text:
Sorry for the crappy title, didn't know what to put.... Please critique as it's my first post. Here it is:

I stared at the carpet while I sat on the edge of my bed in a drunken fog.... I reached for the box of cigarettes I'd just bought from the gas station. I fumbled with the small cardboard carton and pulled out a cigarette. I lit the tip and and took a drag. I felt the bitter taste of tobacco fill my mouth and the warm smoke slink down my throat into my lungs. I exhale and watch the cloud exit my mouth. I held the cigarette in my right hand, and quickly pressed the gleaming tip against my forearm. I held it there for a little, while my skin seared from the heat. I felt the pain suddenly shoot throughout my arm as I snapped back to reality. I pulled the cig away and stared at the self mutilation I'd just inducted on myself seconds early. As I took another drag of the smoke I realised how long it'd been since I'd smoked. Nearly four years now.... Ever since I'd met her and had quit for her. I glanced at the night stand where her spare glasses sat pirched in the same place that they'd sat just a week ago. I took yet another drag.
	I reached into the night stand and pulled out the pistol I'd kept for protection and placed the barell in my mouth for the third time this month. I closed my eyes put my finger on the trigger. I felt my jaw quivering with a mixture of fear and trepidation. I told myself to just do it. count to three and pull the trigger. It'll all be over. Count back from three, and squeeze....
Three
Don't be a fucking pussy. just do it.
Two
It's just seconds left. Just do it.
One
I felt tears start to stream down my face. Just do it.
Zero
	I pulled the barrel of the gun out of my mouth and leaned over the bed and sobbed. A deep throaty scream leaped out of my throat in frustration as I realized I couldn't pull the trigger and finish this piece of shit life. I got up and punched the wall as I screamed again. I felt the wall crumble beneath my fist and blood in my hand start to trickle out as I pulled back and held my hand. I stood there for a minute, breathing heavily examining my hand and thinking. It was then when it occured to me why I couldn't clasp the trigger. I grabbed the pistol from my bed, put it in the back of my tattered blue jeans, grabbed my overcoat, and left my crummy apartment. My mind was racing while I walked two blocks towards her apartment. I felt the cold metal and wood of the grip against my lower back, poking and prodding uncomfortably, though it was hardly noticable.
	I climbed the stairs to the second floor where her apartment was and banged on the door. "Just a minute!" her voice shouted as I heard her put down whatever she was doing and come to the door. The heavy, deep pings of the deadbolt unlocking as she unlocked the door. The moment she creeped the door open, I threw all of my weight against the door. I felt the weak chain that was supposed to hold the door shut tear from the wall as I pushed against the door. I saw her stumble back and start to crawl away. As she scrambled around, trying to stand up and figure out what was happening she turned her head and looked me straight in the eyes.
"What the fuck?" I heard a man exclaim from the kitchen.
Great. She's already moved on.... Well this is embarrasing.
I reached quickly for the pistol I'd earlier tucked away, and pointed it at her. She screamed my name in a high pitched screetch that can only be described as desperate. The large, strongly man who assumidly had yelled earlier came into the narrow hall, looked at me, and charged at me with the knife he'd presumably just been using to eating dinner. I was able to squeeze the trigger this time, and as the pistol jolted in my hand, the spent shell of the .45 ACP flew through the air and the loud bang of the gunshot rang through my ears. The saying turned out to be true. The bigger they are, the harder they fall. It's funny what you think of in when you're on a psychotic, drunken rage.... He twisted forward and hit the wall leaving a smear of blood, finally toppling to the floor like a two hundred pound ragdoll, with the only motion he made that of him grabbing the hole where his heart used to be. I stepped calmly over his body over to where she sat paralyzed with fear on the ground. Her face was a scary white as she muttered, trying to form words that she thought might spare her life. I raised the gun once more at her.
"Sorry" I whispered and took one last drag of my nearly spent cigarette before turning the pistol to myself and pulling the trigger.

title: [RF][HR] Her

question: Why has the narrator taken up smoking?

answer: He started smoking four years ago when he'd quit for his girlfriend.

critique: The narrator had quit smoking four years ago, but it was for his girlfriend, not because he started.

critique: The narrator started smoking again because he met a new woman.

critique:
The reason for quitting for the girlfriend isn't that he started smoking again, but the fact that he realized that he hadn't smoked in nearly four years.
Two lines later: "Nearly four years now.... Ever since I'd met her and had quit for her."

critique: "He started smoking four years ago when he'd quit for his girlfriend." - this is incorrect. The narrator started smoking again because he met a new girl and quit for her.

critique: The answer should mention that he started smoking again.

text: The response should mention that the narrator started smoking again because he was depressed, possibly over his breakup with her.

refinement: He started smoking four years ago when he'd quit for his girlfriend.

question: What evidence is there that the narrator is unhinged?

answer: In the story he is blasting loud sounds from playing with an (edited from the original text) gun, it seems he is a man on a violent road to self-annihilation. He has also blown his own fingers off in one of his early experiences with the pistol. The man has no reservations about flashing his weapon dangerously, and is not afraid to shoot another person dead. This is a man who needs to be removed from the professional world and must be on some kind of medication.

critique: The response is not related to the question.

critique: "gun, it seems he is a man on a violent road to self-annihilation. He has also blown his own fingers off in one of his early experiences with the pistol." - this is improbable, as the narrator only shot himself. Needs a rewrite.

critique: The narrator is not blasting loud sounds from playing with a gun.

critique: The story doesn't mention the narrator blasting loud sounds.

question: Why did the woman leave the narrator?

answer: Because she is shacked up with another man, probably a romantic partner.

critique: It's not clear if the woman had left him or if he had broken up with her

critique: It is not stated that the woman left the narrator because she is shacked up with another man.

critique: The narrator is not sure why the woman left him.

critique: The narrator implies that the woman left him because she was no longer interested in him.

critique: The narrator is not sure why she left him.

text: The story does not say.

refinement: Because she is shacked up with another man, probably a romantic partner.


split: train

text:
[Aurel Stein, with his dog Dash, poses in the desert during his second expedition into China. He returned with what is now acknowledged as the world's oldest printed book, the Diamond Sutra of 868AD.]

Aurel Stein, with his dog Dash, poses in the desert during his second expedition into China. He returned with what is now acknowledged as the world's oldest printed book, the Diamond Sutra of 868AD. _Photo: British Library_

The letter could have been written this morning. Its remorse and embarrassment are as palpable as a thumping headache.

"Yesterday, having drunk too much, I was so intoxicated as to pass all bounds. But none of the rude and coarse language I used was uttered in a conscious state..."

But at least a thousand grape harvests have passed since the words were composed – and sealed in a cave in the Gobi Desert. We don't know who penned the letter, but we do know who found it.

[Aurel Stein takes tea in Lahore in the 1890s.]

Aurel Stein takes tea in Lahore in the 1890s. Controversy, in the form of objects taken from China, would come later. _Photo: Library Hungarian Academy of Sci_

And we know where the letter is today. Its emergence is the result of a remarkable but controversial figure, the explorer Aurel Stein, born 150 years ago today.

The haul included the earliest known map of the heavens, a receipt for the sale of a slave girl, medical treatments and Buddhist texts. The greatest jewel was the world's oldest printed book, the Diamond Sutra of AD868.The apology letter, and other model etiquette missives redolent of Miss Manners, was among thousands of documents Stein obtained from a cave near Dunhuang, China, in 1907.

The find saw Stein hailed in the West, then forgotten. Unlike or Howard Carter or Heinrich Schliemann, Stein's name hardly registers today. Yet the results of his trailblazing journeys have transformed our understanding of ancient central Asia, a region of growing global importance.

For decades Stein has sat in the West's too-hard basket, an uncomfortable reminder of the twilight years of the Great Game, when rival powers viewed the treasures in other people's backyards as theirs for the taking.

In China, though, Stein has not been forgotten. He is viewed as the worst foreign devil to travel the Silk Road. Of all the antiquities the British-Hungarian explorer collected during his forays into China's remote west, it is the Dunhuang scrolls that have ignited the most consternation.

Long after Stein was buried in Kabul in the 1940s, the Chinese people continue to "gnash their teeth in bitter hatred" over his actions, according to one China scholar.

Visitors escorted around the magnificent murals within the cave complex at Dunhuang – now a major tourist attraction – are left in no doubt that Stein is still considered a looter and robber.

Yet, on the eve of Stein's 150th anniversary, it is worth asking what the fate of one of the world's great literary finds might otherwise have been?

Stein bought the scrolls in 1907 from a guardian monk, Wang Yuanlu, who uncovered them within a sealed cave in 1900 where they had been perfectly preserved in the dry desert air for a thousand years. Wang had already parted with a few scrolls to curry favour with local officials when Stein arrived.

Stein feared the remainder would be destroyed or lost to scholarship forever unless he "rescued" them. His fears were convenient, certainly, for a man on a mission funded by the British Museum and the Indian government. And he knew he had a bargain, paying just £130 for his haul.

Yet when the cave was discovered, China had little interest in the contents of this hidden library. When the monk attempted to interest authorities in his find, he was simply ordered to reseal the cave.

Eventually alerted to the cave's importance, Chinese authorities ordered the transfer of what remained to the Beijing. Some items were pilfered along the way. And Wang didn't send everything to Beijing. He kept enough to sell to other visitors. The fate of these scrolls is unknown.

Stein's scrolls are now in the British Library, many have been digitised and can be viewed online.

China may one day ask for them back. But unlike the Elgin Marbles or Rosetta Stone, the Stein scrolls are mostly too fragile for permanent display. So arguments about where they should reside boil down to whether they should be kept in a cabinet in London or Beijing.

The more important point is that today they have been catalogued, are being been studied and are available.

