text:
I lay there. Still. Staring at the bland white ceiling of the hospital room, where I lay. The stillness of the room is plucked by the gasps of air, the rush of oxygen filling my lungs, the beeps of the machines monitoring every beat and tick of my withered and frail shell. I close my eyes for but a moment, only to be awoken by the click of the door. My neck creaks, the joints popping to catch a glimpse of my visitor.

  Our eyes meet; Eyes like the ocean before a storm; dark, deep, blue; but full of life, they sparkle like precious gemstones. Her smile is like a full moon, able to dispel even the darkest of nights. Her lips are thin and deep red, seductive yet sweet. My heart swells and skips a beat as if I were a love struck teen again, memories of staring into those eyes hypnotized while the world passed around us. Memories of yearning for her lips, like a man on the cusp of death longs for a drop of water. Memories of the joy I felt, how my heart raced and rushed every time she smiled. Tears sting my eyes at the sight of her, and for the first time in a long while I feel my mouth arch into a grin. “hello, love” she smiles, my heart skips; her voice is angelic, her every word like a bell, the way she pronounces her L’s as if they were w’s, her S’s like f’s; It used to drive her insane, her little speech imperfection, but to me it was pure ecstasy, it’s what her unique, it’s the sound that’s haunted my dreams since she left.

   “Hey, Beautiful.” I manage to say, my words squeezed out like an old toy, now deflated. She comes closer, and takes my hand, her long fingers enveloped in mine. She holds firmly yet softly, like when we rode the Ferris wheel for the first time, and stopped at the top looking over the fairgrounds as the sun set; hope, fear, and love all mixed into one grasp. I can see her better now; her once brown curls are now thin and grey. Her skin is still pale as ivory, but was now showing her age. Her skin showed the story of a mother, a lover, a wife, a woman whom deserved silver and gold. But instead she settled for a fool who gave her messy diapers and mortgage payments. Would she have been happier had she never met me? Would her life have been better? Her words shatter my self-doubt and depression.

   “It’s time to go now”. A tone of chastisement lines her voice, like a mother talking to their child. I heard it many time, my mind darts back to our children. Peter; A tall strong man now, he did what I could never do, he went into business, he made a name for himself, a family, a home. Jessica; as beautiful as her mother, yet with my sense of humor, She’s a teacher now, just like her old man was. And John; my heart sinks, I haven’t thought of John since the pain numbed, since I lost him. I struggle to remind myself that he died a hero, that he knew the cost of fighting for his country. But the sense of failure still lingers the pain of losing a son still stabs like a hot knife.

   “I’m sorry” I say, my voice like it used to be, clear, loud, no longer weakened by the various tubes and gases. She simply smiles, knowing what I’m going to say, knowing my very thoughts, knowing the pain I’ve gone through, and fighting with me like she always has. She puts her finger to my lips, beckoning me to be quiet. She takes my other hand and lifts me up, as if we were dancing like we used to when we were kids. My body feels light now, as I stand up. My lungs fill with air without the need of any mask or tubes. My bones no longer creak or pain, my back straightens. I feel as if I were a young man again. I look at my hands, where there were once weak arthritis ridden hands that shook at every movement, too weak to even feed myself there now lies the hands of a young man, large, strong. The bland, grey skin that once covered my bones is now replaced by smooth tanned flesh. I touch my face, it is smooth. A top my head now lies a new crop of hair, wavy, soft, like the golden mane I cherished for many years.
   “How?” I say in astonishment, my voice shaking. My body shakes with a concoction of emotions; happiness, astonishment, joy, fear, sadness, amazement. I look up to see her. Time slows. There she stands her hair its dark chestnut, her face smooth, free of her wrinkles and blemish, her face full and full of life. Young and beautiful; just like I see her every night in my dreams, Tears fill up my eyes. “My god…” I manage to choke out. She smiles, her face lights up, her smile glowing like it did when we were kids. She smiles, and beckons me to come with her, a shimmering light glowing behind her.

  “Hey, Gorgeous! How about one last dance?” I say the old cockiness that I once held returning to my voice. She rolls her eyes, and looks at me with a look of faux-disappointment, a large smile plastered to her face. Frank Sinatra begins to play, and we dance. The light begins to grow, and I can see dancing around us every one I ever loved. Ma, Dad, Lil’ Sarah, John, Grandma, even my dog Skip.  But she and I keep dancing, smiling laughing. This must be heaven; my wife and I dancing, laughing, and smiling, forever and ever. Amen.

title: [RO][MF] Hey, Beautiful.

question: Summarize negative events.

answer: The narrator exudes neglectful behavior, as evidenced by the visits from his wife and children that have to be arranged for when his time of death is near. He seems to have pushed his kids away, amongst other things. There is also significant guilt regarding his son John, who he describes as having died a hero, fighting for a war that he was too weak to fight. His wife and children should be his glimmers of hope, but they are overshadowed by his accusations towards himself.

critique: The answer is inaccurate. The narrator's wife and children are not arranged to visit him.

critique: The response contains inaccurate information.

critique: The response includes inaccurate details.

critique: The response should include the part about the narrator being on his deathbed in a hospital afterward.

critique: The narrator's neglectful behavior is not evidenced by the visits from his wife and children.

critique: The response is not according to the text and has many inaccurate statements.

question: What does the story say about how the narrator feels about his ex-wife?

answer: The narrator mets his wife again. This immediately makes his heart swell and skip a beat. He reflects on what he misses about her and their life together. He was amazed to see her seeming unchanged and lifting him. He feels his soul is leaving him.

critique: It is inaccurate that he feels his soul is leaving him.

critique: The narrator's ex-wife is not his wife again, but his wife in the afterlife.

critique: The response inaccurately mentions that the narrator meets his wife again. The narrator is in a hospital and his wife comes to see him.

critique: The model's answer is not accurate and needs to be rewritten.

critique: The response contains inaccurate information.

critique: The response is missing the part where the narrator feels that he is dying.

critique: The narrator's ex-wife is not his wife again.

critique: The response should mention that the narrator feels grateful he got to see her one last time.

text: There's no ex-wife in the story. The narrator is visited by his wife on his deathbed, and they dance in a dream-like fashion before the narrator passes away.

refinement: The narrator mets his wife again. This immediately makes his heart swell and skip a beat. He reflects on what he misses about her and their life together. He was amazed to see her seeming unchanged and lifting him. He feels his soul is leaving him.

question: What does the story say about the narrator's relationship with his son Peter?

answer: No answer

critique: The response misses to provide an answer to the instruction in the task.

critique: The response misses to mention that the narrator's son Peter went into business, made a name for himself, and had a family.

critique: The response misses to provide an answer to the task.

critique: The response misses to mention that the narrator's son Peter went into business and made a name for himself, a family and a home.


split: train

text:
The clanging sound I’d heard a thousand times before rang through my head like a warning alarm; the "5 minutes till lights out" bell. That’s what my life has been reduced to, a government enforced bedtime. I miss the days of being free to duck out to the shops for a snack, or to heat up a microwavable meal when I wanted it. I used to spend all my free time at home with Miranda, doing boring things like watching too many movies and marathoning too many TV shows. That's how it should be now, free to do as we please instead of Miranda trapped underground and me trapped in a cell.

I’d been woken up one lazy Saturday morning by a pounding at the door. Miranda bounded over the messy living room floor, knocking over the previous night's dinner bowl on her way. She peeked through the peephole and let out a hushed squeal of delight, before opening the deadlocks and swinging the front door open. Not a second after she turned the handle, the sound of a gunshot pierced my skull. It was just like in the movies, Miranda falling backwards and crashing into the ground like a big tree being cut down. I'll spare you the details, but it was messy.

After that morning, I devoted my life to finding who'd shot her. I was determined to get revenge. It took months, but eventually all the details fell into place. His name was Big P, or at least that was his street name. Big P was a pretty "well known" drug dealer, specialising in the heavy stuff. Miranda had got in contact with him during her senior year, when she was suffering constant panic attacks. Starting out, she became addicted to pot and codeine, before working her way up to coke. Turns out she owed Big P a fairly decent sum of money, and when she didn't pay up, his patience ran out and he shot her. Just like he'd shot the countless other young girls that couldn't pay him. The cops hadn't got him yet because he works through a clever network of messengers and runners, only doing the work himself when absolutely necessary. Word is he also had some pretty strong connections up high too, making him virtually invisible to the law.

When I did eventually find him, I took Miranda's car and slammed straight into his. It all went so smoothly I thought it was a dream; I escaped unharmed, and Big P sat dead in his car, the blood on his forehead from smashing into the windscreen as vivid and viscous as the blood of those he'd shot. The plan was for the police to think of it as an accident, to be glad a murderous drug lord was off the streets, and forget about the whole accident. When they found out that the car belonged to Miranda, they launched an investigation and well, here I am.

When the court ordered psychiatrist asked me if I regret what I did, I said "Not for a single second," which probably didn't help my sentence. Why should I regret it? He was endangering lived by selling drugs, and then putting those lives in more danger by pulling the trigger in their face. I took care of him, I took the trash out. If it had been the cops that got to him it would've been fine, but I was a civilian, "acting out of spite" and "without remorse". And if that makes me a murderer, then I will wear that badge with pride.

The lights went out in the jail. "Lights out! Yelled a guard, in case we couldn't work that out ourselves.

Oh what I would give to spend another day watching cheesy dramas with Miranda, escaping the horrors of the world. What I would give for this to have just been one big nightmare...

