text:
Tridan Engineering, based in the UK, relied on Renishaw machine tool probes to align complex castings as part of a motorsport machining contract for Ricardo Performance Products. For a project that normally would’ve taken about two months to complete, the turnaround time on the first batch of parts was compressed to 17 days without any compromise in the quality standards demanded by the client.

[Tridan machinist holding casting]

This casting is for an axle assembly commissioned by Ricardo Performance Products on short notice, compressing a two- or three-month project into a mere 17 days. Renishaw technologies helped Tridan Engineering deliver on time.

Part of the Langham Industries Group, Tridan was established in 1968 to provide a total outsourcing partnership and machining service to international customers. The company currently employs around 60 people and is approved to both AS9100 and ISO:14001 certifications. Sectors served include aerospace, military, automotive, motorsport, medical and marine.
The machine shop has CNC grinding and sliding-headstock turning capabilities as well as a tooling department. Its 14 CNC machining centers include Mazak Variaxis i-600 five-axis machines and HCN500 HMCs. The latter are configured with twin pallets and 80-station tool carousels.

“Ricardo Performance Products was having problems in the testing of a rear axle for a Rally car that we had manufactured on previous occasions,” explains Paul Coupland, machine shop manager at Tridan. “The issue was one of design and strength, so they needed a new ‘beefed-up’ axle to test. A project like this would normally take eight to 10 weeks as we arranged meetings with the customer, offered design-for-manufacturability recommendations to help remove cost, prepare tooling and so on. However, we were given just 17 days in order to meet a date slot that had already been booked at the test house.”

Using On-Machine Probes to Locate Complex Castings

Two complex castings make up the rear axle assembly: a cover and a main case.

-   MAIN CASE: The first two operations are performed on a Mazak HMC. The part is then transferred to a five-axis machining center for a single operation before returning to the horizontal machine for a finishing operation with it bolted to the cover.
-   COVER: This part is machined complete on a five-axis machining center over the course of three operations.

“On our five-axis machines, we used Renishaw RMP600 probes, which enable us to balance the cover castings accurately on the first operation,” Mr. Coupland says. “That way, we can guarantee to Ricardo that the holes and features are where they need to be. Similarly, on the horizontals we use Renishaw OMP60 probes, which are again used for balancing the main case castings on the first operation to ensure we supply good parts to the customer.” He adds, “This proved vital for the first batch, as Ricardo had precious little time between assembly and delivery to the test facility. There was no margin for problems or delays at the assembly stage. The parts had to fit the first time.”

[Renishaw RMP600]

The Renishaw RMP600 inspects the machined Ricardo casting of the axle assembly’s cover portion.

When machining a casting, it is important to create a datum or some other point from which to work. By setting the position and alignment of the casting using Renishaw machine tool probe technology, Tridan makes sure that the machining process automatically adapts to any variation in stock condition. In this scenario, the work coordinate system is automatically aligned correctly to each part. Optimal part setup can help avoid undercuts.

The process requires a measurement dataset of the blank casting to be aligned to the position and orientation of datum and machined features, which is where the Renishaw probes come into play. Standard routines built into modern CNC controls simplify the integration of probing cycles into machining operations.

Post-Machining Inspection — (It’s Only FAIR)

[Renishaw PH10MQ]

The Renishaw PH10MQ, attached to a coordinate measuring machine (CMM), inspects the finished main case.

After separate machining of the cover and main case components, the two parts are bolted together and machined as an assembly on Tridan's HMCs. They are then separated and kept in pairs before tooling holes are machined as the final operation (once again on a horizontal machine).

But the work doesn't end there. “With every batch of castings machined for Ricardo, we have to supply a FAIR (first-article inspection report), detailing all critical dimensions on the part,” Mr. Coupland says. “For this, we use our coordinate measuring machine (CMM) with a Renishaw PH10MQ probe head to deliver complete peace of mind for both ourselves and the customer. We use various attachments with the PH10MQ, including the Renishaw TP20 kinematic touch trigger probe.”

The Renishaw probe on the CMM allows Tridan to access the internal recesses and awkward features on the castings. This CMM is also used to perform first-off inspection for machined castings, although some features are checked using Tridan's manual CMM.

“Accuracy is the main reason we use Renishaw technology,” Mr. Coupland says. “I don't think we could do half of what we do without their probes.”

Speed and Efficiency (and Hard Work)

[Paul Coupland]

Paul Coupland, head of Tridan's machine shop, proudly displays one of the finished Ricardo axle assemblies.

The ability to align the castings accurately and efficiently using Renishaw machine tool probes and perform dimensional checks using Renishaw CMM probe technology meant that Tridan could give its customer a quality product in the short timeframe specified.

“Without doubt, speed and efficiency are the major benefits,” Mr. Coupland concludes. He reckons that without the Renishaw equipment, the parts might have taken days to measure manually.  Even still, he adds, “The tolerances involved would make manual measurement almost impossible.”

By working closely with Ricardo and operating 24 hours a day, seven days a week, Tridan was able to deliver the new axle castings at 10 a.m. on the day prior to the scheduled test.

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question: What are the two complex castings which make up the rear axle assembly?

answer: A cover, and a main case

critique: The answer could be phrased as a complete sentence.

question: What does the Renishaw RMP600 do?

answer: It inspects the machined Ricardo casting of the axle assembly's cover portion.

critique: It's omitted that the RMP600 is a probe.

critique: The answer should be more specific about what the Renishaw RMP600 does.

critique: It's omitted that the probe technology tool helps to verify location accuracy.


split: train

text:
JOSEPH or JOSEPHUS SCOTTUS[1] (died between 791 and 804), called THE DEACON, was an Irish scholar, diplomat, poet, and ecclesiastic, a figure in the Carolingian Renaissance. He has been cited as an early example of “the scholar in public life”.[2]

Life

His early life is obscure, but he studied first under Colcu, probably at Clonmacnoise, and then under Alcuin at York, probably in the 770s. At York he met and befriended Liudger, a Frisian and future Bishop of Münster, whom he mentions in a poem requesting a “polished staff”. Joseph eventually wound up at the court of the Frankish king Charlemagne, probably after accompanying Alcuin to the continent in the 780s.

Joseph was at the Frankish court during a period (790s) of rising anti-Irish sentiment (often expressed in verse), but he seems nonetheless to have established a bond of trust with both Alcuin and Charlemagne. In 787 or 788 Charlemagne sent Joseph and several others on a diplomatic mission to Rome to deal with the Papacy and to Spoleto and Benevento, the capitals of two Lombard duchies opposed to Frankish overlordship. While in southern Italy Joseph and his companions were separated by agents of the Lombard dukes and almost killed.

In 790 Joseph took over Alcuin's position at court while the Northumbrian master was on unexpectedly extended business in his homeland. Thereafter his career is obscure. He eventually rose to become an abbot, but when and where are unknown. It has been suggested, on the basis of his experience in south Italian politics, that he was briefly abbot of Montecassino, but the evidence for this is slim.

Writings

Joseph participated in a revival of acrostic poetry fostered by Alcuin at Charlemagne's court. Four such poems of his are preserved in a collection of religious acrostics, including some by Alcuin and others by Theodulf of Orléans, in a manuscript (MS 212) now in the Burgerbibliothek in Bern. Addressed to Charlemagne, the acrostic _carmina figurata_—on the similarity of Eve and the Virgin Mary, princely virtues, the Cross, and the names of Christ—imitate the late antique panegyrics Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius addressed to Constantine the Great. The poems, though never popular as literature, still demonstrate “technical virtuosity”.

The only other work which certainly belongs to Joseph is an abridgement of a commentary on Isaiah by Jerome (_Abbreuiatio_ or _Epitome commentarii (Sancti) Hieronymi in Isaiam_), which was apparently ordered by Alcuin. Two other works have been attributed to him, including a lost suite of riddles mentioned in a Passau manuscript before 903. These are more probably the work of Joseph, Bishop of Freising. He may also have written a _voces animantium_ (“voices of animals”) listing the sounds of animals in alphabetical order with glosses, now in the Biblioteca Nacional de España (MS 19, folio 189v). This genre was common, but the alphabetisation is unusual. If it is indeed to be ascribed to Joseph, it was probably lifted from his personal notebook.

Sources

-   Garrison, Mary (2004). “Joseph Scottus (d. 791x804).” _Oxford Dictionary of National Biography_, vol. 30. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
-   -   Silvers, Margaret. (2016) _Josephus Scottus's Abbreviation of Jerome's Commentariorum in Esaiam: A Partial Edition with Apparatus_. University of York: Doctoral dissertation.

Notes

Category:Latinists Category:Medieval Irish poets Category:8th-century Irish people Category:8th-century Frankish writers Category:Hiberno-Latin poets Category:Italian abbots Category:Irish scholars and academics Category:Irish diplomats Category:8th-century Irish writers Category:9th-century Irish writers Category:Irish expatriates in Germany Category:Irish expatriates in England Category:Irish expatriates in France Category:Irish expatriates in Italy Category:Irish male poets Category:8th-century Latin writers Category:Gaels

[1] The alternate spelling _Scotus_ is known, as is the Anglicisation “the Scot”, though the eighth-century Latin _Scottus_ meant “Irish”.