Cultural values have changed since Stein loaded his camels with Silk Road treasures. Today it is shocking to think of him – or anyone – digging, chipping and bargaining their way around desert oases in a quest for antiquities to fill museums. We can't rewind the clock.

But we can acknowledge that the scrolls Aurel Stein acquired from the hidden cave library continue to add to human understanding. And that requires no morning-after apology.

question: Summarize the negative views about Aurel Stein.

answer: Aurel Stein is viewed as the worst foreign devil to travel the Silk Road. He is viewed as a looter and robber. He is also viewed as a reminder of the twilight years of the Great Game, when rival powers viewed the treasures in other people's backyards as theirs for the taking.

critique: Stein is also criticized for his actions in China.

critique: "He is viewed as the worst foreign devil to travel the Silk Road." - this is inaccurate. The passage never stated that Aurel Stein is viewed as the worst foreign devil to travel the Silk Road. The model should consider correcting this.

question: Summarize everything relating to Stein's education.

answer: No answer

critique: The article mentions that Stein was born in Budapest, Hungary.

critique: The passage was clear about Stein's education.

critique: The text does not say anything about Stein's education.

critique: The article mentions that Stein was born in Budapest and studied at the universities of Budapest and Leipzig.

critique: The article mentions that Stein was born in Budapest.

critique: The article mentions that Stein was born in Budapest, but it does not mention his education.

question: Summarize everything relating to antiques.

answer: Aurel Stein found a cave near Dunhuang, China, in 1907. It contained thousands of ancient documents, including the world's oldest printed book. When he bought the documents from the guardian monk, Wang Yuanlu, Stein feared that the rest of the documents would be destroyed or lost to scholarship forever. Later, China ordered the transfer of what remained to the Beijing. Some items were pilfered along the way.

critique: The answer omits that the documents are now in the British Library.

critique: The answer should mention that the documents are now in the British Library.

critique: The answer misstates the intent of the monk.

critique: Contradicts itself. 'When he bought the documents from the guardian monk, Wang Yuanlu, Stein feared that the rest of the documents would be destroyed or lost to scholarship forever.' 'Later, China ordered the transfer of what remained to the Beijing. Some items were pilfered along the way.'

critique: The transfer of these items to Beijing was not for the purpose of destroying them or losing them to scholarship.


text:
FRANCINA DÍAZ MESTRE is a catwalk and photographic model, established in Barcelona, who worked in Spain and abroad in the 1960s and 70s. In 1982 she opened Spain's first modelling school ever[1] and became a successful businesswoman with her school and agency.

Her early years as a model

Francina was born in Albi, southern France, and at nine months old moved to Barcelona,[2] which she has come to adopt as her birthplace. A remark when she was 16 by a customer of her mother, a seamstress by trade, made her realize that she could take advantage of her body to work in the world of fashion. She embarked on the adventure of entering the world of haute couture. She began working as a model for the designer Pedro Rodríguez. For 2 years he gave her the grounding for her future career as a model. At the age of 18, she entered the Santa Eulàlia fashion house in Barcelona. She worked there for four years and began her career as a model for prestigious fashion designers in Spain. When she was 20, she moved to Paris where she modelled for Lanvin for one year and became Spain's first internationally recognized model. Over the following two years she pursued her international career by working with the greatest designers of the time. She was selected by the Chamber of Fashion (which upheld the interests of Spain's fashion industry and designers) as its representative in countries such as Japan, Belgium and France. She subsequently went to Geneva before returning to Spain to become the country's first freelance model. This allowed her to take on a wide range of work and to enter into the world of advertising.

Her career as a promotional model

Marçal Moliner discovered her and paved the way for her as a promotional model. Francina's face became familiar in every household in Spain through her work in advertising campaigns, TV commercials and the most prestigious fashion magazines. During this period, she worked with the greatest names in advertising such as Leopoldo Pomés, Estudios Moro, Tessi, Xavier Miserachs, Gianni Ruggiero and Toni Bernad. She took part in the Risk campaign for Andrés Sardá and appeared in TV commercials, notably La Lechera, Gallina Blanca, Camisas IKE, Tergal, Henkel Ibérica, Playtex and Loewe. In 1976, she put an end to her career as a model and moved to Italy, where she lived in Florence and Milan.

Francina behind the scenes

On her return to Barcelona in 1982, Francina decided to pass on the skills she had learnt from her professional experiences on the catwalk to future Spanish models.[3] She thus set up the Francina New Modeling School, where she undertook the difficult task of training models, and in 1983 she created the Francina International Modeling Agency. Success stories include models such as Judit Mascó, Mar Saura, Marta Español, Tammy, Estel, Monica Van Campen and Carla Collado.

Her newly created agency began securing work for female models, and later male models, who were trained at her school. In addition to representing models, between 1984 and 1987 she also explored other activities such as choreography and the organization of fashion shows. After that, Francina concentrated her activities on representing Spanish and international top models. Amongst those are Fernanda Tavares, Tiiu Kuik, Jeísa Chiminazzo, Petra Kvapilova, María Reyes, Vanessa de Assis, Cintia Dicker, Cristina Guillén, Nicole Jonnel, Mike Nock, Jason and Laszlo. In 1998, Francina decided to set up Options by Francina Models Agency,[4] a new venture specialized in up-and-coming young talents, filling a gap in a market always hungry for new faces.

The school was closed in 2004 and Francina currently manages and represents models at her two agencies, Francina and Options.

Recognition of her achievements

In recognition of her lifelong dedication to fashion, at the 2006 edition of the AME (Association of Modelling Agencies of Spain) prize-giving ceremony, Francina was awarded a “Premio Abanico” prize for Spain's Best Model in the 1970s. She is also regularly invited to sit on juries at international modelling events. Given her experience she travels around the world to represent Spain in places such as China, USA, France, Italy, Canada, Mexico, Peru, Israel, South Africa and Belgium.

[1] Fashion Model Directory Francina models profile

[2] La Verdad Digital newspaper Cóctel Francina

[3] Emprendedores magazine, Nº 111 December 2006 Crea tu Agencia de modelos

[4]

title: Francina Díaz Mestre

question: Summarize Diaz Mestre's early career.

answer: Francina used traditional methods to attract a modelling career. A customer of her mother, a seamstress, should her that her body could be used as capital in the fashion world and so he gave her the grounding for her future career as a model. In the Santa Eulàlia fashion house, she worked for 4 years and entered the prestigious circle of fashion designers in Spain. She was able to achieve success early on living in Paris at the age of 20 and then coming back to her home country to represent the best of Spanish  models.

critique: It is missing that she worked internationally, which added to her fame.

critique: "Francina used traditional methods to attract a modelling career." - this is inaccurate. Francina was born in Albi, France and moved to Barcelona at the age of 9 months. She was discovered by a customer of her mother, a seamstress, when she was 16.

critique: The answer should mention her work in advertising campaigns.

critique: "Francina used traditional methods to attract a modelling career." - this is incorrect. Francina's mother's customer told her that she could use her body to work in the fashion world.

critique: - "she worked for 4 years" is incorrect; she worked there for 4 years

critique: The model's name is not mentioned in the input.

critique: Model doesn't go on to represent Spanish models. 'Spanish' should be removed from the sentence.

critique: "Francina used traditional methods to attract a modelling career." - this is incorrect. Francina did not use traditional methods to attract a modelling career. The model did not say how she got her first modelling job.

critique: The response contains inaccurate information.

critique: "Francina used traditional methods to attract a modelling career." - this is inaccurate. Francina was a child when her mother's customer told her she could take advantage of her body to work in the world of fashion.

critique: "and living in Paris at the age of 20 and then" - add "Spain" after "Paris" for clarity.

text: The answer contains inaccuracies. For example, Francina did not use 'traditional methods' to become a model but rather was inspired by one of her mother's customers; she worked at Sant Eulàlia for 2 years rather than 4, having worked with designer Pedro Rodríguez for the 2 years prior. Upon her return home she acted as a representative of Spain's fashion industry and designers rather than models.

category: accuracy

refinement: Francina used traditional methods to attract a modelling career. A customer of her mother, a seamstress, should her that her body could be used as capital in the fashion world and so he gave her the grounding for her future career as a model. In the Santa Eulàlia fashion house, she worked for 4 years and entered the prestigious circle of fashion designers in Spain. She was able to achieve success early on living in Paris at the age of 20 and then coming back to her home country to represent the best of Spanish  models.

question: Summarize the non-modeling phase of her career.

answer: She opened Spain's first modelling school and became a successful businesswoman. She also had her own agency and represented Spanish models internationally.

critique: It is omitted that she also explored other activities such as choreography and the organization of fashion shows.

critique: The model school and agency are not non-modeling phases of her career.

critique: The answer should mention her other activities.

critique: "She also had her own agency and represented Spanish models internationally." - this was part of her modelling career.

critique: Though she was a businesswoman, it was by opening a school that she became one.

critique: Add some detail about her time as a model in the 70s.

critique: It's omitted that she also represented international models during this time.

critique: She also had her own agency and represented international models.

critique: The answer should include her other activities.

critique: The school was closed in 2004, so it's not accurate to say she opened it in 1982.

critique: She represented Spanish and international models.

critique: Add Francina's attempt to get her hands on the Americas untrained

critique: Francina did not represent international models until after she closed the school and opened Options by Francina Models Agency, a venture specializing in up-and-coming young talents. Include this career decision.

question: Summarize Francina's role models and influences.

answer: Francina was influenced to take up a career as a model by her seamstress mother. Customers encouraged her to use her body to enter the world of fashion. One customer remarked 'You could make it, with the right training', which made Francina pursue the world of high fashion. Francina's first employer as a model and ground her into a professional career was Pedro Rodriguez. The designer was Francina's best influences. Francina was influenced by the "Chamber of Fashion" when they selected her to be their representative.

critique: Remove all of the information about the Chamber of Fashion being Francina's influence. It's not relevant and has no source.