I was woken up by a pounding at the door. Miranda bounded over the messy living room floor, knocking over the previous night's dinner bowl on her way. She peeked through the peephole and let out a hushed squeal of delight, before opening the deadlocks and swinging the front door open...

title: [SP] The Alarm

question: What does the story say about why the narrator didn't feel remorse for killing the man who murdered Miranda?

answer: The narrator believes that Big P was a dangerous person, who was endangering the lives of people by selling drugs and then killing them when they couldn't pay their debts. If the cops had gotten to him, everything would have been fine, but the narrator was a civilian and acted on his emotions. The narrator is outraged that he's being judged for killing the drug dealer and being labeled a murderer.

critique: The narrator is not outraged that he's being judged for killing the drug dealer and being labeled a murderer.

text: "If the cops had gotten to him, everything would have been fine, but the narrator was a civilian and acted on his emotions." seems irrelevant to the rest of the text.

category: coherence

question: What does the story say about what led to Miranda's tragic and sudden death?

answer: Miranda was a young girl who was suffering from constant panic attacks. She was addicted to pot and codeine before working her way up to coke. Miranda owed Big P a fairly decent sum of money, and when she didn't pay up, his patience ran out and he shot her.

critique: The answer should mention that Miranda was a drug addict.


text:
EXCORPORATION is the process through which mass cultural commodities are changed or remade into one’s own culture. The theory of Excorporation was popularized by sociologist John Fiske, in order to explain the ongoing struggle between the dominant and subordinate groups in popular culture.

Definition

The term excorporation was highlighted by sociologist John Fiske in his 1989 book, _Understanding Popular Culture_. Fiske states that excorporation is “the process by which the subordinate make their own culture out of the resources and commodities provided by the dominant system”.[1] Fiske believes this idea to be central to the study of popular culture. He argues that in an industrialized world, the subordinated group has only the use of resources supplied to them by the dominant group from which to create their own subcultures and social commodities. In his theory, Fiske refutes the idea of folk culture, any sort of ‘authentic’ culture, saying that it does not exist in such a society. In other words, the subordinate deals with what is available. This requires the study of popular culture to not only look at the various cultural commodities, but the ways in which the individual uses them as well. Fiske sees the different uses of commodities to be most interesting. The excorporation of resources is generally more varied and creative than the original.

Fiske states that the subordinate’s ability to create originality and thus oppose the dominant “results in the producers having to resort to the processes of incorporation or containment”.[2] By reincorporating the differences made by excorporation, the dominant group strips the subordinate group from any opposition that the latter may have created. This ensures the stability of the dominant system.

Criticism

Several sociological authors have criticized Fiske's theory of excorporation, primarily for its overarching simplicity and its unfocused basis.

Deborah Cook, in her 1992 article _Ruses de Guerre: Baudrillard and Fiske on Media Reception_ argues that excorporation is not necessarily a political or even meaningful activity, as Fiske claims. Under Fiske’s theory, the process of excorporating creates meaning, be it as simple as personalizing a commercial commodity. However, Cook argues that Fiske attempts “to locate resistance in a set of largely unconscious, unfocused, and apolitical activities...Fiske’s analyses are undisciplined by any interpretive methods,” [3] therefore implying that not every act of excorporation necessarily contains meaning.

Ray Browne, of Bowling Green University, agrees with Cook’s assertion, explaining that Fiske “looks upon popular culture as a portion of the life actions and fluids which constitute all of society, and in so doing, Fiske seems to limit the totality of culture, or to misunderstand it.” [4] Fiske’s detractors seem to find the theory of excorporation too simplistic and overarching to be effective.

Examples in Modern Society

Blue denim jeans have become a product of excorporation. Levi Strauss was the founder of the garment. Strauss was a German Immigrant who immigrated to San Francisco during the California Gold Rush in 1853. He coined the blue denim jean due to a need from prospectors in the area for strong work pants in the mines. The material was used because it did not cause chafing, unlike the typical canvas pants that were worn during the time by workers.[5]

Through the decades of the past century, the cultural meaning of blue jeans has changed. For example, the 1930s were the times of western films, propelling the character of the American cowboy and their Wrangler jeans into the public limelight. The 1940s resulted in jeans being introduced to the world based on the start of globalization and World War II. In the 1950s, denim became a popular garment that symbolized rebellion, such as in James Dean’s movie Rebel Without a Cause. During this time, some public schools in the United States banned students from wearing blue jeans.

The 1960s and the 1970s were the start of crafting jeans for individual taste, based on the fashion and social movements at the time. Examples of these include embroidered jeans, painted jeans, and psychedelic jeans.[6] John Fiske describes this as “the raggedness is the production of the choice of the user; it is an excorporation of the commodity into a subordinates subculture and a transfer of at least some of the power inherent in the commoditization process.”[7] In the 1980s jeans became designer fashion, labels such as Guess jeans. More recently, the focus on personalization of jeans includes finish, styles, cuts, shapes, aged, authentic, and vintage jeans. John Fiske is quoted as saying “the wearer of torn jeans is, after all, wearing jeans and not, for instance the Buddhist derived robes of the orange people."[8]

[1] Fiske, J. (1989). Understanding Popular Culture. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

[2] Fiske, J. (1989). Understanding Popular Culture. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

[3] Cook, D. (1992). Ruses de Guerre: Baudrillard and Fiske on Media Reception. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour , 22 (2), 227-238.

[4] Browne, Ray. Journal of Popular Culture ; Winter90, Vol. 24 Issue 3, p188, 1/2p

[5] Levi Strauss and Company. (2008, April 24). Retrieved April 18, 2008, from Levie Strauss and Company Heritage: http://www.levistrauss.com/heritage/

[6] Design Boom. (2008, 24 04). Retrieved 04 15, 2008, from Design Boom: http://www.designboom.com/eng/education/denim2.html

[7] Fiske, J. (1989). Understanding Popular Culture. Boston: Unwin Hyman. p.15

[8] Fiske, J. (1989). Understanding Popular Culture. Boston: Unwin Hyman. p.4

title: Excorporation

question: Summarize the criticisms of Fiske's theory.

answer: Fiske's theory has been criticized for its simplicity and overarching nature. Deborah Cook stated that excorporation doesn't necessarily have political or even meaningful activity. Brown reiterated these sentiments. She argued that Fiske is looking at remade cultural commodities half the time, and a lot of the productions of the subordinate group are not meaningful.

critique: "She argued that Fiske is looking at remade cultural commodities half the time" is false and should be omitted.

critique: Browne's critique is not relevant to the question.

critique: The response contains inaccurate information.

critique: Browne's criticism is irrelevant to the question.

critique: The highlighted text is incorrect. Brown did not reiterate Cook's sentiments. The answer should be rewritten.

critique: The answer is incorrect in saying that Brown reiterated Cook's sentiments.

question: Summarize the shifting cultural meaning of jeans.

answer: Jeans were originally used by miners in straw-wrappers to avoid chafing on their legs. After that, denim came to represent the American cowboy and the frontier of the West after Western films were popular. Jeans became popular rebellion in the 1950s and many public schools banned students from wearing them. In the 1960s and 70s, jeans became a way of individualizing oneself and in the 80s, a very high-end market. These days, the focus of jeans are personalization, including style, cut, finish, and shape. The old, torn, distressed jeans are a sign of taste too.

critique: The answer should mention that jeans are now a high-end fashion item.

critique: The answer should mention the use of jeans in the present day.

critique: "jeans were originally used by miners in straw-wrappers" - this is inaccurate and should be removed.

critique: The answer should mention the cultural meaning of jeans in the present day.

critique: Incorrectly mentions that jeans were used by miners in straw-wrappers.

critique: The answer should mention the original purpose of jeans and how the cultural meaning has shifted.

critique: The answer inaccurately mentions that jeans were originally used by miners in straw-wrappers.

question: Summarize some of the support Fiske has gotten for his theory.

answer: One of Fiske's quotes is cited due to its perceived accuracy. Fiske is quoted as saying, "the wearer of torn jeans is, after all, wearing jeans and not, for instance the Buddhist derived robes of the orange people." Fiske had content that was deemed very accurate and direct

critique: There is no evidence that Fiske had content that was deemed very accurate and direct.

critique: The answer should clarify that the only quote of Fiske's presented is as a direct quote from John Fiske's book, not just a quote from him.

critique: The answer is a little unclear. It should be more straight forward.


text:
Hey guys, I wrote a short story that I was hoping to get any feedback/criticism on. This is my first time writing a short story and also my first time posting to Reddit, and I appreciate any feedback.

As they did every Sunday, Nora brought her daughter Jill to a new place for their mommy-daughter day. Jill skipped along side her mother as they made their way towards a towering glass building. Nora knew that Jill looked forward to Sundays because she was mostly absent during the week.

It's a sacrifice, but I'm doing important work.

She would tell herself that while trying to justify that what she was doing was the right thing. After all, it wasn't like Jill's father was around to support them. And these weekends together would make up for the lost time during the week.

The automatic glass doors swooshed open as Jill leapt through.

"C'mon mommy!! Huurrrryy!"

Jill was energetic, curious, and intelligent like her parents. She was only four but was already reading like a second grader.

"Oooo" Jill coo'd as she stared at a sphere hovering above a small pool of water. "Where are we today mommy?"

"This is a One World Science Exhibition honey."

It was after the last World War that the leaders of the world realized our eventual fate. Whether it was because they had finally smartened up or because nearly a tenth of the world's population had died, they finally decided to cooperate. Military funding worldwide was redirected towards science and technology. Together, the smartest minds in the world would come together and invent ways for us to flourish as a species. This was the start of the One World movement. A movement uniting the world towards one goal; longer healthier lives for all people, regardless of race or religion. One World Science and Technology Exhibition's opened up all around the world to showcase the remarkable breakthroughs that were being made and to foster a sense of unity.

"There are places like this all over the world honey. It's like a celebration of what we as humans are capable of imagining."

Jill's eyes darted from one exhibit to the next, eagerly bouncing in anticipation.

"Stay with me, Jilly."

Nora took her hand and led her to each exhibit, explaining the basic idea behind the invention and how it would benefit humanity.

In the distance something caught Jill's eye. Her mother could tell that she wasn't listening to her anymore. Jill was silent. She stared intently down a dimly lit hallway. At the end of the hallway was a girl, barely Jill's age. She stood staring back for a moment and then walked around the corner.

"I see you've noticed the main exhibit. Let's go take a look."

Nora led Jill towards the hallway and around the corner. Against the wall was a cylindrical glass tank filled with water. And floating in the water was the a little girl. The same little girl that Jill had just seen in the hallway.

"What.. who is she?"

"This is Summer. She is the whole reason the One World Exhibits exist"

Before Nora could continue explaining, Jill whispered,

"She's lonely."