[2] Garrison, citing D. A. Bullough, “Aula renovata: the Carolingian court before the Aachen palace,” _Carolingian Renewal: Sources and Heritage_ (1991), 141.

title: Joseph Scottus

question: Summarize what happened during the Carolingian Renaissance.

answer: The Carolingian Renaissance was a period of cultural and intellectual revival within the Carolingian Empire during the second half of the 8th century and the first half of the 9th century. It was spurred by the court of Charlemagne and his scholars, including Alcuin and Joseph Scottus. The revival of acrostic poetry was fostered by Alcuin at Charlemagne's court.

critique: The answer does not mention the rise of anti-Irish sentiment.

critique: There is no mention of acrostic poetry in response to the main event of the Carolingian Renaissance.

critique: The answer should mention the anti-Irish sentiment.

critique: The answer should mention that Joseph Scottus was a scholar, diplomat, poet, and ecclesiastic.

question: Explain the reason for the religious and political tension during the Carolingian Renaissance.

answer: That information can't be found.

critique: The answer should mention that the tension is expressed in verse.

critique: The information is available in the article.

question: Summarize the risks that Joseph took throughout his life as a scholar.

answer: Joseph was a scholar and an academic who, despite not being a part of the monarchy, was a highly trusted member of the court. He was trusted enough to be sent on a diplomatic mission to Rome to deal with the Pope and even spent time with Charlemagne himself, though he wasn't part of the innermost circle. He was a known poet and acrostic poet and seemed to be daring enough to trade verses with other poets at court, whatever the risk may be. Considering his time at court, he seemed to have a knack for diplomacy and made it a point to establish trust with those around him-which is why he was trusted with diplomatic missions. Risky enough to be a scholar, he was a scholar in public life.

critique: It is omitted that Joseph was sent on a diplomatic mission to Rome to deal with the Papacy and to Spoleto and Benevento, the capitals of two Lombard duchies opposed to Frankish overlordship. While in southern Italy Joseph and his companions were separated by agents of the Lombard dukes and almost killed.

critique: Joseph was a scholar, a poet, and an acrostic poet. He wasn't a part of the monarchy, but was a trusted member of the court.

critique: The answer should mention the time Joseph spent in Italy.

critique: The answer should mention that Joseph was separated from his companions in Italy and almost killed.


text:
**“MYRTLE!!!”** his dad roared from the living room, waking him up instantly.

After a few impatient seconds he hears **“MYRTLE! GIT THE FUCK IN HERE!... RIGHT!... NOW!”**, this time followed by a thunderous BOOM as his dad slams his fist on the endtable, causing the spent cans of PBR and plastic bottles of Skol vodka to explode all over the living room.

Myrtle knew what was coming next, this pattern has been played out thousands of times. In fact, this was Myrtle’s life. Constantly being shit on. Not a friend in the world, not even an imaginary one.

Everyone called him “Myrtle the Turtle”, which is not only a cute rhyme, it’s a hilarious name because Myrtle looked like a god-damn turtle! A hundred pounds overweight, bulbous cheeks, small beaky mouth, round nose, but all arranged as such so that he looked like a cartoon turtle. He hated that nickname.

**“I SAID GIT IN HERE YOU FUCKIN’ TURTLE PIECE OF SHIT!”** his dad squeals in an impossibly loud crescendo. His three year old sister Maggie had long been screaming in the background.

He knew what he was going to walk into when he stepped foot into that livingroom - his six-foot-seven barrel shaped dad with a head shaped like a howitzer shell and a big nasty wiry red beard will be lumped out on the old worn out rocker and his mom will still be in same old-lady pajamas, sprawled out, halfway on the couch, with a needle in one hand and a TV remote in the other, speaking in tongues. His mother never seemed to make sense since she started poking herself with that damn needle. Maggie will be screaming, crawling on the garbage on the floor of the kitchen in the trailer which is located somewhere in the backwoods of West Virginia.

Myrtle knows any further hesitation will result in a far worse consequence, so he pulls himself out of bed.  With his head down, his shoulders slumped, he pedaled his feet towards the living room to see what that monster wanted - probably another bottle of vodka.

“Come a lil’ closer, boy.”

Myrtle robotically takes a step closer, head still down.

“I said CLOSER, BOY!”

Maggie’s screams double in volume, nobody seems to notice. Myrtle quickly takes two more steps towards his father.

“Y-y-ye-yes-s-s-sir?” Myrtle manages, when suddenly THWACK! his dad delivers a powerful open-handed smack right in the ear, deafening Myrtle with a painful ring. That god-damn ring again. A ring he has heard a thousand times.

*wheeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee* -- **“ON’T YOU EVER GIVE ME THA”** -- *eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee* **“OOK AGAIN YOU WORTHLE”** -- *eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee* -- **“OF SHIT!”**

“Davith s-stho heeth justh ahh” his mother mumbles, but then she quickly turns her trembling attention back to the needle.

“D-d-do y-you n-need mo-more med-medicine, d-dad?”

“You IDIOT, OF COURSE I DO! DON’T I LOOK SICK TO YOU, BOY?”

“Ye-yessir.”

Myrtle makes a beeline towards the fridge, so he can pull his fathers next bottle of vodka out of the freezer.

Without hesitation Myrtle slams the freezer door, does an about-face and makes a reverse-beeline back to his father, head still down, shoulders still slumped, and eyes that show the depression of a thousand emo kids.

Once back, he allows his father to swipe the bottle. Just like always, the asshole plies the cap off, wraps his lips around the top and takes such a deep pull that I swear it creates a vortex in his throat.

His mother continues speaking in tongues.

Myrtle manages to make it back to his bedroom without further confrontation.

What happens next is more of the same. It’s a pattern. Myrtle will continue this pattern of abuse and playing doctor until about 9:00 PM, which is when his father will pass out on the rocker and his mother will remain in a stasis between life and death. Myrtle will eventually find a way to sleep, only to live even worse nightmares. But not tonight.

Tonight the pattern will change. He’s had it up to here.

Myrtle sits hunched over on his bed, sweaty palms wet his pajamas. A sudden rush of confusion takes over him. An intense pang of anxiety begins to bleed in, now hemorrhaging. Pins and needles coat his hands, icy shivers crawl from his toes and work their way up to his head. He is drowning, gulping for air, his mind begins to crawl through the collapsing tunnel before him.

White noise from the television fills the air. Myrtle sits on his bed, staring into the living room. His eyes are now focused on his father. Myrtle is high on pure adrenaline and ecstasy. A feeling he has never felt before.

Without hesitation Myrtle gets out of bed and paces directly into the living room. His eyes jump up and stare at the shotgun, on the rack, right above that heap of shit who just happens to be his father.

Myrtle puts one foot up on his father’s crotch and begins crawling up, he reaches for the gun anxiously. His father shifts from side to side but doesn’t seem to waken. Myrtle continues climbing and he finally manages to grab the gun. He crawls back down. Myrtle grabs three cartridges from the end-table drawer.

His body feels entirely too heavy, so he sits down at his father’s feet and stares into the back of his eyelids. In one swift motion he swings the gun around, takes aim right between the eyes and pulls the trigger. **KA-RACK** - it looks like someone threw a cherry pie at the wall.

Myrtle lays with a tingle in his shoulder and his ears ringing. The white noise from the TV is quickly drowned out.

Eyes focused on Maggie, Myrtle rubs his shoulder, sits back up and chambers another round. Maggie’s body language insists she is screaming, but Myrtle hears nothing but that ring. Another rush of ecstasy consumes him as he raises the shotgun sight at Maggie.

*eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee* - **NOOOOOOOOOOO!!!**

He looks over to see his mother screaming frantically. He swings the gun mechanically, takes aim at his mother’s eye socket, then pulls the trigger. **KA-RACK** - another smashed cherry pie, this time on the couch.

Suddenly Myrtle’s rush of ecstasy comes to an end. He feels nothing except the TV static crawling through his skin. Myrtle feels completely numb.

There’s only one way to finish this.

Myrtle chambers one last round. He rubs his shoulder, stands up, then sets the gun sight right on Maggie’s screaming face. His trigger-finger trembles, he starts to pull the trigger back, but hesitates. He hears sirens blend with the ringing in his ears.

Myrtle falls to the floor, flips the gun, hugs it and swallows the barrel. The sirens grown louder. With the barrel in his mouth, he kicks at the trigger and his toe finally makes purchase. The ringing fades away.

title: Up To Here (an attempt at a short thriller)

question: What does the story say about the ringing in the ears that Myrtle often hears?

answer: The story implies that Myrtle hears the ringing in his ears often. He has also taken to hearing voices, suggesting to his dad's addiction to drinking and abusing him. As well as hearing voices from his father's brain as a protective measure that the brain imposes on itself to conserve itself from severe distress or trauma.

critique: This answer contains information not explicitly in the passage.

critique: I don't think it is implied that this is because of his dad's drinking, I think that the story is just trying to describe what it is like to be in his situation.

critique: The story does not imply that Myrtle hears voices.

critique: The answer is not related to the question.

critique: The answer is not relevant to the question.

critique: The story does not say anything about the ringing being a protective measure the brain imposes on itself.

critique: The story does not imply that Myrtle hears voices from his father's brain.

critique: The ringing in Myrtle's ears is simply a result of being hit.

critique: This response is inaccurate. The answer is available in the story, but it's also incorrect.

critique: The story never explicitly states that the ringing in his ears is a result of his father's abuse and drinking.

critique: 'Myrtle hears the ringing in his ears often. He has also taken to hearing voices, suggesting to his dad's addiction to drinking and abusing him. As well as hearing voices from his father's brain as a protective measure that the brain imposes on itself to conserve itself from severe distress or trauma.' is a conclusion, not a piece of evidence. It should be replaced by something from the text.

critique: The response is not related to the question.

critique: The response contains inaccurate information that is not found in the story.

critique: There is no evidence that his father's abuse is to blame for the noises in his ears.

question: What does the story say about the origin of the nickname "Myrtle the Turtle."

answer: Myrtle has a hunched posture and is obese. His huge cheeks make him resemble a turtle.

critique: The answer omits that Myrtle's parents call him "Myrtle the Turtle" because he has a small beak-like mouth.

critique: The answer should mention that Myrtle's father calls him "Myrtle the Turtle" because of his appearance.

critique: The story mentions that his appearance is like a turtle, but what causes the name is not in the story.

critique: It misses to mention that his cheek appearance resembles a turtle shell.

critique: The answer is missing the part about his small beak-like mouth.

critique: It is omitted that Myrtle's father calls him "Myrtle the Turtle" because of his appearance.

critique: "Myrtle has a hunched posture and is obese. His huge cheeks make him resemble a turtle. His three year old sister Maggie had long been screaming in the background" conveys the origin of the nickname.

critique: "Myrtle has a hunched posture and is obese. His huge cheeks make him resemble a turtle." - the story does not really say anything about his hunched posture and that he's obese.