critique: Francina's first employer was Pedro Rodriguez, not her mother.

critique: Francina was influenced in two very separate ways

critique: "Francina's first employer as a model and ground her into a professional career was Pedro Rodriguez. The designer was Francina's best influences." - extraneous details that need to be deleted.

critique: It is omitted that she was influenced by Marcela Moliner.

critique: "Francina's first employer as a model and ground her into a professional career was Pedro Rodriguez. The designer was Francina's best influences." - this is incorrect. Pedro Rodriguez was Francina's first employer, but he didn't ground her into a professional career. The designer, Pedro Rodriguez, was Francina's first employer as a model.

critique: The answer is not clear about the Chamber of Fashion.

critique: Francina did not pursue a career as a model until she was 16, so his mother was not a professional influence.

critique: Francina's mother is not her only influence.

critique: The model agency did not influence Francina

critique: Francina's mother was a seamstress, not a model.

critique: The "Chamber of Fashion" is actually the Chamber of Fashion.

critique: Francina's mother is not a seamstress whom she modeled for, and it is not clear that customers encouraged her to use her body to enter the world of fashion. The Chamber of Fashion's selection was as a model, not that they selected her to be their representative.

text: There are significant inaccuracies, and while the passage is not explicit on Francina's role model, a customer of her mother's made her realize that she could work in fashion, rather than multiple customers encouraging her. It's not clear that the Chamber of Fashion influenced Francina. At the same time, the Santa Eulàlia fashion house and Lanvin, which likely influenced Francina, are not mentioned.

refinement: Francina was influenced to take up a career as a model by her seamstress mother. Customers encouraged her to use her body to enter the world of fashion. One customer remarked 'You could make it, with the right training', which made Francina pursue the world of high fashion. Francina's first employer as a model and ground her into a professional career was Pedro Rodriguez. The designer was Francina's best influences. Francina was influenced by the "Chamber of Fashion" when they selected her to be their representative.

question: Explain why Francina did not want any childhood ties to France.

answer: That information isn't clear.

critique: The answer should mention the implication that she moved to Spain to pursue a career in modeling.

critique: It is clear she didn't want any childhood ties to France

critique: This response is overall correct but it does not mention where Francina was born.

critique: The answer is not clear because it is not stated in the article.

critique: The answer is wrong. It is clear that she wanted to distance herself from France because she was born in Albi, southern France.

critique: There is a direct answer to this question.

critique: The passage states that she was born in France, so an answer should at the very least mention this.

critique: "That information isn't clear." is a clear indication that the answer is not clear and needs to be rephrased.

critique: Remove the "That" since it's an assumption of the answer.

critique: Answer is not a response to the question.

text: The answer is broadly correct, in that the reasons are not explicitly stated in the passage. However, it may be because Francina moved to Spain at 9 months old and grew up in Barcelona.

category: coverage

refinement: That information isn't clear.


text:
[Elvis scs1]An Englishman is the Ultimate Elvis? The King would have turned over in his grave!

Surely only a southern boy with the grime of the delta and the rhythms of gospel ingrained in his soul could possibly be the definitive Elvis?

[Gordon Hendricks s]

But the winner at Tweed’s Tribute to Elvis Festival 2013 was 42-year-old Gordon Hendricks from Stoke-on-Trent in England, who looks a lot better than Elvis did at the same age. From the moment he steps on the stage, he is transformed into the youthful version of The King.

[Elvis on stagescropped]

Gone is the Midlands accent, replaced with the distinctive Southern slur (every Elvis fan can do the “thank ya, thank ya vera much”). And every movement brings Elvis back to life.

In fact, there have been Ultimate Elvis winners from both England and Australia in the past. And such is the devotion to The King, that Elvis Tribute Artists (ETAs) have been many different nationalities from many different parts of the world, have been every size and shape, and at Tweed, one was even a woman!

[Four Elvisess]

Being Elvis is a family affair for the Acklands. Norm Ackland Sr. has been an ETA for 40 years. A huge fan of The King, he saw him live twice and owns a scarf that once belonged to Elvis. He placed third in the Vegas competition in 2011. His son, Norm Jr. is newer to the circuit but having lived with his father’s dedication, it was inevitable that he too, would enter the fray. At Tweed, his nine-year-old son, Jax, came second in the junior division. “I think we’re the only triple generation family on the competition circuit,” says Norm Sr. with pride.

There are some astoundingly good performers here but the audience in this small Ontario town is mesmerized by Hendricks, and rises to its feet, cheering, as he finishes. Not surprisingly, he wins their vote – as well as the judges’ – for Ultimate ETA.

[The Winner with a plethora of Elvisess]

However, lest you think a small Ontario town is hardly a recommendation, Tweed is an officially sanctioned venue and the fans here are serious in their devotion to the King. Torontonian Diane Sharpe and her husband have travelled to many competitions and been to Graceland more than once. Now blind, Bob Sharpe says doggedly, “I can still hear.” He’s settled in his chair, listening to the competitors strut their stuff while Diane grabs him a burger.

Tweed is an official sighting location for Elvis. Apparently, not long after his death, Elvis appeared on one of the floats in the 1979 Santa Claus Parade. A local radio station joked about it and the story spread. This led to their registration on the sanctioned sighting list.
[elvisfireplug]  The town boasts an Elvis Lane, and at its entrance, one of Tweed’s signature hand-painted fire hydrants features – who else? – Elvis!

Indeed, Tweed’s fire hydrants are worth checking out. Painted by local artists, no two are alike. One of my favourites, right on the main drag, is a fire-breathing dragon. And near the town’s arena is a hockey player.

[fire hydrants Tweed ]

Photo credit: Tweed.ca

But Tweed is also one of the province’s prettiest little towns. Straddling the Moira River, there are two bridges which unite the town’s East and West sides. Indeed, water is a theme because at the edge of town sits Lake Stoco, a famous spot for sport fishing. Apparently, this is the best place to catch muskie, those particularly elusive members of the pike family. And it’s a great spot for canoeing, boating and swimming as well.

The town also claims to have North America’s smallest jail house.

[jailhouse s]

During the Elvis Festival, this sports a marquee where several of the ETAs perform throughout the day, much to the delight of passersby. A favourite song at this site? Jailhouse Rock, of course!

[Jailhouse rocks s]

Just a half hour from Belleville, Tweed is one of those once ubiquitous, traditional Ontario towns. There are few enough left, so take the time to visit this one. And let us know if you happen to spot someone in a jewel-studded jumpsuit on the main street. It could be The King himself. After all, he does like to remain incognito.

Here’s an update on Gordon Hendricks. In 2017, the Englishman went on to win at the prestigious Collingwood Elvis Festival twice as well as the Ultimate Elvis competition at Graceland, Elvis’ own home.

TheTweed Elvis Festival is an annual event. Check the website for dates.. More about Elvis and about Memphis.  The Arcade was his favourite diner.

[]

question: What does the text say about Elvis' favorite food?

answer: No answer

critique: The text does mention Elvis' favorite food.

critique: The text doesn't say anything about Elvis' favorite food.

critique: The article does mention Elvis' favorite food.

critique: It is omitted that the article does not mention Elvis' favorite food.

question: What does the text say about Tweed?

answer: Tweed is an Ontario town that host the annual Tweed's Tribute to Elvis Festival. It is an officially sanctioned venue for Elvis Tribute Artists (ETAs) and Elvis sightings. The town is the home of the largest Elvis-themed fire hydrant in the world and boasts the smallest jailhouse in North America.

critique: The answer should mention the bridges and the river.

critique: The text does not say that Tweed has the largest Elvis-themed fire hydrant in the world.

question: What does the text say about Gordon Hendricks?

answer: Gordon Hendricks won the Ultimate Elvis Tribute Artist at Tweed's Tribute to Elvis Festival 2013. He looks a lot better than Elvis did at the same age.

critique: The answer should mention his win in 2017.

critique: The answer should mention that Gordon won the Collingwood Elvis Festival in 2017.

question: What does the text say about the Ackland family?

answer: The Ackland family is a family of Elvis Tribute Artists. Norm Ackland Sr. has been an ETA for 40 years. He saw Elvis live twice and owns a scarf that once belonged to Elvis. His son, Norm Jr., is new to the circuit but has lived with his father's dedication. At Tweed, his nine-year-old son, Jax, came second in the junior division. Norm Sr. says that they are the only triple generation family on the competition circuit.

critique: The answer should mention that Norm Sr.'s son-in-law is also an ETA.

critique: It's omitted that Norm Sr. placed third in the Vegas competition in 2011.


text:
The Complete Make-up Buying Guide

MAKEUP PRODUCTS are becoming more popular amongst millennials in Kenya. They are cosmetics or products that are applied on the face or lips to accentuate or enhance the features of the face. As a woman, it is necessary to have a makeup bag or kit with cosmetics in it. For those days when you want to look a little more glamorous, the right makeup products can get you the exact look you want. There are so many do’s and don’ts of makeup, and some of the important things to note are listed below.

-   Never sleep off with makeup on the face. This could cause you to have an acne or whitehead breakout.
-   Make sure to buy the shade of makeup that suits your face. This ensures that your makeup blends with your skin tone when you apply it, giving it a natural look.
-   Go easy on the application. Most people tend to not see the effect the MAKEUP is having on their face when applying it and tend to go overboard, thinking that they applied too little before. Apply just a little; it will be seen.
-   Clean your brushes once in a while. Makeup brushes have a residue of your makeup on them and if you don’t clean them out sometimes, you might start to have skin reactions to them.
-   Get a MAKEUP BAG! This is very important. You do not want to leave your makeup lying all over the place, to avoid breaking, losing them or having them stain everywhere.