"What was that honey?"

"She's lonely and she doesn't understand what's going on."

"Well I imagine she would be quite lonely Jilly"

Nora knew Jill's imagination could run wild.

"No mommy, she's telling me..."

"Jill, Summer can't talk. She's been in here for over hundred years and no one has heard her talk."

"But mommy..."

"Listen Jilly..."

Nora led her right in front of the glass tank. She took her hand and placed it on the glass.

"Summer isn't alive. Do you know what that means?"

"Yes mommy"

"She died a long time ago and her body was preserved using technology."

Jill was silent. Staring past Nora and straight into the blueish glow of the tanks water. But something was wrong. Nora turned around. Her eyes went wide as they stared straight at Summer's lifeless face. She was such a beautiful young girl. Much too young to have had her life taken from her. Her features were soft and her skin a light blueish gray.

"Mommy..."

Nora stood entranced by Summers face.

"Mommy... she's not dead"

Her eyes opened. And Nora screamed.

title: The Main Exhibit

question: What does the story say about how the One World movement started?

answer: The story says that the leaders of the world realized that they were on the brink of extinction after the last World War. They decided to cooperate and redirect military funding towards science and technology. The smartest minds in the world would come together to invent ways for humans to flourish as a species. This was the start of the One World movement.

critique: The answer should mention that the movement is a result of the war.

critique: The response is missing the part about the One World movement being a movement to unify the world towards one goal.

question: What does the story say about the girl called Summer?

answer: The girl called Summer is the main exhibit at the One World Science Exhibition. She has been in a cylindrical glass tank filled with water for over a hundred years and no one has heard her talk. Jill sees her and says she is lonely. Summer's eyes open, and Nora screams.

critique: The response needs to simplify the events at the end of the story.

critique: The answer should mention that Summer is dead.

critique: The answer is missing the part where Summer opens her eyes.

critique: The response is missing the part where Summer's eyes open.

critique: The response should include that Summer is dead.

text: It should be clearer that Jill claims Summer is talking to her.

question: What does the story say about what happened after it turn that the girl was alive?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that the story ends with Summer's eyes opening.

critique: The response is incorrect and should be rewritten.

critique: The answer should mention that the story ends with Nora screaming.

critique: The answer should mention that the story ends with Summer opening her eyes, and Nora screaming.

critique: "No answer" is not accurate. The story ends with Jill's mother screaming.

critique: Choosing the right response here is the key


text:
RAGHAVANKA () was a noted Kannada writer and a poet in the Hoysala court who flourished in the late 12th to early 13th century. Raghavanka is credited for popularizing the use of the native _shatpadi_ metre (hexa metre, 6 line verse) in Kannada literature.[1] _Harishchandra Kavya_, in _shatpadi_ metre, is known to have been written with an interpretation unlike any other on the life of King Harishchandra is well known and is considered one of the important classics of Kannada language. He was a nephew and protégé of the noted Early 12-century Kannada poet Harihara.[2][3] Although the _shatpadi_ metre tradition existed in Kannada literature prior to Raghavanka, Raghavanka inspired the usage of the flexible metre for generations of poets, both Shaiva (devotees of God Shiva) and Vaishnava (devotees of God Vishnu) to come.[4]

Epic Writings

-   _Harishchandra Kavya_
-   _Siddharama charitra_
-   _Somanatha charitra_
-   _Viresvara charita_
-   _Hariharamahatva_
-   _Sarabha charitra_

Although _Harishchandra Kavya_ (c. 1200 or c. 1225) is Raghavanka's _magnum opus_, it was rejected by his guru, poet Harihara (or Harisvara). In some ways, Raghavanka's writing surpasses his guru's talent, especially in describing characters in his story.[5] Legend has it that his guru was aghast at Raghavanka Pandita, a devotee of Hindu God Shiva, for writing about ordinary mortals (such as King Harishchandra) instead of writing about Veerashaiva saints. According to the same legend, five of Raghavanka's teeth “fell off instantly” for going against his guru's wishes. In order to expiate his sin, he authored five writings eulogising Veerashaiva saints, one writing for each fallen tooth, and the teeth “returned one by one”.[6] According to another source, Raghavanka's guru physically abused him, punishing him for wasting his poetic talent in eulogising a mere mortal.[7] These five writings are the _Siddharama charitra_ (or _Siddharama Purana_), a eulogy of the dynamic and compassionate 12th century Veerashiava saint Siddharama of Sonnalige which brings out a larger-than-life image of the saint in a simple yet stylistic narrative;[8] the _Somanatha charitra_, a propagandist work which describes the life of saint Somayya (or Adaiah) of Puligere, his humiliation after being lured by the charms of a Jain girl, and his achievement of successfully converting a Jain temple into a Shiva temple; the _Viresvara charita_, a dramatic story of the blind wrath of a Shaiva warrior Virabhadra; the _Hariharamahatva_, a eulogy of Harisvara of Hampi, and _Sarabha charitra_, the last two works now considered lost.[9][10]

Magnum opus

In the _Harishchandra Kavya_, Raghavanka brings out the clash of personalities with lively dialogues; between sage Vishvamitra and sage Vashishta, between Harishchandra and Vishvamitra and between Harishchandra and the “unreal” girls (“dancing girls”). Also narrated is Harishchandra's fidelity to truth against all odds and the redemption of Harishchandra after being rescued by an untouchable he had once rejected.[11] According to professor L. S. Sheshagiri Rao of the Sahitya Akademi, in no other language has the story of King Harishchandra been dealt with this interpretation. The writing is original both in tradition and inspiration fully utilizing the potential of the _shatpadi_ metre.[12] One piece of elegiac verse, written in the _mandanila ragele_ metre (rhymed couplets) is the mourning of Chandramati over the death of her young son Lohitashva from snake bite, while gathering firewood for his Brahmin taskmaster.[13] The poem has remained popular for centuries and is recited by _Gamakis_ (narration of story accompanied by music).[14]

Notes

[1] Sastri (1955), p. 362

[2] Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 20

[3] Kamath (2001), p. 134

[4] Shiva Prakash in K. Ayyappapanicker (1997), p. 208

[5]

[6] Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 206

[7] Nagaraj in Pollock (2003), p. 364

[8]

[9]

[10] Shiva Prakash (1997), p. 207

[11]

[12] Rao in Datta, Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1181

[13] Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1149

[14]

title: Raghavanka

question: What does the text say about Raghavanka's magnum opus?

answer: Raghavanka's magnum opus is Harishchandra Kavya. It was rejected by his guru, poet Harihara (or Harisvara). It belongs to the shatpadi metre tradition.

critique: The response misses to mention that Harishchandra Kavya is considered one of the important classics of Kannada language.

critique: These lines do not concern the magnum opus itself.

critique: The answer should mention that the writing surpasses his guru's talent.

critique: The answer should mention that the story is about King Harishchandra.


text:
     It's that time again. It's 6:45 pm on a Tuesday evening. Late September. The most beautiful of the months. It's fascinating how the death of leaves, slowly being
 discolored then dwindling helplessly onto the fine edges of the branches, could be such a remarkable view. Every leaf is unique in its own manner, just as every human being is.
     I approach the two-story brick building from the street in front of it where I parked my car. Although this building has two-stories, it comes no more than 9 feet above the sidewalk. The entrance was followed by a set of seven steps declining to the basement door, the main entrance. The third step from the top has a crack just off to the right of the center, parting the step into two uneven slabs of concrete. I counted them when I came down the stairs for the first time, the second time, and every time following that.
     I proceed down the hall about fifteen feet and enter the door on my left. There, a room with twelve chairs are placed, facing inwards to form a circle. The walls were all white, with only two windows, which didn't allow much sunlight to come in, especially due to the time the sun disappears for the day here in Maryland.
     When I enter the circle, a wave of tension crashes over me. I know nobody in the room personally, only from seeing them in their same spots in this circle previously.
     "Good evening," peeps a woman's voice, "and welcome to our Tuesday night meeting! All familiar faces I see. Thomas, Andrew, Jared. But, I would like to start off with a name that has yet to truly open up to us."
     Shit. That's me. Right? No. We haven't heard from Derrick yet. Please Derrick. Stand up for me.
     "Gregory, would you like to start off our gathering this evening?"
     No. I come here to feel like I have something in common with everyone else. I do now. That's it. Goodbye. But I can't just walk away...
     Against every willing muscle, I rise.
     "Hello, everybody..." I said as relaxed as possible, but still nowhere near the definition of "relaxed".
     "Good evening, Greg," says the room, as well as the woman in the burgundy cardigan, sitting with ideal posture in the chair three seats to my right out of twelve chairs. That cardigan draped just past her hips when she stood, but halfway down the legs of the chair when she sat. A peaceful woman, only in her late 20's, continues with, "would you like to start by letting everyone know your name?"
     Maybe it isn't burgundy. Possibly a maroon. It's dark enough to remind me of autumn and the colors of the oak leaves that fell in my front lawn, but not too dark. Most of the leaves weren't quite as deep of a red as she wore.
     I'm getting very off topic here.
     "Gregory." I finally respond after a mere two seconds of a pause between her question and my answer. But a pause that ling in a room this quiet and empty feels like you could watch Titanic once or twice. I don't like the name Gregory, but that was the first thing to explode from my mouth since entering the circles of chairs on the open room I sat in. I spoke curtly, but nervously, as if embarassed to answer incorrectly.
     "My name", gulp, "is Greg Timsworth," I added to my too short of an answer, saying Greg so people don't assume I prefer "Gregory". Another pause followed my extended response before the woman spoke her couple of sentences.
     "Well, it's great to see you here tonight, Greg. Would you like to tell us why you're here?" she asked me enthusiastically and with a caring tone. She was soft-spoken, but it was as if she were in the wrong meeting. Of course she knew. How didn't she? Everybody in this room was here for one reason.
     Weakly and defeated, I opened up. Finally. I can speak of myself. What dilemma I had to overcome every day of my life. Every aspect of living was different than everyone else except for the ten others in this room that underwent the same treatments as I have. All of the doctors and hospitals and medication and tests and surgeries. I have been attending this meeting for 7 sessions, just sitting idly, listening and observing all other answers that other deform-ees gave the woman in the cardigan. They knew my name because of the nametag I wore. Everything else about me was only assumed. I was nobody. Now I'm somebody. I'm Greg Timsworth, owner of a 1991 Ford Probe that runs not as well as I had originally hoped it would've when I bought it for $3,000 on craigslist. I'm the guy that owns a home with a cat that just gave birth to a litter of 4 other kittens. I am Greg Timsworth,  and now I am a somebody.
     I looked the woman with the cardigan in her eyes. Only her. Only her soft brown eyes to match her soft, long brown hair. I stood. With my heart beating faster, I can almost feel the release of all of my pented up emotions. Everything from work, from school, from life as a while. Finally. I scream, louder than ever before, almost in tears.
     "I am Greg Timsworth, and I have no penis!"
     "This is Alcoholics Anonymous..."