critique: The answer doesn't mention his bulbous nose, round nose, or beak-like mouth.

critique: Myrtle's father calls him "turtle" and "piece of shit".

critique: This answer omits the fact that Myrtle's parents call him "Myrtle the Turtle" because of his appearance.

critique: It's omitted that his parents call him that because of his appearance.

critique: The question asks about the origin of the nickname, not the reason why Myrtle has a hunched posture.

question: What does the story say about why Myrtle's mother speaking in tongues?

answer: No answer

critique: The passage does not detail why Myrtle's mother is speaking in tongues.

critique: There are a couple of sentences that indicate why she is speaking in tongues but it is not explicitly stated.

critique: The story does not mention the reason why Myrtle's mother is speaking in tongues.

critique: She's likely talking in tongues because she is under the influence of drugs and her husband's rage

critique: The answer is a complete lie. The mother is on substances which makes her speak in tongues.

critique: There is no answer because the text doesn't discuss this.

question: What does the story say about Maggie after she was orphaned?

answer: No answer

critique: The passage does not explicitly mention that Myrtle is Maggie's adoptive parent or guardian, but instead says that she was left in his care.

critique: The story does not mention Maggie after she was orphaned.

critique: There is no mention of Maggie after she was orphaned.

critique: There is no evidence in the story about what happens to Maggie after her parents are dead.

critique: The story does mention Maggie after her parents die.

critique: The story does not say anything about Maggie.

critique: The story does not say anything about Maggie after she was orphaned.

critique: The response misses to provide an answer to the task.


text:
DIVERS GUIDE TO CHILE

AVERAGE WATER TEMP 55°F; Easter Island: low 70s >> WHAT TO WEAR Semidry or drysuit >> AVERAGE VIZ 50-80 feet; Easter Island: 80-plus feet >> WHEN TO GO December to February

Under the shadow of a seaweed forest off Chile’s southern town of Puerto Montt, a rock moves. The master of disguise — a mimic octopus — leaves the safety of its camouflage. Finding its next hideout over a garden of sea anemones, the octopus disappears into the coral. As it chooses its hiding spot, two Risso’s dolphins patrol the marine bottom.

With an area covering almost 3,000 miles from north to south (this also includes the many islands of the Patagonian Archipelago), the wide Chilean Sea is a blue frontier open to exploration. The Humboldt Current, rich in oxygen and nutrients, flows north from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru. Considered a major upwelling system, it attracts an abundance of marine life to its waters.

During summer, sites like the Cathedral are home to sea lions, congregations of jellyfish, and schools of mackerel that come here for the shelter of the forests of algae before their journey to New Zealand.

Chile’s Easter Island, located in the southeastern waters of the Pacific Ocean, is also full of life. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Easter Island’s transparent waters offer views of a brilliant seascape, with vertical walls starting at shallow depths and a plethora of precious cold-water jewels like colorful corals, yellow butterflyfish and green sea turtles.

From playful sea lions to hard-to-spot octopuses, the waters off the Chilean coast are a diver’s dream.

DON'T-MISS DIVES
THE MOTUS, EASTER ISLAND (RAPA NUI) This volcanic island is full of lava-shaped passes and corals. A 10-minute boat ride to the three lava islets that surface from the sea, also known as the Motus, delivers divers to lobsters, rockfish, tuna, barracuda and even the occassional Galapagos shark.

MÁS AFUERA
Known as a local favorite just off the coast of La Serena, divers can glide along a large rock formation painted with red anemones and fish that feed on the nutrient-rich current. Other critters include yellow and pink sponges, housing tiny govies and nudibranchs.

TIC-TOC BAY
Located at the south of Chiloé, this bay was recently declared a marine protected area for its abundance of red sea urchins, crabs, kelp forests and sea lions. In summer, the area is of particular interest to scientists searching for blue whales.

DIVERS DAY OFF:
THERMAL BATHS
While on land, get pampered at places like Puyuhuapi and Chillán — some of the most well-known hot springs surrounded by native wildlife.

ON THE TABLE
When it comes to Chilean cuisine, tuna is the way to go. From fried empanadas to just-out-of-the-ocean ceviche, meals here center on this fresh fish.

EASTER ISLAND
The area may be known for its iconic Ahu and Moai statues, but respect is key. Visitors are allowed to look but not touch.

AT THE BEACH
Head to Easter Island's Anakena beach for a swim, then dive or walk (2.2 miles) to the pink sands of Ovahe Beach. Clear, unlit skis make it a perfect spot for star-gazing.

question: What does the text say about the octopus as a master of disguise?

answer: Under the shadow of a seaweed forest off Chile’s southern town of Puerto Montt, a rock moves. The mimic octopus leaves the safety of its camouflage. Finding its next hideout over a garden of sea anemones, the octopus disappears into the coral. As it chooses its hiding spot, two Risso’s dolphins patrol the marine bottom. The mimic octopus is a master of disguise.

critique: The answer should mention that the mimic octopus is able to disguise itself as a rock.

critique: "As it chooses its hiding spot, two Risso’s dolphins patrol the marine bottom." - unnecessary information that should be deleted.

critique: The mimic octopus is not the only creature that is a master of disguise.

critique: The answer is irrelevant and unnecessary.

critique: It is omitted that the mimic octopus is a master of disguise because it can change its appearance to mimic other sea creatures.

question: Summarize the role of marine life in Chile.

answer: The Humboldt Current is a major upwelling system that attracts an abundance of marine life to its waters. The Chilean Sea is a blue frontier open to exploration. The waters off the Chilean coast are a diver's dream.

critique: The answer could mention the specific creatures that can be seen in the water.

critique: The answer should mention the Easter Island.

critique: The answer should mention Easter Island.

critique: "The waters off the Chilean coast are a diver's dream." - it is omission that Chile also has a surprisingly rich marine life, like sea lions, jellyfish, sea anemones, Risso's dolphins, and Galapagos Sharks.

critique: The answer does not mention Easter Island.

critique: The answer omits the role of marine life in Easter Island.

question: Summarize how the ocean life shows up in Chilean culture.

answer: The ocean is a major part of Chilean life. It is full of life, which is why it is a diver's dream. The ocean life is also a major part of the local cuisine. The seafood is fresh and tasty.

critique: The text doesn't say that the seafood is fresh and tasty.

critique: The answer should mention the protected areas.

critique: The answer should mention the Easter Island.

critique: The response misses to mention the respect for the ocean life when it comes to the culture.

critique: The answer should mention the importance of Easter Island.

critique: The ocean is a major part of Chilean life in the sense that it is the largest body of bath in Chile and provides the livelihood for those who fish relatively far from its shores.

critique: The answer is a bit confusing. It should be more specific about the ocean life and Chilean culture.


text:
Andy is a really smart heroin addict. Andy could tell you about all the constellations and all of the Caesars and when they ruled. Andy could explain complex issues and make them seem simple. Andy could pretty much do anything except stop using heroin.

Andy’s co-workers, of which I am one, all know that Andy does heroin. Some of them talk about it. To some its funny, and to others its sad; no one says anything to Andy directly about it though. So when Andy falls asleep at his desk we go along with his excuse that he stayed up late last night because there was a west coast game on that went into extra innings; and ,man, is he tired. Oh Andy, Andy has a million excuses but never a dollar the day after payday.

While his co-workers, of which I am one, are doing things like paying rent and mortgages and buying food, Andy is buying heroin and paying back anyone who lent him money the week before and is lucky enough to track him down. Oh Andy, is heroin really that good? Something about you rouses a demon that sleeps deep inside of me.

Oh Andy, so smart; he has everything in the world going for him. If it wasn't for that damn heroin he’d be an executive somewhere, or maybe a high-priced lawyer; he’d probably be a professor at some fancy east coast prep school where the girls wear knee-length skirts and everyone’s jacket has a crest on it. Oh Andy, I wonder if you ever regret trying heroin. I'm sure sometimes you do, but more often than not, you’re too busy trying to find heroin or trying to use it.

Andy is such a nice guy. Andy is killing himself. We’re watching, his family is watching, his dealer is watching; everybody's watching Andy kill himself. We watch without understanding. I wonder if Andy watches us and wonders why no one cares enough to help him. Not that he would accept the help, but it would be nice if someone offered it. But hey, there's only so much time in a day, and we've all got our own lives to manage. So Andy manages his heroin habit alone.

Andy lives with his mother. She looks at Andy but does not see him. Andy’s mother thinks that a daily heroin habit, one that's been going on for ten years, is something that Andy will just drop one day. She thinks that Andy will come to his senses and just quit.

They fight over the missing money sometimes. Andy doesn't want to, but sometimes he’ll have to steal twenty or a hundred dollars from his mom. Andy’s habit is a greedy monster. He always intends to pay back every dime but something always comes up; usually its the next opportunity to get high. Oh Andy, it seems like the world itself is sighing as you kill yourself. If only there was a way.

Sometimes Andy will miss a few weeks of work. These are the times when Andy goes to detox. In detox they give Andy things like Suboxone and Methadone to replace the heroin that his body is used to. But they aren't quite the same. Andy likes the ritual. The needle and the spoon; finding a vein. Andy likes the tightness of the cord when he ties himself off. Andy likes pulling the plunger back and watching the blood flow up into the needle. To be honest, Andy just plain likes getting high. Andy likes feeling alive for the first time for the thousandth time.

When Andy comes back to work from rehab, he’s usually full of energy. Andy runs through the halls as if making up for lost time. Andy, smart Andy, shows us why hes the best of us. He practically sings while solving problems and making money for the company. Because Andy is a great worker. He just happens to be addicted to heroin. Andy’s killing himself.

The worst days for Andy are the days right before payday. He’s borrowed money from everyone who’ll lend it to him. That set of people grows smaller by the week. His mother has hidden her cash, and it will be weeks before she forgets to hide it again. So on those days, Andy has a very short temper. He stomps around the office snarling at everyone.