Quality Make-up Online in Kenya

There is an endless list of makeup products, all of which bring their own unique effect to the look you are trying to obtain. While some of these products might not be needed for an everyday look, you should still consider buying them for those days you just want to dazzle. Some of the basic makeup products you need are:

-   Powder: Powder comes in two forms; compact and loose. It is used for setting the face after makeup application, to give it a flawless finish and reduce shine.
-   Foundation: Like the name suggests, the foundation gives the face a smooth and even surface to apply makeup on. It should be applied first.
-   Illuminators: are used to highlight areas so that when the light hits the area, your face gains a natural glow.
-   Concealer: This is used to hide blemishes and dark spots on the face.
-   Eye pencil: This is used for defining and accentuating the eyebrows.
-   Eyeliner: This is used for accentuating the eyes for a more dramatic effect. They make the eyes appear bigger and bolder.
-   Lipstick/Lipgloss: These are applied to the lips to make the lips more beautiful. Lip gloss gives a shine.
-   EYE SHADOW PALETTE: This is your go-to product for when you want to add more color to the eyes and face as a result. Eyeshadow comes in different colors and shades and can alter a whole makeup look completely.
-   Mascara: Mascara is used to defining the eyelashes and make them more striking.

Other makeup products include face primer, bronzer, blush, highlighter, setting powder and makeup wipes. Makeup comes out much better when applied with the right tools and brushes. See a more detailed guide on the makeup brushes and their uses here.

Buy your Cosmetics from Top Makeup Brands at Low Prices

On Jumia, you will find the biggest brands in make-up - Maybelline, Sleek, Mary Kay - to shop from at amazing prices. Check out lipsticks from LA Colors, contour cream from L.A Girl, Matte foundation from Mary Kay, Lashes from Chelsea Beautique and so much more. Fill up your makeup bag with original products that will give you a perfectly natural look, and last all day long. You can order your makeup items in a few clicks and have it delivered to you anywhere you want.

question: Summarize all products relating to the eye.

answer: Eye pencil is used to define and accentuate the eyebrows. Eyeliner is used to accentuate the eyes for a more dramatic effect. Mascara is used to define the eyelashes and make them more striking.

critique: The question asks about eye-related products, but three of the six main recommended items are eye-related.

critique: Eyeliner is used to accentuate the eyes for a more dramatic effect.

question: What does the text say about cleanliness?

answer: The author recommends cleaning makeup brushes every so often to avoid skin reactions. They also recommend getting a makeup bag to avoid staining and breaking your products.

critique: The answer should mention that the author recommends cleaning your face before going to bed.

critique: The answer should mention the importance of cleaning your face before going to bed.

question: What does the text say about the importance of a makeup bag?

answer: A makeup bag is very important. You do not want to leave your makeup lying all over the place, to avoid breaking, losing them or having them stain everywhere.

critique: The second line is unnecessary and if anything can be removed with room to add more important information.

critique: The answer should mention that a makeup bag is important for keeping your makeup organized.

critique: The answer is irrelevant to the question.

question: What does the text say about the brand Sephora?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer is incorrect. The text does not mention anything about Sephora.

critique: The answer should mention that Sephora is not mentioned in the text.

critique: The answer is incorrect and doesn't exist


text:
A man was sitting at the kitchen table, while his wife was cooking lunch. She was wearing a plain white long dress with no sleeves.The smell of fried chicken filled the kitchen air. The man's hands were shaking, and the bags under his eyes were clearly visible. His breathing was heavy and erratic, as if he desperately needed oxygen.

"I can't take it anymore!" he said while pulling his hair. "I'm tired of this stupid anxiety! Make it go away!" He made sure his wife wasn't looking. She was busy cooking and not paying attention. He quickly searched the inside of his trench coat. He pulled out a pistol and set it on the table. "Oh I don't know if I should. I can't leave my wife alone..." He sighed as he put his elbow on the table and rested his chin on his hand.

"Do what, Honey?" asked his wife.

He quickly lifted his head at the sound of her voice. "Did I say that one out loud?"

"You don't need to answer—it was an obvious question. I know what you're trying to do." His wife kept on cooking, and her voice was calm.

"R-really?"

"You're trying to put an end to your misery. But you don't need to shoot yourself! There are other ways to end your anxiety problem, you know."

"Wait, how did you kno-"

"You carelessly left your coat on the bed when you were taking a shower. I saw the gun in there. You should really be aware of what you are doing, if you're going to hide something from me."

"Yeah, you're right. I don't know what I was thinking! I just want to get rid of this problem right now. I'm sick and tired of not getting enough sleep at night. I only get about two hours, if i'm even lucky! I'm sick of having trouble breathing. It feels like i'm having a heart attack! I'm sick of it!" He repeatedly slammed his fists on the table.

His wife remained calm, not reacting to his outrageous behavior. "Do you trust me?" she asked abruptly.

The man stopped slamming the table, and tried to control his breathing. Once he managed to control it, he turned to face his wife. "That came out of nowhere. Why do you ask?"

"Well... you see.... I took out the bullets from your gun."

"Oh, lemme check then."

"That's not necessary, don't you think? This is a test to see if you trust me or not." His wife put her hands around her waist and she stomped her left foot on the floor. "Well what are you waiting for? Put the gun to the side of your head, and pull the trigger!"

The man almost fell out of his chair. He stared at his wife, perplexed. "Huh?"

"If you trust me, then you'll do it, right?"

The man stared at the gun. He reached for it, but then he quickly hesitated.

His wife laughed, surprised. "I can't believe this! We've been married for eight years, and you don't think you can trust me with this? Tell me one time where I haven't been trustworthy."

"I... I can't. I mean, I never found you cheating on me with another man. And... you've never lied to me. When you said you wouldn't be the type of wife to ask for things to buy, you kept your promise. I feel that your love for me is genuine. Yeah, how crazy! Why would you ever try to have me killed?" He put the gun to the side of his head, but then, he pointed the gun to his chest, where his heart was. "You know what? I'm going to pull the trigger here, to show that my love for you can't be ruined." The man pulled the trigger, but his ears rung after the sound of a gunshot. He knocked over the chair and then he fell to the ground.

His vision was fading, and his wife disappeared before his eyes. The smell of the chicken escaped from his nostrils. "W-What's going on?" he said with a faint voice. He put his hand on the gunshot wound and he clenched it.  He grimaced—the excruciating pain was something that he never felt before in his life. It felt like thousands of needles piercing through his heart.

The last thing he saw was his wife, but she wasn't wearing a white dress. She was wearing a pink t-shirt and skinny jeans. And she wasn't in the kitchen; she was in the living room, running towards him. She screamed when she saw blood pouring out of his mouth.

title: [RF] Trust

question: What does the text say about the man's anxiety?

answer: When the man goes to the kitchen table, his nerves are boiling over and his breathing is there erratic. The man only gets a couple of hours of sleep at night so his restlessness is made worse by his anxiety. He also believes that he's having a heart attack.

critique: He's high on anxiety and the anxiety is stopping him from getting a decent night's sleep.

critique: "He also believes that he's having a heart attack." - this is incorrect. The man doesn't think he's having a heart attack. This sentence should be removed.

critique: The answer should mention that the man is so anxious that he considers suicide.

critique: The response misses to mention that the man is suffering from sleep deprivation.

critique: The man's anxiety is not made worse by his restlessness.

critique: The man's lack of sleep is not directly caused by his anxiety.

critique: The answer should mention that the man is also suffering from anxiety.

critique: The man doesn't only get a couple of hours of sleep at night.

critique: The response is missing the part where the man's wife tries to help him.

critique: "He also believes that he's having a heart attack." - is not stated in the story.

critique: It's omitted that the man believes his hands are shaking and his breathing is heavy and erratic, as if he desperately needs oxygen.

critique: 'His restlessness is made worse by his anxiety' is a poorly phrased sentence and 'a couple' is incorrectly spelled.

question: What does the story say about the bravery of suicide?

answer: No answer

critique: The story does not mention bravery in suicide.

critique: No answer is given, but it should be noted that the man is brave to attempt suicide.

critique: This answer is not accurate, there's plenty of mention of bravery.

critique: There is not an entire paragraph on bravery, but there is strong allusion.

critique: There is no answer because it's not about the bravery of suicide.


text:
I was thirteen when I came here, shipped away from my home so I wouldn’t ‘damage the family name’. It’s all about appearances you see. If I had stayed there my father would never have been elected; ‘the Prime Minister can’t have a son like you’. That’s what my mother told me while she was pushing me into the back of the Rolls. Six years have passed since then; for all this time these red and white tents have been my home and today is no exception. Welcome to the Freak Show. Sure, the ground changes every few months but it’s reassuring to know that wherever we are in the world this little haven will always be the same.

I think we’re somewhere outside Leeds, nobody tells me these things anymore. Regardless the ground was frigid beneath my large, stomping feet. The sun shone with a cool severity, it was for show mostly and did nothing to warm us. Alexandra (the Bombastic Bamboozling Bearded Lady!) handed me a warm cup of something or other. Dan the Strongman ranted on about how he could taste the cinnamon hints in it, it just tasted like grass in hot water to me. The drink scolded my tongue slightly and I exiled myself to the facilities.

I stared into my drooping eyes through the mirror, my greying, bulbous face filled up all the space on the wall. With a heavy head I inspected my tongue and washed every nook and cranny of what my dear sister used to call ‘the North Face of the Eiger’. Until I was five years old my life was comfortable, my parents told me I was a late developer but at the very least I could still sleep in a bed at night. That’s what I miss most about that life – well it would be if I could remember any of it. Since then I’ve had to sleep sitting upright or my leaden skull might snap my neck; that’s what happened to the last guy anyway. You know who I mean. You probably saw the film, or the play; the world has never grown tired of putting us on display like animals, exploiting our condition. The doctor thought I might have a combination of some neurofibbywibby disorder and Proteus syndrome. Proteus syndrome, what a laugh. Did you know it’s named after an old and forgotten Greek sea-god who can change his shape? Whichever sick physician thought that up has a lot of guts, I can tell you every last one of us would change our damn shape the minute we got the chance.

