity enhances mucociliary clearance. One study in dogs found that mucus transport was lower at an absolute humidity of 9 g water/m³ than at 30 g water/m³.[28] Two methods of supporting this, particularly in mechanical ventilation are provided by active and passive respiratory gas humidifiers.

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[28]

title: Mucociliary clearance

question: Summarize why the cilia need to be able to move freely in the process of mucociliary clearance.

answer: Cilia serve as a guide for the mucus so movement of the cilia in a particular manner will allow any blockages in the cycle of mucocillary clearance to be resolved. Hence, even if there is no mucus deposition in the lumen, cilia will still move to propel mucus out of the lung. This makes it essential that cilia move freely to allow sufficient air flow in the respiratory system.

critique: The answer is not related to the question.

critique: The answer is a bit confusing and inaccurate. The passage does not mention anything about blockages in the cycle of mucociliary clearance. It is also not stated that the cilia will move even if there is no mucus deposition in the lumen. The answer should be rewritten.

critique: It misses to specify that impairment of movement of the cilia could be caused by damage to the cilia or an imbalance in the moisture and pH of the PCL.

critique: Cilia are not a guide for the mucus, they are a part of the mucus.

critique: "Cilia serve as a guide for the mucus so movement of the cilia in a particular manner will allow any blockages in the cycle of mucocillary clearance to be resolved. Hence, even if there is no mucus deposition in the lumen, cilia will still move to propel mucus out of the lung. This makes it essential that cilia move freely to allow sufficient air flow in the respiratory system." - the last line is redundant and can be removed.

question: Explain why a person with cystic fibrosis might encounter difficulties with their cilia.

answer: Cystic fibrosis is a consequence of imbalances in the periciliary liquid layer. This means that the mucus is unable to be cleared properly from the airways.

critique: The answer should mention that the cilia are impaired.

critique: The answer does not directly answer the question.

critique: The creators of this response likely made an inference based on their own common knowledge to produce this answer. The passage states that the cilia will move if the pH value of the periciliary liquid layer remains normal. With that being said, try producing a response more related to the question in the finalized copy of this test.

critique: The answer omits that the cilia themselves are impaired.

critique: The response misses to mention that cystic fibrosis is a result of imbalances in the PCL.

text: The answer should mention that the accumulated mucus acts as a breeding ground for bacteria.

category: coverage


text:
Can a wine drinker judge the quality of a bottle by its price? The nature of this relationship has always been contested.

We expect that consumers are willing to pay more for higher quality wines, while higher quality wines typically cost much more to produce. Some studies have identified that better quality wines do in fact sell for higher prices, others have not.

Fundamentally, it is the subjective nature of wine quality assessment and the lack of quality information held by consumers which potentially drives a wedge between price and its quality.

Even though expert wine tasters are able to provide a sensory evaluation of a wine’s characteristics, evaluation is subjective and different tasters often maintain different opinions for the same wine.

Further, wine is often argued to be an “experience good” - which means that consumers need to purchase and consume the good first to evaluate it. This subjective nature of wine evaluation and the inability of consumers to know what’s in the bottle before consuming it means that the pricing of wines according to some measure of quality may prove particularly difficult.

To explain how wine prices differ statistical models have been developed to examine the relationship between wine price and its quality and a series of other factors thought to influence prices. These statistical models are called hedonic price functions. These hedonic functions recognise that price depends upon both demand and supply factors and are employed generally for differentiated goods, such as houses, personal computers and cars. For wine, hedonic price functions statistically estimate the relationship between prices and measures of a wine’s quality, reputation, variety, region, vintage, and other factors, (see Oczkowski (1994)) for one of the seminal wine studies.

In an attempt to shed light on the price-quality debate, Chris Doucouliagos and I have recently undertaken a meta analysis of the relation between wine prices and quality ratings. The purpose of a meta analysis is to summarise previously published results from studies and make general conclusions of the major findings of a body of literature.

The meta analysis examined more than 180 hedonic wine price models developed over 20 years covering many countries. The research identifies that the relation between the price of wine and its sensory quality rating is a moderate partial correlation of +0.30. This correlation is positive and statistically significant in approximately 90% of cases. In other words, approximately 90% of models estimated in the literature identified that the positive relation between prices and quality is not due to chance.

The findings from the meta-analysis indicate, however, that the correlation between price and its quality is not perfect. That is, some wines are over-priced compared to quality, others may be under-priced. This recognition suggests some important implications for both wine producers and consumers.