title: [RF] - The Rise and Fall of Gregory Timsworth - Part One

question: Summarize the twist ending.

answer: Gregory Timsworth is not attending a support group for deformities. He is attending an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting.

critique: The answer should mention that Greg reveals he has no penis.

critique: It is omitted that Gregory is attending the meeting because he has no penis.

critique: The answer is too vague and doesn't mention the twist ending.

critique: It is omitted that Gregory believes he is attending a support group for deformities.

critique: The answer should mention that Gregory is an alcoholic.

question: Summarize everything relating to autumn.

answer: The narrator is fascinated by the death of leaves, which are slowly being discolored and dwindling helplessly onto the fine edges of the branches. The woman in the cardigan is wearing a dark maroon color that reminds the narrator of autumn and the colors of the oak leaves that fell in his front lawn.

critique: The answer should mention the time of year.

question: What does the story say about Greg's career?

answer: No answer

critique: The story does not say anything about Greg's career.

critique: The answer is incorrect. The text does not say anything about Greg's career.


text:
DORNBERK (; ) is a village in western Slovenia in the Municipality of Nova Gorica.[1] It is located in the Vipava Valley within the Gorizia region of the Slovenian Littoral. Dornberk is the centre of a local community that includes the satellite settlements of Potok pri Dornberku, Saksid, Brdo, Tabor, Draga, Zalošče, and Budihni. The entire local community has a population of around 1,800.

Name

The Slovene name of the village comes from German _Dornberg_, meaning 'thorn hill'. This was also the official name until the end of World War I, when the village came under Italian administration. At first, the Italians used an historical version of the traditional name of the village, _Dorimbergo_,[2] but during the Fascist period the name was changed to _Montespino_, which is a literal Italian translation of the German name. After World War II, the village briefly reacquired its old name, but in 1948, the name was changed again because of its German sound, and the name _Zali Hrib_ (literally, 'fair hill') was invented. The locals rejected the new designation and demanded the old name back. The name of the settlement was changed to _Dornberk_ in 1952, but the final _-g_ was replaced with a _-k_.[3] Nevertheless, the locals still refer to it as _Dornberg_ rather than _Dornberk_. This phonetic difference is not perceived in standard Slovene, in which the final voiced velar stop /g/ is pronounced as voiceless /k/. However, in the local Karst dialect spoken in the lower Vipava Valley, /g/ has developed into the voiced glottal fricative /ɦ/, and often a voiceless glottal fricative at the end of words.

Church

The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to the Prophet Daniel and belongs to the Diocese of Koper.[4]

The area of Dornberk is known for the production of wine and fruits, especially peaches, apricots, and pears.

[1] Nova Gorica municipal site

[2] _Dorimbergo_ in _Udine illustrata_, part I, of Giovanni Capidogli (1665): “La Famiglia da Rabatta è di nobiltà isquisita, ed immemorabile; onde fino da Enrico Terzo Re de' Romani fu degnamente presa in sua protezione, confermandole, ... donandole libere tante, e così ampie giurisdizioni nella Toscana, che formavano un considerabile, e non picciolo Stato. Non avendo poi la fortuna con pregresso di tempo per li molti, e vari accidenti di guerra, ripigliati quei beni, che prima le aveva concesso, si ricoverò la suddetta Famiglia nella Repubblica Fiorentina, nella quale fu tenuta, e pregiata delle più nobili, conseguendo in quella tutti li principali maneggi ec. Indi per le fazioni de' Guelfi, e Ghibellini passò nel Friuli, e prese posto in Udine già Quattrocento, e più anni ed avendo più tempo quivi dimorando godendo della Signoria di tre Castella, si condusse finalmente nel Contado di Gorizza, dove poscia ottenne in Feudo il Castello di Dorimbergo con altre giurisdizioni, che oggidì parimenti si conservano nella medesima Famiglia” in: Istoria del Decamerone di Giovanni Boccaccio scritta da Domenico Maria Manni Accademico fiorentino, in Firenze MDCCXXXXII (1742)

[3] _Spremembe naselij 1948–95_. 1996. Database. Ljubljana: Geografski inštitut ZRC SAZU, DZS.

[4] Roman Catholic Diocese of Koper List of Churches May 2008

title: Dornberk

question: What does the text say about other religions in Dornberk?

answer: Dornberk contains a church that is fitting for the population. The church is dedicated to the Prophet Daniel and belongs to the Diocese of Koper. The local community has a population of around 1,800 people. The entire local community has a population of around 1,800.

critique: This is completely incorrect and poor wording. Really copy and paste what the text says.

text: The text does not say anything about other religions in specific in Dornberk.

category: accuracy

refinement: Dornberk contains a church that is fitting for the population. The church is dedicated to the Prophet Daniel and belongs to the Diocese of Koper. The local community has a population of around 1,800 people. The entire local community has a population of around 1,800.

question: What does the text say about Dornberk?

answer: Dornberk (Dornberg) is a village located in the Vipava Valley within the Gorizia region of the Slovenian Littoral. It is the center of a local community that includes the satellite settlements of Potok pri Dornberku, Saksid, Brdo, Tabor, Draga, Zalošče, and Budihni. The entire local community has a population of around 1,800. The Slovene name of the village comes from the German word meaning "thorn hill". Prior to the end of World War I, the Italians changed the name of the village to "Dorimbergo", which was the name of a castle that once existed there. In 1952, the name of the settlement was changed to Dornberk and the last -g at the end was changed to -k, but in typical local  dialect the locals pronounce it as Dornberg.

critique: The name of the village is irrelevant to the question.

critique: "The name of the settlement was changed to Dornberk in 1952," - the year should be "1952"

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

critique: The name of the village should not be hyphenated.

question: What does the text say about how Dornberk got its name?

answer: Initially, the Italian adopted an ancient name, 'Dorimbergo' but during the Fascists' reign, this name was changed to 'Montespino', which is a German word meaning 'fair hill'. After World War II, they regained their old name, 'Zali Hrib' (literally, 'fair hill), but again, it was changed because of its German sound, in 1948. However, the locals rejected this name and reverted back to Dornberk, with a final 'kk'.

critique: The answer should mention the name's origin.

critique: It should be mentioned that the change to the final 'kk' was a demand by locals.

critique: The last line of the response is unnecessary and can be omitted.

critique: The final 'kk' is not relevant to the question.

text: It is incorrectly stated that Montespino means 'fair hill'.

refinement: Initially, the Italian adopted an ancient name, 'Dorimbergo' but during the Fascists' reign, this name was changed to 'Montespino', which is a German word meaning 'fair hill'. After World War II, they regained their old name, 'Zali Hrib' (literally, 'fair hill), but again, it was changed because of its German sound, in 1948. However, the locals rejected this name and reverted back to Dornberk, with a final 'kk'.

question: What does the text say about what is notable in Dornberk?

answer: Dornberk and its surroundings is known for the production of wine and fruits like peaches, apricots and pears.

critique: The answer does not mention the parish church.

critique: It doesn't first add the important fact that the area was under Italian administration in the 20th century until after World War II.


text:
AHTYBA RUBIN ( ;[1] born July 25, 1986) is a former American football defensive tackle. He was drafted by the Cleveland Browns in the sixth round of the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Iowa State.

Early years

Born in Fort Belvoir, Virginia, Rubin graduated from Escambia High School in Pensacola, Florida in 2004, the same high school as former Cleveland Browns teammate Trent Richardson, and NFL Hall of Famer Emmitt Smith. He then went on to attend Trinity Valley Community College in Athens, Texas. In his freshman year, he played defensive line, but was converted into an offense lineman for his sophomore year. Rubin made the adjustment with significant success and earned all-conference and honorable mention All-America honors in 2006.

College career

Regarded as a three-star recruit out of junior college,[2] Rubin was recruited by a number of schools, and eventually picked Iowa State over TCU. He was switched back to defensive line in his junior year, and started the last nine games of the 2006 season. He finished the year with 34 tackles, four tackles for loss, and a sack.

As a senior, Rubin played in all of the Cyclones' games, registering 42 tackles (with four for loss) and recording 1.5 sacks.

Professional career

2008 NFL Draft

Following his impressive senior season at Iowa State, Rubin was regarded as a “productive NFL starter” at nose tackle, and projected a mid-third round pick by _Sports Illustrated_.[3]

Cleveland Browns

Rubin was selected in the sixth round (190th overall) by the Cleveland Browns, and was signed on July 22, 2008.[4]

He filled out a backup role for Browns nose tackle Shaun Rogers in 2008 and 2009, until Rogers went down with a lower leg injury in week 12 against the Cincinnati Bengals.[5] Rubin has since become the Browns starting nose tackle. In the 2010 offseason the Browns traded defensive end Corey Williams to the Detroit Lions, moved former starting nose Tackle Shaun Rogers to defensive end and promoted Rubin to starter due to his performance in 2009. 2010 was the best season of Rubin's young career, highlighted by his 87 tackles and an interception against Kansas City's Matt Cassel. In his five years with the Browns, Rubin has played in 72 games, starting 50 of them. His career totals are 9.0 sacks, 227 total tackles, 4 passes defended, 1 interception, 3 forced fumbles, and 1 fumble recovery.