Alexandra helped my get my gnarled trunk through my sleeve while my other arm lay withered by my side. It was going to be quite a busy day today; we had three shows lined up. The sound of children’s laughter began to cross the horizon and the sweet and roasted scent of fresh peanut brittle wafted over the park. I poked a large, solitary eye through a tent-flap. Tickets were being stamped, small bodies were spiralling down the Helter Skelter and miscellaneous faces began to light up like as yellow sponges and pink tigers were won from the stalls around us. MC stuck his long neck into the dressing room, ‘Positions people!’ he cried, ‘We have an audience to astonish!’ Alexandra asked me if I’d seen the grooming kit, it was on her chair and she led me to the ring. Hundreds of eager little faces filled the tent, nibbling away at popcorn and slurping Tongue Gulp! by the gallon.

MC waltzed in front of the lights, singing a little song and dancing a merry jig to keep the audience entertained. This episode lingered for a few minutes while James Brown, our clown, searched desperately for his comedy hand buzzer. Alexandra grabbed my hand with a giggle and I felt a little jolt travelling through my body. James snatched it off her while we lost ourselves to laughter. His snarl twisted into a grin as soon as the spotlights hit his face and MC sauntered off with sweat running down his nose. After a while it was Alexandra’s turn to perform. I watched her for a little while, the spotlights glinting off every facet of her silver sequined dress. She’d been going on and on about getting this new outfit for months and I smiled as she span around in front of the ecstatic crowd. She joined me back in the shadows breathing heavily and holding both her thumbs up. ‘You’re going to kill it!’ she whispered excitedly.

My gross feet dragged across the sand and my eyes shrivelled away from the lights. I searched every gleeful face in the tent looking for them. I would do it every time I walked the ring but I knew they would never be here, the darling family of Britain. Looks can be deceiving. There was an uncomfortable silence interrupted by a child’s cough. MC’s voice crackled through the loud speakers and I felt every eye in the room scouring over my sunken body. Behold, ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls! The Enchanting Enigma of the East: the Elephant Man!

title: [RF] The Elephant Man

question: Why was the narrator forced to join the circus?

answer: His father was the Prime Minister of Britain and didn't want his son's deformity to hurt his career.

critique: The narrator is not the Prime Minister's son, but his brother.

critique: The narrator's father is not the Prime Minister of Britain.

critique: The narrator's father was the Prime Minister of Britain, not the reason he was forced to join the circus.

critique: The narrator's father was the Prime Minister of Britain, but it was his mother who sent him away.

question: What does the narrator do at the circus?

answer: The narrator is part of the circus' freak show. He is the Elephant Man. He performs for the crowds alongside other other 'freaks' like the Bearded Lady. The circus is some kind of traveling circus that tours outside of Leeds.

critique: The circus is not some kind of traveling circus. It is a circus that tours outside of Leeds.

critique: The circus is not some kind of traveling circus.

critique: The circus isn't part of the circus. It's just a circus.

text: "alongside other other 'freaks'  - remove the redundant "other" typo.

category: coherence

refinement: The narrator is part of the circus' freak show. He is the Elephant Man. He performs for the crowds alongside other other 'freaks' like the Bearded Lady. The circus is some kind of traveling circus that tours outside of Leeds.

question: What does the narrator look for in the ring when he performs?

answer: He looks for his family of Britain, but he never finds them. His family of "Britain" is the darling family of the country.

critique: The narrator is not looking for his family of Britain, but his family of Britain.

critique: The family of "Britain" is not the darling family of the country.

critique: The narrator does not look for his family.

critique: The narrator's family is not the darling family of the country. The darling family of the country is the one that never shows up to watch him perform.

critique: "Britain" isn't used. The narrator looks for his family. His family of "Britain" would be "the darling family of Britain."


text:
Joslyn,

I know I’m a bad guy, a jerk, the one you will remember as being the first to betray you. I was the first hand you held. I’m sure that you believe that how I acted was planned and prepared by a creature to be vilified. When I stopped answering your phone calls, stopped being there, you most likely believed it was all because I’m an ass.

You will never forgive me for what I did, letting you fall away from me in that manner and I understand. There is nothing I can do to change any of it. I could tell you I’m sorry, that if I was given the chance again I would do it differently, or that I wouldn’t let you go, but it would be a lie. It wouldn’t change what happened. It wouldn’t make much of a difference.

Explaining it to you in a way that anyone outside of me could understand is difficult. I think my actions were well intended, meant with love and hope for you, but those feelings and intentions won’t survive translation to words, cannot be properly transplanted to paper. Maybe, though, one day you will be able to decipher the thoughts I place on paper along with your own memories and find the meaning that I hoped to give you.

It was something that I felt I had to learn in a much harder way than I wanted you to learn. As I get older and older I am surer that I am better for having learned it. I can only hope that as you weather the years you will feel the same as I do.

When alone everything becomes harder, everywhere becomes colder. Home and heart are emptier. When there is no one to pick up a phone and call, when there is no one there to talk to, when that hand you held is taken away, it feels like losing part of yourself. I know, I’ve been there. I’ve had people who should always be there take their hand from mine and walk away. But as the days pass, cold and lonely days, a person learns how to be stronger, how to not be afraid of trying to move along alone. In time all the insecurities about what you can do, all the worries about letting others see you fall, the fears about what everyone says, and the self-doubts about who you are, all of them will fade away. It’s hard, but hold out, stay strong and bide your time, weather the storm of emotions and thoughts, endure. After you’ve gained your balance, once you feel yourself become steady, then make your break.

You don’t have to trust me, but trust yourself. Don’t give in to the fears of no one being there for you. Don’t be scared of something because you have no one to confirm your thoughts about it. Don’t worry about what other people think, what they say, or who you are. Today, in five minutes from now, or maybe one day in the distant future, all those people will all do the same thing that I did, they will all leave you. You will be the only one who has to live with the decisions that you made, not them. Respect your wishes, not those of others. Live up to your demands, no one else’s.

I am sorry that I had to step away from you. I held you hand for so long that it felt like part of me. I wish that I didn’t want you to be a stronger person. I wish that I didn’t believe making you stronger had to come at such a price. What I did, stepping away, was tougher for me than anything else I’ve ever done.

But, like I said, it was an experience that I grew up with, one that made me stronger. It made me a bigger, better, man than I was before. I would have never been able to become who I am if I had someone there by my side, supporting me, to fall back on, every step of the way. The steps I took in life wouldn’t have been risks. I wouldn’t know myself or have the faith in who I am to the extent that I do today.

I hope you can take everything in stride. Know that you may stumble, but its ok. When you find yourself down on your hands and knees, force yourself back up to your feet and take that step that caused you to trip.  I know that this isn’t how it is written in the stories, but everyone and everything you’ve ever known could never teach you to stand up on your own. It is a lesson you can only learn from the hands that let you go.

You will learn to walk alone.

title: Walking Alone (810 Words)

question: What does the story say about hands?

answer: "The first hand you held" is the first person the narrator mentions. Joslyn used to hold the narrator's hand and the narrator tried to hold her hand in return. However, Joslyn's hand is now lost to the narrator.

critique: The narrator's hand is not lost to Joslyn.

critique: The narrator does not lose Joslyn's hand.

critique:
-'The first hand you held"-This must be the guy-Joslyn. This is not revealed in the narrative which complicates the response. The model has to be specific when using sentence starters that do not make for accurate-contextual and easy answering.

-The narrator doesn't try to hold hands with Joslyn in the story. This should not be in the response.

-'Joslyn's hand is now lost to the narrator.' This statement is not in the text. This should be omitted.

text:
- "The first hand you held" is the first person the narrator mentions.' This sentence makes no sense and should be rewritten.

- The answer should explain that 'holding hands' is a metaphor for guidance, as mentioned in the story. The narrator was like a guide and support to Joslyn; for example, when they stated here, "everyone and everything you've ever known could never teach you to stand up on your own. It is a lesson you can only learn from the hands that let you go."

- 'Joslyn used to hold the narrator's hand and the narrator tried to hold her hand in return.' This statement cannot be attested and should be removed.

category: other

category_text: Accuracy and coherence.

question: What does the story say about strength?

answer: The narrator believes that they are a stronger person because they have had to learn things the hard way. They believe that the narrator will be a stronger person for having to learn to walk alone. There is a price to pay for being a stronger person, and that price is losing people along the way.

text:
-The answer omits that the narrator wished they didn’t want Joslyn to be a stronger person, and stepping away from her was more challenging for them than anything else they’ve ever done.
-It should also state that it was an experience that the narrator grew up with, one that made them stronger.

question: What does the story say about learning?

answer: The narrator claims that learning is a difficult process and that it is something that has to be learned in a much harder way. Learning can make a person stronger and more self-sufficient. Learning is also something that requires a person to stand on their own two feet.

critique: The narrator is not the one who is learning.

critique: The narrator is not the one who claims learning is a difficult process.

critique: The answer should mention that the narrator is teaching this lesson to Joslyn.

critique: The narrator's experience is irrelevant to the question.

question: What does the story say about Joslyn's appearance?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that the story does not mention Joslyn's appearance.

critique: The story mentions that Joslyn is a strong, Gothic woman, works in entertainment industry, is young but not a kid. She falls out of love with the narrator due to his fault, becomes cold and distant.

critique: The answer should state that the story does not mention Joslyn's appearance.


text:
MUCOCILIARY CLEARANCE (MCC), MUCOCILIARY TRANSPORT, or the MUCOCILIARY ESCALATOR, describes the self-clearing mechanism of the airways in the respiratory system.[1] It is one of the two protective processes for the lungs in removing inhaled particles including pathogens before they can reach the delicate tissue of the lungs. The other clearance mechanism is provided by the cough reflex.[2] Mucociliary clearance has a major role in pulmonary hygiene.