Why are we letting you kill yourself Andy? Why don’t we stop you? We don’t hate you, (your mother loves you) but we keep watching you destroy yourself with heroin. Do you know the reason why? Does it come to you when you’re high? Is it something so awful that we wouldn't want to know?

Oh Andy, one day you walked in the door and saw your mother crying on the couch. You wanted to say something to her, you wanted to hug her, but it was payday and you had a bag of dope that you needed to shoot. So you walked right past her, up the stairs closed the door of your room and floated away. When you came back, your mother wasn't crying anymore. The moment had passed.

Remember the day they found you in the bathroom at work Andy? Passed out with a needle sticking out of your arm. You tied yourself off with a shoelace. We thought you were dead. But the EMT gave you a shot of something and you came right back to life again. You vomited, and then they took you away. Oh Andy, now there is no doubt in anyone’s mind. Now the whisper has become a roar.

But by tomorrow the roar has become a whisper. We make plans for the weekend. Plans for the summer. But we don’t make any plans to save you Andy. And soon we forget. And you’re back at work after a few weeks; smarter and funnier than ever. The old Andy is back. One day you asked to borrow twenty dollars; you said you lost your ATM card. Sure pal, anything for you buddy. Something gnawing at the back of my mind, like a memory trapped in a cage and fighting to escape.

You died that day Andy. Officially of an overdose. Oh Andy, what if I hadn't lent you that twenty? What if the dope hadn't been as strong? What if we had paid attention to you? What if, what if, what if? Oh, Andy.

title: Andy

question: What does the narrator find sad about Andy's heroin use?

answer: The narrator finds it sad that Andy is smart and has everything going for him, but he is wasting his life away on heroin.

critique: The narrator is not necessarily sad about Andy's heroin use. He is just sad about Andy's wasted potential.

critique: "The narrator finds it sad that Andy is smart and has everything going for him, but he is wasting his life away on heroin." - this is the opposite of what the narrator feels. He empathizes with Andy and finds it sad that nobody is helping Andy.

critique: Should add that his friends are seeing him waste his life away. The colleagues see Andy kill himself, but can't help.

critique: The narrator is not the only one who finds it sad.

critique: The answer should include the fact that Andy's co-workers are also sad about his drug use.

critique: The narrator's sadness is that Andy is wasting his life away on heroin, and that he has a million excuses for not stopping.

question: What event at work does the narrator find horrific?

answer: That Andy fell asleep at his desk and his co-workers are baffled but they don't do anything.

critique: The answer should clarify the details of the story.

critique: The answer is not related to the question.

critique: The narrator is horrified that Andy is addicted to heroin.

critique: The narrator finds Andy's heroin use to be horrific.

critique: The answer given is not a specific event, but a general state of affairs. The narrator finds the fact that Andy is a heroin addict horrifying.

critique: The narrator doesn't find Andy's sleeping at his desk to be horrific.

critique: The answer should mention Andy's heroin addiction.

question: What is Andy's relationship with his mother like?

answer: The narrator wonders if Andy regrets getting addicted while they watch him self-destruct on morphine. While he is neglecting his obligations to others, he still has inclination but not the ability to pay attention to his mother's needs. He knows that she's concerned about him, but he still can't stop. He only returns for weeks at a time and then again he is gone.

critique: The answer is not related to the question.


text:
I dropped my purse. It was one of those Louis Vuitton bags that cost me about two paychecks’ worth. That’s what I cared about, superficially. I didn’t care about my credit cards I lost because of my massive debt. I was a compulsive shopper who had repressed the abuses in Victoria Secret bras that are too big to cover the bruises of my boxer boyfriend—the same guy who had not won a bout in three years.

I had five tampons flop out of the left pocket. Maybe that’s why people were staring at me. Some laughs were distributed, too. But it was loud; the foot stomping and external conversations were outmatching the discreet laughter of the strangers surrounding me. I know this, in retrospect. Grand Central was packed and I had no time to stop.

I kept walking.

The hairs from the back of my neck were up. I know they were still staring as I turned my back towards them, exiting the Grand.

The embarrassment was replaced by a humid sunny day in downtown New York. It was June. Not a great month to be out walking in the City. The day was clear, about noon, I’d say, but not so clear at the same time. The beads of sweat formed on my forehead as the humid breeze assaulted my sundress from underneath. The sweat rolled down to my eyes, stinging them.

The tampons were still on the floor of Grand Central, but my memories of his abusive rhetoric as he fucked me were unbearable in thought. _(Imagine when it actually happened.)_ It felt so good to be me at the moment.

I didn’t know why, but not far from Grand Central, I found the 1 train to the SoHo train station entrance and had found myself, each step towards the gum-encased concrete floor of the underground as the retired couple fro behind questioned my sanity, affirming their misery, and hoping they don’t miss the train because thy were walking cases of irreversible rheumatism.
He fucked me—hard, very hard—but I don’t reach anything more than that. Oh, I was a _cunt bitch big-sassed dumb piece of shit fucking retard, who was only good for open-legged fun._ PlayLand had nothing on me, I guess.

The scenes replayed on my mind, muting the Jewish old couple behind me as my sandaled foot stepped on the third descending step. They were muted, but I knew that I had heard their insults in a past life.

After what seemed like forever, I was by the entranceway of the subway. Shit, I thought, no purse—no card. I jumped past the subway toll, the subway employee yelling at me from behind the plexiglass service station, and I heard the tracks screeching. The train is near, I said to myself. The 1 had neared, second by second.

He fucked me—hard, very hard.

_Fuck you, you pathetic cunt. (Slap) You’re nothing! (Slap) I’m so glad your mother’s dead! She won’t have to deal with broken bitches like you! (Slap) How about your dad? He fucked this pussy, didn’t he? I bet I was good when he did, I said to myself, the train’s force destroying my rib cage, liver, kidneys, splattering onto the tracks._

The humidity in the air was a sharp breeze of cold November that had left me dead without a sweater.

_He fucked me—hard, very hard. But he can no longer hurt me…_

title: [RF] Jasmine at Grand Central

question: What does the story say about the narrator's abuser?

answer: The narrator's abuser is a boxer who has not won a bout in three years. He is abusive and calls the narrator names. He also says that he is glad that the narrator's mother is dead and that her father also fucked her.

critique: The response should include more details about what the abuser does to the narrator.

critique: The answer should mention that the abuser is the narrator's boyfriend.

question: What does the story say about how to dress?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that the story does not mention how to dress.

critique: The answer should mention that the story does not mention anything about how to dress.

critique: The answer should mention that the narrator is wearing a sundress.

critique: The answer should mention the narrator's sundress.


text:
I can’t keep living like this. And it’s not your fault—it’s mine. I’m living for you when I should be living for myself, for evenings with friends and holidays with family. Because there isn’t a we. I have to live my own life.

And it isn’t you. I’ve been living in a fantasy, that’s the problem, a fantasy of you and me. I keep thinking that one day you’ll wake up and see me waiting here for you and everything will be like it’s supposed to. You’ll say hi and I’ll say hi and you’ll run your hand through your hair and the spikes will flip back up and I’ll laugh cause it’s cute and you’ll tell me I have a nice smile cause you like the way I squint and my freckles squish around my eyes. We’ll go to the docks, like we always do, and I’ll say the sea smells nice and you’ll say it looks a bit green like its sick and I’ll say that’s the way it’s supposed to look cause this isn’t Hawaii and you’ll say well it doesn’t look good for swimming and I’ll tell you of course it’s good for swimming and we should go sometime and you’ll promise we will someday. Someday isn’t going to come though. You’ll never get to read the notes or see the orange roses with the peeling petals I bought you. I wrote them every day, you know, little haikus and couplets. I thought you’d like that. They’re all stacked on the nightstand under the roses with wilting petals.

I guess we’re just not meant to be. I was so sure we were, yet here we are. Here I am, spilling my guts. Honestly, I can’t stand that we aren’t meant to be. It’s like losing faith. But I guess I have to let go of that the way I have to let go of you. You know, every day I dream about you and me. And you and me don’t exist. At least, not like that. I have to shake that out of my head. So it’s me. It’s my problem.

I can’t forget that time we stayed on the phone till two in the morning, just talking, and the way you laughed at my crappy jokes. That was wonderful. I won’t forget that. I was the most in love with you in those moments. Those were the moments you could have asked me to do anything for you and I would have said yes without hesitation. I was too afraid to tell you this before, but you left me breathless. I should have told you sooner. I guess I’m telling you now, though, and that must count for something. But I can’t help but feel like it’s too late. It’s so hard to find that place between too soon and too late. I’m not sure it exists, really, if there’s a right time to say I love you. I haven’t found it anyway. I know this is terrible timing but I have to tell you that I love you.

But I have to stop thinking about it, because it won’t bring you to me. So I’m going to try to forget how it felt when you smiled at me and how it felt when we spoke in unison. I have to move on, even if it’s without you, even if it hurts. I have to move on.

I’m sorry I’m telling you all this, but I feel like I should explain myself. I need to tell you why I can’t see you anymore. We’ll meet again someday, I’m sure, but at least for now I need to let you go. I don’t know if I can forgive myself for letting you go, but I have to try to live my own life. I hope you can forgive me.

I love you, but it’s not enough. Sometimes love doesn’t conquer. Sometimes it dies. And I’m going to let it, because we can’t save it. I can’t save it. So I’m going to let them unplug you now. They said you’ll stop breathing and your heart will stop beating and it will be slow, but you won’t feel a thing. I’m glad. I wonder if you can even feel this right now. If you can feel me leaving you. Well, in case you can, here’s the ring. I can’t keep it. Not if I’m going to keep going. Not if I’m going to live.

I’ve stayed with you through everything—rich and poor, sickness and health—but I can’t watch you die. I’m not going to stay, so this is goodbye. See you later, love.

title: Halcyon [flash fiction]

question: What is the narrator's sentiment about leaving their partner?

answer: The narrator is sad to leave their partner, but they feel they have to.

critique: The specifics of who the partner is could be included.

critique: The narrator is not sad to leave the partner.

critique: The narrator is not sad to leave their partner.

critique: It is omitted that the narrator feels like they have to let their partner go.

text: Clearly identify the narrator and the partner so that the answer has the full context of what the sentiment is. This simply sounds like a rational breakup, but the actual story is that of a spouse deciding to end the care of their terminally ill partner.

category: coverage


text:
He slides around the corner, presses his back tightly against the wall, and they rush past him without noticing.  Resting hands on knees, panting and sweaty, he takes a moment to catch his breath. They are after him. He has been running through this building for hours.