Seattle Seahawks

On March 19, 2015 Rubin signed a one-year deal with the Seattle Seahawks.[6] The Seahawks released incumbent starting defensive tackle Tony McDaniel during training camp, giving Rubin a great opportunity at a starting job. In Week 4 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Rubin got his first sack as a Seahawk. In Week 11 vs the Pittsburgh Steelers, Rubin got an interception in a 39-30 victory.

On March 7, 2016, he signed a three-year contract.[7]

On September 2, 2017, Rubin was released by the Seahawks.[8]

Denver Broncos

On September 15, 2017, Rubin signed with the Denver Broncos.[9] He was released on October 17, 2017.[10]

Atlanta Falcons

On October 19, 2017, Rubin signed with the Atlanta Falcons.[11]

Oakland Raiders

On June 12, 2018, Rubin signed with the Oakland Raiders.[12] He was placed on injured reserve on August 15, 2018 after suffering a tear in his biceps.[13]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

title: Ahtyba Rubin

question: Summarize the most interesting thing about Rubin's life.

answer: No answer

text: Doesn't mention that he's a former pro NFL football player.

category: coverage

question: Summarize Rubin's reasons for retiring.

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that the question is not answered in the text.

critique: It is omitted that he was released by the Oakland Raiders.

critique: The answer should mention that Rubin retired due to injury.

critique: The answer should mention that the article does not mention any reasons for retirement.

critique: No reason is stated but it can be implied that he retired due to injury.

critique: It is omitted that he was released by the Denver Broncos.


text:
This is a repost with (hopefully) fixed formatting. My previous upload ended up doing some strange things with regard to text wrapping. Here's hoping it works this time. Thanks again for reading!

Just south of a small mountain range, a cool spring breeze passed through a stone monastery. The overgrown ivy covering the northern face of the building danced as the wind tickled its bountiful growth. From the top of the smooth cut stone structure the ivy had crept to meet the rocky cliff face upon which the monastery was perched. Green ivy, grey rock, and beige stone lay against a backdrop of deep, clear blue, as the sky was brimming with colour at the onset of the new season. The monastery was a large, square compound, with four stone parapets at each corner of the building, the northernmost being flush against the cliff face. At the centre was a circular courtyard, filled with beds of flowers and shrubs around the perimeter of the courtyard. Forming this perimeter were a series of stone pillars, the bases of which were buried beneath the lush green of the plants. Atop one of the pillars was a nest of sparrows, and the birds fluttered around the courtyard, singing cheerfully.
	That friendly mountain breeze made its way into the courtyard, towards a simple wooden bench that faced the mild warmth of the afternoon sun. It brushed aside the hem of a white robe, cooling the ankles of the monk sitting alone on the bench. He was an old man, whose ample belly was poorly disguised by his simple clothes, yet his face had retained its youthful glow, enhanced by his bald pate gleaming in the sunlight. His eyes squinted against the sun as he smiled contentedly, listening to the sparrows’ concert and taking in the fresh growth of greenery. His smile widened as he heard the faint clapping of sandaled feet on stone tiles. The dim sound grew in resonance as the footsteps approached, and from his seat on the bench the monk called out cheerfully,
	“Good afternoon, Brother,”
	The newcomer emerged from within the monastery, coming into view, similarly clothed in a white habit, yet a bit younger than his colleague. Unlike the seated monk, he was quite thin, and though he was not smiling, he had an honest, open face.
	“May I join you?”
	“Of course! Please sit.”
	The slender monk then held up the jug and two cups he had been holding, and smiled faintly, to which the older monk laughed and patted him on the shoulder as he lowered himself onto the bench.
	“I suppose it is never too early to celebrate such a fine day” he said.
  	The second man carefully poured a cup of red wine, and passed it to his companion, after which he poured himself a cup. For several minutes they both sat in silence, sipping their wine and admiring the courtyard and its garden. Finally, the thinner monk placed his cup on the ground next to the jug of wine, and fixed his gaze on the heavyset monk.
	“The vote is tomorrow, the monastery is in a furor, it is quite a nuisance.”
	The older monk chuckled and returned the look, “I have been through many such votes, and this is by far the most tiresome of them all.”
	Not known for outbursts of laughter, the younger monk gave a hearty grin, flashing what teeth he had left before remarking, “We are priests, not politicians, my friend. I should say this is ill befitting our station. Such ambition is better left to the less morally inclined.”
	In response his companion simply smiled, looked down at his cup, and took a sip, his light grey eyes surveying the wine like a hawk watched a rabbit. The younger man likewise took a sip, his eyes watching his friend as he swallowed the warm red liquid.
	“Brother,” he said, smiling, “I’m afraid you’ve besmirched your habit.”
	The larger monk stared at him, watching his eyes and his smug expression as he slowly reached his arm towards his friend’s throat, only to gently place his slender finger upon a red stain at the collar of the robe. The culprit was not hidden, as a line of red was visible on the large monk’s cup from where the wine had spilled.
	Breaking eye contact and looking down at his lap, the bald man laughed, tut-tutting to himself, “That won’t do at all,” he said.
	“Yes,” his friend said slowly, looking at the patch of red, “that stain must be removed.”
	“Or perhaps, I could simply find a way to hide it,” he said as he watched the thin man, “with so many habits and so many monks, I’m sure there are more than a few concealed stains amongst our ranks.”
	The skinny monk’s face bore an expression of sincere contemplation as his eyes bored into the large monk’s robe, “Perhaps,” he said.
	He reached down to collect the jug and his own cup, rising from the bench. His robe had gone into disarray, and he quietly adjusted it before turning back towards the older monk. They shared a warm smile as each stared at the other, with the hefty monk raising his cup in front of his sharp grey eyes as he said through grinning teeth, “My thanks, for the drink, Brother.”
	The thin man nodded to him, and headed for the interior of the monastery, his sandals playing the same song against the stone that they had when he approached, only this time in reverse. As the song faded to nothing, the solitary monk once more perked his eyes and ears toward the chattering sparrows.
	The sun was still out, the sky was still blue, the garden was still radiant, and the birds still sang. As he finished his wine, the monk contemplated the one thing he knew with certainty on that beautiful day. For himself, or the man who just left, there would be no sun, no sky, no garden, no birds, no wine, waiting for them tomorrow. Only death. He decided then that he had not yet had his fill of such marvelous spring days.
	“Now then,” he said, laboriously rising from the bench, “I suppose I should see about removing this stain.”

title: [FN] The White Habit

question: What does the story say about drinking wine?

answer: The older monk pats his companions shoulder and comments that it was never too early to celebrate on such a grand day. His companion makes the remark that the older man has got wine on his robe. He looks at the drinkers cup and notices that he's spilled some.

critique: The older monk is the one who spills the wine.

critique: The older monk is not insulted by his companion's remark.

critique: The answer should mention that the older monk says it's never too early to celebrate on such a grand day after finishing his cup of wine.

critique: The response misses to mention that the younger monk pours wine for the older monk.

critique: The answer should mention that the older monk drinks wine.

critique: The older monk is not the one who is drinking wine, his companion is. The older monk is the one who gets wine on his habit.

critique: The story does not say what the monks are celebrating.

critique: " commented that it was never too early to celebrate on such a grand day." - superfluous and confusing with the reporter's description of the weather.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

critique: The answer should mention that they toast.

critique: The response misses to mention that the older monk and his companion are monks.

critique: The response misses to mention that the older monk has a habit of drinking wine.

question: What does the story say about bravery?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer is incorrect. Courage is not mentioned.

critique: "No answer" - must be an incomplete answer, needs editing.

critique: There is no answer because the question is not answered in the story.

critique: It's omitted that the story does not mention bravery.

critique: There is nothing in the text about bravery.

critique: There is no answer because the question is not answered in the text.

critique: There is no information about bravery in the story.


text:
COMPUTATIONAL PARTICLE PHYSICS refers to the methods and computing tools developed in and used by particle physics research. Like computational chemistry or computational biology, it is, for particle physics both a specific branch and an interdisciplinary field relying on computer science, theoretical and experimental particle physics and mathematics. The main fields of computational particle physics are: lattice field theory (numerical computations), automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay (computer algebra) and event generators (stochastic methods).[1][2][3]

Computing tools

-   Computer algebra: Many of the computer algebra languages were developed initially to help particle physics calculations: Reduce, Mathematica, Schoonschip, Form, GiNaC.[4]
-   Data Grid: The largest planned use of the grid systems will be for the analysis of the LHC - produced data. Large software packages have been developed to support this application like the LHC Computing Grid (LCG) . A similar effort in the wider e-Science community is the GridPP collaboration, a consortium of particle physicists from UK institutions and CERN.[5]
-   Data Analysis Tools: These tools are motivated by the fact that particle physics experiments and simulations often create large datasets, e.g. see references.[6][7]

_David Rousseau, “The Software behind the Higgs Boson Discovery,” IEEE Software, pp. 11-15, Sept.-Oct., 2012_

-   Software Libraries: Many software libraries are used for particle physics computations. Also important are packages that simulate particle physics interactions using Monte Carlo simulation techniques (i.e. event generators).

History

Particle physics played a role in the early history of the internet, the World-Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee when working at CERN in 1991.

Computer Algebra

Note: This section contains an excerpt from 'Computer Algebra in Particle Physics' by Stefan Weinzierl

Particle physics is an important field of application for computer algebra and exploits the capabilities of Computer Algebra Systems (CAS). This leads to valuable feed-back for the development of CAS. Looking at the history of computer algebra systems, the first programs date back to the 1960s.[8] The first systems were almost entirely based on LISP (“LISt Programming language”). LISP is an interpreted language and, as the name already indicates, designed for the manipulation of lists. Its importance for symbolic computer programs in the early days has been compared to the importance of FORTRAN for numerical programs in the same period.[9] Already in this first period, the program REDUCE had some special features for the application to high energy physics. An exception to the LISP-based programs was SCHOONSHIP, written in assembler language by Martinus J. G. Veltman and specially designed for applications in particle physics. The use of assembler code lead to an incredible fast program (compared to the interpreted programs at that time) and allowed the calculation of more complex scattering processes in high energy physics. It has been claimed the program's importance was recognized in 1998 by awarding the half of the Nobel prize to Veltman.[10] Also the program MACSYMA deserves to be mentioned explicitly, since it triggered important development with regard to algorithms. In the 1980s new computer algebra systems started to be written in C. This enabled the better exploitation of the resources of the computer (compared to the interpreted language LISP) and at the same time allowed to maintain portability (which would not have been possible in assembler language). This period marked also the appearance of the first commercial computer algebra system, among which Mathematica and Maple are the best known examples. In addition, also a few dedicated programs appeared, an example relevant to particle physics is the program FORM by J. Vermaseren as a (portable) successor to SCHOONSHIP. More recently issues of the maintainability of large projects became more and more important and the overall programming paradigma changed from procedural programming to object-oriented design. In terms of programming languages this was reflected by a move from C to C++. Following this change of paradigma, the library GiNaC was developed. The GiNac library allows symbolic calculations in C++.