For wine producers specific pricing strategies to follow will depend on the quality of the wines produced and the nature of competition that producers face in the market. For example, some low quality producers may be able to charge higher prices than implied by quality, in the short term, as buyers may find it uneconomic to conduct the necessary search to identify quality.

In other words, some consumers may be fooled by higher prices inferring higher quality, and pay higher prices than they really should. This deception may only occur for a short period of time as consumers become more aware of the wine’s quality over time. Alternatively, high quality producers may seek to charge higher prices than suggested by the wine’s quality level given that low-quality producers cannot sustainably follow a similar strategy.

For consumers, the results imply that price may or may not infer quality. In other words, consumers should be wary of using price as a sole indicator of a wine’s quality. This implies that better informed buyers could potentially identify bargains in the short run. In this context expert wine guides potentially play an important role and I have developed a web-based tool called the Australian Wine Price Calculator to help identify under and over-priced wines.

The question naturally arises, if wine experts differ in their opinions of a wine, what does a consumer do? Wine expert Jancis Robinson suggests that individual consumers may wish to follow the “preferences and prejudices” of a specific wine critic in making wine purchase choices.

The moderate price-quality correlation identified across numerous studies occurs despite the lack of information held by consumers about a wine’s quality and the inconsistency of expert tasters when evaluating wines. Despite all this, it can be argued that quality still does matter.

question: What does the article say about the economy of wine in terms of price/quality?

answer: The studies say that economic models have been developed to examine the relationship between price and its quality. While there is some evidence that high-end quality wine good sell for more in the short term, wine tasters have also said low quality producers can charge more for selling lower-quality wine for a short period of time because potential buyers are not afforded enough options and are unlikely to conduct a thorough search for getting the best quality product. Also, if a high-end quality producer chooses to charge more for selling their higher-quality product, a buyer for a low-quality producer will have a tough time because of their inability to sustain the price tag.

critique: The first part that is about economics is irrelevant.

critique: The evidence is not mentioned in the article.

critique: The first sentence is all that is useful in the answer. Put the sentence in a unique and new sentence.

critique: There is no evidence of this information being discussed.

critique: The answer contains extraneous information.

critique: The answer is a summary of what the article says about pricing wine. It is not about the economy of wine.

critique: This is not in the article and should be eliminated.

critique: The second sentence is irrelevant and does not answer the question.

critique: It is not stated that the high-end quality wine does sell for more.

critique: The answer is not related to the question.

critique: The answer is not relevant to the question.

critique: The answer is incorrect. The first two sentences are false.

question: What makes a wine 'high quality'?

answer: A subjective question.

critique: This response is not related to the question asked.

critique: The answer is too general and does not answer the question. The passage gives two explanations on why the price-quality relationship is difficult. These are the subjective nature of wine evaluation, and the inability of consumers to judge wine quality.

critique: The answer is not relevant to this question.

critique: It misses to mention that the wine has to be of good quality, be of the proper taste, and be a whole product.

critique: The answer is not relevant to the question.

critique: Insufficient information is provided in the passage to answer this question. The question is likely set up to draw the reader into reading further.

critique: The answer should mention the correlation between wine price and quality that the article mentions.

critique: The answer should mention what the author says about high quality wines.

critique: This is a good start, but needs more content as this is a question within the text.

critique: More specifically, it is the subjective nature of wine quality assessment and the lack of quality information held by consumers which potentially drives a wedge between price and its quality.

question: Is the wine industry currently struggling?

answer: No answer

critique: There is no evidence that the wine industry is struggling.

critique: No answer is given, but the article does not indicate that the wine industry is struggling.

critique: Not a relevant response because this question is not mentioned anywhere in the article.

critique: No answer is wrong per the question. The lack of information held by consumers about wine's quality and the inconsistency of expert tasters.

critique: No answer is given, but the article does not suggest that the wine industry is struggling.

critique: This response is not related to the question asked and is not acceptable.


text:
_PRECAMBRIAN_ is the third studio album by the German metal band The Ocean, released on November 5, 2007 through Metal Blade Records. It features several guest musicians, including Caleb Scofield (Cave In, Zozobra, Old Man Gloom), Nate Newton (Converge, Doomriders), Dwid Hellion (Integrity), Tomas Hallbom (Breach), Erik Kalsbeek (Textures) and musicians from the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

Development

The main concept of the album is based around the Precambrian, an early period in the formation of Earth. Hadean/Archaean (disc one) is heavy and raw just like their previous album Aeolian while Proterozoic (disc two) is more post-metal-influenced with the inclusion of symphonic and electronic elements like their first album Fluxion.