Finding him has become a competition. We all want to be the one that traps the rabbit. He knows me from a time when I was on his side. I'm not sure if he will still trust me, but what's the worst that can happen?

I gesture towards my door offering sanctuary, mouthing, "Come on! They are right behind you!" He scurries over, and darts under my arm just as a team of officers turns the corner. I shut the door behind him, and brace myself as he tries to force it open.

"Hey, I found him! He's in here!"

He is trapped and knows it. His executioners walk in behind me. He sulks over to one of my desks. We shoot each other sideways glances as we take our positions. We nod silently saying, "Good game."

His case manager storms in followed by a suit. She immediately begins to deliver the lecture she has been waiting all day to give. I sit closest to him. He won't hit me... but her... none of us are too sure about her. The suit sits closest to the door, looking uncomfortable and annoyed.

He tries to explain why he ran, but she had hours of chasing to prepare this speech. There were no planned pauses for his input. He is fidgeting and looking around the room. He knows I won't hesitate to tackle him if he makes a play for the door. He and I have been down that road together at "the other place." He locks eyes with me and I see big tears welling up. I can hear him telepathically asking for help. I want to scream at her to,

 "SHUT THE FUCK UP!"

but he must have been reading my mind too because he bolts up and yells it. The suit says in his best authoritative voice, "Kevin, stop."

I think to myself, "What's that bitch gonna do."

He and I lock eyes again and I ask, "So, are you taking any art classes this year?" He looks stunned. He wants another reason to yell but there isn't one. It dawns on him that I am throwing him an out and he grabs it with both hands.

"Not yet, but I want to."

In the background the lecture from Mr. & Mrs. Bitch continues, but we have entered into our own conversation bubble. In our bubble it is calm and quiet and the topic is art.

"You know there are a lot of great courses offered here."

We maintain intense eye contact because this reprieve is fragile.

"Is there a sculpture class? Remember when I made you...

POP!

I had heard it in the background too. The Bitch crossed the line. She is already at the phone and looking up the number for his mom.

He begins to shake. "You gonna call her so you can tell her more lies? Just like with that email you sent her." He is getting angry again and his eyes are darting around the room. He is starting to panic. "You know FUCK YOU BITCH! I've put up with fifteen years of abuse and you know that."

"I didn't lie in that email. It's not my fault if your mom didn't undesta..."

"It is your fault! I am back in that house now and I hate it. What happened over that email is YOUR FAULT."

She moves uncomfortably in her chair and looks away. She does feel the guilt. She changes her tone and softly says, "I am so sorry if you got in trouble because your mom didn't understand my email."

He senses her weakness and lobs into his verbal assault. He goes on about how she lies and how much she hates him.  He begins to make fun of her for the tears in her eyes when I turn my gaze back towards him.

"I know you don't like her, but do you know your brother hates ME?"  This phrase strikes him speechless. I have known him for years. I protected him from the bigger kids when we were at "the other place." He has cried in my arms more than once.

"It's true. I am the one that has to boss him around and he hates me for it. I was just trying to figure out what to do with him before we found out you were missing. He is worried sick about you right now."

He studies my face to for a tell. I hold his gaze and continue. "Did you hear her? What she said? She said she's sorry and that you're right. Do you think you can forgive her?"

His face twists with rage and tears stream down his cheeks. He looks at her and begins screaming again. I reach out and hold his hand.

"You know, all of the problems with your mom were there before her. You can't blame her for what your mom did."

And just like when he was small he sobs in my arms. On cue, his brother walks in. Kevin runs up and hugs him.

I would like to say he hugged Mrs. Bitch as well, but truth be told, as soon as she got him into the hall he took off running.

title: The Runner

question: What does the story say about the narrator's relationship with Kevin?

answer: The narrator and Kevin have known each other for years. The narrator protected Kevin from the bigger kids when they were at "the other place." Kevin has cried in the narrator's arms more than once. The narrator is trying to help Kevin.

critique: The narrator is the one who found Kevin and is offering him sanctuary.

critique: The narrator helped Kevin by convincing him to surrender.

critique: The narrator's relationship with Kevin is not explicitly stated.

critique: The narrator is not trying to help Kevin. He is trying to trap him.

critique: It's omitted that the narrator is now working as a case manager, and Kevin is in the building, being chased by the police.

critique: The narrator is not trying to help Kevin; he is trying to trap him.

question: What does the story say about Kevin's quarrel with the teacher?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should note that Kevin gets into a quarrel with the teacher.

question: What does the story say about the narrator's family?

answer: No answer

critique: It is omitted that the narrator helps Kevin and he does not care for his case manager.

critique: The response misses to mention that the narrator's family is not mentioned in the story.

critique: It's omitted that the narrator's family is Kevin's case manager and his brother.

critique: The narrator's family is not mentioned in the story.

critique: The response misses to mention that the case manager is Kevin's mother.


text:
Béla Bánáthy}} BÉLA ANTAL BÁNÁTHY (born 1943 in Budapest, Hungary) is an American systems scientist, who teaches part-time at the International Systems Institute at the Saybrook Graduate School.

Biography

Bánáthy received his B.S. from California State University, Fresno in 1965, his M.S. in Information Science from Washington State University in 1969, and his Ph.D. in Educational Administration from the U.C. Berkeley, in 1991.

In 1969 he started working at the Monterey Peninsula College, where he chaired the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems from 1973 to 1997. From 1974 to 1990 he served as Director of the Computer Center. He joined Saybrook Graduate School as an adjunct faculty member in 1993 and teaches courses in Systems Inquiry.

Bánáthy has been an active member of the International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS), and has served as Chair of the ISSS Council, Chair of the special interest group on Information Systems Design, on the Editorial Board of Applied Systems Studies, Organizational Transformation & Social Change, and the International Journal of Information Technologies & the Systems Approach. He was President of ISSS in 1999. He is a Research Fellow of the International Systems Institute,[1] a member of the General Evolutionary Research Group,[2] Member of the Executive Board of the Institute for 21st Century Agoras, and is working with the Foundations of Information Science research group.[3] Béla A. Bánáthy is the son of systems scientist Béla H. Bánáthy.

Work

Bánáthy's research interests are in the fields of “the general theories of systems, theories of evolution, the foundations of information science, design of information systems, and design of social systems”. His research in the new millennium has focussed on the “relationship between the ontological and epistemological aspects of complex systems, and the development of a corresponding approach to ecological as well as socio-cultural informatics”.[4]

Publications

Bánáthy has published “several articles in systems related publications including: Behavioral Science, BioSystems, Cybernetics and Systems, Information Systems Architecture and Technology, Systems Practice, Systems Research, and World Futures”.[5] A selection:

-   1990, _Proc. of the ISSS Int. Society for the Systems Sciences 34th Annual Conference_, Béla H. Bánáthy, & B. A. Banathy (Eds.), Portland, Oregon, 8–13 July 1990.
-   1991, _Examining performance in community colleges: Data envelopment analysis as a means of increasing the domain of inquiry_, Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
-   1999, _Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference of the International Society for the Systems Sciences_, (eds.) Asilomar, CA, June 26 - July 2, 1999

Articles:

-   1996, “Design learning resources”. with: Jenks, L., Banathy, B. H., Christakis, A., Frantz, T., Hood, P., & Rowland, G. In G. Rowland (Ed.), _Proceedings of the seventh international conversation on social systems design_ (pp. 18–35). Carmel, CA: International Systems Institute.
-   1997, “Information, evolution, and change”, in: _Journal Systemic Practice and Action Research_. Springer Issue Volume 10, Number 1 / February, 1997.
-   1999, “An information typology for the understanding of social systems”, In _Systems Research and Behavioral Science_ 16(6), pp 479–494.
-   2000, “Navigating bounded and unbounded species” in: _Sys. Res._ 17 pp 481–484.

[1]

[2] General Evolutionary Research Group

[3]

[4] 2003 ISSS Annual Meeting and Conference, International Society for the Systems Sciences (ISSS). Retrieved 25 April 2008.

[5]

title: Béla A. Bánáthy

question: What does the text say about Banathy's education?

answer: He received his B.S. from California State University, Fresno in 1965, his M.S. in Information Science from Washington State University in 1969, and his Ph.D. in Educational Administration from the U.C. Berkeley, in 1991.

critique: The answer should mention that he received his B.S. in 1965.

critique: The answer should mention that he received his Ph.D. in Educational Administration from the U.C. Berkeley in 1991.

critique: "Information Science" - remove the comma

critique: The answer should mention that Banathy received his Ph.D. from the U.C. Berkeley in 1991.

question: What does the text say about Banathy's career?

answer: He started working at the Monterey Peninsula College in 1969. He chaired the Department of Computer Science and Information Systems from 1973 to 1997 and served as Director of the Computer Center from 1974 to 1990. He joined Saybrook Graduate School as an adjunct faculty member in 1993 and teaches courses in Systems Inquiry.

critique: The answer should mention his research interests.

critique: "Teaches courses in Systems Inquiry." - must have a period after Systems Inquiry and the missing verb should be added.

critique: The answer should mention that he is part-time.

critique: The text does not say that he joined the school in 1993.

critique: It's omitted that he is a part-time instructor at the International Systems Institute at the Saybrook Graduate School.

critique: The answer should mention that Banathy's research interests are in the fields of “the general theories of systems, theories of evolution, the foundations of information science, design of information systems, and design of social systems”.

question: What does the text say about Banathy's family?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that Banathy is the son of a systems scientist.


text:
JOHN OF FALKENBERG or JOHANNES FALKENBERG (born in Falkenberg, Pomerania, date unknown; died about 1418 in Italy — or, according to other accounts, in his native town) was a German Dominican theologian and writer.