MCC effectiveness relies on the correct properties of the airway surface liquid produced, both of the periciliary sol layer and the overlying mucus gel layer, and of the number and quality of the cilia present in the lining of the airways.[3] An important factor is the rate of mucin secretion. The ion channels CFTR and ENaC work together to maintain the necessary hydration of the airway surface liquid.[4]

Any disturbance in the closely regulated functioning of the cilia can cause a disease. Disturbances in the structural formation of the cilia can cause a number of ciliopathies, notably primary ciliary dyskinesia.[5] Cigarette smoke exposure can cause shortening of the cilia.[6]

Function

In the upper part of the respiratory tract the nasal hair in the nostrils traps large particles, and the sneeze reflex may also be triggered to expel them. The nasal mucosa also traps particles preventing their entry further into the tract. In the rest of the respiratory tract, particles of different sizes become deposited along different parts of the airways. Larger particles are trapped higher up in the larger bronchi. As the airways become narrower only smaller particles can pass. The branchings of the airways cause turbulence in the airflow at all of their junctions where particles can then be deposited and they never reach the alveoli. Only very small pathogens are able to gain entry to the alveoli. Mucociliary clearance functions to remove these particulates and also to trap and remove pathogens from the airways, in order to protect the delicate lung parenchyma, and also to provide protection and moisture to the airways.[7]

Mucociliary clearance also takes part in PULMONARY ELIMINATION, which with exhalation removes substances discharged from the pulmonary capillaries into the alveolar space.[8] [Scanning electron micrograph of the cilia projecting from respiratory epithelium in the trachea involved in mucociliary clearance.]

Components

In the respiratory tract, from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles, the lining is of respiratory epithelium that is ciliated.[9] The cilia are hair-like, microtubular-based structures on the luminal surface of the epithelium. On each epithelial cell there are around 200 cilia that beat constantly at a rate of between 10 and 20 times per second.

The cilia are surrounded by a periciliary liquid layer (PCL), a _sol_ layer that is overlain with the _gel_ layer of mucus.[10] These two components make up the epithelial lining fluid (ELF), also known as the airway surface liquid (ASL), the composition of which is tightly regulated. The ion channels CFTR, and ENaC work together to maintain the necessary hydration of the airway surface liquid.[11] An important factor is the rate of mucin secretion. The mucus helps maintain epithelial moisture and traps particulate material and pathogens moving through the airway, and its composition determines how well mucociliary clearance works.[12][13]

Mechanism

Within the thin periciliary liquid layer the cilia beat in a coordinated fashion directed to the pharynx where the transported mucus is either swallowed or coughed up. This movement towards the pharynx is either upward from the lower respiratory tract or downwards from the nasal structures clearing the mucus that is constantly produced.[14]

Each cilium is about 7 μm in length,[15] and is fixed at its base. Its beat has two parts the power stroke, or effector stroke, and the recovery stroke.[16][17] The movement of the cilia takes place in the periciliary liquid which is a little shorter in depth than the height of an extended cilium. This allows the cilia to penetrate the mucous layer during its full extension in the effector stroke, and to propel the mucus directionally, away from the cell surface.[18][19] In the recovery stroke the cilium bends from one end to the other bringing it back to the starting point for the next power stroke.[20] The returning cilia bend to immerse completely in the PCL which has the effect of reducing a reverse movement of mucus.[21] [Cilia movement in a metachronal wave.]

The coordinated movement of the cilia on all the cells is carried out in a fashion that is not clear. This produces wave-like motions that in the trachea, move at a speed of between 6 and 20 mm per minute.[22] The wave produced is a metachronal wave that moves the mucus.[23] Many mathematical models have been developed in order to study the mechanisms of ciliary beating. These include models to understand the generation and rhythm of the metachronal wave, and the generation of the force in the effective stroke of the cilium.[24]

Clinical significance

[Accumulated mucus in the airways resulting from impaired mucociliary clearance, that may involve mucus hypersecretion.] Effective mucociliary clearance depends on a number of factors including the numbers of cilia, and their structure particularly their height, and the quality of the mucus produced that needs to be maintained at a correct humidity, temperature, and acidity.

The cilia need to be able to move freely in the periciliary liquid layer and when this is impaired through damage to the cilia or by imbalances in the moisture or pH of the PCL, the mucus is unable to be cleared properly from the airways. Cystic fibrosis is a consequence of imbalances in the PCL.[25] Accumulated mucus, apart from causing varying degrees of airflow obstruction, makes a breeding ground for bacteria that cause many respiratory infections that can seriously worsen existing lung disorders. Obstructive lung diseases often result from impaired mucociliary clearance that can be associated with mucus hypersecretion and these are sometimes referred to as _mucoobstructive lung diseases_.[26] Studies have shown that the dehydration of airway surface liquid is enough to produce mucus obstruction even when there is no evidence of mucus hypersecretion.[27]

Humidity

High humidity enhances mucociliary clearance. One study in dogs found that mucus transport was lower at an absolute humidity of 9 g water/m³ than at 30 g water/m³.[28] Two methods of supporting this, particularly in mechanical ventilation are provided by active and passive respiratory gas humidifiers.

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title: Mucociliary clearance

question: Summarize why the cilia need to be able to move freely in the process of mucociliary clearance.

answer: The cilia need to be able to move freely in the periciliary liquid layer. When this is impaired through damage to the cilia or by imbalances in the moisture or pH of the PCL, the mucus is unable to be cleared properly from the airways. This can cause various respiratory problems and exacerbates existing lung disorders.

critique: The answer should mention the role of the cilia in mucociliary clearance.

critique: The answer should mention that the cilia are what clear the mucus.

critique: The answer should mention that the cilia are responsible for moving mucus.

critique: The answer should mention that the cilia are responsible for moving the mucus.

critique: The answer should be in a complete sentence.

critique: "This can cause various respiratory problems and exacerbates existing lung disorders." - this is irrelevant to the question and should be removed.

critique: This is a lot of information and should be omitted.

question: Explain why a person with cystic fibrosis might encounter difficulties with their cilia.

answer: Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease in which people do not have the normal balance of salt and water in their lungs. This causes the mucus produced in their lungs to be thicker than it should be. The cilia work to move the mucus but do not do so well when the mucus is too thick.


text:
It was a warm day in late February. There was a writing desk in Mr. Thomelson’s third floor study that, directly in front of a large bay window, afforded a lovely view of the garden and the several acres of dense woods that separated his property from that of Mr. James. The desk was covered in stacks of ancient papers, tax documents mostly, which had like dusty stalagmites grown impressively tall. A small space on the desktop, directly in front of the mahogany and leather chair, was relatively clear save for several items. On this particular day, these included an empty glass that had contained midafternoon bourbon, an open inkwell whose contents were fast hardening, and an ivory comb that was missing 3 of its 42 teeth.

The house was extremely large, boasting a dining hall large enough to host a small ball, and a master bedroom that could have rivaled Louis XIV’s. A well, an outhouse, and a small slave quarters populated the yard to the south of the house. Mr. Thomelson had only one slave, a domestic whose primary duties were cleaning and groundskeeping; her master always preferred to cook his own fare. Her name was Amused, since the midwife had been filled with fits of hysterical laughter throughout the birth, and  Amused herself had laughed before she first cried. The quarters were spacious since Mr. Thomelson was very fond of Amused. He had given her red and green paint to paint the walls, and an old wool mattress to sleep on.

Amused had always felt painfully isolated, but she enjoyed her work nonetheless. The garden below the study had been her idea, and Mr. Thomelson had bought her seeds, a hoe, and a watering can so she could plant it. Normally she was very diligent about tending the garden, but from time to time she would forget to weed among the hydrangeas or to prune the roses, and Mr. Thomelson would have no choice but to punish her. Over her quarters there was a long bough that hung low with the weight of innumerable offshoots and leaves bearing down on its soft bark. A robin made a nest near the very end of the bough so that its bottom grazed the roof of the quarters. When March came, the robin laid three eggs, all of which hatched on the same day. The baby robins chirped incessantly for the remainder of the spring, especially loudly during the early morning.

On the second day of May at around one o’clock in the afternoon, Mr. Thomelson exited through the double doors on the west side of the house that were directly below the largest gable. Maple cane in hand, he began walking the length of the house, southward.

“Amused!” He called, his voice growling with the phlegm of his hay fever. “Where are you, girl?” His right eye, the eye with the smaller cataract, spotted her bare feet sticking out from the bush that abutted the corner of the west and south facades of the house. “Amused! Come here!”

He attempted to take another step forward, but only his cane moved: his feet were rooted to the spot. He couldn’t feel his boots below his ankles. Too perplexed and afraid to shout for help, he struggled  pointlessly. He looked over toward Amused again, at her slender calves that kicked slowly, rhythmically back and forth while she worked. Her earth-covered toes curled and uncurled as she whistled a tune to herself. Mr. Thomelson’s legs, like his feet, suddenly lost feeling. In just moments, every fiber of flesh below his waist was as inanimate as his lucky comb. He saw her legs disappear momentarily behind the bush and heard the whistling stop. She got to her feet and brushed the soil off her dress.