The production of the album lasted more than six months after their tour in Europe in late 2006. All the drum tracks done by Torge Liessmann and most of the guitar tracks were recorded at Studio57, near Kokkola, Finland, where producer Jonas Olsson had also recorded and produced Callisto´s album Noir. Some of the guitar tracks and all of the vocals, bass guitar, percussion, samples, and various instruments played by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra were recorded in The Ocean's own Oceanland Studio in Berlin, Germany. Additional vocals were recorded in Sweden, Belgium, The Netherlands, and Los Angeles, California and Seattle, Washington in the United States. It was mixed by Andrew Schneider in New York City. The album's mastering was originally done by Nick Zampiello, but dissatisfied Robin Staps, and it was therefore remastered in Finland. The artwork was done by Martin Kvamme, who has done artwork for various Mike Patton projects like Fantômas and Tomahawk. The release in the United States and Europe differed; the U.S. version is in a two-disc crystal case while the European version is in a complex digipak case with additional artwork.

Jonas Renkse from Katatonia and Bloodbath was planned to be on the album, but due to Katatonia's touring schedule during the production, The Ocean was not able to approach him on time. The Ocean wanted to have Dave Verellen of Botch to participate, but he never responded during production.[1]

Track listing

All music written by Robin Staps. Lyrics written by Robin Staps except where noted. All non-instrumental songs include sub-titles that correspond to the lyrics provided, not to the main concept.

Personnel

Hadean/Archaean

The Ocean

-   Torge Ließmann – drums, percussion (all tracks)
-   Robin Staps – guitar, percussion (all tracks)
-   Matt Beels – guitar (all tracks)
-   Mike Pilat – bass (all tracks), vocals (tracks 1, 2, 3, 5)
-   Nico Webers – vocals (tracks 1, 2, 3)
-   Meta – vocals (tracks 1, 5)

Additional musicians

-   Jason Emry – guest vocals (track 3)
-   Eric Kalsbeek – guest vocals (track 4)
-   Nate Newton – guest vocals (track 3)
-   René Noçon – guest vocals (track 3)
-   Walid Farruque – guest guitar (track 2)

Proterozoic

The Ocean

-   Torge Ließmann – drums, percussion (all tracks)
-   Robin Staps – guitar (all tracks), clean vocals (tracks 2, 6, 7)
-   Matt Beels – guitar (all tracks)
-   Mike Pilat – bass (tracks 2, 3, 5, 6, 7), vocals (tracks 2, 3, 6, 8)
-   Hannes Huefken – bass (tracks 4 and 8)
-   Nico Webers – vocals (tracks 2, 5, 8)
-   Meta – vocals (tracks 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8)

Additional Musicians

-   René Noçon – guest clean vocals (tracks 3, 7, 8)
-   Tomas Hallbom – guest vocals (track 7)
-   Dwid Hellion – guest vocals (track 6)
-   Nate Newton – guest vocals (track 8)
-   Jan Oberg – guest vocals (track 6)
-   Caleb Scofield – guest vocals (track 3)
-   Jonathan Heine – guest bass (track 6)
-   Stefan Heinemeyer – guest cello (tracks 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9)
-   Karina Suslov – guest viola (tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
-   Christoph Von Der Nahmer – guest violin (tracks 2, 3, 4, 8)
-   Katharina Sellheim – guest piano (tracks 2, 6, 7, 8, 9)
-   John Gürtler – guest saxophone (track 1)
-   Daniel Eichholz – guest glockenspiel (tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 7)
-   Jonas Olsson – guest tambourine (tracks 5, 7, 8)
-   Tomas Svensson – additional samples (track 1)

[1]

title: Precambrian (album)

question: What does the text say about Precambrian?

answer: Precambrian is the third studio album by the German metal band, The Ocean.

critique: The answer should mention the main concept of the album.

critique: It is omitted that Precambrian was released on November 5, 2007.

critique: It's omitted that the album was released on November 5, 2007.

critique: The answer should mention the concept of the album.

question: What does the text say about the album's development?