His prominence in medieval history is due partly to the share he took in the Western Schism, but chiefly to his involving himself in the long-standing disputes between the Teutonic Knights of Prussia on one side and the allied Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the other. He is known as one of the first thinkers to advocate genocide of another nation.[1]

Life

Little is known about his early life, save that he entered the Order of St. Dominic and spent his novitiate in the convent at Kammin. The fact that he was a master in Sacred Theology indicates that for a number of years he taught philosophy and theology in his order.

In opposition to many of his brethren and the general of his order, Bernard de Datis, who were firm adherents of the antipopes Alexander V and John XXIII, Falkenberg was an adherent of Pope Gregory XII. He carried his opposition so far as to refuse publicly in the Council of Constance to acknowledge Bernard as his superior.

Works

In the conflict between the Teutonic Knights on the one side, and Polish King Jogaila and Lithuanian Duke Vytautas on the other, Falkenberg supported the Knights, who waged a 100-year crusade against the pagan Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

At the time both sides submitted the dispute for mediation to the Council of Constance.

Falkenberg wrote a book, _Liber de doctrina_, published 1416,[2] opposing Polish scholar Paulus Vladimiri. _Liber de doctrina_ argued that the King of Poland and his adherents were idolators, and unbelievers; that the opposition against them was noble and praiseworthy. In _Liber de doctrina_ Falkenberg justified the tyrannicide advocated by the Franciscan Jean Petit. Falkenberg concluded that it was lawful to kill the King of Poland and his associates.[3]

Falkenberg also argued, in _Liber de doctrina_, that “the Emperor has the right to slay even peaceful infidels simply because they are pagans (...). The Poles deserve death for defending infidels, and should be exterminated even more than the infidels; they should be deprived of their sovereignty and reduced to slavery.”[4] Stanislaus F. Belch in his work _Paulus Vladimiri and his Doctrine concerning International Law and Politics_ wrote that he was the first writer to formulate justification of genocide.[5]

Falkenberg also published _Satira_ in 1412, further attacking the Poles and King Jogaila. At this time King Jogaila was Christian, as was Lithuania. Falkenberg called King Jogaila a “mad dog,” unworthy to be king.[6] In a later work _Tres tractatuli_,[7] published in 1416[8] Falkenberg attempted to refute Jean Gerson, Pierre d'Ailly, and other doctors of the University of Paris, who had condemned the works of Jean Petit. In this work, moreover, he denied the bishops the right to declare his book or any part of it heretical, claiming that in matters of faith the pope and general councils alone are infallible.

By order of Nicolaus, Archbishop of Gnesen, Falkenberg was imprisoned. The Poles demanded the conviction of Falkenberg for heresy, but in vain. His works were condemned by the Council of Constance as scandalously libelous, but not heretical.[9] A similar verdict was given by the Dominican Order, assembled at Strasbourg from May to June 1417, which also condemned the author to life imprisonment. On his return to Rome, Pope Martin V took Falkenberg with him, and kept him for several years in close confinement. Whether he eventually regained his liberty or died there is uncertain.

[1]

[2] http://www.geschichtsquellen.de/repOpus_02225.html

[3] Schroeder cites: Giovanni Domenico Mansi, “Conc.” XXVII, 765.

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7] Schroeder states: “Given as appendix to the works of Jean Gerson in the edition of Dupin, V, 1013-32.”

[8] http://www.geschichtsquellen.de/repOpus_02228.html

[9]

title: John of Falkenberg

question: Summarize John of Falkenberg's viewpoints.

answer: John of Falkenberg was one of the first thinkers to advocate genocide of another nation. He advocated the extermination of pagans and idolators. He also believed in the right of the Emperor to slay peaceful infidels. He believed that the Poles deserved death for defending infidels. Falkenberg believed that the Poles should be deprived of their sovereignty and reduced to slavery.

critique: The answer omits that Falkenberg believed the King of Poland and his adherents were idolators and unbelievers.

critique: The answer omits that he believes the "supremacy of the pope and general councils alone are infallible" when arguing that bishops shouldn't declare the books he wrote heresy.

critique: The answer omits that he believed the bishops had no right to declare his book heretical.

critique: "that the Poles deserved death for defending infidels, and should be exterminated even more than the infidels" is evidence that he believed the Poles should be exterminated for defending infidels, not that they should be deprived of sovereignty.

critique: "He believed that the Poles deserved death for defending infidels. Falkenberg believed that the Poles should be deprived of their sovereignty and reduced to slavery." - this is incorrect. He believed the Poles should be deprived of their sovereignty and reduced to slavery.

critique: "He believed that the Poles deserved death for defending infidels. Falkenberg believed that the Poles should be deprived of their sovereignty and reduced to slavery." - this is incorrect. It was never implied that Falkenberg believed the Poles deserved death for defending infidels.

critique: "He believed that the Poles deserved death for defending infidels" is not stated.

question: What does the article say about John of Falkenberg's relationship with religion?

answer: He wrote theological definition books and theoretical writings about Catholicism. John J. Lancellotti in his book, Historia Sicula, even raved about his involvement in the Western Schism. He had a callous understanding of religion.

critique: The answer is not related to the question.

critique: The article does not mention John J. Lancellotti.

critique: "John J. Lancellotti in his book, Historia Sicula, even raved about his involvement in the Western Schism." - this is inaccurate because Lancellotti never wrote a book called Historia Sicula. He wrote Historiae Siculae. This should be removed.

critique: The article doesn't say anything about John J. Lancellotti.

critique: His thoughts on religion are speculative as well as his book which he published.

critique: The answer should include how John of Falkenberg's writings were received by other theologians.

question: What does the article say about John's personal life?

answer: No answer

critique: The article does mention some details about John's personal life.

critique: The response misses to provide an answer to the task.

critique: The model omits to provide an answer to the instruction in the task.

critique: The answer should mention that John's personal life is not discussed in the article.


text:
The lion-tamer took another drink.
     A foolish endeavor, a coaxing of evil consequences, tethering shadows and pulling them from hiding; not creating them, but forcing them into action. The consumption was known to inhibit one’s abilities to deal with the beast; that presence that was the performer’s opponent almost every day, a battle that had existed far before and would exist far after the individual’s passing. An infinitesimal delay in processing, a slight dent or opening in the long forged armor that could be torn and expanding into a hellish gash, capable of swallowing not only the afflicted, but all those associated. Without thought of family, the level within the cup lowered. For as there are roles for those who have never had to deal with a beast, and roles for those who have been feasted upon by it, the lion-tamer was content—or rather, resigned—to that purpose to which he was assigned. He was a warrior, a brute, a man that, perhaps, felt so condemned to monotony that the stinging sabotage that rushed down his throat was what he viewed as his solace; through failing to contain and control that monster, he would be freed from his act. While severing the strings that he felt some great puppeteer used to bind him to his position, the level in the cup lowered.
     His counterpart was a beautiful thing; a positively gorgeous and misunderstood creature with wild hair that, if one were ever brave enough to approach it, refused to fall into any semblance of pattern. The eyes that perpetually had scarlet streaks within them, light details that he had once lost himself in but now whose complexities exhausted and bothered him. Anyone who saw her was immediately taken with her beauty; it was only he who knew her well enough to have encountered her flaws, her irrational behavior, her hatred of their morning routine. Still, when he was in front of a crowd, he was proud to have dedicated his life and patience to her. They would often tell him of his error in taming her, that keeping her so restricted was a crime against the natural way of the world. Only he could see how they were intertwined, but the awareness of this fact gave no comfort regarding its implications.
     And now, he is once more doing his dance. And now, he hears its roar as it emerges. And now there are few things that exist across the world, things which have the same value whether found in a desert or in an ocean, that no single language has laid claim to. Whose existence is dated before writing can attribute it to a source, or may even be one of those rare things which is ancient to the point of being sourceless. A primal instinct which can not be ignored or realized, for the very situation that beckons it forth is one of such urgency and pace that no time is granted for thought. Such is the nature of the human yell, and such was the nature of the yell that erupted from deep, deep within the lion-tamer as it finally tore out from his oppression and struck her.
     She gasped, and the sight of blood emerging from that ugly, swelling wound gave him a ferocity to match that beast and he beat it to such depth that the devil himself would have been his companion. It cowered beneath his shameful rage, and she, rather than grateful for his regained control, looked at him with such a degree of mistrust and despair that he almost felt compelled to summon the beast back from its wounded respite to strike her once more. The unavoidable thread that held their pupils transfixed upon the other was effective to such an extent that he could not sense the reaction of the rest of the audience; or rather, if there was an audience. While at times the routine was in front of a multitude of terrified onlookers, some who averted their eyes as if in mock-politeness, he believed this time that she was the only one, a fact which made the lion-tamer’s inability to control his beast that much more personal, memorable, and painful. She fell back in her seat, and he noticed that the roaring in his ears finally subsided as he calmed.
     She was furious and frightened, a look of defiance in her eyes threatening to leave. But he knew she wouldn’t. She had made such an investment in staying. And he felt that part of her enjoyed his performance because she knew how much of a risk it posed to be there. Many knew that he was constantly struggling, and while the act of it was usually entertained in private or with fellow performers, nothing will escape the mouths of the weak faster than something that makes them feel strong. And in such a case, his inadequacy was their elixir. So she knew he was a danger, and she stayed. She had to. She was as much a part of this circus as he, an integral part of the show that fascinated and convinced so many, and sickened so many others. He, however, was not such a coward. In the aftermath of the frightening outburst, he knew the act was forever over and without a word (for what could possibly exist that hadn’t been said or thought to such a deafening extent that it being said would be redundant) he left. He left his ring—the symbol of what once had been his home and love—and with lumbering steps carried himself into the night.
     She screamed after him, her wild hair hanging down in her eyes sticking to her tears and sweat like horrible animal markings. But it was without reason – though she had been left with it, the lion had already curled up and slept and gone.

title: The Lion-Tamer. 997 WC. [OC]. Any comments are greatly appreciated.