Then, as he realized she was about to round the corner and come fully into his view, he panicked. He meant to close his eyes. But for some odd reason, in his terror, only the right one shut; the left stayed wide. And so the last thing Mr. Norman Thomelson ever saw was the foggy silhouette of his slave girl, and the last thing he ever heard was a voluptuous laugh. On the west side of the house, just a few paces from the garden, remains the man with the eternal wink.

title: [MF] The Lucky Comb

question: Describe Mr Thomelson's relationship with Amused.

answer: He was her master and she was his slave. He owned several slaves, but only had one Amused. He treated Amused well and allowed her a little freedom to plant and tend a garden. He would punish her for neglecting her duties.

critique: It is omitted that he is very fond of Amused.

critique: Amused was the only slave Mr. Thomelson had.

critique: It is omitted that Amused was fond of her master.

critique: The answer omits that Amused was fond of her master.

critique: The answer omits the fact that Amused is the only slave Mr. Thomelson has.

critique: The answer omits that Mr. Thomelson was fond of Amused.

text: He only had one slave, not several. Also mention that he was fond of Amused.

question: What happens to Mr. Thomelson in the end?

answer: He is turned into a statue.

critique: It is omitted that Mr. Thomelson becomes a statue of stone.

critique: This response can be corrected by adding where Mr. Thomelson gets turned into a statue.

critique: It is not stated that he is turned into a statue.

critique: The answer should clarify that he is turned into a statue by Amused.

critique: The answer should mention that he is turned into a statue by Amused.

critique: He is not turned into a statue, he is turned into a statue.

question: What does Mr. Thomelson do for a living?

answer: He is a tax collector.

critique: The answer should be in a full sentence.

critique: "He is a tax collector" - this is inaccurate. He is a property owner who collects taxes.

critique: "He is a tax collector" - the passage doesn't clarify if Thomelson collects taxes. It only says the desk was filled with stacks of ancient papers, tax documents mostly.

critique: It is not stated that he is a tax collector.


text:
no name for the story, and i did submit it to /r/literature but i don't think ANYONE read it at all. feedback, por favor?

a young man walks into a bedroom. it's dark, and there isn't much light in the room save a lone bulb, dangling from an old ceiling fan that probably should have been put out of use years ago.

it's the kind of room with its own stairs, the kind that, if you got it, all your siblings are jealous for the entirety of your growing up together. it's a rectangular room, with a window at each short end. the ceilings are slanted in to follow the sharp angles of the roof directly overhead, and the wall paper is a smoke stained white from years of his great grandmother sitting up there reading her old shitty romance novels and chain smoking.

he flicks the power switch of an old tube amp, just as stained as the walls. with a snap the tubes begin to warm, and he starts to tune his favorite guitar. after about a minute or two, with the G string still a little flat, he begins to play. he plays a few songs he knows, not in their entirety of course, just fragmented parts to a greater whole. a greater whole he feels he can never accomplish. as he plays what comes from the guitar starts to lose all clarity, all sense as he begins to think about her. deep in thought, he forgot what he was playing.

his mother shouts up his stairs for dinner time, and it takes him a few moments to realize what's going on. he turns off his amp and joins his family for a quiet dinner.

the next morning comes and goes as nothing but sleep dictates his schedule, besides his court ordered alcohol classes and the bi-weekly therapy sessions his mother put him in. he decided not to go to college, having just graduated high school, abandoning all hope after botching the placement exams, though his family doesn't know this. they simply think he's disgruntled, and will come around eventually, but he has kept private, his reasons.

he wakes around one forty five in the afternoon, to a grumbling stomach, he ignores it. since he can't drive anymore he is void of any plans or anything to do, so he decides to walk to their spot about two miles from his house. their spot is the creek where as children he fell in love with her, the place they spent all their time together.

 they met at a young age no one can recall, and before the age of ten their parents were were putting on bets they'd get married. he missed talking to her. now 18 and alone, sitting in the woods, face blank overlooking the creek. glaring at the water that's shit brown from all the mud and pollutants, he looks around his spot.

 there are large rocks scattered about, all covered in moss. most are half submerged in the wide but shallow creek, but a select few are in what he considers awful places to put such a large rock. the trees are tall and thick, hundreds of years old. they're the only ones around save the few trees in people's yards, since the construction companies came in to build his development. but that was a long time ago.

 sitting in his old woods, he begins to think about her again. his eyes start to get that rubbery feeling, and his vision blurs. he sits in silence as tears roll down his face. an hour passes, or longer, he doesn't care or know how long he's been there. he raises himself up and carries himself home. when he gets to his house, he rushes straight up his stairs avoiding his siblings and father, ignoring his mother's question as to where he had been.

 it's four in the morning, and he's sweating. he decides to take a walk, and finds himself on his way to the only place he seems to go anymore besides his own house. his spot at the creek is down a small road that would probably be considered a country road if it were not for the multitude of single family homes jam packed down the street. he passes the sign for the state park, which some kids had spray painted a large cartoon penis onto. he kind of chuckles to himself, but as he reaches the turn his face sinks into a deep grimace. he hated how much time he spent at his spot, but he felt so guilty if he weren't there. when he reaches his spot, he begins to climb the tree he had when he were younger. the tree he always climbed with her. the tree that served at the catalyst for the breaking of his arm when he was eleven when she laughed until she saw the thin piece of bone sticking out of his arm with the stream of crimson dripping heavily from it. he sat in his tree and thought. thought about everything. thought about his family, thought about his few friends he didn't talk to anymore, thought about how much he missed her and how sorry he was for what he did. as he always did at his special place in the woods, whether it be on the banks of the creek or up in their tree, he cried.

 he asked himself why he thought he'd be alright that night. why he let himself do what he did. out of his backpack he took out a rope. it was a course rope one might think was made of sandpaper, but was really a thick twine for cattle or other. just a moment later, he was dangling by his neck from the thickest branch on the left bow of the tree.

 he couldn't help but stare at the spot she had died. he always found it ironic, the place they fell in love was the same place he had killed her. vehicular manslaughter the police report called it, along with DUI and reckless driving. maybe if she were wearing her seat belt he wouldn't have had to go through the agony of watching his only love get ejected through the windshield of his father's impala. when he climbed out of the car he ran to her. he ran to her like he had one thousand and one times before to the same spot they had played at as children. he found her laying face down on the shore. half of her was in the shallow water, with one leg bent up backwards past her head. the top of her skull was almost flattened, like a military man's flat top, only pushed down to where it wouldn't look humanly possible. to where it wouldn't be humanly possible save some sort of skull crushing event. he held her and cried for an hour. she was gone before he even got to her. she was probably gone after the fender of the impala was crushed from the impact of the moss covered rock jutting out next to the road.

with only a moment left of consciousness before his vision, then subsequently his life, faded to black, he realized he was making a mistake. he thought about his family again, only this time he wasn't so critical of his parents' scoldings or his siblings' arguments. he thought about the friends he wished he talked to more. and lastly, he thought about her. he wished he could have done better by her, but knew it was too little, too late. he wished he could have said goodbye, maybe get a little closure, but if that happened he wouldn't be where he is now. realizing he was a fuck up, he also realized it's not too late to change. only, with your neck in a noose and you're feet dangling 8 feet above the ground, change is difficult. groping for the rope to try to relieve his weight, he wasted more of his precious oxygen. as he became heavier and heavier, and as the rope cut more and more into his thin neck, he began to cry one last tear.

title: Wrote this a year and a half ago when I was (shocker here!) depressed. Just found it on my computer.

question: Summarize everything related to the main character's depression.

answer: The narrator is clearly depressed, and has proven this over the years. His brain stops functioning, he loses all clarity in his playing and thoughts about his former lover. He regularly visits the site where he and his former lover go, and he;s finding it hard to believe that after killing her he still goes there. At one point he ties a noose around a tree branch, though in fact changes his mind, and cuts his throat.

critique: The narrator's brain doesn't stop functioning. He forgets what he's playing.

critique: It is omitted that the main character has been in court-ordered alcohol classes and bi-weekly therapy sessions.

critique: The response contains inaccurate information.

critique: The last sentence is inaccurate and can be omitted.

critique: "His brain stops functioning, he loses all clarity in his playing and thoughts about his former lover." - this is incorrect. He was playing his guitar, but he was deep in thought about his former lover.

question: Summarize all of the times characters are injured over the course of the story.

answer: The narrator breaks his arm when he was eleven. He also kills his girlfriend in a car accident.

critique: The answer should mention his suicide attempt.

question: What does the story say about the narrator's relationship with his girlfriend?

answer: The narrator and his girlfriend were childhood friends. They fell in love when they were young, and their parents were betting they'd get married. They were inseparable until the narrator got into a car accident and killed her.

critique: The answer should mention the narrator's guilt.

critique: The narrator had been drinking before the accident.

critique: The narrator's girlfriend died in a car accident, not the narrator.

critique: The answer should mention that the narrator was drunk at the time of the accident.

critique: He killed heraccidentally, not in a car accident.

critique: The narrator's girlfriend was killed in a car accident.

critique: The narrator's girlfriend is dead. He is not in a relationship with her.

question: What does the story say about the narrator's parents' reaction to his suicide?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that the parents are not mentioned.


text:
COPPENHALL is a small settlement in Staffordshire, England. Coppenhall lies southwest of Stafford and NNW of Penkridge with Baron Stafford as lord of the manor.[1] The parish of ~ is bounded on the east by the Pothooks Brook. The centre of the village lies at 416 ft (127 m) above sea level, the ground rising from about 275 ft (84 m) in the east of the parish to over 475 ft (145 m) in the west.

[Coppenhall Church, April 2008]

Church of St Lawrence

The small ancient church of St. Lawrence, built c.1200, and described by Pevsner as “a perfect 13th century village church, small but of great dignity,”[2] is constructed of thick sandstone walls with a spired wooden bellcote, and has capacity for only about 60 worshippers. It was made a chapelry of Penkridge parish after the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. The church registers commence in 1678 and are deposited at Staffordshire Record Office.[3]

A church existed at Coppenhall by 1200, it being a dependency of Penkridge College by 1261, having also had a vicarage ordained by 1291.