answer: The main concept of the album is based around the Precambrian, an early period in the formation of Earth. Hadean/Archaean (disc one) is heavy and raw just like their previous album Aeolian while Proterozoic (disc two) is more post-metal-influenced with the inclusion of symphonic and electronic elements like their first album Fluxion. The production of the album lasted more than six months after their tour in Europe in late 2006. All the drum tracks done by Torge Liessmann and most of the guitar tracks were recorded at Studio57, near Kokkola, Finland, where producer Jonas Olsson had also recorded and produced Callisto´s album Noir. Some of the guitar tracks and all of the vocals, bass guitar, percussion, samples, and various instruments played by the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra were recorded in The Ocean's own Oceanland Studio in Berlin, Germany. Additional vocals were recorded in Sweden, Belgium, The Netherlands, and Los Angeles, California and Seattle, Washington in the United States. It was mixed by Andrew Schneider in New York City. The album's mastering was originally done by Nick Zampiello, but dissatisfied Robin Staps, and it was therefore remastered in Finland. The artwork was done by Martin Kvamme, who has done artwork for various Mike Patton projects like Fantômas and Tomahawk. The release in the United States and Europe differed; the U.S. version is in a two-disc crystal case while the European version is in a complex digipak case with additional artwork.

critique: The answer is a summary of the album's development, not the album's development.

critique: The album's development and production is irrelevant to the question.

critique: The answer is a summary of the album's development, not the development of the album.

critique: The answer has a lot of irrelevant information included. The only thing that has anything to do with the question is 'the main concept of the album, which can be summed up in a few sentences.

critique: The first paragraph is not relevant to the question.

critique: The answer is more about the album's production than its development.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

question: What does the text say about the album's tracks?

answer:
The album has two discs, each with six songs. The first disc is heavy and raw, while the second disc is more post-metal-influenced with the inclusion of symphonic and electronic elements. The album's track listing is as follows:

Hadean/Archaean

The Ocean

- Torge Ließmann - drums, percussion (all tracks)
- Robin Staps - guitar, percussion (all tracks)
- Matt Beels - guitar (all tracks)
- Mike Pilat - bass (all tracks), vocals (tracks 1, 2, 3, 5)
- Nico Webers - vocals (tracks 1, 2, 3)
- Meta - vocals (tracks 1, 5)

Additional musicians

- Jason Emry - guest vocals (track 3)
- Eric Kalsbeek - guest vocals (track 4)
- Nate Newton - guest vocals (track 3)
- René Noçon - guest vocals (track 3)
- Walid Farruque - guest guitar (track 2)

Proterozoic

The Ocean

- Torge Ließmann - drums, percussion (all tracks)
- Robin Staps - guitar (all tracks), clean vocals (tracks 2, 6, 7)
- Matt Beels - guitar (all tracks)
- Mike Pilat - bass (tracks 2, 3, 5, 6, 7), vocals (tracks 2, 3, 6, 8)
- Hannes Huefken - bass (tracks 4 and 8)
- Nico Webers - vocals (tracks 2, 5, 8)
- Meta - vocals (tracks 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8)

Additional Musicians

- René Noçon - guest clean vocals (tracks 3, 7, 8)
- Tomas Hallbom - guest vocals (track 7)
- Dwid Hellion - guest vocals (track 6)
- Nate Newton - guest vocals (track 8)
- Jan Oberg - guest vocals (track 6)
- Caleb Scofield - guest vocals (track 3)
- Jonathan Heine - guest bass (track 6)
- Stefan Heinemeyer - guest cello (tracks 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9)
- Karina Suslov - guest viola (tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)
- Christoph Von Der Nahmer - guest violin (tracks 2, 3, 4, 8)
- Katharina Sellheim - guest piano (tracks 2, 6, 7, 8, 9)
- John Gürtler - guest saxophone (track 1)
- Daniel Eichholz - guest glockenspiel (tracks 2, 3, 4, 5, 7)
- Jonas Olsson - guest tambourine (tracks 5, 7, 8)
- Tomas Svensson - additional samples (track 1)

critique: The answer should mention the album's concept.

critique: Doesn't describe the names of the tracks.

critique: The answer is a copy-and-paste of the album's track listing.

critique: The track listing is not relevant to the question.

question: What does the text about the album's musicians?

answer: The album features several guest musicians, including Caleb Scofield, Nate Newton, Dwid Hellion, Tomas Hallbom, Erik Kalsbeek, and musicians from the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

critique: The answer should mention the others who are featured.

critique: The answer should mention the musicians who worked on the album.

critique: The answer should mention the other musicians.

critique: The answer omits the names of two other musicians.

text: The response should include the actual members of the band, not just the guest musicians.