Code generation for computer algebra can also be used in this area.

Lattice field theory

Lattice field theory was created by Kenneth Wilson in 1974.[11] Simulation techniques were later developed from statistical mechanics.[12][13]

Since the early 1980s, LQCD researchers have pioneered the use of massively parallel computers in large scientific applications, using virtually all available computing systems including traditional main-frames, large PC clusters, and high-performance systems. In addition, it has also been used as a benchmark for high-performance computing, starting with the IBM Blue Gene supercomputer.

Eventually national and regional QCD grids were created: LATFOR (continental Europe), UKQCD and USQCD. The ILDG (International Lattice Data Grid) is an international venture comprising grids from the UK, the US, Australia, Japan and Germany, and was formed in 2002.[14]

[1] https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1211 _Computational Particle Physics for Event Generators and Data Analysis_ retrieved 8/24/20

[2] https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234060239_Computational_Particle_Physics_for_Event_Generators_and_Data_Analysis _Computational Particle Physics for Event Generators and Data Analysis_ retrieved 8/24/20

[3] https://www2.ccs.tsukuba.ac.jp/projects/ILFTNet/ _International research network for computational particle physics_ retrieved 8/24/20

[4] _Stefan Weinzierl:- “Computer Algebra in Particle Physics.” pgs 5-7. Accessed 1 January 2012; (alternative link) : “Computer Algebra in Particle Physics.” . Accessed 1 January 2012. “Seminario Nazionale di Fisica Teorica”, Parma, September 2002._

[5] ''GridPP website '' : accessed 19 June 2012.

[6] '' Dirk Duellmann, '' “Oracle Streams for the Large Hadron Collider” _, page 3. Accessed 1 January 2011._

[7] '' M Liu, W Kuehn et al. , '' “Hardware/Software Co-design of a General-Purpose Computation Platform in Particle Physics” _, page 1. Accessed 20 February 2012._

[8] _Stefan Weinzierl, op. cit. : pgs 3-5._

[9] _Stefan Weinzierl, op. cit. : pgs 3-5._

[10] _Stefan Weinzierl, op. cit. : pgs 3-5._

[11] '' Kenneth G. Wilson, Confinement of quarks, Physical Review D, 10, 1974, p. 2445–59 ''

[12] '' David J. E. Callaway and Aneesur Rahman (1982). “Microcanonical Ensemble Formulation of Lattice Gauge Theory”. Physical Review Letters 49 (9): 613–616. Bibcode 1982PhRvL..49..613C. .''

[13] '' David J. E. Callaway and Aneesur Rahman (1983). “Lattice gauge theory in the microcanonical ensemble”. Physical Review D28 (6): 1506–1514. Bibcode 1983PhRvD..28.1506C. . ''

[14] '' C.M. Maynard: International Lattice Data Grid: Turn on, plug in, and download. Ch.2, pg. 3. arXiv:1001.5207, 2010. ''

title: Computational particle physics

question: What does the text say about pioneers in computational particle physics?

answer: Tim Berners-Lee, the creator of the World Wide Web, was involved in particle physics. Martinus J.G. Veltman was also involved in particle physics. Under his leadership, SCHOONSHIP was written in assembler language.

critique: The answer should mention Kenneth Wilson.

critique: The answer should mention Kenneth Wilson, the creator of lattice field theory.

question: What does the text say about data grids?

answer: Data grids are used for the analysis of LHC - produced data. Large software packages have been developed to support this application like the LHC Computing Grid (LCG). A similar effort in the wider e-Science community is the GridPP collaboration, a consortium of particle physicists from UK institutions and CERN.

critique: "A similar effort in the wider e-Science community is the GridPP collaboration, a consortium of particle physicists from UK institutions and CERN." - does not talk about what a data grid is, so move it to the end of the response.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

critique: The answer should mention the GridPP collaboration.

critique: The response needs to include the fact that the largest planned use of the grid systems will be for the analysis of the LHC-produced data.

question: Summarize everything that happened in the 1990s.

answer: Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web in 1991 when he was working at CERN. Martinus J.G. Veltman wrote SCHOONSHIP in assembler language in 1998, which lead to an incredible fast program and allowed the calculation of more complex scattering processes in high energy physics. In 1998, Veltman was awarded half of the Nobel prize for this.

critique: The answer omits that in 1998, Martinus J.G. Veltman was awarded half of the Nobel prize for SCHOONSHIP.

question: What does the text say about smartphones?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that the text does not mention smartphones.

critique: It is possible that smartphones could be described as a way that particle physics tactics form the basis of a global information network. This can be added to the answer.

critique: The answer should mention that the article does not mention smartphones.

critique: The answer should mention that smartphones are not mentioned.

critique: The answer should mention that the question is not answered in the text.

critique: The response is incorrect. The text does not mention anything about smartphones.


text:
Sherman Pine wondered why he hated his life. On paper it was perfect. He had more than anyone could ask for, and had built it from nothing. He’d taken the high road, worked hard and perceived through adversity. He had never stooped to the level of those who had stood in his way, it was something he prided himself on, his moral compass. He was a loving father, in a picture perfect marriage. He had the house, the two cars, the loving dog. A stable career, was nearly his own boss, had supportive coworkers. He had his health, his hair, and had never gone to bed hungry a day in his adult life.

He wanted to kill himself.

It was a feeling that had crept upon him year after year. He pushed it aside every morning, focusing on his next step, where he was going; his big plans. He focused on raising his beautiful daughter, being there for every big moment, and most of the little ones. He’d laid out steps to create the best career he could, and had followed them to the T, and it had led to success and security. He’d met his one True Love, and it had been straight from a story book; the fights had been fleeting, they never went to bed angry, and even after nearly 30 years of marriage they still reveled in each other, that passion had never ceased.

He wanted to kill himself.

Nothing was lacking in his life, this was the proverbial American Dream™, surpassing even his own expectations that had formulated in his head at a young age. He’d done it all himself, and had done it the “right” way, no cheats or shortcuts, never stepping on another for his own gain. His moral compass stayed strong. He’d been tempted; one of his first memories was seeing a hundred dollar bill fall out of a stranger’s wallet at the age of ten. He had spoken up, they had picked it up, stuffed it in with all the others. A young boy can do a lot of things with a hundred dollars, but Sherman had never hesitated. It was that memory he went back to time and time again, whenever he was tempted. His moral compass stayed strong.

He wanted to kill himself.

He’d stayed healthy, rarely drank, had never touched any drug. Except those darn coffee beans he would say with a smile, when the subject had come up. His daughter had left for college, and he had told her that this was her time, that he would love her no matter what her choices were, but to please be careful. She’d seen his honesty when he told her with a smile Except those darn coffee beans and she had taken it to heart. He knew she wouldn’t stay as straight and narrow as he had been, he knew it was a different time, he was okay with her trying The Pot, or whatever kids were doing these days. He trusted her, and she loved him for it. She’d been there for two years now, but visited frequently, always bright and cheerful, so beautiful, always smiling.

He wanted to kill himself.

He never said the words aloud. He convinced himself his wife had no idea, but sometimes as they sat in silence watching whatever was on the TV she would look at him with a question in her eyes. “Are you okay?” But she never said the words aloud. If he caught her gaze (he always knew, but would only sometimes turn his head to meet her eyes) she would blink in surprise and then peck him on the cheek. She trusted him, she loved him, if there was pain there he would tell her. And why would he feel any pain? They had everything. Why did he feel like he had nothing?

He wanted to kill himself.

It was becoming his mantra. He tried harder and harder to push it away, but the stronger he pushed, the louder it became.

HE WANTED TO KILL HIMSELF.

He could remember the thought coming when he was younger, but he had replaced it with his work. As he climbed higher it came back, but he replaced it with his first and only Love. As they settled into their life together it came back, but he replaced it with the love for his child. As she grew older it came back, and he could not think of anything to put in its place. He looked to the future and saw nothing but sadness. He looked to the past and could only remember his mistakes. The pain in his heart grew, and he truly believed he had nothing to live for.

He was going to kill himself.

He stood on the bridge at 3am. He looked down at the darkness below. Somewhere down there the river twisted and rolled, as cold as his heart. His mind raced, backwards and forwards. To the things he had left unsaid, to the pain he would cause everyone in his life if he took one step forward. He thought of the world he lived in, that was slowly falling apart. His American Dream™ had kept him alive, but that dream was finished, he had woken in a nightmare. It was a nightmare of isolation and separation, of bigotry and misunderstanding, of looming doom.

He closed his eyes, raised his foot.

The cold breeze caressed his face. It gave him pause, and he opened his eyes. The clouds parted for only a second, but light from the quarter moon cut through them like a knife. The night lit up, both from the sky and the street. His thoughts stopped, his heart raced. In that moment, the world was beautiful. The moon illuminated the waves far below. The street lights reflected in the fog, halos forming around each bulb that hummed softly. The wind danced around him, only made visible by the leaves that slowly circled towards the cold river. The night was beautiful.

His mind was silent.