[The spired bell tower and cockerel wind vane of Coppenhall church, May 2008]

The church was extensively restored in 1866, which involved fitting a new roof, repairs to the windows and gable-ends and the addition of a new circular window to the east gable. A new bell turret was also added with a taller spire, and a stone pulpit and circular font were installed at this time. In 1917, a memorial pulpit and lectern were bequeathed in memory of Charles Mort by his widow Helen. In 1932, an oak lych-gate was added in memory of Charles H and Lillie Wright.[4]

Butterhill

Close to Coppenhall is the tiny hamlet of Butterhill, which possesses a semi-derelict red-brick windmill [5] standing on a small hill.[6] The windmill has been a Grade II listed building since 1986.[7] This windmill “standing on high ground some 150 yards west of Butterhill Farm and locally said to have been the only six-sail mill in the county, was in use by 1820. About 1849 it was part of Lord Hatherton's estate in Coppenhall occupied by William Handy. It seems to have gone out of use between 1872 and 1876, but the tackle was not removed until 1912. The derelict brick tower probably dates from c.1800.”[8]

Also nearby stands Butterhill House, a 3-storey Georgian house with a large south-facing glasshouse or Orangery. [9] [10] Butterhill House was owned by the Marson family in the 19th century and then passed to the Busby family who still lived there in 1900. Mrs. A. J. Busby was one of the chief landowners in Coppenhall in 1912 and 1916, but between at least 1924 and 1932 Butterhill House was owned and occupied by T. P. Darlington. Miss Darlington was living there in 1940. The house was sold in 1955 to Mr. A. N. Hillier, who had converted it by 1956 into flats. It is a mid-19th-century brick building with gabled dormers, ornamental barge-boards, and stone bay windows. It also has a large walled garden to the north.[11] The house has for some years now been a residential care home for the elderly.[12]

[1] _History, Gazetteer and Directory of Staffordshire,_ William White, Sheffield, 1851

[2] N Pevsner, _Buildings of England: Staffordshire,_ Harmonsworth/Penguin, 1974, p.108

[3] History of Coppenhall

[4] L. Margaret Midgley (editor), _A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 5 - East Cuttlestone Hundred,_ Victoria County History, UK, 1959, pp.141-143

[5] Picture of Butterhill windmill

[6] _Butterhill Windmill_

[7] _Windmill Tower North West of Butterhill Farmhouse, Coppenhall_

[8] L Margaret Midgley, _A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 5, Coppenhall,_ pp.138-143

[9] Picture of Butterhill House, 1964

[10]

[11] L Margaret Midgley, _A History of the County of Stafford: Volume 5, Coppenhall,_ pp.138-143

[12] _Butterhill House_

title: Coppenhall

question: What does the text say about the Church of St Lawrence's construction in Coppenhall?

answer: The stone church was built where the church stands now. It was built around 1200 and had been a dependency of Penkridge College by 1261 and had had a vicarage ordained by 1291. The church was extensively restored. A new wind bell turret was added with a taller spire. Hospitals and whatnot were added to the church. A mahogany altar and several stained glass windows were also added.

critique: The response contains several inaccurate statements.

critique: The response includes extraneous, made up information.

critique: The response contains information that is not evidenced in the text.

critique: The response includes extraneous information not useful for the task.

text:
-The answer is missing several details about the church's construction. For example, the answer omits that the Church of St. Lawrence was constructed of thick sandstone walls.
-It also omits that the church has capacity for only about 60 worshippers.
It omits that the church was extensively restored in 1866, which involved fitting a new roof, repairs to the windows and gable-ends, and a new circular window to the East Gable.
-Finally, the answer omits that a stone pulpit and circular font were installed. In 1917, a memorial pulpit and lectern were bequeathed in memory of Charles Mort by his widow Helen. Then, in 1932, an oak lych-gate was added in memory of Charles H and Lillie Wright.


text:
-   01The IBM approach
-   02Putting AI Ethics into practice
-   03Education and toolkits
-   04Watson OpenScale
-   05Collaborations

 Building trust

 AI is embedded in everyday life, business, government, medicine and more. At IBM, we are helping people and organizations adopt AI responsibly. Only by embedding ethical principles into AI applications and processes can we build systems based on trust.

*Source: IBM’s From Roadblock to Scale: The Global Sprint Towards AI Study 2020

[Graph showing 3/4]
3 in 4 businesses are exploring or implementing AI.

[Graph showing 78%]
78% of senior business decision-makers say it is very or critically important that they can trust that their AI’s output is fair, safe, reliable.

 Featured issues

 The IBM approach

Uniting insights from business, policy, research, and thought leadership

 Responsible innovation

 For more than 100 years, IBM has continuously strived for responsible innovation capable of bringing benefits to everyone and not just a few.

This philosophy is also applied to artificial intelligence: we aim to create and offer reliable technology that can augment, not replace, human decision-making.

We oversee a multidisciplinary, transparent, and shared approach to development, design, management and support of AI. All communities that deal with AI must be involved: those who design and develop the technology, those who deploy it, and those who use it.

 Principles

 The guiding values that distinguish IBM’s approach

 The purpose of AI

[Engine lamp]

The purpose of AI is to augment human intelligence.

At IBM, we believe AI should make all of us better at our jobs, and that the benefits of the AI era should touch the many, not just the elite few.

 Data and insights ownership

[Person connected to shapes]

Data and insights belong to their creator.

IBM clients’ data is their data, and their insights are their insights.

 Transparency and explainability

[Eye connected to nodes]

New technology, including AI systems, must be transparent and explainable.

Technology companies must be clear about who trains their AI systems, what data was used in that training and, most importantly, what went into their algorithms’ recommendations.

 Pillars

 Our fundamental properties for ethical AI

 Explainability

Good design does not sacrifice transparency in creating a seamless experience.

 Fairness

Properly calibrated, AI can assist humans in making fairer choices.

 Robustness

As systems are employed to make crucial decisions, AI must be secure and robust.

 Transparency

Transparency reinforces trust, and the best way to promote transparency is through disclosure.

 Privacy

AI systems must prioritize and safeguard consumers’ privacy and data rights.

 Policy

 Selected positions and recommendations from the IBM Policy Lab

 Precision regulation for AI

Companies should utilize a risk-based AI governance policy framework and targeted policies to develop and operate trustworthy AI.

 Facial recognition

IBM no longer offers general purpose IBM facial recognition or analysis software. We believe a precision regulation approach can inform a reasonably-balanced governance framework for facial recognition systems. Policymakers should employ precision regulation that applies restrictions and oversight to particular use-cases and end-users where there is greater risk of societal harm.

 Data responsibility

Organizations that collect, store, manage or process data have an obligation to handle it responsibly, ensuring ownership and privacy, security, and trust.

 Additional resources

 Read more about IBM policies and practices on emerging technology

 IBM Policy Lab

A new forum providing policymakers with a vision and actionable recommendations to harness the benefits of innovation while ensuring trust in a world being reshaped by data.

 IBM Trust Center

Information about our commitment to protect our clients and business with security and privacy practices.

 Putting AI Ethics into practice

Governance, accountability, and Good Tech across the organization

 AI Ethics Board

 The IBM AI Ethics Board is a natural evolution of the ethical decision-making IBM applies to AI.

The Board was established as a central, cross-disciplinary body to support a culture of ethical, responsible, and trustworthy AI throughout IBM.

Our mission is to support a centralized governance, review, and decision-making process for IBM ethics policies, practices, communications, research, products and services. By infusing our long-standing principles and ethical thinking, the Board is one mechanism by which IBM holds our company and all IBMers accountable to our values.

Learn more →

[Francesca Rossi's photo]
 Francesca Rossi

IBM fellow and AI Ethics Global Leader

[Christina Montgomery's photo]
 Christina Montgomery

Vice President & Chief Privacy Officer

 Initiatives

 Education and toolkits

Resources and open-source tools for building trust-based AI

 Open-source community resources

 We are dedicated to empowering the world with responsible AI through our educational resources. IBM donated three open-source projects to the Linux Foundation toward the mission of co-creating responsible AI-powered technologies with the larger community.

 Resources

 Watson OpenScale

Automate AI model risk management in new ways

 Product offering

Manage regulatory compliance by tracing and explaining AI decisions across workflows, and intelligently detect and correct bias to improve outcomes. IBM Watson OpenScale will easily operate with model development environments from other vendors and open source tools. It provides an innovative set of monitoring and management tools that help you build trust and implement control and governance structures around your AI investments.

Discover Watson OpenScale →

 Serving the greater good

An open solution that helps remove barriers to enterprise-scale AI

 Collaborations

Working with organizations, businesses and governments on ethical AI

 Featured collaborations

 Working together for ethical AI

IBM works with governments, academia, non-profits and industry partners to further the implementation of ethical AI.

question: Summarize everything relating to ethics.

answer: IBM says that only by embedding ethical principles into AI applications and processes can we build AI-powered systems based on trust. AI should make humans better at their jobs and should benefit everyone. Data and insights belong to their creator. If AI systems are employed to make crucial decisions, it must be secure and robust. If a company collects and stores data and information, they must handle the information responsibly and be compliant with the law.

critique: The answer should mention the AI Ethics Board.

question: What does the article say about the future of AI?

answer: No answer

critique: The answer should mention that the article does not talk about the future of AI.

critique: The answer should mention the assumption that AI governance will help shape that future.

question: What does the text say about the purpose of AI?

answer: At IBM, they believe that AI should make all of us better at our jobs, and that the benefits of the AI era should touch the many, not just the elite few.

critique: The response is missing the point of augmenting human intelligence.

critique: The answer should mention that AI should augment human intelligence.

critique: The answer should mention the purpose of AI according to the text.

critique: The answer should mention that the purpose of AI is to augment human intelligence.

critique: The answer should mention that AI's purpose is to augment human intelligence.

critique: The answer should mention that AI is meant to augment human intelligence.