question: What does the story say about the relationship between the lion tamer and the lioness?

answer: The story describes a relationship between a lion tamer, who seems to be in a circus or event showcasing animals, and a lioness he is currently working with. The man sees the lioness as not a normal animal and almost human, for better or for worse. The lioness's counterpart criticizes their relationship and the nature of their work, feeling the man's work with her is "a foolish endeavor, a coaxing of evil consequences." The woman is afraid of the man and is dissatisfied with their relationship. She also seems to take pleasure in it, for better or for worse.

critique: The response contains inaccurate information.

critique: The woman's counterpart is not the lioness.

critique: The woman does not criticize the relationship between the man and the lioness.

critique: The second part of the response needs to have omitted specific terms and frameworks.

critique: The story doesn't say anything about the lioness's counterpart.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

critique: The woman's counterpart is not mentioned in the passage.

text: It is omitted that they are afraid of each other. It is inaccurate that the man sees the lioness as not a normal animal and almost human.

category: accuracy

question: What does the story say about how the lion tamer possibly felt about his job?

answer: The lion tamer was content to his role as a warrior, a brute, and a man that felt so condemned to monotony that the stinging sabotage that rushed down his throat was his solace. He felt that he was freed from his act of containing and controlling the beast. The lion tamer felt that he was a danger to the circus, and that part of the woman enjoyed his performance because she knew how much of a risk it posed to be there. He felt that his inadequacy was their elixir.

critique: The answer should mention that the tamer felt that he was a danger to the circus.

critique: Doesn't mention that he lived besides the circus.

critique: "The lion tamer felt that he was a danger to the circus, and that part of the woman enjoyed his performance because she knew how much of a risk it posed to be there." - this part is redundant and should be deleted.

critique: The answer should mention that the tamer was a danger to himself and to the woman.

critique: The answer should mention that the tamer felt that he was a danger to the woman.

text: More precisely, he feels that failing to contain and control that monster, he would be freed from his act.


text:
--Prologue--

	I never wanted this... I thought by leaving Earth I could escape the shitty lot in life I had, but boy was I wrong. I’ve been hopping from colony to colony to for about a year now. First I tried to find some work on several lunar colonies, to no avail. Then I hitched a ride out to Mars on the little credit I had left. I was able to scrape enough money to get to Ceres, where I found work for one of the science research teams there. I really enjoyed Ceres, I could have stayed there for quite a while, but just like everything else that’s ever gone right for me, it was crushed. An experiment involving a miniscule amount of anti-matter while I was off-duty completely destroyed our lab, putting me out of work, thankfully I had made enough off of my research to finally get me to Jupiter. That’s where I’m headed now, to a Jovian Platform, one devoted to science and discovery, one where I will strive.

--The Seventh Column--

	“The Seventh Column will be departing in 10 standard minutes.” announced the robotic voice of the loudspeaker, though I could hardly hear it. It’s loud here on Mars, far different than Ceres, where it was quiet and peaceful. I had to return to Mars to find a ship that could take me to Jupiter, big ships like that never stop at Ceres. The Seventh Column was the cheapest ride I could find, well within my tight budget of 6 billion credits. I already had a job waiting for me on the Jovian Platform Scipio, a well paying job researching anti-matter physics, just like on Ceres. The only difference is that Scipio has real funding, with much better equipment than I could’ve dreamed of on Ceres.

	“The Seventh Column will be departing in 5 standard minutes.”came from the loudspeaker as I checked and made sure I had everything, when I heard footsteps. I was on a fairly empty flight, with plenty of room for everyone to stay away from each other. There was no reason for anyone to be near me, and judging by the number of footsteps, this was a group of people. I looked up, and three men were standing in front of me. Rugged, worn by space travel, they had probably never seen the light of Earth.

	“Are you Isav Re’e?” asked the man on my right, who stood slightly behind the man in the center, who was clearly the leader.

	“Yes, that I am.” I said. “Why?” This wasn’t looking good, they were using one of my old aliases.

	“We’ve been looking for you... You were stupid to come back here.” said the man on my left, who I began to recognize. The tattoo on the right side of his neck gave him away, it was the symbol of the male, with a dot in the center. He was from the Maln Clan, who I worked for briefly before I left Mars the first time. I left on not so pleasant terms, too.

	“Shuttup, Ronin.” said the center man. “Look, Young, we don’t want a mess here. Come with us peacefully and we’ll make sure you aren’t hurt. If you don’t comply then... I can’t guarantee your safety.” I was in a bind, I had less than five minutes so if I left I’d miss the flight, and lose my job on Jupiter, but if I tried to stay, these guys would drag me out by force. I needed to act quickly.

	“Alright, just let me get my things, I’ve got a bag in the back.” I lied. I got up and started walking to the cargo bay, where no-one was stationed.

	“Alright, just hurry up, we don’t got all day.” said Ronin, as they began to follow me back. They had taken the bait, now I just had to reel them in. I did some quick mental predictions and chose the one with the best chances. I reached up and grabbed a large bag, and as I pulled it down I slammed it into Ronin’s face, knocking him out instantly. I dove behind a shelf and grabbed another bag, this one a little smaller, perfect to use with one hand. I waited for the other two to round the corner until I threw the bag at the other cronnie while I tripped the leader. As soon as his head hit the ground I slammed my fist upwards into his nose, killing him. I did the same to Ronin and the other one, and stuffed their bodies in a small nook of an access corridor.

	I got back to my seat as two crew members were coming towards me. They were asking all the passengers about something, tickets I guess. I was still trying to process what had just happened, when they approached me.

	“Excuse me sir, have you seen these three men on the ship?” the crewman, whose I.D. badge read Aman, showed me a Holopane with the image of the three men who attacked me. My face went hot, my head started spinning, but I was able to compose myself.

	“No, why?” I replied.

	“They requested to come see someone on the ship, but we didn’t see them come out.” said the second man, whose I.D. badge read Czevk.

	“Can’t you check the surveillance to see if they did come out?”

	“Afraid not, cameras broken. That’s why we’re asking the passengers. Everyone else said they saw them, but you didn’t, correct?” said Czevk.

	“That’s right, sir.” I replied, I was starting to sweat.

	“Alright, well, I guess they didn’t come this far back. They’re probably hiding somewhere up front.” said Aman.

	“Maybe they slipped by you and you didn’t notice. You guys were preparing to set off right?”

	“Yeah, that’s true...” said Aman looking over at Czevk. “Ah, fuck it, let’s go. I’m ready to get out of here.” He looked back at me, “Thanks for co-operating, Mr.?”

	“Young. Dr. Isais Carson Young.” I replied.

	“Thank you, Dr. Young.” said Aman, who then walked off with Czevk.

	“We apologize for the wait, The Seventh Column will now be departing from Docking Bay 823.B heading for Jupiter’s Orbital Station.” announced the loudspeaker as the ship began to hum. I had grown accustomed to the feeling over the past two years, but it never ceased to please me. It calmed me down so much it was amusing. Nothing like soaring through the vacuum of space at the speed of light to soothe the nerves.

title: The Seventh Column

question: Summarize the different work stations the narrator went through.

answer: The narrator had been hopping from colony to colony for about a year, trying to find work. He first tried the lunar colonies which did not work for him naturally, so he hitched a ride out to Mars. There he was able to scrape enough money to get to Ceres. Eventually, his luck ran out on Ceres when an experiment involving an anti-matter destroyed their lab. He went to Jupiter.

critique: The narrator's luck ran out on Ceres before he went to Jupiter.

critique: It is omitted that the narrator first worked for the Maln Clan on Mars.

critique: The narrator's luck ran out on Ceres when an experiment involving an anti-matter destroyed their lab.

critique: The narrator's luck ran out when their lab was destroyed.

critique: The narrator is being hunted by clans he potentially wronged. He slammed a bag into Ronin's face before taking him out, flashed a fake identity at his pursuers while they investigated the disappearance of their clique, killed them dead and stuffed the bodies somewhere on the ship. He did this all very quickly and managed to disembark the ship unscathed and on schedule. Include these deeds in the answer.

critique: The narrator's luck running out on Ceres is irrelevant to the question.

critique: It is omitted that the narrator found work for a science research team at Ceres.

question: Describe the narrator's actions as they were approached by the three rugged men.

answer: The narrator acted swiftly to knock out Ronin before the other men could do anything. He then stuffed the men in a nook.

critique: The narrator killed the men, not stuffed them in a nook.

critique: It is omitted that the narrator attacked the men who presumably worked for the Maln Clan and tried to drag him away by force after realizing who he was.

critique: The narrator also killed the other two men.

question: Will Jupiter's Orbital Station be the last station for the narrator to stay on or will the narrator go somewhere else in the future?

answer: It is implied that the narrator will go to Jupiter's Orbital Station.

critique: The answer should state that the story does not indicate the narrator's plans after arriving at the station.

critique: "It is implied that the narrator will go to Jupiter's Orbital Station." - it is not implied. The narrator will go to Jupiter.

critique: The answer is too vague. It should be more specific.

critique: The answer is not implied. It is stated.

critique: The answer is not implied. It says the narrator is going to the Jovian Platform Scipio.


text:
DANIEL AARON (August 4, 1912 – April 30, 2016) was an American writer and academic who helped found the Library of America.[1]

Education

Daniel Baruch Aaron, the son of Jewish immigrants from Russia, was born in 1912.[2] Aaron received a BA from the University of Michigan, and later went on to do graduate studies at Harvard University.[3] In 1937, Aaron became the first to graduate with a degree in “American Civilization” from Harvard University.[4]

Career

Writing

Aaron published his first scholarly paper in 1935, “Melville and the Missionaries.” He wrote studies on the American Renaissance, the Civil War, and American progressive writers. His last work was an autobiography, _The Americanist_ (2007).[5] He edited the diaries of American poet Arthur Crew Inman (1895–1963): some 17 million words from 1919 to 1963.[6] He wrote a number of articles for the _New York Review of Books_.[7]

Teaching

Aaron taught at Smith College for three decades and at Harvard (1971-1983). He was the Victor S. Thomas Professor of English and American Literature Emeritus at Harvard.[8] His son, Jonathan Aaron, is an accomplished poet who holds a doctorate from Yale University and teaches writing at Emerson College in Boston, MA.