He felt an almost indescribable feeling in his chest, a tingle that started at the base of his neck and spread quickly throughout his entire body.  He had never felt anything like it; not when he said “I do” – his thoughts on the wedding night to come; not when his baby girl first opened her eyes and smiled at him – his mind concentrating on holding her the right way and the responsibilities to come; not even in the dull glow that comes after he made love to his Love – thinking about their plans for tomorrow as he drifted off to sleep. He had never felt this energy in his being before; he had never had his mind fall silent before.  The night around him was beautiful, but ordinary. It was full of magic, but nothing had changed. He had opened his eyes to a new world that was inseparable from the old. It had always been there; right there, right in front of him, present, but he had always had his eyes elsewhere. Looking to what came next, or what had already happened.  How could he have never realized before? Even if he had nothing – which was far from the truth – he had the most wonderful gift. It was one that everyone had but few acknowledged, a gift that sat in plain sight but was rarely opened. He was here, now. He saw the beauty in the world.

He felt Joy.

title: Sherman Pine (OC, x-post r/fiction, unedited)

question: What does the story say about what may make Sherman a good person?

answer: Sherman is a hardworking, stoic individual. He has both loved and supported his family throughout his life and never done anything illegal or unethical. He never takes what doesn't belong to him and he is aware of the potential for temptation in life.

critique: The answer should mention that he is a good person because he is able to see the beauty in life.

critique: The answer should mention that Sherman is a good person because he has a moral compass.

question: Summarize the relationship between Sherman and his wife.

answer: Sherman's wife evidently loves him, and trusts him. There is a question in her eyes as to whether he's alright, but he puts it down to being a good husband and father and not wanting to worry her. She loves and trusts him, and his suicide will cause pain. He thinks though that she couldn't love him if she knew the truth.

critique: The answer is confusing and doesn't make sense.

text: It should be mentioned that he sees her as his one true love, that they do not have sustained fights, and are still happily together after nearly 30 years of marriage, but he is unable to bring himself to tell her about his suicidal thoughts.

question: What does the text say about suicidal ideations?

answer: Sherman Pine is a man who is, on the surface, living the "American Dream". In reality, he's full of pain and regrets and doesn't see a future for himself. He's tried to push his suicidal thoughts aside and focus on the moment, but he's failed. He's tried replacing it with his career that made him successful, his wife, and his daughter. Ultimately, he's realized he can't replace the thought and knows that he hates his life and wants to kill himself.

critique: The answer should mention that he's realized he can't replace the thought and knows that he hates his life and wants to kill himself.

critique: The response is incorrect. Sherman Pine did not try to replace his suicidal thoughts with his career, wife, and daughter.

question: Summarize the story's resolution.

answer: Sherman is on a bridge, contemplating suicide, but he feels a tingle in his chest and his mind falls silent, and he realizes that he feels joy. He has never felt the energy in his being before, and he has never had his mind fall silent. He realizes that he is here, now, and sees the beauty in the world.

critique: The answer should mention that he decides not to kill himself.

critique: The answer is a summary of the story's events, but it should include the resolution.

question: What does the story say about friendship?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that the story does not mention friendship.


text:
ARGENTINA - SERBIA RELATIONS are foreign relations between Serbia and Argentina. Diplomatic relations between Serbia and Argentina existed before the Second World War and were restored by SFR Yugoslavia in 1946. Serbia has an embassy in Buenos Aires and Argentina has an embassy in Belgrade.[1]

Argentine position on Kosovo

In 2008, after _Kosovo_ declared independence as a _Republic of Kosovo_, Argentine Foreign Minister Jorge Taiana said “if we were to recognise Kosovo, which has declared its independence unilaterally, without an agreement with Serbia, we would set a dangerous precedent that would seriously threaten our chances of a political settlement in the case of the Falkland Islands”. Argentina will not recognize also because it “supports the principle of territorial integrity”. Additionally, he stressed that the 1999 UN Resolution 1244 called for the mutual agreement of all parties to solve the dispute. He said that President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner would not give any official statement on the issue, reiterating that there would be no recognition of Kosovo.[2][3]

Drug busts

[Embassy of Serbia in Buenos Aires] In November 2009, Argentine Police arrested 5 Serbian drug couriers and seized their 492 kilograms of cocaine in Buenos Aires.[4] On 31 October 2009, Serbian police arrested over 500 people in the biggest ever anti-drug operation carried out in Serbia.[5][6] Many of the drugs had passed through Argentina as well as other South American and European nations before being smuggled into Serbian borders.[7]

Visits

On April 14, 2008 Serbian Minister of Foreign Affairs Vuk Jeremić visited Argentina, and agreed with Argentine Foreign Minister Jorge Taiana, on a series of joint steps within international multilateral institutions related to Serbia's diplomatic approach to Kosovo. Argentina will support the initiative of Serbia within the UN General Assembly to ask the opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legality of recognising Kosovo's unilateral independence and will actively advocate that this initiative is supported by Latin America countries and within the Non-Aligned Movement and Mercosur. During the visit it was agreed that Taiana will visit Belgrade in June and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in 2009.[8]

Bilateral treaties

  Dates                Treaty                                                                              City           Ratification
  -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- --------------------
  October 8, 1928      Convention on reciprocity in the payment of compensation for industrial accidents   Buenos Aires   January 9, 1935
  September 19, 1946   Agreement establishing diplomatic and trade relations                               Buenos Aires   September 19, 1946
  June 19, 1965        Commercial Agreement                                                                Buenos Aires   May 10, 1967
  July 19, 1974        Draft Agreement on Economic Cooperation                                             Buenos Aires
  September 21, 1977   Final Act of the II Meeting of the Joint Argentine-Yugoslav Commission              Belgrade
  September 21, 1977   Agreement on Scientific and Technical Cooperation                                   Belgrade       August 10, 1979
  September 21, 1977   Convention on Economic and Technical Cooperation                                    Belgrade       November 3, 1978
  August 4, 1981       Agreement on abolishing visas for diplomatic and official passports                 Belgrade       August 31, 1981
  October 26, 1987     Agreement on abolishing visas for ordinary passports                                Buenos Aires   October 16, 1988
  October 27, 1987     Veterinary and Sanitary Agreement                                                   Buenos Aires   June 27, 1988
  October 27, 1987     Convention on Cultural Cooperation                                                  Buenos Aires   June 20, 1996

[1] Political relations with Argentina , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia]

[2] Argentina rules out recognition, B92

[3] Por las Malvinas, el Gobierno decidió no reconocer a Kosovo, Clarin

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8] Argentina strongly supports Serbia’s territorial integrity and sovereignty, Government of Serbia

title: Argentina–Serbia relations

question: Why did Argentina refuse to acknowledge the existence of Kosovo as an independent country?

answer: In 2008, Argentina's Foreign Minister, Taiana, implied that Argentina 'supports the principle of territorial integrity' and as a result, will not recognize Kosovo. He supports a political settlement, recognizing Kosovo without an agreement with Serbia sets a dangerous precedent threatening the chances of peaceful coexistence in the area.

critique: The last sentence is largely irrelevant.

critique: The answer is a bit vague and doesn't really explain the reason behind Argentina's refusal to acknowledge Kosovo's independence.

critique: The first sentence is irrelevant and should be removed.


text:
Air Vice Marshal JULIE HAMMER, (born 17 February 1955) is an Australian engineer and a retired senior officer in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). She was the first woman to be promoted to one-star rank, and also the first woman to be promoted to two-star rank, in the Australian Defence Force. She was also the first woman to command an operational unit in the RAAF.

Early life

Julie Margaret Hammer was born in Brisbane on 17 February 1955.[1] She was educated at Brisbane Girls Grammar School.[2] Graduating in 1971, she was placed eighth in the State of Queensland in the Senior Public Matriculation Examination.[3] She attended the University of Queensland where she majored in Physics, graduating with a Bachelor of Science with Honours.[4]

Service history

In 1977, Hammer joined the RAAF as an Education Officer, serving in the engineer cadet squadron at Frognall, Melbourne until 1979, and then Instructor at the RAAF School of Radio at Laverton.[5][6]

In 1981, the Engineer Branch was opened to women and she transferred to the Electronics Category.[7] She managed deep-level maintenance on the RAAF's F-111, UH-1 Iroquois, CH-47 Chinook, and Canberra aircraft with No. 3 Aircraft Depot at RAAF Base Amberley. She then worked at Headquarters Support Command in the engineering management of avionics equipment for the RAAF fleet. In June 1985 she was promoted to squadron leader,[8] and became Sub-Section Head in the Aircraft Equipment Engineering Division (AEENG3) of Headquarters Support Command at Victoria Barracks, Melbourne.[9]

After 16 months study at No. 5 Advanced Systems Engineering Course at RAF Cranwell, she became a liaison officer in the Directorate of Scientific and Technical Intelligence at the Ministry of Defence in London.[10] After the completion of her Master of Science thesis in Aerosystems Engineering in 1987, she became a technical intelligence analyst with the Joint Intelligence Organisation in Canberra. This was followed by work on the P-3 Orion ESM Project, first as project engineer and then, following promotion to wing commander, as project manager.[11]

In 1992, she assumed command of the Electronic Warfare Squadron at RAAF Base Edinburgh, becoming the first woman to command an operational unit of the RAAF,[12] for which she was awarded the Conspicuous Service Cross in the Australia Day list in 1997.[13] She was also the recipient of the 1996 Association of Old Crows (Australian Chapter) Award for Distinguished Service to Electronic Warfare.[14]

Returning to Canberra in 1996, she took the role of Project Director of Joint Project 2030 (JP2030), the Australian Defence Force's Joint Command Support Environment (JCSE), in the Command and Support Systems Branch of the Defence Acquisition Organisation (DAO).[15] She completed a Graduate Diploma in Strategic Studies at the Joint Services Staff College, and became the first woman in the RAAF to become a member of the General List when she was promoted to group captain in 1996.[16] She was seconded for four months to serve on the Science and Technology Team of the Defence Efficiency Review.[17]

During 1999, she was the lone Australian student at the Royal College of Defence Studies, completing a 12-month course in strategic and international studies. Returning to Australia in December 1999, she was promoted to air commodore, becoming the first woman to achieve that rank and the first to be promoted to one-star rank in the ADF.[18] When she was subsequently promoted to air vice marshal in 2003, she became the first woman to attain two-star rank in the ADF.[19]

She assumed duties as Director General Information Services, responsible for the operations and support of Defence's fixed communications networks and computer systems throughout Australia. In December 2001, she became the first woman Commandant of the Australian Defence Force Academy. That year she was awarded the Sir Charles Kingsford Smith Memorial Medal by the Royal Aeronautical Society to recognise her contribution to Australian aerospace, and she delivered the Kingsford Smith Memorial Lecture.[20]

She was appointed by the Minister Assisting the Prime Minister for the Status of Women to be one of Australia's Honouring Women Ambassadors in 2002.[21] She became the University of Queensland's 12th Alumnus of the Year in 2003,[22] and a Member of the Order of Australia in 2004.[23]

Later career

Retiring from the RAAF in 2005, Hammer became the National Vice President of Engineers Australia, and its president in 2008.[24] She is a director of the .au Domain Regulator, auDA.[25] In 2008 she was elected as a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering,[26] and was appointed an Honorary Fellow of Engineers Australia in 2011.[27]

Hammer has been married to fellow RAAF officer, Air Vice Marshal David Dunlop, since September 2000.[28]

[1]

[2] Air Vice Marshall Julie Hammer Brisbane Girls Grammar School article

[3] Defence Media Release PACC 186/03 4 July 2003

[4]

[5] Bright Sparcs Biographical entry

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24] First female President for Engineers Australia
Julie Hammer FIEAust EngExec FTSE FRAeA GAICD – 2008 National President, Engineers Australia, Year of Engineering Leadership, Steering Group Profiles, www.engineersaustralia.org.au

[25]

[26]

[27] Honorary Fellows 2011, pg.14, Engineers Australia Queensland Newsletter, Edition 4, 2011, www.engineersaustralia.org.au

[28]

title: Julie Hammer

question: Why was Vice Marshal Julie Hammer awarded with many honors throughout her career?

answer: She was the first woman to command an operational unit in the Royal Australian Air Force. She was also the first woman to become a member of the General List. She then retired and assumed duties as Director General Information Services, responsible for the operations and support of Defence's fixed communications networks and computer systems throughout Australia. She became the University's 12th alumna of the Year in 2003. Then in 2004, she was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia.

critique: She wasn't the 'first woman to command...'. It is implied she was probably the first to command after women were allowed to do so (in the Australian Air Force).

critique: The reason for her being awarded the honors should be listed in the answer.

critique: The response is missing the reason why Julie Hammer was awarded with many honors throughout her career.

critique: The response is missing the reason why she was awarded the honors.

critique: The response is missing the reason why she was awarded many honors throughout her career.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.


text:
The Checkup

The arts can be a source of joy in a child’s day, and also come in handy for memorizing times tables.

[]

Credit...iStock

-   March 4, 2019

In “A Tree Grows in Brooklyn_,”_ Betty Smith’s 1943 autobiographical novel about growing up poor in the early 20th century, the public school that the heroine attends is a pretty bleak place. But “there was a great golden glory lasting a half-hour each week when Mr. Morton came to Francie’s room to teach music.”

He taught them classical music, the book continues, without telling them what they were learning, setting his own words to the great works. “Little boys whistled part of Dvorak’s New World Symphony as they played marbles. When asked the name of the song, they’d reply ‘Oh, “Going Home.”’ They played potsy, humming ‘The Soldiers’ Chorus’ from Faust, which they called ‘Glory.’”

Francie also looked forward to the visits of the drawing teacher; “these two visiting teachers were the gold and silver sun-splash in the great muddy river of school days.”

Arts education in schools has introduced many children to great painters and great music, and helped them through their first dance steps or tentative musical endeavors. It can serve as a bright spot in the schoolchild’s day or week, a class that brings in beauty, color and joy, and which is not about testing.

These subjects are often under threat either from budget cuts or from the inexorable demands of academic testing and “accountability,” but insights from neuroscience suggest that arts education can play additional important roles in how children learn.

Paul T. Sowden, a professor of psychology at the University of Winchester in England, warned that in Britain, as in the United States, arts and humanities subjects have suffered in recent years as the emphasis shifted to science and technology. It's important, he said, that arts education be available equally to everyone. But arts education, he said, is a chance to build resilience and determination in children, as well as to help them master complex skills.

Arts education encompasses many disciplines: “I’m talking about everything from music, drama, dance, design, visual arts,” Dr. Sowden said. And the goal goes beyond the specific subjects, he said: “You’re looking for opportunities in the arts education context to encourage children to ask questions, to use their imaginations, but also to approach their work in a systematic, disciplined way.”

When children are younger, arts education helps develop their capacity for collaboration, for creativity, and even for asking questions. As they get older, he said, “their executive function is much more developed, their ability to sustain attentional tasks is much greater.” For them, arts education can offer the chance to refine and polish a skill over time, or revise a project until it is as good as it can be.

Sometimes the arts are taught in a very set curriculum, Dr. Sowden said, but there are real advantages to teaching in a more exploratory way, where children can experiment. And both parents and teachers can encourage children to explore, he said; “that’s the way you get the biggest benefit, not just learning to reproduce a particular work by Monet or dance sequence.”

The skills that children master in arts education, he said, may be transferable to other curricular areas.

Mariale Hardiman, a professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Education, where she directs the neuro-education initiative, was interested in how children do — and don’t — retain what they learn in school. “A lot of the information we teach doesn’t stick.”

What she saw as a school principal, she said, was that when arts were integrated into the curriculum, “learning became more visible.” Teachers told her “the children would remember the information better when they taught it through the arts.”

So though arts education has many other benefits, she said, such as creative thinking, her studies have focused on children’s memory for academic subjects, comparing what children remembered 10 weeks after material was taught. Researchers wrote two different versions of the curriculum, matched for content and timing, both involving active learning, but one including arts education. For example, in an arts integrated curriculum, students would sketch their vocabulary words, or learn some of the material as songs, or act out molecular motion with their bodies.

The children who had learned the material in the curriculum that made use of the arts remembered more, and the effect was largest among the children who were less strong academically, the “lower performers.”

“We found the biggest difference with children at the lower level of achievement,” Dr. Hardiman said. “Could this be at least one lever for closing an achievement gap?” After all, these are often the students who are condemned to dreary drill and repetition, in hopes of bringing them to a higher level: “What if the arts are a lever of school reform, better than the drill and kill we do with remedial students?”

In a 2019 article in the journal Trends in Neuroscience and Education, Dr. Hardiman and her colleagues described the results of a randomized controlled trial looking at fifth-graders who were taught science content, some using techniques from arts education, and others with more conventional instruction. The researchers again saw an effect on the students with more limited reading skills; they remembered more science if they had learned with the integrated arts methods.

So why might the arts integration help children’s memory? “Arts allow for elaboration, allow for repetition,” Dr. Hardiman said. “Memory is certainly enhanced through repetition, the more you revisit something, the more you remember it.” And the visual and performing arts also allow children to elaborate in creative ways on the material.

The advantage of learning through the arts will come as no surprise to anyone who grew up with the “Fifty Nifty United States” song or learned how a bill becomes a law from Schoolhouse Rock. Some of today’s children are learning history from the lyrics of “Hamilton.”

I suddenly remembered a rather mournful tune from decades ago, in high school, when a science teacher told us we would be tested on the elements with a charge of positive 2 and a friend and I set them to a chant; I can still name them, in order, and when it comes to chemistry, I am definitely one of the less able students.

“Arts integration should not replace arts education,” Dr. Hardiman said. She suggested a “three-legged stool,” with one leg being arts education, including dedicated classes in visual and performing arts, and the second arts and cultural offerings, such as artists coming into the school or visits to museums. The third leg would be the integration of the arts into the teaching of other subjects.

“Parents can easily do simple arts activities with kids,” Dr. Hardiman said, and can incorporate these ideas around homework or just in spending time together. Maybe it would help to put the multiplication tables into a song, or ask children to sketch their ideas, or use body poses to show the emotion that a character in a story is feeling.

Ronald Beghetto, a professor of educational psychology and the director of Innovation House at the University of Connecticut, studies creativity in educational settings, which, he said, “can be manifest across all different disciplines.”

“We tend, as adults, to overplan and overstructure young people’s experiences,” Dr. Beghetto said. While structure is important, he said, so is “letting kids determine their own problems to solve, their own ways to solve them.”

Arts education, he said, can provide those structured opportunities that foster creativity.

“Working through some creative endeavor, we’re really resolving uncertainty,” he said. “We approach the blank canvas.”

question: What does the text say about Dr. Hardiman?

answer: Mariale Hardiman is a professor at the Johns Hopkins School of Education. She directs the neuro-education initiative. She grew up as a school principal, and she noticed that children were able to remember more when taught using the arts. She specifically focuses on students learning about science, and her studies have found that students learned more when taught using the arts. She believes it is because the arts allow for elaboration, repetition, and memory.

critique: The answer should mention that Hardiman's research focuses on the memory of students with limited reading skills.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

critique: The answer should mention that she believes the arts can help close the achievement gap.

critique: The article doesn't say that she grew up as a school principal.

critique: The last paragraph is redundant with what is stated between the 2nd and 3rd paragraphs and needs to be removed to keep the information brief.

question: What does the text say about Dr. Sowden?

answer: Dr. Sowden is a professor of psychology at the University of Winchester in England. He warns that in Britain, as in the United States, arts and humanities subjects have suffered in recent years as the emphasis shifted to science and technology. He says that arts education can play an important role in how children learn. He says that arts education can build resilience and determination in children, as well as help them master complex skills.

critique: The answer should mention that he says arts education can be transferable to other curricular areas.

critique: The answer should mention his study's results.

critique: The answer should mention his thoughts on teaching.

critique: The answer should mention that Dr. Sowden is interested in how children do and don't retain what they learn in school.

critique: The answer should mention that he says arts education can play a role in how children learn.

critique: The answer should mention that he suggests teaching in an exploratory way.

text: The answer should also mention about arts education being transferable to other curricular areas, its role in how children learn, and his thoughts on teaching in an exploratory way.