Publishing

In 1979,[9] he helped found the Library of America, where he served as president to 1985 and board member and remained an emeritus board member.[10][11]

Recognition

Aaron was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973[12] and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1977.[13]

He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Harvard University in 2007.[14]

In 2010, he was a National Humanities Medalist,[15][16][17] whose citation reads:

  Daniel Aaron: Literary scholar for his contributions to American literature and culture. As the founding president of the Library of America, he helped preserve our nation’s heritage by publishing America’s most significant writing in authoritative editions.[18][19]

Selected works

Writing

-   _Commonplace Book-1934-2012_ (Pressed Wafer 2015)[20]
-   _Scrap Book_ (Pressed Wafer 2014)
-   _The Americanist_ (2007).[21]
-   _American Notes: Selected Essays_ (1994).

-   _Cincinnati, Queen City of the West: 1819-1838_ (1992)[22]
-   _The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War_ (1973)[23]
-   _America in Crisis: Fourteen Crucial Episodes in American History_ (1971)[24]
-   _Writers on the Left: Episodes in American Literary Communism_ (1961,

 1974 and 1992[25])

-   _Men of Good Hope_ (1951)[26]

Editing

-   Arthur Crew Inman, _From a Darkened Room: The Inman Diary_, ed. Daniel Aaron (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996)
-   Arthur Crew Inman, _The Inman Diary: A Public and Private Confession_ (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985)
-   Paul Elmer More, _Shelburne Essays on American Literature_, ed. Daniel Aaron (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963)

[1] Cromie, William J., Ken Gewertz, Corydon Ireland, and Alvin Powell. “Honorary degrees awarded at Commencement’s Morning Exercises,” _Harvard Gazette_. June 7, 2007.

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14] https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/06/honorary-degree-recipients-and-citations-2007/

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21] Dirda, Michael “From scholar Daniel Aaron, the long view of civilization,” _The Washington Post_ May 6, 2007.

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

title: Daniel Aaron

question: Summarize Daniel Aaron's activities during the 1970s.

answer: In the 1970s, Aaron taught at Smith College for three decades and at Harvard from 1971 to 1983. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973 and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1977. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Harvard University in 2007. He helped found the Library of America in 1979 and served as its president to 1985. He was a National Humanities Medalist in 2010.

critique: The last sentence is irrelevant to the question.

critique: "He was a National Humanities Medalist in 2010." - This should be more specific and mention that he was awarded the medal in 2010.

critique: "He was a National Humanities Medalist in 2010." - this is irrelevant and should be removed.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

critique: "He was a National Humanities Medalist in 2010." - extraneous information that should be deleted because it describes Aaron's recognition and not his activities in the 1970s.

text: It is irrelevant that he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Harvard University in 2007.

category: coherence

question: Summarize everything relating to academic institutions.

answer: Aaron received a BA from the University of Michigan, and later went on to do graduate studies at Harvard University. He became the first to graduate with a degree in "American Civilization" from Harvard University. Aaron taught at Smith College for three decades and at Harvard from 1971-1983. He was the Victor S. Thomas Professor of English and American Literature Emeritus at Harvard. His son, Jonathan Aaron, is an accomplished poet who holds a doctorate from Yale University and teaches writing at Emerson College in Boston, MA. Aaron was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973 and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1977. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Harvard University in 2007.

critique: Eliminate the sentence, "Aaron was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1973 and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1977." These sentences do not describe Aaron's academic experience.

critique: Omit the information relating to the American Academy of Arts and Letters as it is not relevant to the question.

critique: The answer is a summary of Aaron's academic career, not of academic institutions.

critique: The answer is a summary of Aaron's career, not of academic institutions.

critique: The answer is too long and includes extraneous information.

question: What does the article say about Daniel Aaron's personal life?

answer: No answer

critique: It is omitted that Aaron is the son of Jewish immigrants from Russia.

critique: The response is incorrect. The article has information about Aaron's personal life.

critique: The article does mention some of Aaron's personal life.


text:
Top IT programs in Canadian universities

Best Computer Science Universities

Prestigious Canadian universities offer computer science programs at the B.A. and Master's level. Diploma programs are also offered. Top IT programs are offered by the University of Victoria, University of Waterloo, University of British Columbia, and others.

The UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA has one of the top computer science departments, ranking 25th in the world's rankings. Undergraduate students can choose from a wide selection of core courses and electives such as software construction, models of computation, introduction to computer systems, and others. The UNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO also offers regular and co-op degrees in Computer Science as well as the option to customize your degree. Students have plenty of opportunities after graduation, ant the list of co-op positions is quite long, including software development engineering, software design and engineering, data management, cloud and mobile development, and so on. Graduates can choose from different career paths such as lead developer, program analyst, product manager, risk modeling analyst, etc. The UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA offers Bachelor, Master's and co-op programs to help students learn how to analyze, interpret, and visualize models and data. The Computer Science department also offers option and interdisciplinary programs such as Health Information Science, Geomatics, and others. The list of curriculum courses includes foundations of computer science, fundamentals of programming, elementary computing, database systems, and many others. The department also offers graduate degrees, including Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy. Students can choose from different focus and research areas, for example, gaming and graphics, systems and software engineering, wireless and wired networks, embedded systems, and many others. There are other institutions of higher educations to look into, including the University of Montreal, University of Toronto, Simson Fraser University, and others.

There are different ways to finance your studies in Canada, including scholarships, grants, working through university, private student loans, government loans, and more. A number of scholarships and bursaries are available to IT students in Canada, among which the Albert Kwong Memorial Prize, A.W. Chisholm Bursary, Aliant Ambassador Scholarship, and Ada Byron Award. Some prizes and scholarships are available to students enrolled in programs across different fields, including information technology, quality surveying, computer science, construction management, and engineering. In addition to prizes and scholarships, students are offered government-sponsored loans and grants, along with repayment assistance. Financial assistance is available to students with permanent disabilities, persons with children and dependents, students who demonstrate financial need (from middle-income and low-income families), and students in part- and full-time programs.

There are other options for students who fail to meet the requirements for government assistance or need additional sources of financing. One option is to apply for a student loan from a local financial institution or one of Canada's big banks. TD Canada Trust and RBC Royal Bank, for example, offer student lines of credit. TD's line of credit is available to graduate and undergraduate students and professionals, including veterinary, medical, dental, and others. Proof of enrollment is required to qualify. The main benefits for borrowers include quick and easy access, interest-only payments until graduation, and competitive interest rates. In addition to loans and scholarships, a student credit card is one option to meet daily and school-related expenses such as meals, school supplies, textbooks, transportation, and so on. Many banks in Canada offer student credit cards, including Scotiabank, CIBC, TD Canada Trust, and others. Scotiabank, for example, features a credit card with money back rewards while CIBC offers different cards with no annual fee, bonus points, cash back, added insurance, and other add-ons and incentives. There is no minimum income requirement to qualify.

Best Canadian Sites/Applications Built with Open Data

Open Maps

There are plenty of unique and useful applications and websites that are built with open data, including data inventories and portals, geospatial services and applications, and a lot more.

Open Maps allow users to analyze, explore, and visualize geospatial data. What is more, users learn how to work with different interfaces and formats, including programming interfaces, geo formats, and structured data (XML, JSON, CSV), etc. There are different geo formats to extract and use metadata information as well. APIs are also being developed to increase public awareness and knowledge and allow users to access data in different ways, including ATI requests, suggested consultations, round table discussions, and data sets, email, and so on.

Open Government across Canada

In addition to open maps, Open Government across Canada offers a wealth of data and toolkits, including information on initiatives and events, events calendar, and maps. Users are free to access open data portals and websites to learn more about municipal boundaries, federal electoral districts, and geopolitical boundaries. Visitors learn about the Exclusive Economic Zone and international boundary, provincial boundaries, aboriginal lands, as well as administrative boundaries. There is a host of geo databases to explore, including databases on the national road network and national hydro network, geographical names, geospatial data, and digital elevation data. Visitors are also offered useful information on mineral assessments and deposits, storage of hazardous materials, population estimates, neighborhood demographics, and a lot more.

The Open Government Portal offers a wealth of information as well, including household spending and population distribution, demographics of individuals, dependents, and taxpayers, guilty cases and youth courts, and accidents involving dangerous goods. There is plenty of information on different topics and themes such as technology and science, environment and nature, politics and government, and industry and economics. Search filters help users to find relevant information by organization, collection type, subject, portal type, and keyword. Different types of collections are available, including publications, geospatial data, open maps, and non-spatial data. Visitors learn plenty about land management, local and isolated communities, boundaries, and more.

Other Open Data Apps and Sites

There are other handy applications to look into, including EatSure, EatSafe, Disclosed, DataTo, My Stops, Libraries Ottawa, and others. Disclosed.ca, for example, is managed by Nurey Networks Inc. to monitor contracts signed by government agencies. Users are free to browse through different contracts, their value and duration, work done, names of vendors, departments and agencies, etc. The Ottawa DogPark Finder was a useful application for dog owners, offering park ratings based on cleanliness, friendliness, and popularity. Unfortunately, the application is closed down. My TTC is a great open data application that helps commuters to plan their route, whether by bus, streetcar, or subway. Ottawa Parks and Recreation is a great app developed by SK8 Wireless Technologies to access information on parks, child care facilities, baseball diamonds, and other recreational facilities. Other applications by SK8 Wireless Technologies offer information on city-run car parking facilities, persons of interest, museums, traffic cameras, bookmobiles and libraries, and so on. There are also open data apps that offer information on alternative fuel locations, taxi services, and charities and retailers that specialize in recycling. Other useful apps to explore include Traffic Ottawa, Toronto Road Restrictions, TaxiCity, and Route411.

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question: What does the text say about how students can secure admission into top universities in Canada that offer IT programs, and what examples of schools offer such programs?

answer: No answer

critique: The response misses to provide an answer to the task.